JP4562469B2 - Wall structure - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a novel wall structure capable of simultaneously satisfying excellent heat insulating properties and indoor ventilation in a building such as a building or a house, realizing energy saving and improving indoor air quality.

  At present, the need for energy conservation is increasing as depletion of fossil fuels, air pollution caused by the use of large amounts of fossil fuels, and global warming due to carbon dioxide have become major social problems. In particular, energy consumption in homes and buildings has risen as the tendency to desire a comfortable living space using air conditioning has increased and energy saving has been addressed by highly insulating and airtight buildings.

  However, planned ventilation is required as a countermeasure against air quality deterioration in highly insulated and airtight buildings, and design and materials for implementing highly airtight and highly insulated and planned ventilation are required.

  However, in general ventilation, a method of providing a ventilation port on a wall is the mainstream, and there is a problem that heat loss is caused by ventilation and the effect of high airtightness and high heat insulation is reduced. Moreover, when it ventilates with the small ventilation opening opened on the wall, since the flow of air becomes local, there also exists a subject that it is difficult to ventilate to every corner of a room.

  On the other hand, in order to achieve high heat insulation, it has been effective to put a heat insulating material in the wall so far, but the effect has been demonstrated. However, there is a limit to the reduction of the heat flow depending on the heat insulating material. For this reason, it has been found that there is a limit to energy saving, that is, reduction of heat energy loss due to high airtightness and high thermal insulation.

  Under such circumstances, a dynamic thermal insulation method capable of performing planned ventilation at the same time while reducing thermal energy loss has been studied. In the dynamic insulation method, in the process of inserting a breathable material into the wall or ceiling body and introducing outside air into the room through the material, heat is exchanged within the material to recover heat from the wall or ceiling body. It is what.

  Furthermore, the air introduced into the room through the material is fresh, and it is possible to uniformly ventilate the entire room by introducing outside air from the entire wall, not a small ventilation port. As a result, it is possible to achieve effects such as preheating of the air supply and maintaining high indoor air quality while reducing the apparent heat transmissibility.

  Conventionally, in order to realize such a dynamic heat insulation method, a method of filling inorganic fibers such as a pulverized waste paper pulp or rock wool into a frame defined by a certain range has been taken. According to this method, because the thermal conductivity of the mold itself is higher than that of inorganic fibers such as pulverized waste paper and rock wool, heat conduction occurs through the mold and the effectiveness of dynamic insulation cannot be fully demonstrated. There was a problem.

  Furthermore, since heat loss occurs through the gap between the formwork and the heat insulating powder that occurs when these materials are blown, there is a problem that the heat insulating material must actually be installed to a thickness that is more than necessary. It was.

  As an alternative material, the use of rock wool boards and glass wool mats has been studied. Since these materials are simply intertwined with cotton or fibrous fibers, the bending strength is low, beams and frames are required during construction, workability is reduced, and they are considered harmful when cutting on site. A lot of fine fibers are scattered to harm the health of the worker, and because the air permeability is too high, it can not be used alone as a dynamic heat insulating material, and a plastic sheet with many fine holes is arranged indoors As necessary, there is a problem that the construction of the wall becomes very complicated, and there is also a problem that the non-flammability of the entire structure is lowered.

  The present invention is a completely new invention developed in view of the above-mentioned many problems of the prior art, and in particular, an inorganic foam having a predetermined air permeability and thermal conductivity is arranged facing an outer wall material through an air layer. The present invention provides a completely new wall structure technology that is configured to allow air flow between the air layer and the outside air.

  By constructing the wall structure as described above, the present invention can simultaneously achieve excellent heat insulation and indoor ventilation in buildings such as buildings and houses, thereby enabling energy saving. At the same time, it aims at the effect of improving the quality of the whole indoor air.

The present invention is an invention which has fundamentally improved many of the above-mentioned conventional problems, and the gist of the first invention of the wall structure is that an inorganic foam having a predetermined air permeability and thermal conductivity is used as an air layer. The wall structure is configured such that the outer wall material is arranged to face each other and allows air to flow between the air layer and the outside air, and the air permeability of the inorganic foam is 5 × 10 ^−4. In the range of ˜1 m ² h ⁻¹ Pa ⁻¹ and thermal conductivity in the range of 0.02 to 0.1 W / mK, and configured to introduce outside air into the room of the building through the inorganic foam, A wall structure characterized in that a means for variably setting the amount of air supplied to the inorganic foam through an air layer is provided .

Summary of the second aspect of the present invention, the heat capacity of the inorganic foam is a first shot Ming wall structures characterized by a 2~40kcal / ℃.

  In the first invention of the present invention, as described above, an inorganic foam having a predetermined air permeability and thermal conductivity is used, and the inorganic foam is disposed facing the outer wall material through an air layer. Since the air flow is configured between the air layer and the outside air, the air layer and the inorganic foam are interposed between the air layer and the outside air to allow efficient ventilation through the building. The quality can be maintained, and the energy conservation of the building can be improved.

  Furthermore, since the present invention has the above-described simple configuration, it is possible to construct a wall structure that is excellent in workability, simplifies the work at the time of construction, reduces the construction cost, and is excellent in fire resistance.

In addition, the air permeability of the inorganic foam is in the range of 5 × 10 ^{−4 to 1} m ² h ⁻¹ Pa ⁻¹ and the thermal conductivity is in the range of 0.02 to 0.1 W / mK, and the thermal conductivity is Since it was set as the range of 0.02-0.1 W / mK, external air can be introduce | transduced into the room | chamber interior of a building through this inorganic foam. Further, heat exchange is sufficiently performed when air passes through the inorganic foam, and the heat transferred from the room to the inorganic foam by the air introduced from the outside air can be recovered. Therefore, the inorganic foam of the present invention plays a role as a dynamic heat insulating material, and can easily realize a substantial reduction in the thermal conductivity and ventilation.

In addition , since the amount of air supplied to the inorganic foam can be adjusted through the air layer communicated with the outside air as described above, the air flow corresponding to the upper and lower layers of the building or the climate is provided. By changing the amount, the air flowing into the room can be arbitrarily adjusted.

In the second invention of the present invention, since the heat capacity of the inorganic foam is set to 2 to 40 kcal / ° C., the heat transmitted from the indoor side can be sufficiently retained. Therefore, it is possible to sufficiently recover the heat transmitted from the indoor side and to efficiently exchange heat with the air introduced from the outside air into the inorganic foam.

  FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view showing a first example of the wall structure of the present invention, and FIG. 2 shows a second example of the present invention. FIG. 3 is a longitudinal sectional explanatory view showing a third example of the present invention, FIG. 4 is an explanatory view of a concrete wall structure of the present invention manufactured in the embodiment, and FIG. 5 is a wall of the present invention. FIG. 6 is an explanatory view of a wall structure manufactured in Comparative Example 1, and FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a cube created for measuring the performance of the structure.

  1 to 6, 1 is an outer wall, 2 is an inorganic foam, 3 is an air layer interposed between the outer wall 1 and the inorganic foam 2, 4 is an upper frame, 5 is a lower frame, 6 is It is a pier. 7 is a space communicating with the outside air provided below the air layer 3, 8 is a ventilation hole attached to the outer wall 1, 9 is a small hole provided in the outer wall 1, and 10 is the inorganic foam 2, the outer wall 1 and the air layer. 3 is a cube composed of double walls made to face each other through 3, 11 is a fan attached to the cube 10, 12 is a high performance organic heat insulating material, and 13 is a spacer inserted in the air layer 3. .

  1 to 4, the basic structure of the wall structure of the present invention is as shown in FIGS. 1 to 4, in which an inorganic foam 2 is disposed facing the outer wall material 1 through an air layer 3, and For example, the air layer 3 is configured to communicate with the outside air through a space 7, a vent hole 8, a small hole 9, and the like. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the air layer 3 is formed by interposing a spacer 13 between the inorganic foam 2 and the outer wall 1. Thus, the first major feature of the wall structure of the present invention is that the inorganic foam 2 having predetermined air permeability and thermal conductivity is disposed facing the outer wall material 1 through the air layer 3, and the air layer 3 is configured to communicate with the outside air.

The wall structure of the present invention has an air permeability of 5 × 10 ^{−4 to 1} m ² h ⁻¹ Pa ⁻¹ and an inorganic foam 2 having a thermal conductivity of 0.02 to 0.1 W / mK. Is used. This is the second major feature of the present invention. When the air permeability and the thermal conductivity are in the above ranges, it is possible to introduce the outside air into the room through the inorganic foam 2, and heat exchange is sufficiently performed when the air passes, that is, the air is introduced from the outside air. The heat transferred from the room to the inorganic foam 2 can be recovered, and a substantial reduction in the heat transmissibility and ventilation can be realized as a dynamic heat insulating material.

The range of the air permeability of the inorganic foam 2 is 5 × 10 ^{−4 to 1} m ² h ⁻¹ Pa ⁻¹ , preferably 1 × 10 ^{−3 to} 0.5 m ² h ⁻¹ Pa ⁻¹ , more preferably. Is 5 × 10 ^{−3 to} 0.1 m ² h ⁻¹ Pa ⁻¹ . When the air permeability is less than 5 × 10 ⁻⁴ m ² h ⁻¹ Pa ⁻¹ , the outside air cannot be taken in, and thus a high ventilation effect is not exhibited. On the other hand, if the air permeability exceeds ¹ m ² h ⁻¹ Pa ⁻¹ , the air flow rate becomes too fast and time for heat exchange is not sufficient, so that heat cannot be recovered effectively.

  The range of the thermal conductivity of the inorganic foam 2 is 0.02 to 0.1 W / mK, preferably 0.02 to 0.08 W / mK, more preferably 0.02 to 0.06 W / mK. is there. If the thermal conductivity exceeds 0.1 W / mK, the amount of heat that escapes through the inorganic foam 2 increases, so that sufficient heat cannot be recovered with air introduced from the outside air. If the thickness of the inorganic foam 2 is increased, heat recovery becomes possible, but the entire wall becomes too thick and the workability deteriorates. The lower limit of the thermal conductivity of the inorganic foam 2 used for the wall structure of the present invention is 0.02 W / mK in view of practical use.

  In the inorganic foam 2 capable of heat exchange used for the wall structure of the present invention, air introduced from the outside air exchanges heat transferred from the room into the inorganic foam 2. In this case, the inorganic foam 2 Preferably have an appropriate heat capacity, that is, a property of retaining heat. A preferable range of the heat capacity is 2 to 40 kcal / ° C, more preferably 3 to 30 kcal / ° C. A preferable range of the heat capacity is a value when the width of the foam is converted to 60 cm and the length is set to 270 cm.

  When the heat capacity is within the above range, it is possible to sufficiently retain the heat transmitted from the room. If the heat capacity is less than 2 kcal / ° C., the amount of heat that can be retained is small, and thus the transmitted heat may not be sufficiently recovered. When the heat capacity exceeds 40 kcal / ° C., the ability to retain heat is too high, and it may be difficult to exchange heat with the air introduced into the foam from the outside air.

  In the wall structure of the present invention, the inorganic foam 2 is used as the material having the above air permeability and thermal conductivity. By using an inorganic substance, even when moisture is introduced into the inorganic foam 2 together with the outside air, the material hardly deteriorates. Also, since inorganic materials are inherently highly hydrophilic, moisture can be retained inside the material by adsorption or the like. Therefore, for example, even if the outside air contains a great deal of moisture, there is an effect that a certain amount of moisture is held in the foam and the indoor humidity is not increased more than necessary. Furthermore, the nonflammability of the wall structure itself can be improved.

  By being a hardened body called a foam, the material itself becomes light, and a panel shape can be obtained. Therefore, handling property and workability are improved in each stage as compared with the fibrous material. Because it is lightweight, it reduces the weight of the building and increases earthquake resistance. Moreover, if it is the same seismic design, for example, in a steel structure, the required amount of steel can be reduced.

  The material of the inorganic foam 2 is not limited as long as it has air permeability and heat exchange is possible. Examples thereof include foamed glass, cellular concrete, lightweight cellular concrete, foamed alumina, and foamed calcium carbonate cured body. Foamed glass, lightweight cellular concrete and the like are preferable because they are inexpensive.

  The wall structure of the present invention is a double wall in which the inorganic foam 2 and the outer wall material 1 are arranged to face each other via the air layer 3, and air can flow between the outside air and the air layer 3. When actually used as a building, it is a matter of course that the building must have an outer wall that can withstand wind and rain. However, when the outer wall material 1 is attached to the inorganic foam 2 without a gap, the outside air is not supplied to the inorganic foam 2. Therefore, the inorganic foam 2 and the outer wall material 1 need to be arranged facing each other with the air layer 3 interposed therebetween.

  The thickness of the air layer 3 is not limited, but if it is too thin, it is difficult for outside air to reach the ventilation layer sufficiently, and if it is too thick, the entire wall structure becomes too thick and the volume of the entire building becomes uselessly large. Therefore, the thickness of the air layer 3 is preferably in the range of 5 to 200 mm, more preferably in the range of 10 to 150 mm.

  In the wall structure of the present invention, it is necessary that air can flow between the outside air and the air layer 3. If air cannot be circulated, outside air is not supplied to the air layer 3, and therefore air is not supplied to the inorganic foam 2, so that fresh air cannot be taken into the room. Here, “air circulation is possible” means that, unlike the air permeability required for the inorganic foam 2, the air-permeable layer and the outside air are spatially connected, and the air can be moved by the normally blown wind. It means that air can move without giving a pressure difference.

  Therefore, it is important that the air layer 3 is not spatially blocked from the outside air, and the method is not limited. For example, when the outer wall is configured, a space 7 is provided in the upper or lower part (FIG. 1), a ventilation hole 8 is provided in a part of the outer wall material 1 (FIG. 2), and many small small holes 9 are opened in the outer wall itself. (FIG. 3) etc. are mentioned.

  The material of the outer wall material 1 used in the wall structure of the present invention is not limited, and the conventionally used outer wall material 1 such as inorganic, metal, or resin can be used. Among these, the wall structure of the present invention using the inorganic foam 2 is preferably composed of a metal material or a non-metallic inorganic material from the viewpoint that the entire nonflammability can be improved.

  Although the method of constructing the wall structure of the present invention on an actual building is not limited, the air permeability of the inorganic foam 2 is variably set according to the environment around the building and the height of the building. The effect of can be expressed more remarkably. Usually, the average wind speed varies depending on the height of the building from the ground and depending on the surrounding environment of the building site.

  Therefore, when materials with the same air permeability are applied at all heights, for example, the average wind speed is usually higher in higher places, and air is difficult to pass downstairs, so heat exchange and ventilation should be sufficiently performed. However, there is a case where the air passes on the floor and the heat exchange time is insufficient so that it does not function effectively. For example, the strength of the blowing wind usually varies depending on the construction site such as along the sea, along the mountain, or in an urban area.

  As a method of variably setting the breathability of the inorganic foam 2 according to the height from the ground surface of the building, for example, within the preferable breathability range of the inorganic foam 2 in the wall structure of the present invention, Accordingly, the method using the inorganic foam 2 having different breathability, that is, the inorganic foam 2 having higher breathability is used in the downstairs where the average wind speed is low, and the breathability of the inorganic foam 2 used in the higher floor is lowered. You can list how to go.

  As a method for variably setting the air permeability, a wall structure in which means for variably setting the amount of air supplied to the inorganic foam 2 is provided in the air layer 3 is also preferably performed. In this case, regardless of the surrounding environment and the height from the ground surface, the method using the same air-permeable inorganic foam 2 and the inorganic foam 2 with the air permeability changed depending on the surrounding environment and the height from the ground surface are used. You may use together with the method.

  The means for variably setting the amount of air supplied to the inorganic foam 2 is not limited, but a blind-like lattice is provided on the air layer side of the inorganic foam 2 and its opening degree is adjusted. A control method for changing the air permeability of the blind-like lattice and the inorganic foam 2 as a whole, and a perforated metal plate with a shutter so as to be in close contact with the inorganic foam 2 on the air layer 3 side of the inorganic foam 2 A method of changing the air permeability by the opening degree of the shutter can be mentioned.

  By using these methods to set the breathability of the inorganic foam 2 including the accessory parts variably, it is possible to give appropriate breathability according to the surrounding environment and the height from each board surface. It becomes possible to express the effect at the time of actually constructing the wall structure of the invention.

  Before specifically explaining the present invention through examples, various measurement methods for the inorganic foam 2 used in the present invention will be described as follows.

〔Thermal conductivity〕
Measurement is performed at a low temperature plate of 5 ° C. and a high temperature plate of 35 ° C. according to the JIS A1412 plate heat flow meter method. The shape of the test body is 200 × 200 mm, the thickness is 25 mm, and a constant weight is used at a temperature of 20 ° C. and a humidity of 60%.

[Air permeability]
Seal the side of a cylindrical sample (cross-sectional area (S) = 50 mmφ, length (L) = 50 mm), create a pressure difference before and after the sample while controlling the pressure with a vacuum pump. The flow rate is measured and calculated by equation (1).

Air permeability ( m ² h ⁻¹ Pa ⁻¹ ) = W × L / S / ΔP (1)
W: Flow rate ( m ³ h ⁻¹ )
ΔP: Pressure difference (Pa)
In addition, the test body uses what became constant weight on temperature 20 degreeC and 60% of humidity conditions.

[Bending strength]
Measured according to the bending strength and compressive strength measurement of JIS R 5201. That is, the specimen size used for measuring the bending strength is 40 mm × 40 mm × 160 mm, and the span width is 100 mm. In addition, the drying conditions of the test body were the time when the cured body was placed in a constant temperature and humidity chamber of 20 ° C. and a relative humidity of 60%, and the moisture content on the basis of the absolutely dry state of the cured body became 10 ± 2%. Use as a measurement sample.

First, manufacture of the inorganic foam 2 used for this invention is demonstrated. That is, 559.5 parts by weight of warm water at 50 ° C. was put into a mixer, and while stirring, 123.2 parts by weight of ordinary Portland cement powder, 24.6 parts by weight of quicklime powder, fine silica (brane specific surface area of 11000 cm ^2). / G), 70 parts by weight of silica fume (EFACO) powder, 11.7 parts by weight of dihydrate gypsum powder, and 10.8 parts by weight of aluminum sulfate powder were sequentially added. The mixture was stirred for 2 hours while warming to 50 ° C. to obtain an aqueous slurry.

  In an aqueous slurry, 0.18 parts by weight of methylcellulose as a viscosity modifier, 1.19 parts by weight of aluminum powder as a foaming agent, and 1.19 parts by weight of “Emar 20T” (trade name, manufactured by Kao Corporation) as a surfactant Then, the mixture was added sequentially, stirred for 30 seconds, poured into a mold and foamed, and precured.

Immediately after pouring the slurry into the mold, it was kept at 60 ° C. in a state in which the evaporation of moisture was prevented and precured. Next, the pre-cured body was removed from the mold, and after curing at 190 ° C. for 4 hours in a saturated steam atmosphere in an autoclave, drying was performed to obtain a molded body. The air permeability of the obtained inorganic cured body was 1.3 × 10 ⁻² m ² / hPa, and the thermal conductivity was 0.069 W / mK. Further, when the bending strength was measured as an important index for handling properties, it was 0.45 MPa.

  In the concrete implementation of the present invention, an inorganic foam 2 having a length of 100 cm, a height of 100 cm, and a thickness of 10 cm was produced using the above-described method. Further, a commercially available ALC cut into 100 cm × 120 cm (thickness 7.5 cm) was prepared as a part of the outer wall 1 having five holes having a diameter of 5 cm. Next, as shown in FIG. 4, the inorganic foam 2 and the outer wall 1 are arranged to face each other via a 10 cm air layer 3, and a double wall that allows air to flow between the outside air and the air layer 3 is formed. Manufactured.

Further, using a double wall in which the inorganic foam 2 and the outer wall 1 as shown in FIG. 4 are arranged to face each other with an air layer 3 therebetween, one side as shown in FIG. ) Cube 10. At that time, a commercially available high-performance organic heat insulating material 12 having a thickness of 10 cm was used for the purpose of minimizing heat leakage except for one surface using a double wall. Moreover, when producing the cube 10, the joint part of surfaces was sealed with the commercially available airtight sealing agent so that the leak of the heat and air from each corner | angular part might not be carried out. A part of the upper surface of the cube 10 is provided with a ventilation opening, a fan 11 having a ventilation capacity of 0.2 m ³ / h is installed inside, a small stove that can be turned on and off with an external switch, and automatically from the outside Installed a box with ovum that can be opened and closed.

  The cube 10 was placed in a constant temperature and humidity room at a room temperature of 5 ° C., a small stove was operated, and at the same time, the lid of the box containing the egg was opened. After 1 hour, the small stove was turned off, the lid of the box containing the egg was closed, and the upper fan 11 was operated at the same time. Thirty minutes after operating the fan 11, a hole having a diameter of about 10 cm was made in a part of the organic heat insulating material 12 on the side of the cube 10, and a hand was inserted therein. At the same time, I put my nose close to the hole, but I didn't feel the smell of rot.

[Comparative Example 1]
As shown in FIG. 6, a cube 10 was produced in the same manner as in the above example except that the ALC of the outer wall 1 was used alone without using the inorganic foam 2. As in the example, the cube 10 was placed in a constant temperature and humidity room at room temperature of 5 ° C., a small stove was operated, and at the same time, the lid of the box containing the egg was opened. After 1 hour, the small stove was turned off, the lid of the box containing the egg was closed, and the upper fan 11 was operated at the same time. Thirty minutes after operating the fan 11, a hole having a diameter of about 10 cm was formed in a part of the organic heat insulating material 12 on the side of the cube 11, and a hand was inserted therein. At the same time, I put my nose close to the hole, but I didn't feel the smell of rot.

[Comparative Example 2]
A cube 10 was produced in the same manner as in the example except that a commercially available high-performance organic heat insulating material 12 having a thickness of 10 cm having no air permeability was used on all six surfaces of the cube 10. Similarly to the example, the cube 10 was placed in a constant temperature and humidity room at room temperature of 5 ° C., a small stove was operated, and at the same time the lid of the box containing the egg was opened. After 1 hour, the small stove was turned off, the lid of the box containing the egg was closed, and the upper fan 11 was operated at the same time. Thirty minutes after operating the fan 11, a hole having a diameter of about 10 cm was made in a part of the organic heat insulating material 12 on the side of the cube 10, and a hand was inserted therein. However, the nose was brought close to the hole at the same time.

The wall structure according to the present invention breaks the limit of the reduction of the wall heat transmissibility of the conventional heat insulating material and enables efficient ventilation, so that the energy saving of the building is improved and the indoor air quality is high. Buildings that can be maintained can be provided. Furthermore, since it is excellent in workability, the required energy and cost at the time of construction are low, and it is suitable as a practical wall structure.

It is longitudinal cross-sectional explanatory drawing which shows the 1st example of the wall structure of this invention. It is longitudinal cross-sectional explanatory drawing which shows the 2nd example of this invention. It is longitudinal cross-sectional explanatory drawing which shows the 3rd example of this invention. It is explanatory drawing of the concrete wall structure of this invention manufactured in the Example. It is a perspective view of the cube created in order to measure the performance of the wall structure of this invention. It is explanatory drawing of the wall structure manufactured in the comparative example 1. FIG.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Outer wall 2 ... Inorganic foam 3 ... Air layer 4 ... Upper frame 5 ... Lower frame 6 ... Crosspiece 7 ... Space 8 ... Ventilation hole 9 ... Small hole 10 ・ ・ ・ Cube 11 ・ ・ ・ Fan 12 ・ ・ ・ High-performance organic insulation 13 ・ ・ ・ Spacer

Claims (2)

It is a wall structure in which an inorganic foam having a predetermined air permeability and thermal conductivity is arranged to face an outer wall material through an air layer, and air circulation is possible between the air layer and the outside air. And
The inorganic foam is made to have a gas permeability of 5 × 10 ^{−4 to 1} m ² h ⁻¹ Pa ⁻¹ and a thermal conductivity of 0.02 to 0.1 W / mK, and through the inorganic foam. It is configured to introduce outside air into a room of a building, and is provided with means for variably setting the amount of air supplied to the inorganic foam through the air layer . Wall structure. The wall structure according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic foam has a heat capacity of 2 to 40 kcal / ° C.

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