JP4350646B2 - 分解できる医療用シーリング装置 - Google Patents

分解できる医療用シーリング装置 Download PDF

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JP4350646B2
JP4350646B2 JP2004502836A JP2004502836A JP4350646B2 JP 4350646 B2 JP4350646 B2 JP 4350646B2 JP 2004502836 A JP2004502836 A JP 2004502836A JP 2004502836 A JP2004502836 A JP 2004502836A JP 4350646 B2 JP4350646 B2 JP 4350646B2
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テネルツ ラルス
アッカーフェルト ダン
マティセン トルビョルン
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ラディ・メディカル・システムズ・アクチェボラーグ
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Description

本発明は、血管の内壁表面に配置されるのに適した第1のシーリング装置と、決まった場所に第1のシーリング装置を保持するのに適したファスナーとを備えた血管の傷をふさぐための傷部閉塞装置に関するものである。
特定の種類の医療的な手術や治療中においては、イントロデューサが患者の脈管系への接近に使用される。イントロデューサは、脈管系へ接近するために血管の壁を貫通して挿入され、その後、カテーテルやガイドワイヤ等の医療器具をガイドするために使用されても良い。
医療処置が完了した後においては、イントロデューサのサイズに対応する切開部や傷が血管の壁に存在する。そのような外科処置の結果である傷からの出血は、傷に対して直接に圧力を加えることにより止めることができる。しかしながら、傷に外圧を加えるためには、別の医療従事者の助けが必要となり、また、血管を通じた血液の流れを妨げる場合がある。
そのような血管の傷をシーリングするための、他のさらに洗練された基本的な方法は、血管の内壁に接触する内部動脈オクルダーの配置を含む。この基本的な方法の様々な例が、米国特許第4,852,568号明細書、第4,890,612号明細書、第5,021,059号明細書、第5,350,399号明細書および第5,593,422号明細書(特許文献1〜5)に開示されている。内部動脈オクルダーは、米国特許第4,852,568号明細書に記述されているように、細糸や縫合糸だけによって、または、米国特許第5,593,422号明細書、第4,890,612号明細書および第5,021,059号明細書に開示されているように、縫合糸でつながれ、内部動脈オクルダーをしっかり固定するために血管の外壁に配置される外部動脈オクルダーによって、血管の内壁に対してピンと張って固定される。細糸や縫合糸だけによって配置される内部動脈オクルダーは、穴が開いた血管に配置されている栓で補強されている。米国特許第5,350,399号明細書に開示されているシーリング装置は、内部動脈オクルダーと外部動脈オクルダーとを備える。これらの内部動脈および/または外部動脈オクルダーが作られる様々な材料は、上述した特許に開示されている発明の主要な問題ではない。通常、そのようなオクルダーのための材料は、再吸収性、吸収性、生物的適合性および生分解性がある材料であると特徴付けられる。米国特許第4,890,612号明細書と第4,852,568号明細書において、オクルダーのための好ましい材料は、ジョンソン・エンド・ジョンソン株式会社によって販売されているゼラチンであるゼルフォームであり、一方、米国特許第5,021,059号明細書において提案されている材料は、デュポン株式会社によって販売されているラクチド/グリコライドポリマーであるMEDISORBであり、米国特許第5,593,422号明細書による発明の好ましい実施形態においては、オクルダーはコラーゲンやアルギネートを含んだ材料から作られる。これらの種類のオクルダーに使われる材料は生物学的および/または化学的処理によって体内で分解することは、技術としてよく知られている。これは多くの場合、重合体構造に基づいた材料が、それらが分解して吸収される反応をおこすことを意味する。そのような反応は、例えば、酵素によりもたらされた加水分解を含む加水分解である。生物学的および化学的分解処理は、概して、重合体構造の分子量を下げ、溶解度と吸収性を増加させる。そのうえ、これらの種類のオクルダーは、分解時間、すなわち、身体が議論中の材料からなるオクルダーを吸収するのに要する時間は、概して、数週間、数ヶ月、さらには数年であることは技術として等しくよく知られている。米国特許第5,593,422号明細書では、分解時間は2、3週間であるとの一方で、米国特許第4,890,612号明細書では、分解時間は約45日と言及している。米国特許第5,350,399号明細書では、分解可能な材料はゆっくり分解すべきであると開示している。吸収性のある材料についての更なる背景が、国際公開第01/40348号パンフレット(特許文献6)に明らかにされている。
オクルダーに吸収性のある材料を使う理由の一つは、オクルダーの周囲にある組織が炎症反応を起こす危険を避ける、または、最小にするためである。この炎症は血管の自然な動きによるオクルダーの機械的な摩滅によって引き起こされる血管の壁の機械的なダメージの結果である。この点からみると、オクルダーが完全に分解するまでの時間が短ければ、オクルダーの周囲にある組織が炎症を起こす危険は少なくなる。ここで、外圧が傷の穴に加えられるだけの時、すなわち、上述した内部動脈または外部動脈オクルダーを使わない時は、患者は、通常、2、3時間は動けない状態にされるが、実際に圧力を加える時間は、15分程度であることは注目されるべきである。これは、広く知られているオクルダーは過度に長い時間体内に残留することを意味する。もし他の医療手術が最初の手術と同じ手術場所で行なわれることとなった時、このオクルダー自身が医療手術を邪魔し、同じ(または近い)場所に新しいオクルダーを安全に配置することを不可能にするかも知れず、血管に既にオクルダーが挿入されていることは不利である。
これらの知られたシールの材料が持つ問題は、シールの様々な部分が、吸収される工程において、様々な分解状態になることである。それゆえ、シールには小さな穴が増加し、シールが破れるために必要な力が弱くなる。そして血管中の血流により、様々な大きさのシールのかけらが放たれ、それらのかけらが、動けなくなり血流を制限し、それどころか、血流を妨げてしまう可能性を持った、より狭い血管への血液の流れについていく危険がある。もちろん、このことは患者にとって重大であり、手術を強いられる可能性がある。
さらに、決まった場所でシールを保持している細糸や縫合糸は、シールと比べるとより細く、従って、細糸や縫合糸が多少分解された状態のシールを裂いてしまう危険がある。そのような場合においても、シールは上述した血液の流れに従い、血管の中に放たれる。
これらの知られたシールの材料が持つ更なる問題は、シールの周りにある細胞と組織がシールの表面上に発達し、シールと接着するため、シールが嚢のような組織に包まれてしまうことである。嚢のような組織に包まれた内部で、シールは分解する。それから、嚢のような組織も退化する。従来のシールにとって、このことは、シールとその上に発達する組織は、処理が逆戻りされる、即ち、シールが分解し始め、シールを包んだ組織が退化し始めるまで、血管内部の有効な空間のますます多くを占めることを意味する。さらに、この問題は、多くの従来のシールが血管内部の流体中で膨れる材料からなるという事実により、高められるかも知れない。シールを包む組織の成長は、一時的に、または、特にシールを包む組織が適切に退化しなかった場合には永遠に、血流を制限してしまう。また、もし組織が従来のシールの表面上に成長しなかった場合には、その後、シールが血管内部に放たれる可能性がある。
組織がシールを包むことは、上述の知られているシールには必要とされる。組織がシールを包むことなしには、シールの分解は、恐らく、シールの部分を放ち、血流と一緒の漂流を引き起こしてしまう。このように、従来のシールは、組織がシールを包む効果に頼っている。しかしながら、この効果は個体間で異なっているので、この効果に頼ることは安全ではない。そしてさらに、シールの製造に使用されるテフロン(登録商標)のような特定の材料の小さな残りでさえ、シールの表面上に残り、シールと組織との接着を妨げる。
米国特許第4,852,568号明細書 米国特許第4,890,612号明細書 米国特許第5,021,059号明細書 米国特許第5,350,399号明細書 米国特許第5,593,422号明細書 国際公開第01/40348号パンフレット
本発明の目的は、患者に問題を引き起こすことのない安全で信頼できる傷部閉塞装置を提供することである。
これは、血管壁の内側表面に配置されるのに適した第1のシーリング装置と、決まった場所に第1のシーリング装置を保持するのに適したファスナーとを備えた血管の傷をふさぐための傷部閉塞装置で達成される。そして、第1のシーリング装置は、物理的プロセスによって、分解する材料から作られる。
これによって、組織の成長と細胞の接着は最小限度になり、実体上は、シール表面が連続して侵食および/または分解されるので、組織の成長と細胞の接着は起こらない。言い換えれば、シール表面は血流により絶え間なく剥がされている。これによって、シールがより大きくなり、血流を制限する危険がなくなる。
好ましくは、材料は、7日未満で早く、適当に分解する。
これによって、シールは血管内(または、外部動脈オクルダーの場合には血管外)で2、3日後に分解し、シールは不必要な長い間血管内に残らない。これは、短い分解時間で炎症の危険が減少されるので安全なシールを提供する。さらに、短い分解時間で偶発的に血流中に放たれたシールの部分はすぐに分解され、この短い時間では患者にいかなる問題も引き起こさない。材料が早く分解するときは、シール上の細胞と組織の接着も、より多くはありそうもない。シーリング装置は、概して、加水分解的に安定しており、シーリング装置の機能上の使用において、化学的または生物学的に分解しない。ここに、「分解する」、「分解」、または、「分解できる」の用語は、分子、代表的には、重合体連鎖が、血管内部と血管外部の水媒体のような周囲にある媒体中で膨れ、分解するようにして、共有結合の破壊を伴わずに分子間の物理的相互作用が分断されるプロセスをさす。体外での水媒での膨れと分解は、体内での分解をシミュレートするための、試験管内の試験として使用されることができる。これは生物学的および/または化学的処理によって少なくても部分的に分解し、単重合体または分解処理が開始できる前に破壊される必要がある重合体分子間内部に、化学的結合、通常は共有結合がある、上述した従来のシーリング装置と対照的である。
本発明は、生物学的および/または化学的処理によって少なくても部分的に分解する吸収性がある材料から作られた動脈シーリング装置が遭遇する不必要な長い分解時間を持つことの不都合を克服する。本発明は、物理的な処理により、血管内(または、外部動脈オクルダーの場合には血管外)で分解する材料から作られたシーリング装置を提供する。これは、シーリング装置が体内で存在する時間を2、3日までに削減する。
図1は、人間か動物かに関わらず、大腿骨部または橈骨部の動脈等の生体内にある血管1の一部分を表す。血管壁2を貫通して作られた穴は、それによって空間を作っており、その穴は、穴が必要であった治療後に塞がれなければならない。図1において、本発明による第1の実施の形態の傷部閉塞装置は、傷の穴を塞ぐために配置されている。傷部閉塞装置は、血管壁2の内側表面に配置される第1のシーリング装置3と、血管壁2の外側表面に配置される第2のシーリング装置4とを備えている。傷部閉塞装置は、摩擦締結によって第1のシーリング装置3と第2のシーリング装置4とをお互いに保持する多くの細糸5の形態をしたファスナー5も備えている。
本発明による第2の実施の形態の傷部閉塞装置は、図2において示されている。傷部閉塞装置は、血管壁の内側表面に配置される第1のシーリング装置6と、血管壁の外側表面に配置される第2のシーリング装置7とを備えている。この実施の形態において、第1のシーリング装置6と第2のシーリング装置7とは、第1のシーリング装置6から完全に伸びた、のこぎり状の歯のあるガイド8によってお互いに保持されている。
本発明による第3の実施の形態の傷部閉塞装置は、図3において示されている。図3に示された閉塞装置は、縫合糸10でつながれたシーリング装置9を備えている。使用の際、シーリング装置9は、単純に縫合糸10の引っ張り力により、血管壁の内側表面に引っ張られる。決まった場所にシーリング装置9を保持するために、縫合糸はそれから保持され、患者の一片の従来のテープ12の使用等により、皮膚11上の所定の場所に固定される。
上記に言及したように、図1から図3において示された種類のシーリング装置は、従来、吸収性があるか、または、生分解可能であるとして説明された材料から作られる。そのようなシーリング装置は、材料の分子中の共有結合が破壊される生物学的または化学的処理によって分解する。これは、例えば、重合体の材料が加水分解されるので、その分子量が減少されることを意味することができる。これらの相対的にゆっくりとした分解処理のため、相当する分解時間は、数週間、数ヶ月、さらには数年の長さになるかも知れない。数週間の分解時間は、傷の穴からの出血が止まるまで、およそ15分間だけしか普通かからないので、通常、いかなる医療の必要性によっても動機付けされない。そして、ヘパリンまたは血液の凝固を抑制するほかの薬で治療される患者のように、より長い治癒時間を持つ患者にとってさえも、治癒時間は2、3時間だけである。その上、先に言及したように、長い分解時間は、とりわけ、シーリング装置の周囲にある組織が炎症反応を起こす危険の増加を伴う。
その結果、本発明は、材料が分解するときに、材料、代表的には、重合体連鎖の分子間の物理的相互作用が分断される物理的プロセスによって分解する材料からなり、それによって、およそ7日間より少なく、より特別には、3日間より少なく、より特別には、1日または2日の短さかも知れない相対的に短い分解時間によって特徴付けられるシーリング装置を提供する。分解は、材料上で摩滅する血流による侵食などにより、水媒体へ動的にさらされることにより、発生し、高められる。材料は、血流中で、可溶性だが加水分解的に安定しており、それらは、加水分解されず、化学的または生物学的な分解によらない。図1ないし図3に示されたシーリング装置3、4、6、7、9は、そのような物理的プロセスによって分解する材料から作られている。例えば、シールは化学的または生物学的な分解なしに物理的プロセスで分解する材料を少なくとも90重量パーセント含んでよい。これらの材料は、合成または天然であってよい。一般に、結晶度は分解速度を遅くするが、それらは非結晶、半結晶、結晶であってよい。特に、親水性で、水溶性のある重合体、例えば、イオン群、および/または、アミノ、アミド、エーテル、カルボニル、ヒドロキシル、カルボキシル酸、カルボン酸塩、ホスホン酸、ホスホン酸塩、スルホン酸、スルホン酸塩、そして、エステル、もちろんそれらの派生物と塩を含んだ親水性の酸素または窒素を含んだ群を含んだ重合体であってよい。そのような材料の例は、ポリエチレングリコール、ポリプロピレングリコール、エチレングリコールとプロピレングリコールを含む共重合体(いわゆるプルロニクス(登録商標))、ポリビニールアルコールまたはポリビニールピロリドン、塩、砂糖、または、それらのすべての組み合わせから作られる材料である。他の例は、ポリアクリル酸、多糖類、ポリアミン、第四級アンモニウム重合体、結合濃化剤、ポリビニールメチルエーテル−マレイン無水化合物、カルボキシポリメチレン、そして、ヒドロキシアルキルセルロースエーテルを含有する。キサンゴム、グアルゴムと派生物、ペクチン、樹木や潅木の分泌液を含有する天然の重合体、そして、海草から作られた重合体でもよい。知られた重合体技術が、例えば、混合物の使用、共重合体、添加物、充填材、そして、表面改質剤を含有している装置の準備に使われてもよい。
本発明によるシーリング装置のための分解時間は、約一週間より短く、おそらく、約3日間より短い。実際には、現実の分解時間は、材料の具体的な選択だけではなく、溶媒、例えば、血または尿の種類、シールの侵食を引き起こした過去の流動体の流れる速度、そして、他の要因はもちろん、問題のシーリング装置の構成にもよる。
一般に、ファスナー5や縫合糸10のようなファスナーは、シーリング装置(例えば、3、4、6、7、そして9)自身とは、違った材料から作られている。しかしながら、ファスナーとシーリング装置とは、同じ材料から作られてもよい。概して、ファスナーは内部のシーリング装置が動脈中に放たれるのを防止するため、少なくても内部のシーリング装置が分解する後まで、分解してはならないことが重要である。言い換えれば、ファスナーは、少なくも内部のシールが分解した後、体から除去されるように設計される。分解速度は、ファスナーがシーリング装置の前に分解しないように制御され、例えば、材料選択、浸透性、そして、デザインの制御および/または材料のプロファイリングによって達成される。
本発明によるシーリング装置は、いかなる生物学的および/または化学的プロセスからの分解に対する貢献は無視してよいと理解されるべきであるところの物理的プロセスによってのみか、ほとんどのみで分解する。これは、シーリング装置の材料が分解される様々な化学的または生物学的処理のための反応動力学が分解時間を決定するという技術の状態によるシーリング装置とは対照的である。
本発明は、添付された図面に示された特定の実施の形態で記述されてきたが、多くの変形と変更が、明細書に記述され、以下の請求項で定義される発明の範囲の中でなされることが、技術に熟練した人々によって明らかになるだろう。それゆえ、以下に示された例は、単に発明を示すために提供されており、発明を制限するためには考慮されるべきではない。
第1の実施の形態に係る細糸によって接続された内部動脈オクルダーと外部動脈オクルダーとを備えたシーリング装置の概略断面図である。 第2の実施の形態に係る内部動脈オクルダーから完全に伸びた、のこぎり状の歯のあるガイドによってお互いに保持されている内部動脈オクルダーと外部動脈オクルダーとを備えたシーリング装置を示す図である。 第3の実施の形態に係る細糸によって所定の場所に保持された内部動脈オクルダーを備えたシーリング装置を示す図である。
符号の説明
1 血管
2 血管壁
3 第1のシーリング装置
4 第2のシーリング装置
5 ファスナー
6 第1のシーリング装置
7 第2のシーリング装置
8 ガイド
9 シーリング装置
10 縫合糸
11 皮膚
12 テープ

Claims (14)

  1. 血管壁の内側表面に配置されるのに適した第1のシーリング装置と、
    所定の場所に前記第1のシーリング装置を保持するのに適し、傷を貫通し、前記第1のシーリング装置に結びついたファスナーとを備えた血管の傷をふさぐための傷部閉塞装置において、
    前記第1のシーリング装置は、共有結合の破壊を伴わずに分子間の物理的相互作用が分断される物理的プロセスにより分解する材料から作られ、該材料は、前記第1のシーリング装置の表面から分解し、それによって、内方への成長と細胞の接着に抵抗力があること、
    を特徴とする傷部閉塞装置。
  2. 前記傷部閉塞装置は、さらに、共有結合の破壊を伴わずに分子間の物理的相互作用が分断される物理的プロセスにより分解する材料から作られ、前記血管壁の外側表面に配置される第2のシーリング装置を備えたこと、
    を特徴とする請求項1に記載の傷部閉塞装置。
  3. 前記材料は、化学的または生物学的プロセスを実質的に伴わずに、物理的プロセスによって水中で分解すること、
    を特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の傷部閉塞装置。
  4. 前記材料は、侵食により、少なくとも一部分は分解すること、
    を特徴とする請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の傷部閉塞装置。
  5. 前記材料は、前記第1のシーリング装置の表面から分解され、
    これにより成長と細胞の接着に抵抗力があること、
    を特徴とする請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の傷部閉塞装置。
  6. 前記材料は、前記第1のシーリング装置の配置後すぐに、本質的に分解が開始すること、
    を特徴とする請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載の傷部閉塞装置。
  7. 前記材料は、約7日間か、それ以内に分解すること、
    を特徴とする請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載の傷部閉塞装置。
  8. 前記材料は、約3日間か、それ以内に分解すること、
    を特徴とする請求項1から7のいずれか一項に記載の傷部閉塞装置。
  9. 前記材料は、約24時間以内に分解すること、
    を特徴とする請求項1から8のいずれか一項に記載の傷部閉塞装置。
  10. 前記材料は、重合体であること、
    を特徴とする請求項1から9のいずれか一項に記載の傷部閉塞装置。
  11. 前記材料は、水溶性重合体であること、
    を特徴とする請求項1から10のいずれか一項に記載の傷部閉塞装置。
  12. 前記材料は、合成の水溶性重合体であること
    を特徴とする請求項1から11のいずれか一項に記載の傷部閉塞装置。
  13. 前記材料は、加水分解的に安定している、非架橋性の水溶性重合体であること、
    を特徴とする請求項1から12のいずれか一項に記載の傷部閉塞装置。
  14. 前記材料は、ポリエチレングリコール、ポリプロピレングリコール、エチレングリコールとプロピレングリコールの共重合体、ポリビニールアルコール、ポリビニールピロリドン、または、それらのすべての組み合わせであること、
    を特徴とする請求項1から13のいずれか一項に記載の傷部閉塞装置。
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WO2003094740A1 (en) 2003-11-20
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EP1501421A1 (en) 2005-02-02
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US20050169974A1 (en) 2005-08-04
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