JP4761239B2 - Non-aqueous secondary battery electrode material, method for producing the same, and non-aqueous secondary battery using the same - Google Patents
Non-aqueous secondary battery electrode material, method for producing the same, and non-aqueous secondary battery using the same Download PDFInfo
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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Description
本発明は、非水二次電池の電極材料およびその製造方法、並びにそれを用いた非水二次電池に関する。 The present invention relates to an electrode material for a non-aqueous secondary battery, a method for producing the same, and a non-aqueous secondary battery using the same.
非水二次電池は高容量であることから、その発展に対して大きな期待が寄せられている。従来、非水二次電池の負極活物質には、Liイオンを挿入および脱離可能な、天然または人造の黒鉛系炭素材料(カーボン系の負極材料)が用いられてきた。小型化および多機能化した携帯電話の普及にともない、非水二次電池のさらなる高容量化が望まれるにつれて、低結晶性炭素、Si(シリコン)、Sn(錫)等のように、より多くのLiを収容可能な材料が負極材料として注目を集めている。例えば、負極活物質としてLitSi(0≦t≦5)を用いた非水二次電池も開示されている(例えば、特許文献1参照)。 Since non-aqueous secondary batteries have a high capacity, there are great expectations for their development. Conventionally, as a negative electrode active material of a non-aqueous secondary battery, a natural or artificial graphite-based carbon material (carbon-based negative electrode material) capable of inserting and removing Li ions has been used. Along with the spread of miniaturized and multifunctional mobile phones, more non-aqueous secondary batteries, such as low crystalline carbon, Si (silicon), Sn (tin), etc. A material capable of containing Li is attracting attention as a negative electrode material. For example, a non-aqueous secondary battery using the Li t Si (0 ≦ t ≦ 5) as an anode active material has been disclosed (e.g., see Patent Document 1).
携帯電話等の先端機器に使用される電池には、高容量化とともに高サイクル性能および高重負荷特性も求められる。しかしながら、上記Si等を含む負極活物質は、Liの挿入脱離に伴う膨張収縮が大きいため、サイクル性能が良いとはいえない。さらにLiとの合金化反応の速度が大きくないため、良好な重負荷特性を得ることは困難である。そこで、サイクル特性および重負荷特性について優れた負極材料として、Ti、Zr、V、Nb、Cr、Mo、W等の元素を含む酸化物や、スピネル型構造を有するリチウム−チタン酸化物(Li4Ti5O12)等が開示されている(例えば、特許文献2、非特許文献1参照)。
しかし、上記酸化物は、カーボン系の負極材料よりも導電性が低いため、電気抵抗が大きい。したがって、上記酸化物を用いた二次電池では、電極の形成に際して多量の導電助剤を必要とし、その結果、放電容量が小さくなるという問題があった。 However, since the above oxide has lower electrical conductivity than the carbon-based negative electrode material, the electric resistance is large. Therefore, the secondary battery using the above oxide has a problem that a large amount of conductive assistant is required for forming the electrode, and as a result, the discharge capacity becomes small.
本発明の別の非水二次電池の電極材料は、Ti、Zr、V、Nb、Cr、Mo、およびWからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素を含む酸化物の粒子を複数個含む二次粒子と、前記二次粒子を覆い導電性を有する炭素材料を含む被覆層とを備え、前記被覆層が、全重量に対して5wt%以下の割合で含まれることを特徴とする。 The electrode material of another nonaqueous secondary battery of the present invention includes a plurality of oxide particles containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Cr, Mo, and W. A secondary layer and a coating layer that covers the secondary particle and includes a conductive carbon material are included, and the coating layer is included in a ratio of 5 wt% or less with respect to the total weight.
本発明の別の非水二次電池の電極材料は、Ti、Zr、V、Nb、Cr、Mo、およびWからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素を含む酸化物の複数個の粒子と導電性材料とを含む複合粒子であって、内部に前記導電性材料が含まれている前記複合粒子と、前記複合粒子を覆い導電性を有する炭素材料を含む被覆層とを備え、前記被覆層が、全重量に対して5wt%以下の割合で含まれることを特徴とする。 The electrode material of another non-aqueous secondary battery of the present invention includes a plurality of oxide particles containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Cr, Mo, and W. A composite particle including a conductive material, the composite particle including the conductive material therein, and a coating layer that covers the composite particle and includes a conductive carbon material, and the coating layer Is contained at a ratio of 5 wt% or less with respect to the total weight.
本発明の非水二次電池の電極材料の製造方法は、(a)Ti、Zr、V、Nb、Cr、Mo、およびWからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素を含む酸化物の粒子が分散媒に分散された分散液を噴霧し乾燥して、複数の前記粒子を含む二次粒子を作製する工程と、(b)前記二次粒子と炭化水素系ガスとを加熱して、前記炭化水素系ガスが熱分解して生じた炭素材料により前記二次粒子を被覆する工程と、を含むことを特徴とする。 The method for producing an electrode material for a non-aqueous secondary battery according to the present invention includes: (a) oxide particles containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Cr, Mo, and W Spraying and drying a dispersion liquid dispersed in a dispersion medium to produce secondary particles containing a plurality of the particles, and (b) heating the secondary particles and the hydrocarbon-based gas, And a step of coating the secondary particles with a carbon material generated by thermal decomposition of a hydrocarbon-based gas.
本発明の非水二次電池の電極材料の別の製造方法は、(a)Ti、Zr、V、Nb、Cr、Mo、およびWからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素を含む酸化物の粒子と導電性材料とが分散媒に分散された分散液を噴霧し乾燥して、複数の前記酸化物の粒子と導電性材料とを含む複合粒子であって、内部に前記導電性材料が含まれた前記複合粒子を作製する工程と、(b)前記複合粒子と炭化水素系ガスとを加熱して、前記炭化水素系ガスが熱分解して生じた炭素材料により前記複合粒子を被覆する工程と、を含むことを特徴とする。 Another method for producing the electrode material of the nonaqueous secondary battery of the present invention is as follows: (a) an oxide containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Cr, Mo, and W Spraying and drying a dispersion liquid in which the particles and the conductive material are dispersed in a dispersion medium, the composite particles including a plurality of the oxide particles and the conductive material, wherein the conductive material is contained therein a step of fabricating the included the composite particles, coating the (b) the composite particles and then heating the hydrocarbon gas, wherein the composite particle hydrocarbon gas is a carbon material produced by thermal decomposition And a process.
本発明によれば、サイクル特性および重負荷放電特性に優れ、かつ高容量な非水二次電池の実現が可能な、非水二次電池の電極材料を提供できる。 ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, the electrode material of a non-aqueous secondary battery which is excellent in cycling characteristics and heavy load discharge characteristics and can realize a high-capacity non-aqueous secondary battery can be provided.
(参考形態1)
以下に、参考形態1の非水二次電池の電極材料の製造方法について説明する。
( Reference form 1)
Below, the manufacturing method of the electrode material of the nonaqueous secondary battery of the
まず、Ti、Zr、V、Nb、Cr、Mo、およびWからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素を含む酸化物を用意する。酸化物の平均粒径は、通常、0.01〜2μm、特には、0.1〜1μmが適当である。 First, an oxide containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Cr, Mo, and W is prepared. The average particle size of the oxide is usually 0.01 to 2 μm, particularly 0.1 to 1 μm.
平均粒径が2μm以下の酸化物は、酸化物を湿式または乾式にて粉砕して得ることができる。なかでも、湿式にて粉砕することが好ましい。乾式ジェットミル等による乾式粉砕では、酸化物を均等性よく粉砕することが困難であり、粉砕した粒子も再凝集してしまうが、湿式にて粉砕すれば、酸化物を均等性よく粉砕することができ、粉砕した粒子の再凝集も抑制できる。湿式粉砕に用いる溶媒には、例えば、水、エタノール等のアルコール類等が挙げられる。 The oxide having an average particle size of 2 μm or less can be obtained by pulverizing the oxide by a wet method or a dry method. Especially, it is preferable to grind | pulverize wet. In dry pulverization with a dry jet mill or the like, it is difficult to pulverize the oxide with good uniformity, and the pulverized particles also reaggregate. And re-aggregation of the pulverized particles can be suppressed. Examples of the solvent used for wet pulverization include water and alcohols such as ethanol.
酸化物は、結晶、非結晶、またはアモルファスのうちのいずれであってもよい。特には、d電子数が0個または5個の、Ti、V、Nb、Mo、Wを含んでいることが好ましい。具体的には、例えば、Li4Ti5O12、TiO2、V2O5、WO3、MoO3、またはNb2O5 であることが好ましい。これらの酸化物は、後述の、酸化物の粒子と炭化水素系ガスとを気相中にて加熱する工程において、熱により分解されにくい。
The oxide may be any of crystalline, amorphous, or amorphous. In particular, Ti, V, Nb, Mo, and W having 0 or 5 d electrons are preferably included. Specifically, for example, Li 4 Ti 5 O 12,
次に、上記酸化物の粒子と炭化水素系ガスとを気相中にて加熱して、炭化水素系ガスが熱分解して生じた炭素材料を粒子の表面上に堆積させる。このように、気相成長(CVD)法によれば、炭化水素系ガスが酸化物粒子の隅々にまで行き渡り、酸化物粒子の表面上に、炭素材料を含み薄くて均一な皮膜(被覆層)を形成できる。このように、本参考形態の非水二次電池の電極材料の製造方法によれば、酸化物の粒子の表面に、少量の炭素材料にて均一性よく導電性を付与できる。 Next, the oxide particles and the hydrocarbon-based gas are heated in a gas phase, and a carbon material generated by thermal decomposition of the hydrocarbon-based gas is deposited on the surface of the particles. Thus, according to the vapor deposition (CVD) method, the hydrocarbon-based gas spreads to every corner of the oxide particles, and a thin and uniform coating (coating layer) containing a carbon material on the surface of the oxide particles. ) Can be formed. Thus, according to the manufacturing method of an electrode material of the nonaqueous secondary battery of the present reference embodiment, the surface of the oxide particles, can impart good uniformity conductivity with a small amount of the carbon material.
電極材料の全重量に対する被覆層の重量割合や、被覆層に含まれる炭素材料の導電性については、気相成長(CVD)法の処理時間や、炭化水素系ガスの熱分解温度(処理温度)等を変化させることで制御できる。処理時間は、酸化物の粒子の表面積によっても異なるが、通常、10分〜180分程度が適当である。処理温度は、炭化水素系ガスの種類によっても異なるが、通常、600℃〜1000℃適当である。 Regarding the weight ratio of the coating layer to the total weight of the electrode material and the conductivity of the carbon material contained in the coating layer, the processing time of the vapor deposition (CVD) method and the thermal decomposition temperature of hydrocarbon gas (processing temperature) It can be controlled by changing etc. The treatment time varies depending on the surface area of the oxide particles, but is usually about 10 to 180 minutes. The treatment temperature varies depending on the type of hydrocarbon gas, but is usually 600 ° C to 1000 ° C.
炭化水素系ガスの液体ソースとしては、トルエン、ベンゼン、キシレン、メシチレン等の液体水素を用いることができるが、特には、取り扱いが容易なトルエンが好ましい。これらを気化させることにより炭化水素系ガスを得ることができる。 As the liquid source of the hydrocarbon-based gas, liquid hydrogen such as toluene, benzene, xylene, mesitylene and the like can be used. In particular, toluene that is easy to handle is preferable. A hydrocarbon-based gas can be obtained by vaporizing these.
次に、上述の製造方法にて作製された非水二次電池の電極材料について説明する。 Next, the electrode material of the non-aqueous secondary battery produced by the above manufacturing method will be described.
本参考形態の非水二次電池の電極材料は、Ti、Zr、V、Nb、Cr、Mo、およびWからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素を含む酸化物の粒子と、上記粒子の表面を覆い、炭化水素系ガスの熱分解成分(導電性を有する炭素材料)を含んだ被覆層とを備えている。上記電極材料は、被覆層を、電極材料の全重量に対して5wt%以下の割合で含んでいる。尚、被覆層の電極材料の全重量に対する重量割合の下限については0.01wt%以上が適当である。導電性を有する炭素材料を含む被覆層が、電極材料の全重量に対して0.01wt%以上含まれていれば、本参考形態の非水二次電池の電極材料は、電極材料として充分な導電性を備えることができる。 Electrode material of the nonaqueous secondary battery of the present reference embodiment, Ti, Zr, V, Nb , Cr, Mo, and the particles of oxide containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of W, of the particles And a coating layer containing a pyrolytic component (carbon material having conductivity) of a hydrocarbon gas. The electrode material includes a coating layer at a ratio of 5 wt% or less with respect to the total weight of the electrode material. In addition, 0.01 wt% or more is suitable for the lower limit of the weight ratio with respect to the total weight of the electrode material of the coating layer. Coating layer comprising a carbon material having conductivity, if it contains more than 0.01 wt% relative to the total weight of the electrode material, the electrode material of the nonaqueous secondary battery of the present reference embodiment, sufficient as an electrode material Conductivity can be provided.
本参考形態の電極材料を構成するTi、Zr、V、Nb、Cr、Mo、およびWからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素を含む酸化物は、Liの挿入に伴う体積変化が小さいため、サイクル特性に優れている。また、Liの挿入および脱離がスムーズに行われ、かつLiの伝導性が非常に高いため重負荷特性についても優れている。このような酸化物の表面が、導電性を有する炭素材料を含み電極材料の全重量に対する重量割合がわずか0.01wt%以上5wt%以下の被覆層にて覆われることにより、酸化物の表面に均一性よく導電性が付与されている。したがって、電極の形成に本参考形態の電極材料を用いれば、導電助剤の添加量を減じて充分な量の上記電極材料を用いることが可能である。このように、本参考形態の電極材料によれば、サイクル特性および重負荷放電特性に優れ、かつ高容量な非水二次電池の実現が可能である。 Ti which constitutes the electrode material of this preferred embodiment, Zr, V, Nb, Cr, Mo, and oxides containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of W, since the volume change associated with insertion of Li is small Excellent cycle characteristics. Moreover, since insertion and removal of Li are performed smoothly and the conductivity of Li is very high, the heavy load characteristics are also excellent. The oxide surface is covered with a coating layer containing a conductive carbon material and having a weight ratio of only 0.01 wt% to 5 wt% with respect to the total weight of the electrode material. Conductivity is imparted with good uniformity. Therefore, when the electrode material of the present reference embodiment for the formation of electrodes, it is possible to use a sufficient amount of the electrode material by subtracting the amount of conductive additive. Thus, according to the electrode material of this preferred embodiment, excellent cycle characteristics and heavy load discharge characteristics, and it is possible to realize a high capacity non-aqueous secondary battery.
上記酸化物の粒子の平均粒径は、小さいほどLiとの反応面積が大きくなるので好ましいが、通常、0.01〜2μm、特には、0.1〜1μmであることが好ましい。酸化物は、例えば、Li4Ti5O12、TiO2、V2O5、WO3、MoO3、またはNb2O5 であることが好ましい。 The smaller the average particle diameter of the oxide particles, the larger the reaction area with Li, which is preferable. However, it is usually 0.01 to 2 μm, and particularly preferably 0.1 to 1 μm. The oxide is preferably Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , TiO 2 , V 2 O 5 , WO 3 , MoO 3 , or Nb 2 O 5 , for example.
本参考形態の非水二次電池の電極材料について、波長514.5nmのアルゴンレーザーを用いて測定されるラマンスペクトル上の1550cm-1〜1650cm-1の振動数領域に存在するピーク強度をI1とし、1300cm-1〜1400cm-1の振動数領域に存在するピーク強度をI2としたとき、I2とI1との比(I2/I1)は0.4〜1である。このラマン分光法による測定結果は、電極材料の表面、すなわち被覆層を構成する炭素材料の特性を示している。比(I2/I1)の値が大きいほど、結晶性が低いことを意味する。 For non-aqueous secondary battery electrode material of this preferred embodiment, the peak intensity existing in the frequency region of 1550 cm -1 1650 cm -1 on the Raman spectrum is measured using an argon laser with a wavelength of 514.5 nm I 1 and then, when a peak intensity existing in the frequency region of 1300cm -1 ~1400cm -1 was I 2, the ratio of I 2 and I 1 (I 2 / I 1 ) is 0.4 to 1. The measurement result by this Raman spectroscopy has shown the characteristic of the surface of an electrode material, ie, the carbon material which comprises a coating layer. The larger the ratio (I 2 / I 1 ), the lower the crystallinity.
次に、本参考形態の電極材料を用いた非水二次電池の一例について説明する。 Next, an example of a non-aqueous secondary battery using the electrode material of the present reference embodiment.
本参考形態の非水二次電池は、本参考形態の電極材料を用いたこと以外は、従来から知られた一般的な非水二次電池と同様の構造をしており、形状等についても制限はない。例えば、図1に示した非水二次電池は、コイン型二次電池であり、負極1と、セパレータ3と、正極2と、電解液とが、収納容器4とガスケット6と封止板5とで形成される密閉空間内に収容されている。
The nonaqueous secondary battery of the present reference embodiment, except for using the electrode material of this preferred embodiment has the similar structure as the common non-aqueous secondary battery conventionally known, also the shape and the like There is no limit. For example, the non-aqueous secondary battery shown in FIG. 1 is a coin-type secondary battery, and the
本参考形態の非水二次電池では、本参考形態の電極材料が負極の材料として用いられている。負極は、本参考形態の電極材料と、バインダ(結着剤)等とを含む混合物に、適当な溶剤を加えて十分に混練して得た負極合剤ペーストを、集電体に塗布し、その負極合剤ペーストを所定の厚さおよび所定の電極密度に制御することにより形成できる。 The nonaqueous secondary battery of the present reference embodiment, the electrode material of this preferred embodiment is used as a material for the negative electrode. The negative electrode is the electrode material of this preferred embodiment, the mixture comprising the binder (binder) such as a negative electrode mixture paste was obtained by thoroughly kneaded to a suitable solvent, it is applied to the current collector, The negative electrode mixture paste can be formed by controlling to a predetermined thickness and a predetermined electrode density.
バインダとしては、通常、でんぷん、ポリビニルアルコール、カルボキシメチルセルロース、ヒドロキシプロピルセルロース、再生セルロース、ジアセチルセルロース、ポリビニルクロリド、ポリビニルピロリドン、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、ポリ弗化ビニリデン、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、エチレン−プロピレン−ジエンターポリマー(EPDM)、スルホン化EPDM、スチレンブタジエンゴム、ブタジエンゴム、ポリブタジエン、フッ素ゴム、ポリエチレンオキシド等の多糖類、熱硬化製樹脂、熱可塑性樹脂、その他のゴム状弾性を有するポリマー等や、これらの変成体のうちの少なくとも1種または2種以上を用いることができる。 As the binder, starch, polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, regenerated cellulose, diacetyl cellulose, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene-dienter Polymers (EPDM), sulfonated EPDM, styrene butadiene rubber, butadiene rubber, polybutadiene, fluoro rubber, polyethylene oxide and other polysaccharides, thermosetting resins, thermoplastic resins, other polymers having rubbery elasticity, etc. At least one or two or more of the modified products can be used.
正極2は、正極活物質と導電助剤とバインダとを含む混合物に、適当な溶剤を加えて十分に混練して得た正極合剤ペーストを、集電体に塗布し、所定の厚さおよび所定の電極密度に制御することにより形成できる。
The
正極活物質としては、特に制限はなく各種のものを使用できるが、特に、LixCoO2、LixNiO2、LixMnO2、LixCoyNi1-yO2、LixCoyM1-yOZ、LixNi1-yMyOZ、LixMn2O4、LixMn2-yMyO4(Mは、Mg、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、AlおよびCrからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一種。0≦x≦1.1、0<y<1.0、2.0≦z≦2.2)等のLi含有遷移金属酸化物が好適である。バインダとしては、負極1の形成に用いたバインダと同様のものを用いることができる。
There are no particular limitations on the positive electrode active material, and various materials can be used. In particular, Li x CoO 2 , Li x NiO 2 , Li x MnO 2 , Li x Co y Ni 1-y O 2 , Li x Co y M 1 -y O Z , Li x Ni 1 -y My O Z , Li x Mn 2 O 4 , Li x Mn 2 -y My O 4 (M is Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu At least one selected from the group consisting of Zn, Al, and Cr, such as 0 ≦ x ≦ 1.1, 0 <y <1.0, 2.0 ≦ z ≦ 2.2). Is preferred. As the binder, the same binder as that used for forming the
セパレータ3としては、強度が十分で且つ電解液を多く保持できるものが好ましく、そのような観点から、厚さが10〜50μmで開口率が30〜70%のポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、またはエチレン−プロピレン共重合体を含む微多孔フィルムや不織布等が好ましい。
The
電解液としては、下記の溶媒中に下記の無機イオン塩を溶解させることによって調製したものが使用できる。 As the electrolytic solution, one prepared by dissolving the following inorganic ion salt in the following solvent can be used.
溶媒としては、例えば、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、ブチレンカーボネート(BC)、ジメチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、メチルエチルカーボネート(MEC)、γ−ブチロラクトン、1,2−ジメトキシエタン、テトラヒドロフラン、2−メチルテトラヒドロフラン、ジメチルスルフォキシド、1,3−ジオキソラン、ホルムアミド、ジメチルホルムアミド、ジオキソラン、アセトニトリル、ニトロメタン、蟻酸メチル、酢酸メチル、燐酸トリエステル、トリメトキシメタン、ジオキソラン誘導体、スルホラン、3−メチル−2−オキサゾリジノン、プロピレンカーボネート誘導体、テトラヒドロフラン誘導体、ジエチルエーテル、1,3−プロパンサルトン等の非プロトン性有機溶媒を1種、または2種以上混合した混合溶媒を用いることができる。 Examples of the solvent include propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), butylene carbonate (BC), dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate (MEC), γ-butyrolactone, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide, 1,3-dioxolane, formamide, dimethylformamide, dioxolane, acetonitrile, nitromethane, methyl formate, methyl acetate, phosphoric acid triester, trimethoxymethane, dioxolane derivative, sulfolane, 3-methyl- Aprotic organic solvents such as 2-oxazolidinone, propylene carbonate derivatives, tetrahydrofuran derivatives, diethyl ether, 1,3-propane sultone One, or a mixture solvent obtained by mixing two or more can be used.
無機イオン塩としては、Li塩、例えば、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiPF6、LiCF3SO3、LiCF3CO2、LiAsF6、LiSbF6、LiB10Cl10、低級脂肪族カルボン酸Li、LiAlCl4、LiCl、LiBr、LiI、クロロボランLi、四フェニルホウ酸Li等を1種、または2種以上用いることができる。
As the inorganic ion salt, Li salt, for example, LiClO 4, LiBF 4, LiPF 6,
上記溶媒中に上記無機イオン塩が溶解された電解液のうち、なかでも、1,2−ジメトキシエタン、ジエチルカーボネートおよびメチルエチルカーボネートからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種と、エチレンカーボネートまたはプロピレンカーボネートとを含む溶媒に、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiPF6、およびLiCF3SO3から選ばれる少なくとも1種の無機イオン塩を溶解した電解液が好ましい。電解液中の無機イオン塩の濃度は、0.2〜3.0mol/dm3が適当である。 Among the electrolytic solutions in which the inorganic ion salt is dissolved in the solvent, among them, at least one selected from the group consisting of 1,2-dimethoxyethane, diethyl carbonate and methyl ethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate, An electrolyte solution in which at least one inorganic ion salt selected from LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiPF 6 , and LiCF 3 SO 3 is dissolved in a solvent containing s is preferable. The concentration of the inorganic ion salt in the electrolytic solution is suitably 0.2 to 3.0 mol / dm 3 .
尚、図1に示した例は、コイン型の非水二次電池であるが、本参考形態の非水二次電池は、その形状について特に制限はなく、例えば、ボタン型、シート型、角型等であってもよい。 Incidentally, the example shown in FIG. 1 is a nonaqueous secondary battery of the coin-type non-aqueous secondary battery of the present reference embodiment is not particularly limited for its shape, for example, button type, sheet type, square It may be a mold or the like.
また、図1を用いて説明した本参考形態の非水二次電池において、本参考形態の電極材料は、負極の材料として用いているが、正極の材料として用いることもできる。本参考形態の電極材料を正極に用いる場合、負極活物質には、例えば、Liと炭素との混合体、またはLiAlを、電解液には、例えば、エチレンカーボネート(EC)とメチルエチルカーボネート(MEC)との混合溶媒にLiPF6が溶解された溶液を用いることができる。 In the non-aqueous secondary battery of the present reference embodiment described with reference to FIG. 1, the electrode material of the present reference embodiment, is used as the material of the negative electrode can also be used as a material for the positive electrode. When using the electrode material of this preferred embodiment the positive electrode, the negative electrode active material, for example, a mixture of Li and carbon, or a LiAl, the electrolyte solution, for example, ethylene carbonate (EC) and methylethyl carbonate (MEC And a solution of LiPF 6 dissolved in a mixed solvent.
(実施の形態1)
以下に、実施の形態1の非水二次電池の電極材料の製造方法について説明する。
(Embodiment 1 )
Below, the manufacturing method of the electrode material of the nonaqueous secondary battery of
まず、Ti、Zr、V、Nb、Cr、Mo、およびWからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素を含む酸化物が分散媒に分散された分散液を用意し、分散液を噴霧した後、乾燥して、複数の上記粒子を含む二次粒子を作製する。分散媒には、例えば、エタノール等を用いる。二次粒子の平均粒径は、通常、0.1〜20μmである。分散液の噴霧は、通常、50〜300℃の雰囲気内で行うことが適当である。 First, after preparing a dispersion in which an oxide containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Cr, Mo, and W is dispersed in a dispersion medium, and spraying the dispersion And dried to produce secondary particles containing a plurality of the particles. For example, ethanol or the like is used as the dispersion medium. The average particle size of the secondary particles is usually 0.1 to 20 μm. It is appropriate to spray the dispersion in an atmosphere of 50 to 300 ° C.
この工程において、上記酸化物の粒子と、導電性材料とが分散媒に分散された分散液を用意し、それを噴霧した後、乾燥して、内部に導電性材料を含む複合粒子を作製してもよい。分散液に導電性材料を添加して内部に導電性材料を含む複合粒子を作製すれば、より良好な導電ネットワークが構築された電極材料を作製できる。 In this step, a dispersion liquid in which the oxide particles and the conductive material are dispersed in a dispersion medium is prepared, sprayed, and then dried to produce composite particles containing the conductive material inside. May be. By adding a conductive material to the dispersion to produce composite particles containing the conductive material inside, an electrode material with a better conductive network can be produced.
導電性材料としては、酸化物の粒子と導電ネットワークを形成し易い、繊維状またはコイル状の炭素材料、繊維状またはコイル状金属、高比表面積(50m2/g以上)を有するカーボンブラック(ケッチェンブラック、アセチレンブラックを含む)、黒鉛(人造黒鉛、天然黒鉛)、易黒鉛化炭素および難黒鉛化炭素からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一種を用いることが好ましい。繊維状またはコイル状の炭素材料としては、PAN系炭素繊維、ピッチ系炭素繊維、および気相成長炭素繊維等を用いることができる。 Examples of the conductive material include a fibrous or coiled carbon material, a fibrous or coiled metal, and a carbon black having a high specific surface area (50 m 2 / g or more) that can easily form a conductive network with oxide particles. It is preferable to use at least one selected from the group consisting of chain black and acetylene black), graphite (artificial graphite, natural graphite), graphitizable carbon and non-graphitizable carbon. As the fibrous or coiled carbon material, PAN-based carbon fiber, pitch-based carbon fiber, vapor-grown carbon fiber, or the like can be used.
複合粒子または二次粒子を構成する酸化物の粒子の平均粒径は、0.01〜2μm、特には、0.1〜1μmが適当であるが、そのような平均粒径の酸化物の粒子を得る方法として、参考形態1と同様に、酸化物を湿式にて粉砕する方法が好ましい。内部に導電性材料を含む複合粒子の作製に際しては、酸化物と導電性材料とを湿式にて粉砕すれば、酸化物と導電性材料とを均一性よく混合でき、内部に良好な導電ネットワークが構築された複合粒子を作製できる。湿式粉砕に用いる溶媒としては、例えば、水、エタノール等のアルコール等が挙げられる。
The average particle size of the oxide particles constituting the composite particles or the secondary particles is preferably 0.01 to 2 μm, particularly 0.1 to 1 μm. as a method for obtaining, in the same manner as in
次に、複合粒子または二次粒子と炭化水素系ガスとを気相中にて加熱して、炭化水素系ガスが熱分解して生じた炭素材料を、複合粒子または二次粒子の表面上に堆積させる。このように、気相成長(CVD)法によれば、炭化水素系ガスが酸化物の隅々にまで行き渡り、複合粒子または二次粒子の表面上に、導電性を有する炭素材料を含み薄くて均一な皮膜(被覆層)を形成でき、少量の炭素材料によって、酸化物に対して均一性よく導電性を付与できる。さらに、炭化水素系ガスは複合粒子または二次粒子の内部へも拡散するので、複合粒子または二次粒子内にも導電性を付与できる。 Next, the composite particles or secondary particles and the hydrocarbon-based gas are heated in the gas phase, and the carbon material generated by the thermal decomposition of the hydrocarbon-based gas is placed on the surface of the composite particles or the secondary particles. Deposit. As described above, according to the vapor deposition (CVD) method, the hydrocarbon-based gas spreads to every corner of the oxide, and on the surface of the composite particle or the secondary particle , the conductive carbon material is contained and thinned. A uniform film (coating layer) can be formed, and a small amount of carbon material can impart conductivity to the oxide with good uniformity. Furthermore, hydrocarbon gas since also diffuses into the interior of the composite particles or secondary particles, can impart conductivity to the composite particles or the secondary particles.
本実施の形態の電極材料の製造方法において、気相成長(CVD)法の処理温度(雰囲気温度)については、参考形態1の場合と同様に、600℃〜1000℃が適当であり、炭化水素系ガスの液体ソースについても参考形態1と同様のものを用いればよい。処理時間は、複合粒子または二次粒子の表面積によっても異なるが、通常、10分〜180分程度が適当である。
In the manufacturing method of the electrode material of the present embodiment, the treatment temperature (atmosphere temperature) of the vapor phase growth (CVD) method is suitably 600 ° C. to 1000 ° C. as in the case of the
次に、上述した製造方法にて作製された非水二次電池の電極材料について説明する。 Next, the electrode material of the non-aqueous secondary battery produced by the manufacturing method described above will be described.
本実施の形態の非水二次電池の電極材料は、Ti、Zr、V、Nb、Cr、Mo、およびWからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素を含む酸化物の粒子を複数含む二次粒子と、上記二次粒子の表面を覆い、炭化水素系ガスの熱分解成分(炭素材料)を含んだ被覆層とを備えている。上記電極材料は、被覆層を、電極材料の全重量に対して5wt%以下の割合で含んでいる。尚、被覆層の電極材料の全重量に対する重量割合の下限については0.01wt%以上が適当である。導電性を有する炭素材料を含む被覆層が、電極材料の全重量に対して0.01wt%以上含まれていれば、本実施の形態の非水二次電池の電極材料は、電極材料として充分な導電性を備えることができる。 Second electrode material of the nonaqueous secondary battery of the present embodiment, which includes a plurality Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Cr, Mo, that and the particles of oxide containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of W Secondary particles, and a coating layer that covers the surface of the secondary particles and includes a pyrolysis component (carbon material) of a hydrocarbon-based gas. The electrode material includes a coating layer at a ratio of 5 wt% or less with respect to the total weight of the electrode material. In addition, 0.01 wt% or more is suitable for the lower limit of the weight ratio with respect to the total weight of the electrode material of the coating layer. If the coating layer containing a conductive carbon material is included in an amount of 0.01 wt% or more with respect to the total weight of the electrode material, the electrode material of the nonaqueous secondary battery of this embodiment is sufficient as the electrode material It can be provided with a good conductivity.
本実施の形態の電極材料を構成するTi、Zr、V、Nb、Cr、Mo、およびWからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素を含む酸化物は、Liの挿入に伴う体積変化が小さいため、サイクル特性に優れている。また、Liの挿入および脱離がスムーズに行われ、かつLiの伝導性が非常に高いため重負荷特性についても優れている。このような酸化物の粒子を複数個含む二次粒子の表面が、導電性を有する炭素材料を含み電極材料の全重量に対する重量割合がわずか0.01wt%以上5wt%以下の被覆層にて覆われていることにより、酸化物に均一性よく導電性が付与されている。したがって、電極の形成に本実施の形態の電極材料を用いれば、導電助剤の添加量を減じて充分な量の上記電極材料を用いることが可能である。このように、本実施の形態の電極材料によれば、サイクル特性および重負荷放電特性に優れ、かつ高容量な非水二次電池の実現が可能である。 An oxide containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Cr, Mo, and W constituting the electrode material of this embodiment has a small volume change due to insertion of Li. Therefore, it has excellent cycle characteristics. Moreover, since insertion and removal of Li are performed smoothly and the conductivity of Li is very high, the heavy load characteristics are also excellent. The surface of the secondary particles containing a plurality of such oxide particles is covered with a coating layer containing a conductive carbon material and having a weight ratio of only 0.01 wt% to 5 wt% with respect to the total weight of the electrode material. Therefore, conductivity is imparted to the oxide with good uniformity. Therefore, if the electrode material of the present embodiment is used for forming the electrode, it is possible to use a sufficient amount of the electrode material by reducing the amount of the conductive additive added. Thus, according to the electrode material of the present embodiment, it is possible to realize a non-aqueous secondary battery that is excellent in cycle characteristics and heavy load discharge characteristics and has a high capacity.
本実施の形態の非水二次電池の電極材料について、波長514.5nmのアルゴンレーザーを用いて測定されるラマンスペクトル上の1550cm-1〜1650cm-1の振動数領域に存在するピーク強度をI1とし、1300cm-1〜1400cm-1の振動数領域に存在するピーク強度をI2としたとき、I2とI1との比(I2/I1)は0.4〜1である。このラマン分光法による測定結果は、電極材料の表面、すなわち被覆層を構成する炭素材料の特性を示している。比(I2/I1)の値が大きいほど、結晶性が低いことを意味する。 The electrode material of the nonaqueous secondary battery of the present embodiment, the peak intensity existing in the frequency region of 1550 cm -1 1650 cm -1 on the Raman spectrum is measured using an argon laser with a wavelength of 514.5 nm I When the peak intensity existing in the frequency range of 1300 cm −1 to 1400 cm −1 is I 2 , the ratio of I 2 to I 1 (I 2 / I 1 ) is 0.4 to 1 . The measurement result by this Raman spectroscopy has shown the characteristic of the surface of an electrode material, ie, the carbon material which comprises a coating layer. The larger the ratio (I 2 / I 1 ), the lower the crystallinity.
本実施の形態の電極材料では、複合粒子内に、被覆層に含まれる炭素材料とは異なる種類の導電性材料が含まれていてもよい。内部に導電性材料を含む複合粒子の場合、より良好な導電ネットワークを形成でき、本実施の形態の電極材料を用いて作製された非水二次電池について、サイクル特性等の電池特性をさらに向上させることができる。 In the electrode material of the present embodiment, a conductive material of a type different from the carbon material included in the coating layer may be included in the composite particles. If a conductive material in the interior of including composite particles, can form a better conductive network, the nonaqueous secondary battery produced by using the electrode material of the present embodiment, further the battery characteristics such as cycle characteristics Can be improved.
導電性材料としては、酸化物の粒子と導電ネットワークを形成し易い、繊維状またはコイル状の炭素材料、繊維状またはコイル状金属、高比表面積(50m2/g以上)を有するカーボンブラック(ケッチェンブラック、アセチレンブラックを含む)、黒鉛(人造黒鉛、天然黒鉛)、易黒鉛化炭素および難黒鉛化炭素からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一種を用いることが好ましい。繊維状またはコイル状の炭素材料としては、PAN系炭素繊維、ピッチ系炭素繊維、および気相成長炭素繊維等を用いることができる。 Examples of the conductive material include a fibrous or coiled carbon material, a fibrous or coiled metal, and a carbon black having a high specific surface area (50 m 2 / g or more) that can easily form a conductive network with oxide particles. It is preferable to use at least one selected from the group consisting of chain black and acetylene black), graphite (artificial graphite, natural graphite), graphitizable carbon and non-graphitizable carbon. As the fibrous or coiled carbon material, PAN-based carbon fiber, pitch-based carbon fiber, vapor-grown carbon fiber, or the like can be used.
この様にして作製された、本実施の形態の非水二次電池の電極材料は、参考形態1と同様に、非水二次電池の負極または正極の材料として用いることができる。
The electrode material of the non-aqueous secondary battery of the present embodiment produced in this manner can be used as the negative electrode or positive electrode material of the non-aqueous secondary battery, as in
以下に、実施例により本発明をさらに詳細に説明する。ただし、本発明はこれらの実施例に限定されるものではない。 Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to examples. However, the present invention is not limited to these examples.
(参考例1)
Li4Ti5O12(BET比表面積4m2/g、平均粒径0.8μm)10gを沸騰床反応器中で約900℃に加熱し、加熱された粒子にトルエンと窒素ガスとからなる25℃の混合ガスを接触させ、約900℃で60分間CVD処理を行った。このようにして、上記混合ガスが熱分解して生じた炭素材料を前記粒子に堆積させて被覆層を形成し、電極材料を得た。
( Reference Example 1)
10 g of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (BET specific surface area 4 m 2 / g, average particle size 0.8 μm) was heated to about 900 ° C. in a boiling bed reactor, and the heated particles consisted of toluene and nitrogen gas 25 A CVD process was performed at about 900 ° C. for 60 minutes by bringing a mixed gas at 0 ° C. into contact therewith. In this way, a carbon material produced by thermal decomposition of the mixed gas was deposited on the particles to form a coating layer, and an electrode material was obtained.
ラマン分光法により電極材料の表面の分析を行ったところ、ラマンスペクトル上の振動数1590cm-1に存在するピーク強度をI1とし、1350cm-1に存在するピーク強度をI2としたとき、比(I2/I1)は0.64であった。尚、光源には、波長514.5nmのアルゴンレーザーを用いた。 Was subjected to analysis of the surface of the electrode material by Raman spectroscopy, the peak intensity existing in the frequency 1590 cm -1 on the Raman spectrum and I 1, when the peak intensity existing in the 1350 cm -1 was I 2, the ratio (I 2 / I 1 ) was 0.64. An argon laser having a wavelength of 514.5 nm was used as the light source.
被覆層の形成前後の重量変化からLi4Ti5O12と被覆層との重量比を求めたところ、Li4Ti5O12(酸化物の粒子):被覆層=99:1であった。 When the weight ratio of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 to the coating layer was determined from the weight change before and after the formation of the coating layer, Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (oxide particles): coating layer = 99: 1.
次に、上記電極材料を用いて、コイン型のモデル電池を作製した。まず、上記電極材料90重量%と、ポリフッ化ビニリデン樹脂(バインダ)10重量%と、脱水N−メチルピロリドンとを混合して得たスラリーを、銅箔からなる集電体(図示せず)に塗布し、乾燥後圧延して、集電体の一方の面に厚み50μmの合剤層を形成した。その後、直径16mmに打ち抜き、真空で24時間乾燥させて、円盤状の作用極を得た。合剤層の銅箔に対する接着性は良好であり、裁断したり折り曲げても、合剤層は銅箔から剥がれることはなかった。一方、対極として、円盤状の金属Li(直径16mm、厚み0.2mm)を用意した。 Next, a coin-type model battery was manufactured using the electrode material. First, a slurry obtained by mixing 90% by weight of the electrode material, 10% by weight of a polyvinylidene fluoride resin (binder), and dehydrated N-methylpyrrolidone is used as a current collector (not shown) made of copper foil. The mixture was applied, dried and rolled to form a mixture layer having a thickness of 50 μm on one surface of the current collector. Thereafter, it was punched to a diameter of 16 mm and dried in a vacuum for 24 hours to obtain a disk-shaped working electrode. The adhesiveness of the mixture layer to the copper foil was good, and the mixture layer was not peeled off from the copper foil even when it was cut or bent. On the other hand, a disk-shaped metal Li (diameter 16 mm, thickness 0.2 mm) was prepared as a counter electrode.
次に、対極をステンレス製の収納容器に接着し、対極の上にセパレータと上記作用極とをこの順で配置した後、電解液0.2mlを収納容器内に注入し、ガスケット付きの封口体にて収納容器内を密閉して、モデル電池を得た。尚、電解液には、プロピレンカーボネートとジメチルカーボネートとを1:1の体積比で混合した溶媒に、濃度が1mol/dm3となるようにLiPF6を溶解した溶液を用いた。 Next, the counter electrode is bonded to a stainless steel storage container, and after placing the separator and the working electrode in this order on the counter electrode, 0.2 ml of electrolyte is injected into the storage container, and a sealing body with a gasket is provided. The inside of the storage container was hermetically sealed to obtain a model battery. As the electrolytic solution, a solution in which LiPF 6 was dissolved in a solvent in which propylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate were mixed at a volume ratio of 1: 1 so as to have a concentration of 1 mol / dm 3 was used.
(実施例1)
Li4Ti5O12(BET比表面積4m2/g、平均粒径0.8μm)100gとポリビニルピロリドン(分散剤)10gとをエタノール(分散媒)1000ml中にて混合し、得られた混合物を湿式のジェットミルにて分散してスラリーとした。このスラリーを用いてスプレードライ法(雰囲気温度200℃)にて二次粒子(平均粒径3μm)を作製した。
(Example 1 )
Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (BET specific surface area 4 m 2 / g, average particle size 0.8 μm) 100 g and polyvinylpyrrolidone (dispersant) 10 g were mixed in ethanol (dispersion medium) 1000 ml, and the resulting mixture was obtained. The slurry was dispersed by a wet jet mill. Using this slurry, secondary particles (average particle size of 3 μm) were prepared by a spray drying method (atmospheric temperature 200 ° C.).
続いて、二次粒子10gを沸騰床反応器中で約900℃に加熱し、加熱された二次粒子にトルエンと窒素ガスとからなる25℃の混合ガスを接触させ、900℃で60分間CVD処理を行った。このようにして、上記混合ガスが熱分解して生じた炭素材料を二次粒子に堆積させて被覆層を形成し、電極材料を得た。 Subsequently, 10 g of secondary particles are heated to about 900 ° C. in a boiling bed reactor, a mixed gas of 25 ° C. composed of toluene and nitrogen gas is brought into contact with the heated secondary particles, and CVD is performed at 900 ° C. for 60 minutes. Processed. In this way, a carbon material generated by thermal decomposition of the mixed gas was deposited on the secondary particles to form a coating layer, and an electrode material was obtained.
ラマン分光法により電極材料の表面の分析を行ったところ、ラマンスペクトル上の1590cm-1の振動数領域に存在するピーク強度をI1とし、1350cm-1の振動数領域に存在するピーク強度をI2としたとき、比(I2/I1)は0.62であった。尚、光源には、波長514.5nmのアルゴンレーザーを用いた。 When the surface of the electrode material was analyzed by Raman spectroscopy, the peak intensity existing in the frequency region of 1590 cm −1 on the Raman spectrum was I 1, and the peak intensity existing in the frequency region of 1350 cm −1 was I When the ratio was 2 , the ratio (I 2 / I 1 ) was 0.62. An argon laser having a wavelength of 514.5 nm was used as the light source.
被覆層の形成前後の重量変化からLi4Ti5O12と被覆層との重量比を求めたところ、Li4Ti5O12(酸化物の粒子):被覆層=98:2であった。 The weight ratio between Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 and the coating layer was determined from the change in weight before and after the formation of the coating layer. The result was Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (oxide particles): coating layer = 98: 2.
次に、上記電極材料を作用極の材料として用いたこと以外は、参考例1と同様にしてコイン型のモデル電池を作製した。合剤層の銅箔に対する接着性は良好であり、裁断したり折り曲げても、合剤層が銅箔から剥がれることはなかった。 Next, a coin-type model battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Reference Example 1 except that the electrode material was used as a working electrode material. The adhesion of the mixture layer to the copper foil was good, and the mixture layer was not peeled off from the copper foil even when it was cut or bent.
(実施例2)
Li4Ti5O12(BET比表面積4m2/g、平均粒径0.8μm)99gと、ケッチェンブラック(BET比表面積800m2/g、平均粒径0.05μm)1gとポリビニルピロリドン(分散剤)10gとをエタノール(分散媒)1000ml中にて混合した。得られた混合物を、湿式のジェットミルにて分散してスラリーとし、このスラリーを用いてスプレードライ法(雰囲気温度200℃)にて複合粒子(平均粒径3μm)を作製した。
(Example 2 )
99 g Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (BET specific surface area 4 m 2 / g, average particle size 0.8 μm), 1 g ketjen black (BET specific surface area 800 m 2 / g, average particle size 0.05 μm) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (dispersed) Agent) and 10 g of ethanol (dispersion medium) in 1000 ml. The obtained mixture was dispersed in a wet jet mill to form a slurry, and composite particles (average particle size: 3 μm) were prepared by a spray drying method (atmospheric temperature 200 ° C.) using this slurry.
続いて、複合粒子10gを沸騰床反応器中で約900℃に加熱し、加熱された複合粒子にトルエンと窒素ガスとからなる25℃の混合ガスを接触させ、900℃で60分間CVD処理を行った。このようにして、上記混合ガスが熱分解して生じた炭素材料を複合粒子に堆積させて被覆層を形成し、電極材料を得た。 Subsequently, 10 g of the composite particles are heated to about 900 ° C. in a boiling bed reactor, a mixed gas of 25 ° C. composed of toluene and nitrogen gas is brought into contact with the heated composite particles, and a CVD treatment is performed at 900 ° C. for 60 minutes. went. In this way, a carbon material generated by thermal decomposition of the mixed gas was deposited on the composite particles to form a coating layer, and an electrode material was obtained.
ラマン分光法により電極材料の表面の分析を行ったところ、ラマンスペクトル上の1590cm-1の振動数領域に存在するピーク強度をI1とし、1350cm-1の振動数領域に存在するピーク強度をI2としたとき、比(I2/I1)は0.56であった。尚、光源には、波長514.5nmのアルゴンレーザーを用いた。 When the surface of the electrode material was analyzed by Raman spectroscopy, the peak intensity existing in the frequency region of 1590 cm −1 on the Raman spectrum was I 1, and the peak intensity existing in the frequency region of 1350 cm −1 was I When the ratio was 2 , the ratio (I 2 / I 1 ) was 0.56. An argon laser having a wavelength of 514.5 nm was used as the light source.
また、被覆層の形成前後の重量変化からLi4Ti5O12とケッチェンブラックと被覆層との重量比を求めたところ、Li4Ti5O12(酸化物の粒子):ケッチェンブラック:被覆層=98:1:1であった。 Further, when the weight ratio of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , Ketjen Black and the coating layer was determined from the weight change before and after the formation of the coating layer, Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (oxide particles): Ketjen Black: The coating layer was 98: 1: 1.
次に、上記電極材料を作用極に用いたこと以外は、参考例1と同様にしてコイン型のモデル電池を作製した。合剤層の銅箔に対する接着性は良好であり、裁断したり折り曲げても、合剤層が銅箔から剥がれることはなかった。 Next, a coin-type model battery was produced in the same manner as in Reference Example 1 except that the electrode material was used as a working electrode. The adhesion of the mixture layer to the copper foil was good, and the mixture layer was not peeled off from the copper foil even when it was cut or bent.
(比較例1)
Li4Ti5O12(BET比表面積4m2/g、平均粒径0.8μm)と導電助剤として人造黒鉛とを乳鉢にて混合して電極材料を得た。Li4Ti5O12と人造黒鉛との重量比は99:1とした。次に、参考例1と同様にして、作用極を作製し、コイン型のモデル電池を作製した。合剤層の銅箔に対する接着性は良好であり、裁断したり折り曲げても、合剤層が銅箔から剥がれることはなかった。
(Comparative Example 1)
Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (BET specific surface area 4 m 2 / g, average particle size 0.8 μm) and artificial graphite as a conductive assistant were mixed in a mortar to obtain an electrode material. The weight ratio of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 and artificial graphite was 99: 1. Next, in the same manner as in Reference Example 1, a working electrode was produced, and a coin-type model battery was produced. The adhesion of the mixture layer to the copper foil was good, and the mixture layer was not peeled off from the copper foil even when it was cut or bent.
(比較例2)
Li4Ti5O12(BET比表面積4m2/g、平均粒径0.8μm)と導電助剤として人造黒鉛とを乳鉢にて混合した。Li4Ti5O12と人造黒鉛との重量比は90:10とした。次に、参考例1と同様にして、作用極を作製し、コイン型のモデル電池を作製した。合剤層の銅箔に対する接着性は良好であり、裁断したり折り曲げても、合剤層が銅箔から剥がれることはなかった。
(Comparative Example 2)
Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (BET specific surface area 4 m 2 / g, average particle size 0.8 μm) and artificial graphite as a conductive assistant were mixed in a mortar. The weight ratio of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 and artificial graphite was 90:10. Next, in the same manner as in Reference Example 1, a working electrode was produced, and a coin-type model battery was produced. The adhesion of the mixture layer to the copper foil was good, and the mixture layer was not peeled off from the copper foil even when it was cut or bent.
(比較例3)
Li4Ti5O12(BET比表面積4m2/g、平均粒径0.8μm)と導電助剤としてケッチェンブラック(BET比表面積800m2/g、平均粒径0.05μm)とを乳鉢にて混合した。Li4Ti5O12とケッチェンブラックとの重量比は90:10とした。次に、参考例1と同様にして、作用極を作製し、コイン型のモデル電池を作製した。作用極を裁断したり折り曲げると、合剤層の一部が銅箔から剥がれ落ち、合剤層の銅箔に対する接着性は悪かった。
(Comparative Example 3)
Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (BET specific surface area 4 m 2 / g, average particle size 0.8 μm) and ketjen black (BET specific surface area 800 m 2 / g, average particle size 0.05 μm) as a conductive assistant in a mortar And mixed. The weight ratio of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 and ketjen black was 90:10. Next, in the same manner as in Reference Example 1, a working electrode was produced, and a coin-type model battery was produced. When the working electrode was cut or bent, a part of the mixture layer was peeled off from the copper foil, and the adhesion of the mixture layer to the copper foil was poor.
参考例1、実施例1〜2、および比較例1〜3のモデル電池について、下記の方法により容量維持率、放電容量、重負荷特性を調べた。また、参考例1、実施例1〜2、および比較例1〜3で作製した電極材料の抵抗率を下記の方法により求めた。それらの結果を表1に示した。 About the model battery of the reference example 1, Examples 1-2 , and Comparative Examples 1-3, the capacity | capacitance maintenance factor, the discharge capacity, and the heavy load characteristic were investigated with the following method. Moreover, the resistivity of the electrode material produced by the reference example 1, Examples 1-2 , and Comparative Examples 1-3 was calculated | required with the following method. The results are shown in Table 1.
[容量維持率]
参考例1、実施例1〜2および比較例1〜3のモデル電池について、25℃の雰囲気下で、0.5mAの定電流で電池電圧が1.0Vとなるまで充電した後、電流値が0.05mAとなるまで定電圧方式で充電した。その後、0.5mAの定電流で電池電圧が2.5V(放電終止電圧)となるまで放電し、放電容量を測定した。これを1サイクルとして100サイクル後の放電容量を測定して、100サイクル後の容量維持率を下記の数式1により算出した。
(数1)
容量維持率(%)=(100サイクル目の放電容量/2サイクル目の放電容量)×100
[Capacity maintenance rate]
Reference Example 1, the model batteries of Examples 1-2 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3, in an atmosphere of 25 ° C., after which the battery voltage at a constant current of 0.5mA was charged until 1.0 V, the current value The battery was charged by a constant voltage method until reaching 0.05 mA. Thereafter, the battery was discharged at a constant current of 0.5 mA until the battery voltage became 2.5 V (discharge end voltage), and the discharge capacity was measured. With this as one cycle, the discharge capacity after 100 cycles was measured, and the capacity retention rate after 100 cycles was calculated by the following
(Equation 1)
Capacity retention rate (%) = (discharge capacity at the 100th cycle / discharge capacity at the second cycle) × 100
[放電容量]
2〜100サイクル目について、負極の放電容量をサイクル毎に測定し、その平均値から合材層の単位重量あたり放電容量(mAh/g)を算出した。
[Discharge capacity]
For the 2nd to 100th cycles, the discharge capacity of the negative electrode was measured for each cycle, and the discharge capacity per unit weight (mAh / g) of the composite layer was calculated from the average value.
[重負荷放電特性]
参考例1、実施例1〜2および比較例1〜3のモデル電池について、0.5mA/cm2で電池電圧が1.0Vとなるまで充電した後、電流値が0.05mAとなるまで定電圧方式で充電し、0.5mA/cm2で2.5Vとなるまで放電した場合の2サイクル目の放電容量(「放電容量1」とする)を求める。ついで、0.5mA/cm2で電池電圧が1.0Vとなるまで充電した後、電流値が0.05mAとなるまで定電圧方式で充電し、5mA/cm2で電池電圧が2.5Vとなるまで放電した場合の2サイクル目の放電容量(「放電容量2」とする)を求める。これらの放電容量の測定結果から、重負荷特性を示す〔(放電容量1/放電容量2)×100〕(%)を求めた。
[Heavy load discharge characteristics]
For the model batteries of Reference Example 1, Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3, the battery was charged at 0.5 mA / cm 2 until the battery voltage reached 1.0 V, and then determined until the current value reached 0.05 mA. The discharge capacity of the second cycle (referred to as “
[抵抗率]
電極材料をプレス機にて400kg・f/cm2の圧力で加圧しながら、表面抵抗計((三菱化学社製、低抵抗率計Loresta−GP、MCP−T600)にて電極材料の抵抗率を測定した。
[Resistance rate]
While pressing the electrode material at a pressure of 400 kg · f / cm 2 with a press machine, the resistivity of the electrode material was measured with a surface resistance meter (Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, low resistivity meter Loresta-GP, MCP-T600). It was measured.
表1に示すように、実施例1〜2の電極材料と比較例2および3の電極材料とを比較すると、実施例1〜2の電極材料は、比較例2および3の電極材料よりも導電性を有する炭素材料(被覆層)の重量割合が1wt%〜2wt%と遥かに少ないにもかかわらず(ただし、実施例2の電極材料については、複合粒子内に1wt%の導電助剤(KB)を含んでいるが)、比較例2および3の電極材料よりも抵抗率が桁違いに小さい。実施例1〜2の電極材料と比較例1の電極材料とを比較すると、実施例1〜2の電極材料は、比較例1の電極材料とほぼ同量の被覆層(炭素材料)を含んでいるが、比較例1の電極材料よりも比低効値は遥かに小さい。このような結果は、実施例1〜2の電極材料では、被覆層を気相成長(CVD)法にて形成しているため、炭化水素系ガスが気相で酸化物の隅々にまで行き渡り、酸化物に対して均一性よく導電性が付与されたからであると思われる。したがって、被覆層が、全重量に対して5wt%以下の割合で含まれた実施例1〜2の非水二次電池の電極材料によれば、電極の形成に際し、導電助剤を減じてより多くの電極材料を用いることができ、表1の結果が示すように、非水二次電池の高容量化を実現できる。 As shown in Table 1, when the electrode materials of Examples 1 and 2 and the electrode materials of Comparative Examples 2 and 3 are compared, the electrode materials of Examples 1 and 2 are more conductive than the electrode materials of Comparative Examples 2 and 3. Although the weight ratio of the carbon material having a property (coating layer) is much less as 1 wt% to 2 wt% (however, for the electrode material of Example 2 , 1 wt% of the conductive auxiliary (KB ), But the resistivity is orders of magnitude smaller than the electrode materials of Comparative Examples 2 and 3. When comparing the electrode material of Examples 1 and 2 with the electrode material of Comparative Example 1, the electrode material of Examples 1 and 2 includes almost the same amount of coating layer (carbon material) as the electrode material of Comparative Example 1. However, the specific effective value is much smaller than that of the electrode material of Comparative Example 1. As a result, in the electrode materials of Examples 1 and 2 , since the coating layer is formed by the vapor deposition (CVD) method, the hydrocarbon-based gas spreads to every corner of the oxide in the vapor phase. appears to uniformity good conductivity for the oxide is because granted. Therefore, according to the electrode material of the non-aqueous secondary battery of Examples 1 and 2 in which the coating layer is included at a ratio of 5 wt% or less with respect to the total weight, the conductive auxiliary agent is reduced when the electrode is formed. Many electrode materials can be used, and as shown in the results of Table 1, the capacity of the non-aqueous secondary battery can be increased.
実施例2の電極材料は、内部に導電性材料としてケッチェンブラックを含んだ複合粒子の形態をしているが、例えば、参考例1の電極材料と比較すると容量維持率が高く、サイクル特性等の電池特性がさらに優れていることが確認できた。 The electrode material of Example 2 is in the form of composite particles containing ketjen black as a conductive material therein. For example, the capacity retention rate is higher than that of the electrode material of Reference Example 1, and cycle characteristics, etc. It was confirmed that the battery characteristics of were superior.
また、実施例1〜2のモデル電池は、比較例1〜3のモデル電池よりも、容量維持率、重負荷放電特性についても優れていることが確認できた。 Moreover, it has confirmed that the model battery of Examples 1-2 was excellent also about the capacity | capacitance maintenance factor and the heavy load discharge characteristic than the model battery of Comparative Examples 1-3.
被覆層の形成前後の酸化物(Li4Ti5O12)について、X線回折法にて分析したところ、図2に示すように、X線回折プロファイルに変化は見られなかった。この結果より、被覆層の形成前後において酸化物(Li4Ti5O12)は変化していないことが確認できた。尚、X線源にはCuKα線を、標準物質には高純度シリコンを用いた。 When the oxide (Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ) before and after the formation of the coating layer was analyzed by the X-ray diffraction method, no change was found in the X-ray diffraction profile as shown in FIG. From this result, it was confirmed that the oxide (Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ) did not change before and after the formation of the coating layer. Note that CuKα rays were used as the X-ray source, and high-purity silicon was used as the standard material.
以上のとおり、本発明の電極材料によれば、サイクル特性および重負荷放電特性に優れ、かつ高容量な非水二次電池の実現が可能であるため、非水二次電池の材料として適している。 As described above, according to the electrode material of the present invention, it is possible to realize a non-aqueous secondary battery having excellent cycle characteristics and heavy load discharge characteristics and having a high capacity. Therefore, it is suitable as a material for non-aqueous secondary batteries. Yes.
1 負極
2 正極
3 セパレータ
4 収納容器
5 封口板
6 ガスケット
DESCRIPTION OF
Claims (10)
前記二次粒子を覆い導電性を有する炭素材料を含む被覆層とを備え、
前記被覆層が、全重量に対して5wt%以下の割合で含まれることを特徴とする非水二次電池の電極材料。 Secondary particles containing a plurality of oxide particles containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Cr, Mo, and W;
A coating layer that covers the secondary particles and includes a conductive carbon material;
The electrode material for a non-aqueous secondary battery, wherein the coating layer is included at a ratio of 5 wt% or less with respect to the total weight.
前記複合粒子を覆い導電性を有する炭素材料を含む被覆層とを備え、 A coating layer that covers the composite particles and includes a conductive carbon material;
前記被覆層が、全重量に対して5wt%以下の割合で含まれることを特徴とする非水二次電池の電極材料。 The electrode material for a non-aqueous secondary battery, wherein the coating layer is included at a ratio of 5 wt% or less with respect to the total weight.
(b)前記二次粒子と炭化水素系ガスとを加熱して、前記炭化水素系ガスが熱分解して生じた炭素材料により前記二次粒子を被覆する工程と、を含むことを特徴とする非水二次電池の電極材料の製造方法。 (A) spraying and drying a dispersion in which oxide particles containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Cr, Mo, and W are dispersed in a dispersion medium; Producing a secondary particle comprising a plurality of said particles;
(B) heating the secondary particles and a hydrocarbon-based gas, and covering the secondary particles with a carbon material generated by thermal decomposition of the hydrocarbon-based gas. A method for producing an electrode material for a non-aqueous secondary battery.
(b)前記複合粒子と炭化水素系ガスとを加熱して、前記炭化水素系ガスが熱分解して生じた炭素材料により前記複合粒子を被覆する工程と、を含むことを特徴とする非水二次電池の電極材料の製造方法。 (B) heating the composite particles and a hydrocarbon-based gas, and coating the composite particles with a carbon material generated by thermally decomposing the hydrocarbon-based gas. A method for producing an electrode material for a secondary battery.
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JP3994238B2 (en) * | 1997-12-18 | 2007-10-17 | 宇部興産株式会社 | Nonaqueous electrolyte lithium secondary battery |
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