JP4920407B2 - 周辺組織の破壊が最小限で済む一様な電界を発生する電気外科的システム - Google Patents
周辺組織の破壊が最小限で済む一様な電界を発生する電気外科的システム Download PDFInfo
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B18/04—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
- A61B18/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
- A61B18/14—Probes or electrodes therefor
- A61B18/1402—Probes for open surgery
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
- H05H1/24—Generating plasma
- H05H1/48—Generating plasma using an arc
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- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B2018/00053—Mechanical features of the instrument of device
- A61B2018/00059—Material properties
- A61B2018/00071—Electrical conductivity
- A61B2018/00083—Electrical conductivity low, i.e. electrically insulating
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B18/04—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
- A61B18/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
- A61B18/14—Probes or electrodes therefor
- A61B2018/1405—Electrodes having a specific shape
- A61B2018/1407—Loop
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B18/04—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
- A61B18/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
- A61B18/14—Probes or electrodes therefor
- A61B2018/1405—Electrodes having a specific shape
- A61B2018/1412—Blade
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B18/04—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
- A61B18/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
- A61B18/14—Probes or electrodes therefor
- A61B2018/1405—Electrodes having a specific shape
- A61B2018/144—Wire
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H2245/00—Applications of plasma devices
- H05H2245/30—Medical applications
- H05H2245/32—Surgery, e.g. scalpels, blades or bistoury; Treatments inside the body
Description
E=U/(r ln(r0/L)) (1)
となる。ここで、戻り電極は円筒形の電極よりずっと大きく無限遠に位置するものと仮定する。水中での絶縁破壊に必要な閾値電界は、約105−106V/cmである(Jones, H. M. & Kunhardt, E. E. Development of Pulsed Dielectric Breakdown In Liquids. Journal of Physics D-Applied Physics 28,178-188 (1995); Jones, H. M. & Kunhardt, E. E. Pulsed Dielectric Breakdown of Pressurized Water and Salt Solutions. Journal of Applied Physics 77,795-805 (1995))。そのような、閾値電界Ethは、数10μmの直径を有するワイヤ電極に数kVの電気パルスを供給することによって達成される。水の表面層のイオン化に必要な閾値電圧は、
Uth=Ethr0ln(L/r0) (2)
である。対応する閾値エネルギーは、
Fth=2π Eth2r0 2Lln(L/r0) (3)
である。電極の近傍における水の蒸発は、温度が100℃を超えたときに始まる。表面層の蒸発に必要な閾値電圧は、
Uth=(cρΔT/(τγ))1/2r0ln(L/r0) (4)
である。ここでTはパルスの持続時間、γは液体の導電率、ρは液体の密度、cは液体の熱容量、そしてΔTは温度変化である。対応する閾値エネルギーは、
Fth=2π cρΔTr0 2Lln(L/r0) (5)
である。
前記電気エネルギー源は複数のパルスバーストを発生させ、連続する前記パルスバーストの間にはパルスが存在しない時間であるバーストインターバルが1ミリ秒以上存在し、かつ、前記パルスバーストのそれぞれが5マイクロ秒乃至1ミリ秒の持続時間を有すると良い。
液体中での絶縁破壊のための一様な強度の電界を有する電極
鋭い露出されたブレードエッジを周囲の電界はリング電極の電界に類似しているが、機械的強度の関連で曲率半径が規制されることはない。ブレードエッジは、その構造の機械的強度がブレードによって与えられることから、ずっと鋭い形状に形成することができる。加えて、この電極の可視度はもはや問題とならない。つまり微視的なブレードは、その鋭いブレードエッジが従来の外科用顕微鏡ではよく見えないときでも、容易に観察できる。従って、そのような電極のブレードエッジは、10ミクロンよりずっと小さいエッジ曲率半径を有し得る。このことによって、閾値電圧及びエネルギーを著しく低くできるとともに、電界の組織への侵入深さを浅くでき、損傷を受ける組織の領域をより小さくしてきれいな切断を行うことができる。ディスク電極上の5μm厚のブレードエッジに沿った電界の分布は図1に示されている。
ブレード電極のブレードエッジにおける電界の強さは、ブレード傾斜角の大きさに左右される。傾斜角が小さくなるほど、電界強度はより効果的に高められる。加えて、傾斜角を小さくすることによって、組織へのアクセスや組織内への侵入が容易になる。傾斜角を30度から0度に変えると閾値エネルギーは2分の1となる。従って、最大の電界強度を得、組織へのアクセスや組織内への侵入のための最も便利となるように、ブレード傾斜角は、好ましくは45度未満、より好ましくは30未満、最も好ましくは15度未満とするべきである。
電気外科的処置における組織が損傷を受けるメカニズムの一つはエレクトロポレーション(電気穿孔)である。これは、細胞の膜に強い電界が及ぼす直接の効果である。エレクトロポレーションによって細胞透過性が高くなり、これが細胞損傷や細胞死をもたらすことがある。この効果を低減させるため、極性が1つの単一パルスではなく、反対の極性の電圧平衡即ち荷電平衡させた一対のパルスを印加することができる。この荷電方式によって組織損傷が著しく低減する。例えば、持続時間が200ナノ秒で大きさが4kVの単一パルスを印加すると、約260μmのエレクトロポレーション関連の損傷が生ずるが、荷電平衡させた二相パルスを同じ電極に同じ大きさで印加すると、90μmのエレクトロポレーション関連の損傷しか生じない(プロピジウムアイオダイド染色技術を用いてトリの胎仔の絨毛尿膜について測定)。この生物学的利点に加えて、パルスの極性を交番させることにより、電極の腐食速度も遅くなる。
電極に沿った電界の不均一な分布は、液体中の絶縁破壊の状態のみならず、水の蒸発の状態にも影響を及ぼす。この効果は、特別に設計されたパルス波形により中和できる。エネルギーは、蒸気泡の成長をもたらす液体の蒸発が強電界の領域で初めに生ずるようにパルスバーストの形で供給されるべきである。電界が蒸気泡の内部をイオン化するほどの強度でない場合は、蒸気泡は電極のその部分を導電性流体から絶縁する。このため、蒸発は電界がいくらか弱い周囲の領域から始まる。このプロセスは、初めの泡がこわれて電極のその領域を露出する前に電極の最後の領域が蒸気キャビティで覆われるまで持続しなくてはならない。この要請に基づいて、パルスの振幅やパルス及びパルスバーストの最適な持続時間が設定される。個々の泡のサイズ及び泡の数は、バーストの各パルスのエネルギーやパルスの数を選択することにより設定できる。不均一な電界の電極に沿って一様な蒸気キャビティを生成するそのようなプロセスの例が、図6の連続写真に示されている。
ディスクつまりブレード電極の鋭いエッジに沿って液体の気化させるためにパルスバーストを印加することができる。その先端部に特異点(小さい平面曲率半径)を有する鋭いエッジ部がブレードに沿って形成されている場合、通常は、鋭いエッジ部によって電界が強化されるという有利さは、先端部によって生ずる電界の不均一性によって損なわれることになる。しかし、蒸気泡をイオン化する前に電極に沿った領域を気化させるための上述の方法を用いることによって、不均一な電界の問題は解決できる。鋭いブレードエッジは、電界を強化して損傷を受ける領域を小さくしかつ閾値エネルギーを低くし、また、絶縁されたブレードの厚い部分によって機械的に支持される。先端部の強い電界は、最適な持続時間のパルスバーストを印加することによって中和することができる。
薄い電極は、使用中、特に蒸気化の過程で急速にエッチングされる。ブレード電極の鋭いブレードエッジも使用中に急速にエッチングされる。エッチングによりエッジが丸められると、即ちエッジ曲率半径が大きくなると、閾値電圧・パルスエネルギーが高くなり、このため巻き添え損傷領域が大きくなる。この効果を防ぐために、自己先鋭化をもたらす「制御されたエッチング」を実施することができる。
Claims (24)
- 電気外科的切断システムであって、
(a)第1の面と、第1の面とは反対側の第2の面と、前記第1の面と前記第2の面とが併合するエッジとを有する導電性ブレードであって、前記エッジはあるエッジ曲率半径を有し、前記エッジの所定の長さの部分が生体組織の切断のための切断部である、該導電性ブレードと、
(b)前記第1の面の上の第1の絶縁体と、
(c)前記第2の面の上の第2の絶縁体と、
(d)前記ブレードに電気的に接続されたパルス状の電気エネルギーを供給する電気エネルギー源とを有し、
前記電気エネルギー源は複数のパルスバーストを発生させ、連続する前記パルスバーストの間にはパルスが存在しない時間であるバーストインターバルが1ミリ秒以上存在し、かつ、前記パルスバーストのそれぞれが5マイクロ秒乃至1ミリ秒の持続時間を有し、
前記切断部が、その全体の長さに沿ったエッジ曲率半径の10倍以上の平面内曲率半径を有することを特徴とする電気外科的切断システム。 - 前記エッジ曲率半径が、25μm未満であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記エッジ曲率半径が、10μm未満であることを特徴とする請求項2に記載のシステム。
- 前記エッジ曲率半径が、5μm未満であることを特徴とする請求項3に記載のシステム。
- 前記エッジ曲率半径が、1μm未満であることを特徴とする請求項4に記載のシステム。
- 前記切断部に沿って、前記第1の絶縁体と前記第2の絶縁体のそれぞれが、前記エッジ曲率半径より薄い厚さを有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記切断部に沿って、前記第1の面と前記第2の面が前記エッジに近づくほど前記厚さが直線的に小さくなっている傾斜領域を有し、前記傾斜領域において前記第1の面と前記第2の面とがブレード傾斜角をなすことを特徴とする請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記ブレード傾斜角が45度未満であることを特徴とする請求項7に記載のシステム。
- 前記ブレード傾斜角が30度未満であることを特徴とする請求項8に記載のシステム。
- 前記ブレード傾斜角が15度未満であることを特徴とする請求項9に記載のシステム。
- 前記ブレードが液体媒質のなかに浸漬され、前記切断部に沿って前記液体媒質を気化し、イオン化して前記傾斜領域を外囲する蒸気キャビティを形成するに十分な電気パルスが前記電気エネルギー源から供給されることを特徴とする請求項7に記載のシステム。
- 前記ブレードが、タングステンまたはチタンを含むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記電気エネルギー源が、前のパルスと逆の極性の各パルスを有するパルス状電気エネルギーを供給することを特徴とする請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記電気エネルギー源が、それぞれ10ナノ秒乃至10マイクロ秒のパルス持続時間を有するパルスを供給することを特徴とする請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記パルスバーストのそれぞれが0.1ミリ秒未満の持続時間を有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 各パルスのエネルギーが、前記切断部に隣接する液体が、前記パルスバーストが終了する前の時点で、気化されるようなレベルであることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記パルスバーストの全持続時間が500マイクロ秒以下であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記パルスバーストの全持続時間が10マイクロ秒乃至100マイクロ秒であることを特徴とする請求項17に記載のシステム。
- 前記パルスバーストにおける任意の二つの連続するパルスが、互いに反対の電気極性を有することを特徴とする請求項16に記載のシステム。
- 前記切断部が50μm以上の長さを有し、前記パルス上電気エネルギーによる前記切断部における電界強さのばらつきが前記切断部の全長さに沿って50%以内であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記電気エネルギー源からの前記パルスの持続時間が、ストリーマー放電及び火花放電を発生させるに十分に長く、かつ、高電流アーク放電の発生を避けられる程度に十分に短いことを特徴とする請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記ブレードが、前記電気エネルギー源からのパルスが、前記ブレードに隣接する液体媒質中に形成される蒸気キャビティが前記第1の絶縁体及び前記第2の絶縁体に達するまでイオン化しない程度の電圧を有するような形状であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記ブレード及び前記第1の絶縁体及び前記第2の絶縁体が、前記システムの使用中に同時にエッチングされることによって、前記エッジ曲率半径が使用中に実質的に変化しないことを特徴とする請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記ブレードが、前記第1の絶縁体と前記第1の絶縁体との間に摺動自在に取り付けられ、使用中に前記ブレードの腐食分を補うだけ前記ブレードを延ばすことを可能にしていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のシステム。
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DE102005013714A1 (de) * | 2004-04-07 | 2005-12-22 | Carl Zeiss Meditec Ag | Elektrische Sonde für die Mikrochirurgie |
US8814861B2 (en) * | 2005-05-12 | 2014-08-26 | Innovatech, Llc | Electrosurgical electrode and method of manufacturing same |
-
2004
- 2004-02-13 US US10/779,529 patent/US7357802B2/en active Active
- 2004-02-13 EP EP04711134.9A patent/EP1603474B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-02-13 JP JP2006503559A patent/JP4920407B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-02-13 WO PCT/US2004/004290 patent/WO2004073752A2/en active Search and Examination
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2007
- 2007-11-09 US US11/983,648 patent/US20080125774A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP1603474B1 (en) | 2013-09-11 |
US20040236321A1 (en) | 2004-11-25 |
US20080125774A1 (en) | 2008-05-29 |
WO2004073752A2 (en) | 2004-09-02 |
US7357802B2 (en) | 2008-04-15 |
WO2004073752A3 (en) | 2005-03-24 |
EP1603474A2 (en) | 2005-12-14 |
JP2006517843A (ja) | 2006-08-03 |
EP1603474A4 (en) | 2008-08-06 |
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