JP4966644B2 - Thermal insulation wall structure and construction method - Google Patents

Thermal insulation wall structure and construction method

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JP4966644B2
JP4966644B2 JP2006345791A JP2006345791A JP4966644B2 JP 4966644 B2 JP4966644 B2 JP 4966644B2 JP 2006345791 A JP2006345791 A JP 2006345791A JP 2006345791 A JP2006345791 A JP 2006345791A JP 4966644 B2 JP4966644 B2 JP 4966644B2
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heat insulating
insulating material
wall structure
wall
bolt
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JP2008156874A (en
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大策 西本
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ダウ化工株式会社
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この発明は、断熱壁構造及びその施工方法の技術分野に属し、更に云うと、壁材の不陸調整が簡易な断熱壁構造及びその施工方法に関する。   The present invention belongs to the technical field of a heat insulating wall structure and a construction method thereof, and more particularly, relates to a heat insulating wall structure and a construction method thereof that can easily adjust the wall material unevenness.

従来の断熱壁構造は、コンクリート壁に断熱材が接合され、この断熱材に壁材が接合された構成であり、前記断熱材としては、軽量化を図るために発泡倍率が20〜40倍程度の高発泡の合成樹脂発泡板を用いるのが一般的である。   The conventional heat insulating wall structure has a structure in which a heat insulating material is bonded to a concrete wall, and a wall material is bonded to the heat insulating material. The heat insulating material has a foaming ratio of about 20 to 40 times in order to reduce weight. It is common to use a highly foamed synthetic resin foam plate.

前記の高発泡の合成樹脂発泡板は、空洞率が高いために壁材をビスや釘等で接合しようとしても保持能力に乏しく、チャンネル部材等の鋼製野縁材を用いて下地組(下地胴縁)を形成し、この下地組に壁材をビスや釘等で接合している(特許文献1、2を参照)。   The above-mentioned highly foamed synthetic resin foam plate has a high cavity ratio, so it has poor holding ability even if it is intended to join wall materials with screws, nails, etc. A wall material is joined to the foundation set with screws, nails, or the like (see Patent Documents 1 and 2).

実公昭61−46083号公報Japanese Utility Model Publication No. 61-46083 実公昭61−46084号公報Japanese Utility Model Publication No. 61-46084

通例、コンクリート壁には、型枠の組み立て誤差によって不陸が生じる。その影響を受けて断熱材にも不陸が生じるので、下地組を形成する際には、墨出しをして精度良く鋼製野縁材を組み立てる必要がある。そのため、上記特許文献1、2の断熱壁構造は、壁材を面一に施工することが煩雑である。   Typically, concrete walls are uneven due to assembly errors in the formwork. As a result, unevenness occurs in the heat insulating material. Therefore, when forming the base assembly, it is necessary to assemble the steel field edge material with high accuracy. For this reason, the heat insulating wall structures of Patent Documents 1 and 2 are cumbersome to construct the wall material flush.

したがって本発明の目的は、コンクリート壁に不陸が生じていても、壁材を面一に簡易、且つ迅速に施工できる断熱壁構造及びその施工方法を提供することである。   Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a heat insulating wall structure and a construction method thereof capable of constructing a wall material simply and quickly even when the concrete wall is uneven.

上記背景技術の課題を解決するための手段として、請求項1に記載した発明に係る断熱壁構造は、
コンクリート壁に断熱材が接合されており、水平片と垂直片を有するチャンネル部材が、垂直片が断熱材に形成された案内溝に嵌め込まれて、鋼製野縁材として取り付けられており、この鋼製野縁材に壁材が接合された断熱壁構造において、
周にネジ山が形成されたボルト部と高さ調整用工具の差込部が形成されたフランジ部とを有する不陸調整用ボルトが、前記ボルト部が前記断熱材にねじ込まれて取り付けられており、前記チャンネル部材が、高さ調整用工具で所定の高さに調整した前記不陸調整用ボルトのフランジ部に被せられて、前記水平片を前記フランジ部に当接させて取り付けられていることを特徴とする。
As means for solving the problems of the background art, the heat insulating wall structure according to the invention described in claim 1 is:
A heat insulating material is joined to the concrete wall, and a channel member having a horizontal piece and a vertical piece is fitted as a steel field edge member with the vertical piece fitted into a guide groove formed in the heat insulating material. In the heat insulating wall structure where the wall material is joined to the steel field edge material ,
A bolt portion threaded is formed in the outer periphery, the uneven surface adjustment bolt to have a flange portion which insert portion is formed of a height adjustment tool, the bolt portion is screwed into the insulation material The channel member is attached to a flange portion of the unevenness adjusting bolt adjusted to a predetermined height with a height adjusting tool, and the horizontal piece is attached to the flange portion. It is characterized in that is.

請求項記載の発明は、請求項1に記載の断熱壁構造において、
断熱材はコンクリート壁に接着剤で接合されていることを特徴とする。
The invention according to claim 2 is the heat insulating wall structure according to claim 1 ,
The heat insulating material is characterized by being bonded to the concrete wall with an adhesive.

請求項記載の発明は、請求項1又は2に記載の断熱壁構造において、
チャンネル部材は断熱材に弾性接着剤で接合されていることを特徴とする。
The invention according to claim 3 is the heat insulating wall structure according to claim 1 or 2 ,
The channel member is joined to the heat insulating material with an elastic adhesive.

請求項記載の発明は、請求項1に記載の断熱壁構造において、
コンクリート壁と断熱材とは、型枠パネルの内側に断熱材を取り付けて型枠を組み、同型枠内にコンクリートを打設した後に型枠パネルを解体することによって、一体施工されていることを特徴とする。
The invention according to claim 4 is the heat insulating wall structure according to claim 1,
The concrete wall and the heat insulating material are integrally constructed by attaching the heat insulating material inside the formwork panel, assembling the formwork, placing concrete in the same formwork, and then dismantling the formwork panel. Features.

請求項に記載した発明に係る断熱壁構造の施工方法は、
コンクリート壁に断熱材を接合し、水平片と垂直片を有するチャンネル部材を、垂直片を断熱材に形成された案内溝に嵌め込んで、鋼製野縁材として取り付け、この鋼製野縁材に壁材を取り付ける断熱壁構造の施工方法において、
周にネジ山が形成されたボルト部と高さ調整用工具の差込部が形成されたフランジ部とを有する不陸調整用ボルトを、前記ボルト部を前記断熱材にねじ込んで取り付け、前記チャンネル部材を、高さ調整用工具で所定の高さに調整した前記不陸調整用ボルトのフランジ部に被せて、前記水平片を前記フランジ部に当接させて取り付けることを特徴とする。
The construction method of the heat insulating wall structure according to the invention described in claim 5 is:
A heat insulating material is joined to a concrete wall, and a channel member having a horizontal piece and a vertical piece is fitted into a guide groove formed in the heat insulating material, and attached as a steel field edge material. in the construction method of the heat insulating wall structure Keru Attach the wall material,
A bolt portion threaded is formed in the outer periphery, the uneven surface adjustment bolt to have a flange portion which insert portion is formed of a height adjusting tool, by screwing the bolt portion into the heat insulator mounting The channel member is attached to the flange portion of the unevenness adjusting bolt adjusted to a predetermined height with a height adjusting tool, and the horizontal piece is attached to the flange portion. .

本発明に係る断熱壁構造及びその施工方法は、鋼製野縁材を断熱材に所定の高さでねじ込んだ不陸調整用ボルトを介して前記断熱材に嵌め込んで下地組を形成し、この下地組に壁材を接合するだけで、壁材を面一に簡易、迅速に施工することができる。   The heat insulating wall structure according to the present invention and the construction method thereof are fitted into the heat insulating material through a non-landing adjustment bolt in which a steel field edge material is screwed into the heat insulating material at a predetermined height to form a base set, By simply joining the wall material to this foundation set, the wall material can be applied in a simple and quick manner.

本発明に係る断熱壁構造及びその施工方法の実施形態を図面に基いて説明する。   An embodiment of a heat insulating wall structure and its construction method according to the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.

この断熱壁構造1は、通例の断熱壁構造と略同様に、建物躯体であるRC造壁、SRC造壁、ALC造壁等のコンクリート壁2に断熱材3が接合されており、同断熱材3の案内溝3aに鋼製野縁材として嵌め込まれたチャンネル部材(但し、水平片と垂直片を有する構成であれば良く、アングル部材などでも良い。)4に壁材5が接合された構成である(図1及び図2を参照、請求項1記載の発明)。   In this heat insulating wall structure 1, a heat insulating material 3 is joined to a concrete wall 2 such as an RC wall, an SRC wall, an ALC wall or the like, which is a building frame, in the same manner as a normal heat insulating wall structure. 3. A structure in which a wall member 5 is joined to a channel member 4 (as long as it has a horizontal piece and a vertical piece, and may be an angle member or the like) 4 fitted as a steel field edge material in the guide groove 3a of No. 3 (Refer to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, the invention of claim 1).

断熱材3としては、軽量で耐水性・断熱性・耐圧性に優れたものが好ましく、独立気泡を有する合成樹脂発泡体が好適である。具体的には、例えばポリスチレン系発泡体、ポリエチレン系発泡体、ポリプロピレン系発泡体、ポリウレタン系発泡体、フェノール系発泡体等の独立気泡を有する合成樹脂発泡体が好適である。特に、押出発泡ポリスチレン(商品名「スタイロフォーム」:ダウ化工(株)製)は、その高い断熱性及び低い吸水性の故に最も好ましい。   The heat insulating material 3 is preferably lightweight and excellent in water resistance, heat insulating property, and pressure resistance, and a synthetic resin foam having closed cells is preferable. Specifically, for example, a synthetic resin foam having closed cells such as a polystyrene foam, a polyethylene foam, a polypropylene foam, a polyurethane foam, and a phenol foam is preferable. In particular, extruded polystyrene (trade name “Styrofoam” manufactured by Dow Chemical Co., Ltd.) is most preferred because of its high heat insulation and low water absorption.

この断熱材3の表面には、予め設定した位置にチャンネル部材4を配置し下地組を形成できるように、チャンンネル部材4の垂直片4aを嵌め込む案内溝3aが2本を一組として、水平方向(但し、垂直方向、双方向の場合もある。)に所定のピッチで複数組形成されている。一組の案内溝3aと3aとは、チャンネル部材4の垂直片4aと4aとの間隔と略等しい間隔で形成されており、各々の案内溝3aは、チャンネル部材4の垂直片4aを嵌め込むのに十分な深さ、幅寸法とされている。ちなみに、案内溝3aの幅寸法はチャンネル部材4の垂直片4aの幅寸法より若干薄くすると、嵌め込んだチャンネル部材4の垂直片4aをしっかりと保持することができ、好都合である。   On the surface of the heat insulating material 3, a set of two guide grooves 3a into which the vertical pieces 4a of the channel members 4 are fitted so that the channel member 4 can be arranged at a preset position to form a base group, A plurality of sets are formed at a predetermined pitch in the direction (however, there are cases where the direction is vertical or bidirectional). The pair of guide grooves 3a and 3a is formed at a distance substantially equal to the distance between the vertical pieces 4a and 4a of the channel member 4, and each guide groove 3a is fitted into the vertical piece 4a of the channel member 4. The depth and width are sufficient. Incidentally, if the width dimension of the guide groove 3a is slightly smaller than the width dimension of the vertical piece 4a of the channel member 4, the fitted vertical piece 4a of the channel member 4 can be held firmly, which is advantageous.

上記の断熱材3は、裏面に塗布された一液・無溶剤型の変性シリコーン樹脂系接着剤(但し、この限りでない)9によってコンクリート壁2に接合されている(請求項3記載の発明)。コンクリート壁2と断熱材3とは密着しているために結露が生じない。   The heat insulating material 3 is joined to the concrete wall 2 by a one-component / solvent-free modified silicone resin adhesive (but not limited to) 9 applied to the back surface (the invention according to claim 3). . Condensation does not occur because the concrete wall 2 and the heat insulating material 3 are in close contact with each other.

しかし、コンクリート壁2に断熱材3が密着しているということは、コンクリート壁2の不陸が断熱材3にも影響しており、この断熱材3にチャンネル部材4を直接に嵌め込むと、壁材5を面一に施工できる下地組を形成できない。そこで、本発明のチャンネル部材4は、断熱材3に所定の高さでねじ込まれた不陸調整用ボルト6を介して前記断熱材3に嵌め込んでいる。   However, the fact that the heat insulating material 3 is in close contact with the concrete wall 2 means that the unevenness of the concrete wall 2 also affects the heat insulating material 3, and when the channel member 4 is directly fitted into the heat insulating material 3, It is not possible to form a ground set that allows the wall material 5 to be constructed flush. Therefore, the channel member 4 of the present invention is fitted into the heat insulating material 3 via the unevenness adjusting bolt 6 screwed into the heat insulating material 3 at a predetermined height.

不陸調整用ボルト6は、外周にネジ山が形成されたボルト部7と、高さ調整用工具であるプラスドライバー(但し、この限りでない。)の差込部8aが形成されたフランジ部8とを有する樹脂製部材である(図1〜図3を参照)。   The unevenness adjusting bolt 6 includes a bolt part 7 having a thread formed on the outer periphery and a flange part 8 in which an insertion part 8a of a Phillips screwdriver (but not limited to) is a height adjusting tool. (Refer to FIGS. 1 to 3).

この不陸調整用ボルト6は、断熱材3の案内溝3aと3aとの間に複数個、チャンネル部材4を所定の高さに、つまり断熱材3の不陸を解消できるようにねじ込まれている(図2を参照)。不陸調整用ボルト6は、例えばレーザーポインター等による壁材5の墨出しライン(本発明で云う所定の高さ)を基準に、フランジ部8の差込部8aにプラスドライバーを差し込んでねじ込むことにより、断熱材3に不陸が生じていても全ての不陸調整用ボルト6…を所定の高さに簡易、迅速に調整することができる。   A plurality of the unevenness adjusting bolts 6 are screwed between the guide grooves 3a and 3a of the heat insulating material 3 and the channel member 4 is screwed to a predetermined height, that is, the unevenness of the heat insulating material 3 can be eliminated. (See FIG. 2). The unevenness adjusting bolt 6 is screwed by inserting a Phillips screwdriver into the insertion portion 8a of the flange portion 8 on the basis of the marking line (predetermined height referred to in the present invention) of the wall material 5 by a laser pointer, for example. Thus, even if unevenness occurs in the heat insulating material 3, all the uneven adjustment bolts 6 can be easily and quickly adjusted to a predetermined height.

チャンネル部材4は通例の所謂C型鋼であり、所定の高さに調整された前記不陸調整用ボルト6に被せるように配置され、その水平片4bを前記不陸調整用ボルト6のフランジ部8に当接させた状態で、垂直片4aが断熱材3の案内溝3aに嵌め込まれ前記断熱材3に接合されている(請求項2記載の発明)。つまり、チャンネル部材4の水平片4bが不陸調整用ボルト6のフランジ部8に当接するように断熱材3に嵌め込むだけで、壁材5を面一に施工できる下地組を形成できる。   The channel member 4 is usually a so-called C-shaped steel, and is disposed so as to cover the unevenness adjusting bolt 6 adjusted to a predetermined height, and the horizontal piece 4b is a flange portion 8 of the unevenness adjusting bolt 6. The vertical piece 4a is fitted in the guide groove 3a of the heat insulating material 3 and joined to the heat insulating material 3 in the state of being in contact with the heat insulating material 3 (the invention according to claim 2). That is, it is possible to form a ground set that allows the wall material 5 to be installed flush with the heat insulating material 3 so that the horizontal piece 4b of the channel member 4 is in contact with the flange portion 8 of the unevenness adjusting bolt 6.

なお、チャンネル部材4は断熱材3に接着剤10で接合されていると、しっかりとチャンネル部材4を固定することができ、好都合である。このとき、接着剤10としては、弾性を有する接着剤であることが好ましい(請求項4記載の発明)。特に変成シリコーン系接着剤が好ましい。弾性を有する接着剤であれば、多めに接着剤をチャンネル部材4の溝部(即ち、内側)に塗布し、チャンネル部材4を押圧して断熱材3に嵌め込むことにより、不陸調整用ボルト6のフランジ部8に容易に当接させることができる。また、石膏系接着剤のようにガチガチに硬化せず、適度な柔らかさを有するため、地震等によるコンクリート壁2の大きな挙動が直接に壁材5に伝達されず、壁材5の損傷を防ぐことができる。しかも、耐衝撃性に優れた構成となるので、中・高音域の音抜けを防ぐことができ、遮音性能が高い。   In addition, when the channel member 4 is joined to the heat insulating material 3 with the adhesive 10, the channel member 4 can be firmly fixed, which is convenient. At this time, the adhesive 10 is preferably an adhesive having elasticity (the invention according to claim 4). In particular, a modified silicone adhesive is preferable. If the adhesive has elasticity, a large amount of adhesive is applied to the groove (that is, inside) of the channel member 4, and the channel member 4 is pressed and fitted into the heat insulating material 3, thereby adjusting the unevenness adjusting bolt 6. Can be easily brought into contact with the flange portion 8. Moreover, since it does not harden like gypsum-based adhesive and has an appropriate softness, the large behavior of the concrete wall 2 due to an earthquake or the like is not directly transmitted to the wall material 5 and prevents damage to the wall material 5. be able to. Moreover, since the structure is excellent in impact resistance, it is possible to prevent sound omission in the middle / high range and high sound insulation performance.

壁材5は通例の内装下地材、内装材、外装下地材、外装材であり、例えば、プラスターボード(石膏ボード)、珪酸カルシウム板、フレキシブルボード、ALC板、木材、合板等である。この壁材5は、チャンネル部材4に釘(但し、この限りでない。)11によって接合されている。   The wall material 5 is a usual interior base material, interior material, exterior base material, and exterior material, such as plaster board (gypsum board), calcium silicate board, flexible board, ALC board, wood, and plywood. The wall material 5 is joined to the channel member 4 by a nail (however, this is not limited).

つまり、本発明の断熱壁構造1は、チャンネル部材4を断熱材3に所定の高さでねじ込んだ不陸調整用ボルト6を介して前記断熱材3に嵌め込んで下地組を形成し、この下地組に壁材5を接合するだけで、壁材5を簡易、迅速に面一に施工することができる(請求項6記載の発明)。   That is, the heat insulating wall structure 1 of the present invention is fitted into the heat insulating material 3 via the unevenness adjusting bolt 6 in which the channel member 4 is screwed into the heat insulating material 3 at a predetermined height, thereby forming a base group. By simply joining the wall material 5 to the ground set, the wall material 5 can be constructed in a simple and quick manner (the invention according to claim 6).

なお、コンクリート壁2と断熱材3とは、型枠パネルの内側に前記断熱材3を取り付けて型枠を組み、同型枠内にコンクリートを打設した後に型枠パネルを解体することによって、一体施工すると、施工の短縮化を図れる(請求項5記載の発明)。   The concrete wall 2 and the heat insulating material 3 are integrated by attaching the heat insulating material 3 inside the formwork panel, assembling the formwork, placing concrete in the same formwork, and then disassembling the formwork panel. When constructed, the construction can be shortened (the invention according to claim 5).

また、不陸調整用ボルト6のフランジ部8はボルト部7に対して可撓性を有する構成とされていると、不陸調整用ボルト6が若干、斜めにねじ込まれた場合でも、フランジ部8にチャンネル部材4を良好に当接させることができる。具体的に云うと、ボルト部7とフランジ部8との連結部に低剛性部を形成した構成、フランジ部8に放射状のスリットを形成した構成、フランジ部8に溝部を形成した構成等が考えられるが、この限りでない。   Further, if the flange portion 8 of the unevenness adjusting bolt 6 is configured to be flexible with respect to the bolt portion 7, even if the unevenness adjusting bolt 6 is slightly screwed, the flange portion The channel member 4 can be satisfactorily brought into contact with 8. Specifically, a configuration in which a low-rigidity portion is formed at the connecting portion between the bolt portion 7 and the flange portion 8, a configuration in which a radial slit is formed in the flange portion 8, a configuration in which a groove portion is formed in the flange portion 8, and the like are considered. This is not the case.

本発明に係る断熱壁構造を示した水平断面図である。It is the horizontal sectional view showing the heat insulation wall structure concerning the present invention. 本発明に係る断熱壁構造を示した垂直断面図である。It is the vertical sectional view showing the heat insulation wall structure concerning the present invention. 不陸調整用ボルトを示した平面図である。It is the top view which showed the bolt for unevenness adjustment.

符号の説明Explanation of symbols

1 断熱壁構造
2 コンクリート壁
3 断熱材
3a 案内溝
4 チャンネル部材
4a 垂直片
4b 水平片
5 壁材
6 不陸調整用ボルト
7 ボルト部
8 フランジ部
8a 高さ調整用工具の差込部
9 接着剤
10 接着剤
11 釘
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Heat insulation wall structure 2 Concrete wall 3 Heat insulation material 3a Guide groove 4 Channel member 4a Vertical piece 4b Horizontal piece 5 Wall material 6 Uneven adjustment bolt 7 Bolt part 8 Flange part 8a Height adjustment tool insertion part 9 Adhesive 10 Adhesive 11 Nail

Claims (5)

コンクリート壁に断熱材が接合されており、水平片と垂直片を有するチャンネル部材が、垂直片が断熱材に形成された案内溝に嵌め込まれて、鋼製野縁材として取り付けられており、この鋼製野縁材に壁材が接合された断熱壁構造において、
周にネジ山が形成されたボルト部と高さ調整用工具の差込部が形成されたフランジ部とを有する不陸調整用ボルトが、前記ボルト部が前記断熱材にねじ込まれて取り付けられており、前記チャンネル部材が、高さ調整用工具で所定の高さに調整した前記不陸調整用ボルトのフランジ部に被せられて、前記水平片を前記フランジ部に当接させて取り付けられていることを特徴とする、断熱壁構造。
A heat insulating material is joined to the concrete wall, and a channel member having a horizontal piece and a vertical piece is fitted as a steel field edge member with the vertical piece fitted into a guide groove formed in the heat insulating material. In the heat insulating wall structure where the wall material is joined to the steel field edge material ,
A bolt portion threaded is formed in the outer periphery, the uneven surface adjustment bolt to have a flange portion which insert portion is formed of a height adjustment tool, the bolt portion is screwed into the insulation material The channel member is attached to a flange portion of the unevenness adjusting bolt adjusted to a predetermined height with a height adjusting tool, and the horizontal piece is attached to the flange portion. is characterized in that is, the heat insulating wall structure.
断熱材はコンクリート壁に接着剤で接合されていることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の断熱壁構造。 The heat insulating wall structure according to claim 1, wherein the heat insulating material is bonded to the concrete wall with an adhesive. チャンネル部材は断熱材に弾性接着剤で接合されていることを特徴とする、請求項1又は2に記載の断熱壁構造。 The heat insulating wall structure according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the channel member is bonded to the heat insulating material with an elastic adhesive. コンクリート壁と断熱材とは、型枠パネルの内側に断熱材を取り付けて型枠を組み、同型枠内にコンクリートを打設した後に型枠パネルを解体することによって、一体施工されていることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の断熱壁構造。   The concrete wall and the heat insulating material are integrally constructed by attaching the heat insulating material inside the formwork panel, assembling the formwork, placing concrete in the same formwork, and then dismantling the formwork panel. The heat insulating wall structure according to claim 1, wherein コンクリート壁に断熱材を接合し、水平片と垂直片を有するチャンネル部材を、垂直片を断熱材に形成された案内溝に嵌め込んで、鋼製野縁材として取り付け、この鋼製野縁材に壁材を取り付ける断熱壁構造の施工方法において、
周にネジ山が形成されたボルト部と高さ調整用工具の差込部が形成されたフランジ部とを有する不陸調整用ボルトを、前記ボルト部を前記断熱材にねじ込んで取り付け、前記チャンネル部材を、高さ調整用工具で所定の高さに調整した前記不陸調整用ボルトのフランジ部に被せて、前記水平片を前記フランジ部に当接させて取り付けることを特徴とする、断熱壁構造の施工方法。
A heat insulating material is joined to a concrete wall, and a channel member having a horizontal piece and a vertical piece is fitted into a guide groove formed in the heat insulating material, and attached as a steel field edge material. in the construction method of the heat insulating wall structure Keru Attach the wall material,
A bolt portion threaded is formed in the outer periphery, the uneven surface adjustment bolt to have a flange portion which insert portion is formed of a height adjusting tool, by screwing the bolt portion into the heat insulator mounting The channel member is attached to the flange portion of the unevenness adjusting bolt adjusted to a predetermined height with a height adjusting tool, and the horizontal piece is attached to the flange portion. The construction method of the heat insulation wall structure.
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