JP5031587B2 - β−カテニンスプライス変異体を用いた癌の診断および処置の方法 - Google Patents
β−カテニンスプライス変異体を用いた癌の診断および処置の方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本特許出願は、2005年2月10日に出願された、仮特許出願番号第60/652,154号、および2005年3月30日に出願された、暫定特許出願番号第60/667,084号に対する優先権を主張し、その内容全体を、ここに引例として組み入れる。
ここに記載する本業績は、プロジェクトOH95-C-N027およびOH95-C-N026である内部研究プログラム(intramural research program)の一部として、国立衛生研究所(National Institutes of Health)が支援したものである。
癌は世界を通じての、重大な健康問題である。検出および治療において進歩がなされてきたが、予防および処置に対する現在の方法は最善には満たない。特有の型の癌に対する処置のコースを、特定の腫瘍マーカーの解析を含む、予後のパラメーターの変化に基づいて、しばしば選択する。しかしながら、新生物発生前および前後の細胞ならびにその癌の転移潜在性を評価することは難しいままである。癌で見受けられる高死亡率のため、かかる疾患の診断および管理において改善を必要とすることが示される。
1つの側面において、本発明は、対象におけるβ−カテニン遺伝子(CTNNBl)関連癌または新生物発生前の損傷を診断し、予測し、あるいは予後的にまたは治療的に評価する方法を提供する。CTNNB1関連癌は、CTNNB1発現自体に関連するものならびにCTNNB1を含む情報伝達系に関連する他の遺伝子の発現に関連するものを含む。かかる方法は、対象からの細胞または細胞群におけるCTNNB1関連癌と関係がある転写物またはタンパク質または新生物発生前の損傷の1つまたは2つ以上の比率、レベル、または細胞局在を決定すること;かかる転写物またはタンパク質の比率、レベル、または細胞局在を、かかる転写物またはタンパク質の標準的な比率、レベル、または細胞局在と比較すること;および対象からの細胞におけるかかる転写物またはタンパク質の変調した比率、レベル、または細胞局在を関連付けて、対象に対する予後の、診断のおよび/または治療的な重大性を有するかもしれない情報を提供すること、を含む。
もう1つの関連する態様によると、16A転写物のレベルにおける低下またはWAF1転写物における低下により、対象がCTNNB1関連癌を有するか、または進展しつつある癌または新生物発生前の疾患に対するリスクが上昇しつつある可能性があることを示す。
1つの態様によると、CTNNB1関連転写物またはタンパク質の標準的比率、レベル、または細胞局在は、参照細胞または細胞群における同様のCTNNB1関連転写物またはタンパク質の対応する比率、レベル、または細胞局在である。
対象からの細胞、培養細胞、対象からの培養細胞、または処置前の対象からの細胞。
他の1つの側面において、本発明は、CTNNB1関連の癌、または新生物発生前の疾患を有する、またはCTNNB1関連の癌または新生物発生前の疾患に対する上昇したリスクにある対象が、処置または臨床的介入に対する好都合な臨床反応を呈しうるかどうかを見極める方法を提起する。かかる方法は、癌細胞または対象からの代用細胞(surrogate cell)における上記のCTNNB1関連癌転写物またはタンパク質の比率、レベル、または細胞の1つまたは2つ以上を決定すること;転写物またはタンパク質の比率、レベル、または細胞局在を、転写物またはタンパク質の標準的な比率、レベル、または細胞局在と比較すること;および癌細胞または代用細胞における転写物またはタンパク質の変調した比率、レベル、または細胞局在を関連付けて対象が処置または関連する臨床的介入に対して好都合な臨床反応を有しそうであるかどうかを決定する。
1つの側面に扁平上皮内癌、浸潤性食道扁平上皮癌、またはいかなる組織学的または細胞学的中間段階の1つまたは2つ以上であってよい。
1つの態様において、16A転写物の16B転写物に対する比率における低下により、対象が好都合にCTNNB1関連癌処置に反応しているかもしれないということを示す。関連する態様において、cMYC転写物のWAF1転写物に対する比率における増加により、対象が好都合にCTNNB1関連癌処置に反応しているかもしれないということを示す。他の1つの関連する態様において、16A転写物またはWAF1転写物のレベルにおける低下により、対象がCTNNB1関連癌処置に好都合に反応しているかもしれないということを示す。さらに他の1つの関連する態様において、1つまたは2つ以上の16B転写物、cMYC転写物、または全体の転写活性のレベルの1つまたは2つ以上における増加により、対象がCTNNB1関連癌処置に好都合に反応しているかもしれないということを示す。
他の1つの態様において、かかる方法は、さらに、追加的なCTNNB1治療剤(抗癌剤、化学発癌抑制剤、抗炎症剤)の投与または処置様式(例えば、食道切除術、粘膜切除術、放射線治療)を含む。
他の1つの側面は、上記の比率、レベル、または細胞局在の1つまたは2つ以上を決定し、そしてかかる比率、レベル、または活性を標準比率、レベル、または活性と比較するための、内部に説明書を有する、CTNNB1関連癌処置化合物または組成物および標識またはパッケージを含む容器を含む組成物であって、癌細胞における変調した比率、レベル、または活性が標準の比率、レベル、または細胞局在に相対すると見出される場合は、CTNNB1関連癌処置化合物を対象に投与する。
1つの態様において、RNAi誘導実体は、RNAi構築である。
1つの態様において、RNAi構築は、処置する細胞においてsiRNAを産生する1つまたは2つ以上の転写産物を産生するために転写するコード配列を有する発現ベクターである。
本発明の方法は、さらに、付加的な治療剤を対象に投与することを含んでもよい。
TATGGGAACAATTGAAGTAAA(16A−1)(配列番号1)、
CAGAAAGTGCCTGACACACTA(16A−2)(配列番号2)、
CTCGGGATGTTCACAACCGAA(16A+16B−1)(配列番号3)、
ATGGGTAGGGTAAATCAGTAA(16A+16B−2)(配列番号4)
あるいは配列番号1、配列番号2、配列番号3または配列番号4のいずれかの断片または変異体
他の1つの側面において、本発明は、対象に一本鎖低分子干渉RAN分子(ss−siRNA)を投与することを含む、β−カテニン遺伝子(CTNNB1)関連の癌に罹患するか敏感である対象を処置する方法を提供し、かかるss−siRNA分子の配列は標的特異的なRNA干渉(RNAi)を対象とする標的mRNA配列に対して十分に相補的であり、5’ヌクレオチドは、5’リン酸化されているか、あるいはin situまたはin vivoにおいて5’リン酸化されることが可能であり、かかるss−siRNAを標的mRNAの分解を起こすために十分な量で投与し、それにより有機体における標的特異的なRNAiを活性化する。
他の1つの態様において、標的mRNAの分解は、標的mRNAによって特定されるタンパク質が少なくとも10%低下するようになされる。
1つの態様によると、かかるsiRNAは19〜30塩基対長である。
他の1つの態様において、かかるsiRNAはβ−カテニン遺伝子(CTNNB1)から選択される1つまたは2つ以上の標的遺伝子を減衰させる。
1つの態様において、かかるss−siRNAを吸入または経鼻腔的に投与する。
1つの態様において、かかる組成物をアエロゾルで投与する。1つの関連する態様において、かかる組成物を静脈内に投与し、かかる組成物を、対象の細胞への送達を増強する送達増強成分を含む送達剤中に処方する。
1つの態様において、かかるRNAi構築は19〜30塩基対長である。
ある態様によると、かかるRNAi構築は、処置する細胞においてsiRNAを産生する、1つまたは2つ以上の転写産物を産生するために転写するコード配列を有する、発現ベクターである。
他の1つの態様において、かかるRNAi構築を、多次元高分子網目を含む超分子複合体として処方する。
特有の態様において、かかるRNAi構築を、リポソームとともにカプセル化する、または接着させる。
1つの態様によると、対象は哺乳類、例えばヒト、霊長類、イヌ、ネコ、ウシ、ブタ、またはウマである。
1つの態様において、RNAi構築は、処置する細胞においてsiRNAを産生する、1つまたは2つ以上の転写産物を産生するように転写するコード配列を有する、発現ベクターである。
他の1つの態様において、かかるRNAi構築は、処置する細胞においてsiRNAへと処理されるヘパリンRNAである。
TATGGGAACAATTGAAGTAAA(16A−1)(配列番号1)、
CAGAAAGTGCCTGACACACTA(16A−2)(配列番号2)、
CTCGGGATGTTCACAACCGAA(16A+16B−1)(配列番号3)、
ATGGGTAGGGTAAATCAGTAA(16A+16B−2)(配列番号4)
あるいは配列番号1、配列番号2、配列番号3または配列番号4のいずれかの断片または変異体
かかる構築は、CTNNB1遺伝子の少なくとも一部分に相補的な配列を有し、
かかる構築は、CTNNB1 mRNAにアンチセンスなオリゴヌクレオチドである。
1つの側面によると、本記載に定めるところによる、対象におけるCTNNB1関連の疾患を処置するキットは、RNAi構築および取扱説明書を含む。
(a)対象からの癌細胞における、以下の比率、レベル、または細胞局在の1つまたは2つ以上の処置前のレベルを決定すること:
(i)16B転写物に対する、16A転写物の比率、
(ii)WAF1転写物に対する、cMYC転写物の比率、
(iii)16A転写物のレベル、
(iv)16B転写物のレベル、
(v)cMYC転写物のレベル、
(vi)WAF1転写物のレベル、
(vii)WAF1タンパク質に対する、cMYCタンパク質の比率、
(viii)16A、16B、cMYCまたはWAF1転写物のレベルに対する、CTNNB1タンパク質の比率、
(ix)cMYCタンパク質のレベル、
(x)WAF1タンパク質のレベル、
(xi)全体の転写活性のレベル、または
(xii)CTNNB1タンパク質の細胞局在;および
他の1つの態様において、処置の開始時期は、CTNNB1 RNAiの安定状態の血漿または細胞濃度を達成するために要する時である。
方法は、付加的なCTNNB1治療剤または処置様式(例えば、食道切除術、粘膜切除術、放射線治療など)をさらに含んでもよい。
1つの態様によると、付加的なCTNNB1治療剤は、抗癌剤または化学発癌抑制剤である。
他の1つの態様において、付加的なCTNNB1治療剤は、抗炎症剤である。
1つの態様において、CTNNB1の核の局在の上昇したレベルは、転移および/または低下した予後診断と関連する。
1つの態様において、16B転写物、cMYC転写物のレベルまたは全体的な転写活性のレベルの1つまたは2つ以上における上昇は、対象が腺種から癌腫への進行を有するかもしれないか、または有する可能性がより高いことを示す。
本発明の他の態様を、以下に開示する。
図1は、16A−1または16A−2を標的とするRNAi構築での両方のCTNNB1スプライス変異体における、著しい低下を描く。WAF1発現における上昇および付随するMYC発現における低下により、結果としてWAF1に対するMYCの率の低下が起こる(率=<1)。x軸はアッセイした遺伝子(例えば、15/16A、15/16B、MYCおよびWAF1)のそれぞれの相対的なコピー数を反映する。非サイレンシング(上段)は、16AおよびBスプライス変異体の匹敵するレベルとの、WAF1およびCNNB1に関する高レベルのMYCを示す;(16A/16B−1=CTNNB1の全体のサイレンシング;16A/16B−2=CTNNB1の全体のサイレンシング;16A−1=16A転写変異体のサイレンシング;16A−2=16A転写変異体のみのサイレンシング;非サイレンシング対照。
図3Bは、CTNNB1遺伝子の16Aおよび16B転写物の概略図であり、プライマーのPCR増幅に対する配置が、エクソン13から16へ(右上)またはエクソン11から16Aまたは16Bへ(左上)のいずれかへ延長していることを示す。
図4Bは、ベータ−カテニンに対する免疫組織化学抗体で、続いて赤のクロマゲン(chromagen)で染色した隣接組織切片を示し、この新生物での損傷において、高タンパク質および発現、例えば強い赤の染色を示す。
図5は、β−カテニン遺伝子の概略図であり、その16個のエクソンのそれぞれに対する数的な標識を含む。
図8は、本発明において有用なPCRプライマーの表である。
図9は、配列番号5のヌクレオチド配列であり、GenBank寄託番号NM_001904で見られるヒトカテニン(カドヘリン関連タンパク)、ベータ1、88IcDa CTNNB1、mRNAのヌクレオチド配列を表す。
図10は、配列番号6であり、図5の配列のアミノ酸翻訳を表す。
さらに下で定義しない限り、ここで用いる全ての用語は、慣例の意味を与える。下で特定的に定義する用語の場合、かかる定義は慣例の意味を含有するが、特定の定義の付加的な文脈を含有するよう拡大する。
ここで用いる、そして他のものを定義しない場合、「アンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチド」という用語は、標的DNAまたはRNA配列に相補的な配列を有するオリゴヌクレオチドを示す。
ここで用いる、「細胞局在」は、細胞におけるタンパク質または核酸の局在(例えば、核に対する細胞質)を示す。
65Cでの0.2×SSC、0.1%SDSでの1回か2回以上の洗浄である。他の1つのストリングしたハイブリダイゼーションの好ましい例は、65Cでの0.5Mリン酸ナトリウム、7%SDS、引き続く65C、0.2×SSC、1%SDSでの1回か2回以上の洗浄である。遺伝子の機能を無駄にするために十分な結合が起こる状態に依存して、標的配列に相補的な遺伝子内の配列は、標的配列と100%同一である必要はない。例えば、少なくとも約70、80、90、または95%のヌクレオチドが、標的配列のヌクレオチドとのマッチした塩基対化を介して結合するとき、配列はその標的配列に相補的である。
ここで用いる、「対象からの細胞」は、新生物発生前の扁平上皮、扁平上皮異形成、扁平上皮内癌、浸潤性食道扁平上皮癌、または任意の組織学的または細胞学的中間段階の1つまたは2つ以上であってよい。
ここで用いる「単離したRNA」(例えば、「単離したssRNA」、「単離したsiRNA」または「単離したss−siRNA」)という用語は、他の細胞物質、または組み換え技術により産生されるときは培養培地を実質的に遊離した、または化学的に合成するときは化学前駆体または他の化学物質を実質的に遊離した、RNA分子を示す。
疾患または障害に「関連する」遺伝子は、疾患または障害、あるいはかかる疾患または障害の少なくとも1つの兆候を、影響させるまたは引き起こす、遺伝子、その正常なまたは異常な、発現または機能を含む。
ここで用いる「分子」という用語は、例えば核酸分子など、他の但し書きなしで用いるとき、生物学的起源または特徴(例えば、タンパク質、DNA、RNA、抗体など)の化合物、および合成有機化合物(例えば、アスピリン、イブプロフェン、アンピシリンなど)である化合物の両方を示す。
代わりに、本発明の発現ベクターにおいて利用されるコード領域は、内因性エンハンサー、スプライス部位、介在配列、ポリアデニル化信号など、または内因性および外因性制御要素の両方の組み合わせを含んでもよい。
ここで用いる「RNA干渉」(「RNAi」)は、RNAの選択的細胞内分解を示す。RNAiは細胞において天然的に発生し、外来RNA(例えば、ウイルスRNA)を除去する。天然RNAiは、切断された断片を介して、分解機構を対象とする遊離したdsRNAから、他の類似のRNA配列へと進展する。代わりに、RNAiを人の手により開始することができ、例えば、標的遺伝子の発現を封じる。
「標的特異的なRNA干渉(RNAi)を対象とする標的mRNA配列に十分相補的な配列」を有するsiRNAは、かかるss−siRNAがRNAi機構または処理による標的mRNAの破壊の十分なトリガーとなる配列を有することを意味する。
「対象」または「患者」という用語は、ここで相互に用いられ、処置する哺乳類の対象を意味し、ヒト対象が好ましい。いくつかの場合において、本発明の方法は、実験動物における、獣医学的適用における、および疾患に対する動物モデルの開発における用途を見い出し、限定こそしないが、マウス、ラット、およびハムスターを含むげっ歯類;および霊長類を含む。
「標的遺伝子」は、その発現が選択的に阻害されるまたは「封じられる」こととなる遺伝子である。かかるサイレンシングを、細胞のRNAi系による人工的なRNA前駆体から作製されたsiRNAにより、標的遺伝子のmRNAを切断することに達成する。かかるRNA前駆体の二本鎖の幹の一部分または断片は、相補的な、例えば約18〜約40以上のヌクレオチドの標的遺伝子のmRNAに完全に相補的な、アンチセンス鎖である。
β‐カテニンは、遺伝子発現の活性化および成長および疾患過程の変化、例えば細胞の分化、癌およびアルツハイマー病などへと導く、ある細胞情報伝達系の鍵となる成分である。特に、CTNNB1はWnt−媒介シグナル伝達において機能し、LEF−I/TCF DNA結合タンパク質に結合し、転写因子を形成する(Willert and Nusse, genetics and Development 8:95-102, 1998を参照のこと)。β‐カテニン媒介シグナル伝達は、細胞分化および増殖を含む、さまざまな成長過程と関連する。例えば、(Gat et al., Cell 95:605-614,.1998; Ono et al., Cell 95:575-578, 1998)を参照のこと。β‐カテニンに基づく診断的およびスクリーニングアッセイは、β‐カテニンと関係がある疾患状態、例えばある癌腫類およびアルツハイマー病などのために、臨床的重要性を有する。
いったん得られると、ここでの任意のアッセイの結果を、対象または健康管理の専門家に報告してもよく、例えば、かかる比率、レベル、細胞局在性、活性または関連などである。かかる健康管理の専門家は、それから、かかる情報を、診断するかまたはある処置計画が効果があるかもしれないという見込みを見極め、そしてそれから処置を開始するために用いてもよい。
さらなる態様において、ここに記載する方法において特別に有用な成分を含むキットを含む。本発明において意図される、かかる型のキットの1例は、CTNNB1を目的とする治療に対する対象の反応を決定するためのキットである。対象におけるCTNNB1を目的とする治療に対する反応を決定するためのかかるキットは、1つまたは2つ以上のかかるパラメーターを決定する、少なくとも2つの試薬を含んでもよい。
タンパク質およびヌクレオチド
本発明において記載するCTNNB1関連の方法は、CTNNB1関連タンパク質のレベルを利用するか測定してもよい。かかるCTNNB1関連タンパク質は、天然発生、合成または天然での組み換え体であってよい。
特定のCTNNB1関連タンパク質に結合する抗体は、また、本発明の組成物の調製または方法において、有用である。当該分野で公知のさまざまな方法を、CTNNB1、CTNNB1ファミリーメンバーまたはその任意のサブユニットに対する抗体、またはCTNNB、または断片、誘導体、同族体または類似体のタンパク質の作製のために用いてもよい。本発明の抗体は、限定こそしないが、合成抗体、モノクローナル抗体、組み換え作成抗体、細胞内発現抗体(intrabodies)、多特異性抗体(二重特異性抗体を含む)、ヒト抗体、ヒト化抗体、キメラ抗体、合成抗体、一本鎖Fv(scFv)(二重特異性scFvを含む)、一本鎖抗体Fab断片、F(ab’)断片、ジスルフィド結合Fv(dsFv)、および抗イディオタイプ(anti−Id)抗体、ならびに上記の任意のエピトープ結合断片を含む。特に、本発明の抗体は、免疫グロブリン分子および免疫グロブリン分子の免疫学的に活性な一部位、例えば、抗原に免疫特異的に結合する抗原を含む分子(例えば、抗体の、1つまたは2つ以上の相補性決定領域(CDR)を含む。
本発明は、腫瘍形成に関連する、CTNNB1の発現を阻害することによる、癌の処置および管理に、一般的に関連する。つまり、本発明の1つの態様は、癌細胞の増殖を抑圧する方法を対象とし、CTNNB1遺伝子の合成または発現を阻害する化合物を有する細胞を、かかる阻害を引き起こすための十分量で含有することを含む。理論に限定されることなく、かかる阻害を、CTNNB1DNAまたはmRNAを選択的に標的とすることを通じて、例えば、CTNNB1遺伝子の複製、転写、スプライシングまたは翻訳の任意の段階を遅滞させることにより、達成する。かかるCTNNB1の配列は、GenBank寄託番号NM_001904(配列番号5)において開示され、その全体をここに引例として組み入れる。
本発明のsiRNAは、「二本鎖低分子干渉RNA分子」(「ds−siRNA」)および「一本鎖低分子干渉RNA分子」(「ss−siRNA」)、siRNA分子を作製する方法およびかかるsiRNA分子を用いるための方法(例えば、研究および/または治療的方法)を含む。
アンチセンス分子は、転写、スプライシングおよび翻訳のさまざまな段階において、作用することができ、標的遺伝子の発現を阻害する。理論に限定されることなく、アンチセンス分子は、三重鎖を形成することにより転写の開始を阻害することにより、RNAポリメラーゼ結合部位にハイブリッドを形成することにより転写を遅滞させることにより、エクソンとイントロンの接合点またはスプライセオソーム形成部位においてハイブリダイズすることでスプライシングを抑制することにより、ハイビリダイゼーションにより核から細胞質へのmRNAの転座を遮断することにより、翻訳開始因子結合部位またはリボソーム結合部位でのハイブリダイズにより翻訳を抑制することにより、mRNAのコード領域またはポリソーム結合部位とのハイブリダイズによりペプチド鎖の延長を阻害することにより、または、核酸とタンパク質の間の相互作用の部位におけるハイブリダイズにより遺伝子発現の抑制することにより、標的遺伝子の発現を阻害することができる。
送達
本発明の組成物(例えば、アンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチド、siRNA、またはここに記載する他の組成物)の患者への送達は、直接的、例えば、患者を直接的に本発明の組成物または化合物を運搬するベクター、もしくは間接的、例えば細胞を最初にin vitroで本発明の組成物とトランスフェクトし、次いで細胞置換治療のために患者へと移植する、であることができる。これらの2つのアプローチは、in vivoおよびex vivo治療として、各々公知である。
本発明の核酸組成物は、当該分野で公知の非修飾siRNAおよび修飾siRNAの両方を含んでもよく、例えば、架橋したsiRNA誘導体、または、例えば3’または5’末端に結合した非ヌクレオチドを有する誘導体である。このようにしてsiRNA誘導体を修飾することにより、対応するsiRNAと比較して、細胞摂取を改善するかまたは対応するsiRNAと比較して、生じる誘導体の細胞標的活性を増強するかもしれなく、細胞におけるかかるsiRNA誘導体の追跡のために有用であり、または対応するsiRNAと比較して、siRNA誘導体の安定性を改善する。
以下のガイドラインの1つまたは2つ以上を、本発明に従って有利に利用される、標的mRNA、例えば、shRNA、stRNA、アンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチド、リボザイムなど、に結合するように設計された、siRNA配列および他の核酸を設計するときに用いてもよい:
陰性対照siRNAは、選択されたsiRNAと同様のヌクレオチド組成物を有するべきであるが、適切なゲノムに対する顕著な配列相補性がない。かかる陰性対照を、選択されたsiRNAのヌクレオチド配列を無作為にスクランブルして設計してもよい;同一性検索を実施し、陰性対照が適切なゲノムにおける任意の他の遺伝子に対する同一性を欠くということを確実にすることができる。加えて、陰性対照siRNAを、1つまたは2つ以上の塩基ミスマッチをかかる配列へと導入して設計することができる。単一のヌクレオチド特異性を有するsiRNAを以下のように設計することができる:
配列番号5、例えば、GenBank寄託番号NM_001904;TATGGGAACAATTGAAGTAAA(16A−1)(配列番号1);CAGAAAGTGCCTGACACACTA(16A−2)(配列番号2);CTCGGGATGTTCACAACCGAA(16A+16B−1)(配列番号3);ATGGGTAGGGTAAATCAGTAA(16A+16B−2)(配列番号4);あるいは配列番号1、配列番号2、配列番号3、配列番号4または配列番号5の任意の1つのあるいは断片または変異体
を含む配列を含むことができる。
さまざまな技術を、本発明の方法を実行するために利用可能である。これらの技術は、限定こそしないが、免疫組織化学およびポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(PCR)を含む。免疫組織化学技術を、本発明において記載する方法におけるCTNNB1関連タンパク質の比率、レベルまたは細胞局在を測定するために用いることができる。かかる免疫組織化学的方法は、特に、CTNNB1関連タンパク質の細胞局在の測定に適する。免疫組織化学技術は、当業者に周知である。
転写物のレベルを決定するとき、かかる転写物は、公知の配列を含んでもよく、またはそれらは、多型または変異のために公知の配列に対して実質的に同一であってもよい。
16Aは低下し、
16Bは上昇し、
cMycは上昇し、および/または
Waf1は低下する。
そのため、16A/16Bの割合は低下し、Myc/Wafの割合は上昇する。
治療的反応を、反対方向の変化により示すかもしれない。癌性細胞の処置の期間において、処置の反応は以下の発現レベルを含むかもしれない:
16Aの上昇、
16Bの低下、
cMycの低下、および/または
Wafの増加。
そのため、16A/16Bの割合は上昇するであろうし、Myc/Wafの割合は低下するであろう。
16B転写物に対する16A転写物の比率における低下は、対象がCTNNB1関連癌、新生物発生前の損傷、または進展しつつある癌に対する上昇するリスクにある可能性があることを示す;
WAF1転写物に対するcMYC転写物の比率における上昇は、対象がCTNNB1関連癌、新生物発生前の損傷、または進展しつつある癌または新生物発生前の疾患に対する上昇するリスクにある可能性があることを示す;
16A転写物のレベルにおけるまたはWAF1転写物における低下は、対象がCTNNB1関連癌を有するか、または進展しつつある癌または新生物発生前の疾患に対する上昇するリスクにある可能性があることを示す;および/または
16B転写物、cMYC転写物のレベルまたは全体の転写活性のレベルの1つまたは2つ以上における上昇は、対象がCTNNB1関連癌を有するか、または進展しつつある癌または新生物発生前の疾患に対する上昇するリスクにある可能性があることを示す。
16B転写物の16A転写物に対する比率における低下は、対象がCTNNB1関連癌、新生物発生前の 損傷、または進展しつつある癌に対する上昇するリスクにある可能性があることを示す。
WAF1転写物に対するcMYC転写物の比率における上昇は、対象がCTNNB1関連癌、新生物発生前の損傷を有するか、進展しつつある癌または新生物発生前の疾患に対する上昇するリスクにある可能性があることを示す。
16A転写物またはWAF1転写物の1つまたは2つ以上のレベルにおける低下は、対象がCTNNB1関連癌を有するか、進展しつつある癌または新生物発生前の疾患に対する上昇するリスクにある可能性があることを示す;および/または
16B転写物、cMYC転写物、または全体の転写活性のレベルの1つまたは2つ以上のレベルの上昇は、対象がCTNNB1関連癌を有するか、または進展しつつある癌または新生物発生前の疾患に対する上昇するリスクにある可能性があることを示す。
かかる疾患が癌である場合、対象から得る細胞は、トランスフェクトされたと疑われる細胞ならびに好中球などの明白な血液細胞であると疑われるかもしれない。トランスフェクトされたと疑われる細胞を、「疑わしき」細胞を得るための公知の方法により、例えば、生検、針生検、微細針吸引生検、ぬぐい、外科的切除、および当該分野で公知の他の技術により、得てもよい。疾患または疾患状態の診断は、自己診断により、または健康管理専門家による診断による。かかる健康管理の専門家は、疾患を診断するための当該分野で公知の方法を、例えば、対象および/または病歴、ならびに身体検査およびさまざまなイメージング(NMR、MR、スキャニング、超音波、マンモグラフィー)、または病理学的技術など用いてもよい。
16B転写物に対する16A転写物の比率における低下は、対象がCTNNB1関連癌、新生物発生前の損傷を有するか、または進展しつつある癌に対する上昇するリスクにあることを示す;
WAF1転写物に対するcMYC転写物の比率における上昇は、対象がCTNNB1関連癌、新生物発生前の損傷を有するか、進展しつつある癌または新生物発生前の疾患に対する上昇するリスクにある可能性があることを示す;
16A転写物のレベルにおけるまたはWAF1転写物における低下は、対象がCTNNB1関連癌をゆうするか、または進展しつつある癌または新生物発生前の疾患に対する上昇するリスクにある可能性があることを示す;および/または
16B転写物、cMYC転写物のレベルまたは全体の転写活性のレベルの1つまたは2つ以上における上昇は、対象がCTNNB1関連癌、または進展しつつある癌または新生物発生前の疾患に対する上昇するリスクにある可能性があることを示す。
例えば、組織サンプルの細胞培養物、例えば、治療に対する標的を意図する癌の種類に由来する癌細胞の特定の株、を用いることができる。薬剤候補化合物での処置前、処置中、および/または処置後の1つまたは2つ以上の生理学的なパラメーターの変調の決定は、CTNNB1関連疾患状態の処置における薬剤候補の可能な使用に対する指標としての役割を果たすかもしれない。
16B転写物に対する16A転写物の比率における低下は、対象がCTNNB1関連が、新生物発生前の損傷を有するか、または進展しつつある癌に対する上昇するリスクにある可能性があることを示す;
WAF1転写物に対するcMYC転写物の比率における上昇は、対象がCTNNB1関連癌、新生物発生前の損傷、または進展しつつある癌または新生物発生前の疾患に対する上昇するリスクにある可能性があることを示す;
16A転写物またはWAF1転写物のレベルにおける低下は、対象がCTNNB1関連癌を有するか、進展しつつある癌または新生物発生前の疾患に対する上昇するリスクにある可能性があることを示す;および/または
16B転写物、cMYC転写物または全体の転写活性のレベルの1つまたは2つ以上のレベルにおける上昇は、対象がCTNNB1関連癌を有するか、または進展しつつある癌または新生物発生前の疾患に対する上昇するリスクにある可能性があることを示す。
16B転写物に対する16A転写物の比率における低下は、対象がCTNNB1関連癌、新生物発生前の損傷を有するか、または進展しつつある癌に対する上昇するリスクにある可能性があることを示す;
WAF1転写物に対するcMYC転写物の比率における上昇は、対象がCTNNB1関連癌、新生物発生前の損傷を有するか、または進展しつつある癌または新生物発生前の疾患に対する上昇するリスクにある可能性があることを示す;
16A転写物またはWAF1転写物のレベルにおける低下は、対象がCTNNB1関連癌を有するか、または進展しつつある癌または新生物発生前の疾患に対する上昇するリスクにある可能性があることを示す;および/または
16B転写物、cMYC転写物または全体の転写活性のレベルの1つまたは2つ以上のレベルにおける上昇は、対象がCTNNB1関連癌、または進展しつつある癌または新生物発生前の疾患に対する上昇するリスクにある可能性があることを示す。
そのため、本発明は、モジュレーター、例えば、剤により影響される経路における刺激的または阻害的効果を有するおよび抗増殖支持性特質を有する、候補または試験化合物または剤(例えば、ペプチド、小分子または他の薬剤)などの、モジュレーターを同定するための方法を提供する。かかる化合物は、限定こそしないが、D体および/またはL体のアミノ酸で作られたペプチド(例えば、ランダムペプチドライブラリーの形式;(Lam, et al., Nature, 354:82-4 (1991)を参照のこと)、ホスホペプチド(例えば、ランダムにまたは部分的に生成する形態、直接的ホスホペプチドライブラリー;Songyang, et al., Cell, 72:767-78 (1993)を参考のこと)、抗体、siRNA分子、および有機または無機の小分子を含んでもよい。同定する化合物は、例えば、β‐カテニン経路標的タンパク質、好ましくは変異タンパク質、の活性の調整において;β‐カテニン経路標的遺伝子タンパク質の混み入った生物学的機能において;または正常なβ‐カテニン経路標的遺伝子相互作用を無駄にするまたは自体かかる相互作用を無駄にする化合物に対するスクリーニングにおいて、有用であるかもしれない。
本発明の1つの態様は、かかる処置または管理を必要とする患者に、CTNNB1遺伝子の合成または発現を阻害する治療的にまたは予防的に有効量の化合物を投与することを含む、癌を処置するまたは管理する方法を対象とする。
1つの側面において、本発明は、対象に治療剤(例えば、siRNAまたは同じものをコード化するベクターまたはトランス遺伝子)を投与することによる、異常なまたは無用の標的遺伝子発現または活性を対象において防ぐための方法を提供する。異常なまたは無用の標的遺伝子発現または活性により引き起こされるか寄与される疾患に対するリスクにある対象は、例えば、ここに記載する、任意のまたは組み合わせの診断的または予後のアッセイにより同定できる。予防的な剤の投与は、標的遺伝子異常の特徴的な兆候が現れるに先立って、疾患または障害を防ぐ、または、代わりに進行を遅らせるように、行うことができる。標的遺伝子異常、例えば標的遺伝子に依存して、標的遺伝子アゴニストまたは標的遺伝子アンタゴニスト剤を、対象の処置のための用いることができる。適切な剤を、ここに記載するスクリーニングアッセイに基づいて決定することができる。
本発明の他の1つの側面は、治療目的の標的遺伝子の発現、タンパク質発現または活性の調節する方法に関連する。それゆえ、例となる態様において、本発明の調節方法は、標的遺伝子またはタンパク質(例えば、かかる遺伝子をコード化するmRNAに対して特異的であるか、または、かかるタンパク質のアミノ酸配列を特定する)に対して特異的な治療剤(例えば、siRNAまたは同じものを発現するベクターまたはトランス遺伝子)と標的遺伝子を発現できる細胞を、発現または1つまたは2つ以上の標的タンパク質の活性が変調するように、接触させることを含む。これらの調節方法を、in vitroで(例えば、剤とともに細胞を培養することにより)、または、代わりに、in vivoで(例えば、剤を対象に投与することにより)、実施することができる。そのため、本発明は、標的遺伝子のポリペプチドまたは核酸分子の異常なまたは無用の発現または活性を特徴等する、疾患または障害に苦しむ個々人を処置する方法を提供する。標的遺伝子活性の阻害は、標的遺伝子が異常にも調節されない、および/または低下した標的遺伝子活性が有益な効果を有しそうな状況において、望ましい。
本発明は、また、薬学組成物を提供する。かかる組成物は、治療的有効量のCTNNB1治療剤、および薬学的に受容可能な搬送体を含む。特定の態様において、「薬学的に受容可能な」という用語は、連邦または州政府のまたは米国薬局方に記載される管理機関または他の一般的に承認された薬局方が、動物、およびより特異的には、ヒトにおける使用に対し認めることを意味する。「搬送体」という用語は、CTNNB1治療剤とともに投与する、希釈剤、アジュバント、賦形剤、またはビヒクルを示す。かかる薬学搬送体は殺菌した液体、例えば、水および油など、石油、動物、野菜または合成起源のものを含み、限定こそしないがピーナッツ油、大豆油、鉱油、胡麻油などとすることができる。薬学組成物を経口投与するとき、水を好ましい搬送体とすることができる。生理食塩水および水性D形グルコースは、薬学組成物を静脈内投与するとき、好ましい搬送体である。適した製薬的賦形剤は、でんぷん、ブドウ糖、乳糖、蔗糖、ゼラチン、麦芽、米、小麦粉、チョーク、シリカゲル、ステアリン酸ナトリウム、モノステアリン酸グリセロール、タルク、塩化ナトリウム、乾いたスキムミルク、グリセロール、プロピレン、グリコール、水など、を含む。
当然のことながら、本発明を、いま記載する例に限定するように構築しないべきである;むしろ、本発明は、ここに提供する任意および全ての応用ならびに当業者の範疇の全ての同等の変形を含むように構築するべきである。
6人の患者からの切除試料を組織学カセット(histology cassettes)に完全に入れ、CTNNB1、MYCおよびWAF1のリアルタイムRT−PCR解析まで、−70℃で貯蔵した。
エクソン3CTNNB1変異の頻度を特性化した、CTNNB1遺伝子の異常調節に高頻度で関連するまたは関係がある変化があることが実証された。CTNNB1遺伝子の発現を、中国のハイリスク地域からのESCCの新生物進展にかかるMYCおよびWAF1(p21)などの下流の標的の転写物変異体および発現と比較した。変異再解析を、56の腫瘍および対応する生殖細胞系(血液)DNAにおいて、CTNNB1のエクソン3に対するプライマーおよびSSCP DNAシークエンスゲルを用いて、実施した。量的リアルタイムRT−PCRを、正常から浸潤癌への組織学的スペクトラムを呈する41の病巣に、下流の標的cMYCおよびWAF1に関連する、CTNNB1のエクソン16の159−bpの非コード断片の存在(16A)および不存在(16B)により異なる選択的スプライス変異体に対する特異的プライマーを用いて、実施した。2つの独特な変異を、56ケースのうちの2つにおいて同定したところ、SxxxS繰り返し領域におけるセリンのフェニルアラニンへの体細胞置換、およびスレオニンのアラニンへの置換(T59A)を生じる生殖細胞系列多型からなるものであった。
ここで用いる、かかる特異的な変化は、効果的な早期の検出および疾患予防方策である。
遺伝子発現価を、自然対数を用いて変換する。少数であるため、LGDおよびHGDをともにDYSとして解析し、CISおよび浸潤性扁平上皮癌をともにCAとして解析した。正常からDYSおよびCAへの発現におけるパーセント変化を、参加者に対する変量切片を含む線形混合モデルを用いて推定した。グレードを、固定効果として扱う2つの指標変数で記載した。試料あたりのサンプルの数に対する範囲のために、試料あたりのサンプル数に対する固定効果の付加的なモデルを調べ、サンプル数および組織学の間の効果的修飾に対しテストした(結果非公開)。全ての試験の統計的優位性は2側であった。統計的解析を、S−PLUS(S-PLUS version 6.1 for Windows(登録商標). Seattle (WA): Insightful Corporation; 2002)を用いて実施した。
図6に関して、かかる結果は、試料あたり平均7個(3個〜15個の範囲)の病巣を有する、正常から浸潤性扁平上皮癌への新生物進行の組織学的スペクトラムを呈する、RT−PCR解析のために選択された、6つの完全ブロック凍結食道切除試料に由来する。これらの切片から、合計で組織学的に正常な(Nml)上皮の11個の病巣を4つの食道切除片より見つけ、11個の低度異形成(LGD)の病巣を6個の食道切除片で見つけ、8個の高度異形成(HGD)の病巣を4個の食道切除片で見つけ、4個の上皮内癌(CIS)の病変を2個の食道切除片で見つけ、そして11個の浸潤癌の病変を5個の食道切除片で見つけた。少数の病巣であるため、CISが、例えば同じ切片中で、浸潤癌に近接とするという事実のため、LGDおよびHGDからの発現結果をDYSカテゴリーへと混合し、CISおよび浸潤SCCからのものを癌カテゴリーへと混合した。
RT−PCR解析により、CTNNB1スプライス変異体、16Aおよび16Bを同定し、そしてそれぞれの組織学的カテゴリーにおけるMYCおよびWAF1に対するRT−PCR産物を、成功的に増幅した。:リアルタイムRT−PCR解析:6人の患者からの切断試料を完全に組織額カセットへと装填し、CTNNB1、MYCおよびWAF1のリアルタイムRT−PCR解析まで−70℃で貯蔵した。
** 正常組織と比較して、異形成におけるmRNA発現のパーセント変化は、Waf(p=0.06)および16A/16B(p=0.014)およびMyc/Waf(p=0.001)の割合に対して顕著に異なる。
† 総計で、16A+16Bおよび16A/16Bに対して43観察、16A、16N、Waf、およびMyc/Waf割合に対して44観察;およびMycに対して45観察となる、6人の参加者。
低分子干渉RNA(siRNA)分子を、CTNNB1の16Bおよび16A+16Bアイソフォームを標的とするように設計した。阻害剤の使用により、増殖、cMYCおよびWAF1の下流のマーカーの発現が変調することを実証し、CTNNB1関連癌を処置する再のCTNNB1スプライス変異体関連治療剤の使用を説明する。
Claims (7)
- (a)対象から得られたサンプルからの細胞または細胞群における、16B転写物に対する、16A転写物の比率を決定すること;および
(b)前記16B転写物に対する、16A転写物の比率を、標準の比率と比較すること;
を含み、ここで前記16B転写物に対する、16A転写物の比率が標準の比率から低下していた場合、CTNNB1関連癌が存在すると検出される、対象におけるβ−カテニン遺伝子(CTNNB1)関連食道癌の存在または不存在を検出する方法。 - 対象が、正常から新生物への進行のどこかにある、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 対象における食道癌が、新生物発生前の食道の扁平上皮、食道の扁平上皮異形成、扁平上皮内食道癌、浸潤性食道扁平上皮癌、あるいは任意の組織学的または細胞学的中間ステージの1つまたは2つ以上である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- β−カテニン遺伝子(CTNNB1)関連食道癌が、食道扁平上皮癌(ESCC)、食道の腺癌、食道の異形成、食道の化生の1つまたは2つ以上である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 比率を、PCR法で決定する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- (a)CTNNB1関連食道癌を有し得る対象からの細胞または細胞群における、16B転写物に対する、16A転写物の比率を決定すること:および
(b)標準の比率と、前記16B転写物に対する、16A転写物の比率とを比較すること;
を含み、ここで前記16B転写物に対する、16A転写物の比率が標準の比率から低下していた場合、対象がCTNNB1関連癌を有すると決定される、対象がβ−カテニン遺伝子(CTNNB1)関連食道癌を有するかどうか決定する方法。 - 食道癌が、食道扁平上皮癌(ESCC)、食道の腺癌、食道の異形成、食道の化生の1つまたは2つ以上である、請求項6に記載の方法。
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