JP4325729B2 - Electrostatic atomizer and air cleaner provided with the same - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to an electrostatic atomizer that generates a fine mist by applying a high voltage to water and an air purifier equipped with the electrostatic atomizer.

  Conventionally, various types of air purifiers for collecting and deodorizing dust and odor generated in the home have been provided, and the dust removal methods of these air purifiers are roughly divided into fiber filters, etc. There are a mechanical type that uses the electric field and an electric dust collecting type and those that have both functions.

  Also, there is an air purifier that consists of a blower part composed of sirocco fans and the like, and a cleaning filter for cleaning dirt particles and odor components in the air, and blows out air cleaned by the cleaning filter from the discharge port Are known.

Furthermore, as another example of the above air cleaner, there is one in which an atomization generating part is built in the air cleaner so that mist refined by an electric field jumps out into the room (for example, see Patent Document 1). This mist contains active species and can decompose and remove dust and odor floating in the room.
JP 2002-203657 A

  However, in a conventional air purifier having a built-in atomization generating unit, a user of the air purifier needs to periodically water in order to continuously discharge the mist refined by electrostatic atomization into the room. It was troublesome to have to replenish.

The present invention has been invented in view of the above-described conventional problems, and the object of the present invention is to make it easy to perform troublesome work of water supply to the water reservoir of the atomization generating section and An object of the present invention is to provide an electrostatic atomizer capable of ensuring safety during cleaning of a gasification generating part and water replenishment, and an air cleaner equipped with the electrostatic atomizer.

  In order to solve the above-described problems, the present invention is characterized by the following configurations.

By means of electrostatic atomization, the transport unit 4A transports water from the water reservoir 9, the application electrode 2 that applies a high voltage to the water of the transport unit 4A, and the contact contact unit 20 that is connected to a high voltage source. An atomization generating unit 8 for generating mist is configured, the atomization generating unit 8 is detachable from the water reservoir 9, and a storage recess 73 for storing the atomization generator 8 and the water reservoir 9. A takeout opening 50 for taking out the atomization generating part 8 and the water reservoir 9 from the outside is provided, and the takeout opening 50 is covered with a lid 51 that can be opened and closed and has a blowout port 77. Is provided with a switch means 53 for stopping the application of a high voltage to the atomization generating unit 8 during the opening / closing operation of the nozzle, and the atomization generating unit 8 has a vent hole opened in the circumferential surface and the conveying unit 4A held in the lower part. The holder 10 is fitted with a part, and is attached to the lower end of the holding part. Reservoir 9 is supported by hooking from above.

  By adopting such a configuration, it is possible to easily perform troublesome work of water replenishment by removing the atomization generator 8 and the water reservoir 9 from the take-out opening 50 and putting water in the water reservoir. is there. Further, the high voltage portion cannot be touched by covering the extraction opening 50 with a lid 51 that can be opened and closed. Further, when the lid 51 is opened and closed, the switch means 53 stops the application of the high voltage to the atomization generating unit 8, so that maintenance such as replenishing water and cleaning the atomization generating unit 8 is performed. The safety of the user can be ensured.

The atomization generating unit 8 includes a holder 10 in which a ventilation hole is opened in the peripheral surface and the holding unit of the transport unit 4A is fitted in the lower part, and the water reservoir 9 is hooked from above on the lower end of the holding unit. Since it is supported, the entire atomization generating portion 8 can be detached from the main body case 39 by pulling up the holder 10.

  Moreover, it is preferable that the said atomization generation part 8 is equipped with the counter electrode 3 arrange | positioned facing the front-end | tip of the conveyance part 4A at predetermined intervals.

  The electrostatic atomizer of the present invention can easily perform troublesome work of water replenishment by removing the atomization generator and the water reservoir from the take-out opening and adding water. In addition, the high-voltage part cannot be touched by covering the take-out opening with an openable / closable lid, and when performing maintenance such as replenishing water and cleaning the atomization generating part by opening the lid. The safety of the user can be ensured.

  Hereinafter, the present invention will be described based on embodiments shown in the accompanying drawings.

  Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail based on an example of an embodiment. An electrostatic atomization apparatus 1 shown in FIG. 1 applies atomization to water to generate nanometer-size mist containing active species. The generation unit 8 and the water supply unit 6 for supplying water to be atomized communicate with each other via a water reservoir 9. Water to be used includes tap water, ground water, electrolytic water, pH-adjusted water, mineral water, water containing useful ingredients such as vitamin C and amino acids, water containing aroma oil, fragrance and deodorant. can give. In FIG. 1, 39 indicates a main body case for storing the atomization generating unit 8, the water supply unit 6, and the water reservoir 9, and 73 indicates a storage recess for storing the main body case 39.

  First, the atomization generating unit 8 is cylindrical and has a holder 10 with a vent hole on its peripheral surface, a counter electrode 3 disposed on the upper part of the holder 10, and a voltage against water that is fitted to the lower part of the holder 10. An application electrode 2 responsible for application, a plurality of rod-shaped water absorbent bodies 4 held by the application electrode 2, and an ionization needle 5 also held by the application electrode 2 are configured. The rod-shaped water absorber 4 has a function as a transport unit 4 </ b> A that transports the water in the water reservoir 9 to the atomization generator 8. In addition to the function of applying a high voltage to the water in the rod-shaped water absorber 4, the application electrode 2 has a function of carrying and holding the rod-shaped water absorber 4 mechanically. In FIG. 1, reference numeral 22 denotes a cylindrical skirt projecting downward from the application electrode 2, and surrounds the outside of the plurality of rod-shaped water absorbent bodies 4, and the lower end of the skirt 22 is on the inner wall of the water reservoir 9. The skirt receiving portion 9b provided is supported.

  Both the counter electrode 3 and the application electrode 2 are made of a synthetic resin mixed with a conductive material such as carbon or a metal such as SUS, and are electrically conductive. The electrode 3 is grounded through a GND contact 71 that contacts the outer surface of the contact contact portion 30 formed on the outer peripheral surface thereof. The application electrode 2 that is fitted and fixed in the lower part of the holder 10 and is fixed by pressing on the inner surface of the holder 10 is also used as a high voltage generation source via a high-voltage contact 72 that contacts the outer surface of the contact contact portion 20 formed on the outer peripheral surface. Connected. Here, each contact contact part 20 and 30 is comprised with electroconductive materials, such as metal materials, such as electroconductive plastic and stainless steel.

  The rod-shaped water-absorbing body 4 is made of a porous material such as a porous ceramic or a fibrous material, and has a tip of, for example, φ0... So that a discharge phenomenon is likely to occur, that is, concentration of electric field strength is likely to occur. It is formed in an acute angle shape of 25 or less. In this example, a plurality of, for example, six rod-shaped water absorbent bodies 4 shown in FIG. 2 are attached to the application electrode 2. These rod-shaped water absorbing bodies 4 are arranged at equal intervals on a concentric circle centered on an ionization needle 5 disposed in the center of the application electrode 2, and the upper part projects upward from the application electrode 2, and the lower part projects downward. It is in contact with the bottom 9 a of the reservoir 9, and is in contact with the water stored in the reservoir 9.

  The counter electrode 3 mounted so as to close the upper surface opening of the holder 10 has an opening 31 in the center as shown in FIG. 2, and the edge of the opening 31 has a plurality of rod-like shapes when viewed from above. A plurality of arcs R having the same diameter centered on the needle-like portion at the upper end of the water absorbent 4 are smoothly connected by other arcs r. When the counter electrode 3 is grounded and a high voltage generating source is connected to the application electrode 2 and the rod-shaped water absorber 4 is sucking water by capillary action, the needle-like portion at the upper end of the rod-shaped water absorber 4 is on the electrode 2 side. At the same time, the arc R of the counter electrode 3 functions as a substantial electrode. The opening 31 is covered with the grid-like protective cover 16, so that fingers and the like are prevented from easily contacting the ionization needle 5 and the rod-shaped water absorber 4 through the opening 31.

  The atomization generation unit 8 and the water supply unit 6 communicate with each other through a water reservoir 9. As shown in FIG. 1, the water reservoir 9 has a horizontally long container shape capable of receiving water, and a mounting portion for the atomization generating portion 8 is provided on one side, and the water replenishing portion 6 is provided on the other side. A mounting portion is provided. The bottom 9a of the water reservoir 9 is high on the water replenishing unit 6 side, gradually descends toward the atomization generation unit 8, and is lowest on the atomization generation unit 8 side. The mounting part of the atomization generating part 8 is composed of a ring-shaped skirt receiving part 9b as viewed from the plane. The skirt receiving portion 9b is concentric with the skirt 22 of the applying electrode 2 and has an upward hook-like cross-sectional shape. The lower end of the skirt 22 of the applying electrode 2 is hooked on the skirt receiving portion 9b from above. By supporting, the lower end part of the rod-shaped water absorption body 4 can be hold | maintained in the state made to contact the bottom part of the water reservoir part 9. FIG. As a result, a high voltage can be applied to the atomization generating portion 8 with the atomization generating portion 8 mounted on the skirt receiving portion 9b, and the atomization including the application electrode 2 and the counter electrode 3 is performed by lifting the holder 10. The entire generator 8 can be detached from the main body case 39.

  On the other hand, the mounting portion of the water replenishing portion 6 is composed of a tank receiving portion 9c that has a ring shape when viewed from above. The tank receiving portion 9c is concentric with a cap 6b of a water replenishing portion 6 to be described later, and the water tank 6a of the water replenishing portion 6 is turned upside down to support the outer periphery of its lower end placed on the tank receiving portion 9c. Thus, the cap 6b of the water tank 6a enters the inside of the tank receiving portion 9c so that the water tank 6a can be held upside down.

  Here, the water replenishment part 6 is comprised by the water tank 6a and the cap 6b which can be attached or detached to the opening of the water tank 6a. The outer peripheral surface of the cap 6b has an uneven shape for preventing slipping. The cap 6b is provided with a water outflow hole 6c and an opening / closing valve 6d for opening and closing the water outflow hole 6c. The on-off valve 6d includes a valve rod 6e that can move up and down, a spring 6f that has one end supported on the cap 6b side and the other end supported on the valve rod 6e, and a tank opening 6i that is attached to the tip of the valve rod 6e. It consists of a valve body 6g that is closed so as to be openable and closable. On the other hand, from the bottom 9a of the water reservoir 9, there is provided a valve release projection 6h that pushes the valve rod 6e to open the water outflow hole 6c. The protrusion 6h is shaped to be inserted into the water outflow hole 6c. When water is poured into the water tank 6a and turned upside down and the cap 6b is fitted into the tank receiving portion 9c, the valve rod 6e is pushed up by the protrusion 6h by the weight of the water tank 6a, thereby opening the valve body 6g and opening the tank opening 6i. The water flows out from the water, and further flows out from the water outflow hole 6c of the cap 6b to be replenished into the water reservoir 9. As described above, the water replenishing unit 6 has a structure that can be detachably attached to the tank receiving part 9c of the main body case 39, and the water replenishing unit 6 and the atomization generating unit 8 are open / close valves when attached to the main body case 39. Communication is possible via 6d. Since the ring-shaped tank receiving portion 9c keeps the space between the water tank 6a and the main body case 39 in a sealed state, the intrusion of air into the water tank 6a is prevented, so that the water level in the water reservoir 9 is reduced. It will always be kept constant.

  Now, water is supplied from the water supply unit 6 to the water reservoir 9 by mounting the water supply unit 6 containing water. Thus, water can be brought into contact with the lower part of the rod-shaped water absorber 4 and water can be sucked up by capillary action. Further, the counter electrode 3 is grounded and a high voltage generating source is connected to the application electrode 2. If a negative voltage is applied to the water, if this voltage is a high voltage that can cause Rayleigh splitting in water, the water that has reached the needle-like portion at the upper end of the rod-shaped water absorbent 4 will cause Rayleigh splitting here. Electrostatic atomization causing atomization of nanometer-sized particle diameter is performed.

  In the electrostatic atomizer 1, a high negative voltage is simultaneously applied to the ionization needle 5, and negative ions are generated by corona discharge with the counter electrode 3. At this time, if the distance between the electrodes is the same, the voltage necessary for electrostatic atomization is higher than the voltage necessary for generating negative ions. Electrostatic atomization is more likely to occur by making the distance L2 (FIG. 2) from the ionization needle 5 to the counter electrode 3 considerably longer than the distance L1 (FIG. 2) from the electrode to the counter electrode 3. However, if the water in the water reservoir 9 disappears and the water held by the rod-shaped water absorber 4 is not atomized, only negative ions are generated continuously.

  Thus, the water replenishing part 6 can be attached to and detached from the tank receiving part 9 c, whereby the water replenishing part 6 can be attached to and detached from the atomization generating part 8. Therefore, water can be replenished from the water replenishment unit 6 to the water reservoir 9 by removing the water replenishment unit 6 from the atomization generation unit 8, adding water to the water replenishment unit 6, and mounting the water supply unit 6 on the atomization generation unit 8. As a result, troublesome work of water supply is facilitated. In addition, the water supplied to the atomization generation unit 8 often contains impurities such as calcium and sodium, and not all of the impurities fly by the electrostatic atomization phenomenon. Impurities remain in the part 8 and the stable electrostatic atomization phenomenon cannot be continued, and the atomization generation part 8 needs to be cleaned. Therefore, by making the atomization generating portion 8 detachable from the skirt receiving portion 9b of the main body case 39, the cleaning operation of the atomization generating portion 8 is facilitated, and as a result, the maintenance operation of the atomization generating portion 8 is performed. This makes it easy to

  In addition, since the water replenishment unit 6 and the atomization generation unit 8 are mounted in a container shape that can receive water, the user can refill the water replenishment unit 6 or wash the atomization generation unit 8. Even if water is accidentally spilled, there is no risk that the charging part or the motor part inside the main body will be damaged by water. Accordingly, the internal circuit and the motor unit can be prevented from being damaged, and the main body can be prevented from being damaged.

  In the above embodiment, the contact contact portion 20 and the contact contact portion 30 are arranged close to one side of the atomization generating portion 8, so that the high pressure contact 72 is removed when the atomization generating portion 8 is removed for cleaning. 1 and the GND contact 71 are projected as shown by the solid line in FIG. 1, and in this state, it is difficult to attach the atomization generating unit 8 due to the pressing force of the contact between the high-voltage contact 72 and the GND contact 71. There is a problem that the distance between the voltage part and the GND part becomes short, and abnormal discharge occurs at the contact part. Therefore, it is desirable to dispose the contact contact portion 20 of the application electrode 2 that contacts the high-voltage contact 72 and the contact contact portion 30 of the counter electrode 3 that contacts the GND contact 71 at diagonal positions of the atomization generating portion 8. . That is, by arranging the contact contact part 20 of the application electrode 2 on one side of the atomization generating part 8 and arranging the contact contact part 30 of the counter electrode 3 on the opposite side, the high-voltage contact 72 and the GND contact 71 are It comes to be located on both sides of the atomization generation part 8 so that the pressing force of the high-voltage contact 72 and the GND contact 71 cancels each other, and the atomization generation part 8 can be easily mounted. In addition, the disposition of the atomization generating portion 8 at a diagonal position can increase the distance for insulation between the high voltage and the GND, and there is an advantage that abnormal discharge due to insufficient insulation can be prevented.

  FIG. 3 shows that the width area of the contact contact portion 20 of the application electrode 2 is wider than the width area of the high-voltage contact 72, and the width area of the contact contact portion 30 of the counter electrode 3 is wider than the width area of the GND contact 71. An example of the case is shown. FIG. 3 shows the relationship between the width areas of the GND contact 71 and the contact contact portion 30, but the relationship between the width areas of the high-voltage contact 72 and the contact contact portion 20 is the same. In FIG. 3, A is 22 mm, for example, and B is 28 mm, for example. By the way, in the case of A> B, it is conceivable that the edge of the contact (the high-voltage contact 72, the GND contact 71) scrapes the contact contact parts 20 and 30 when the atomization generating part 8 is attached and detached. In particular, by repeating the attaching and detaching operation of the atomization generating portion 8, the contact contact portions 20 and 30 are easily scraped due to wear. Therefore, by setting A <B in FIG. 3, the possibility that the edge of the contact will scrape the contact contact portions 20 and 30 is reduced, and as a result, wear due to the contact can be reduced.

  FIG. 4 shows an air cleaner 7 provided with the electrostatic atomizer 1 having the above configuration. A fan composed of a fan 82 driven by a motor 83 and a wind tunnel 70 is provided, and the air sucked from the front suction port 76 is filtered by the filter unit 81 and then discharged to the outside from the blowout port 77. In the air flow path from the suction port 76 to the blowout port 77 in the air cleaner 7, the electrostatic atomizer 1 is disposed in the wind tunnel 70 in the blower and in the vicinity of the blowout port 77.

  Here, a box-shaped housing 91 having an open front surface, a pre-filter 92 that is housed in the housing 91 and collects relatively large dust, and mechanically collects dust and odors that are sucked in. The filter unit 81 and the electrostatic atomizer 1 constitute a main body, and the front panel 90 can be opened and closed when the prefilter 92 or the filter unit 81 is attached / detached / washed.

  A sirocco fan 82 is used as a blower unit for sending indoor air into the housing 91, and this blower unit is disposed downstream of the filter unit 81 in the housing 91.

  The interior of the housing 91 is roughly divided into a blower section 93 on the back side of the main body and a filter section 81 on the front side of the main body. Here, the filter part 81 is accommodated on the front side of the housing 91, and the prefilter 92 is accommodated on the front side thereof. The filter unit 81 is detachably attached so that the filter unit 81 can be taken out toward the user with the front panel 90 removed. As shown in FIG. 5, the filter unit 81 of the present embodiment includes a dust collection unit 40 formed of a filter medium in which ultrafine fibers are blended, and a deodorizer 41 made of activated carbon or the like on the downstream side of the dust collection unit 40. , An insole sheet 42 for separating the dust collecting part 40 and the deodorizing part, a honeycomb core 43 for preventing variation, movement, and bias caused by filling the deodorizing agent 41, and a covering material 44 formed of a nonwoven fabric. Yes.

  In the dust collection unit 40, a fine deodorizing agent 45 that is made into fine particles is adhered by a binder, and has a function of deodorizing and decomposing the collected odor. The covering material 44 is disposed at the most downstream portion of the filter portion 81 and is thermally welded to the honeycomb core 43. The honeycomb core 43 and the covering material 44 have a function of preventing leakage, variation, movement, and bias of the deodorizer 41.

  A blower 93 shown in FIG. 4 is provided on the downstream side of the filter 81, where a motor 83 is installed and a sirocco fan 82 is arranged. A blowout port 77 is provided on the top surface of the housing 91. Therefore, when the sirocco fan 82 rotates, air is sucked from the suction ports around the front panel 90 and the housing 91, and large dust is collected by the pre-filter 92, and dust is collected and deodorized by the filter unit 81. The air collected and deodorized by the filter unit 81 is deodorized by the deodorizer 41 (FIG. 5) downstream thereof, and the purified and non-brominated air is exhausted upward from the outlet 77 through the sirocco fan 82. Is done.

  Here, in the state where the electrostatic atomizer 1 having the above configuration is incorporated in the air cleaner 7, as shown in FIG. 1, a high voltage (about -4 to -5 kV) generated by a high voltage generation source (not shown). ) Is supplied to the application electrode 2 through the contact contact portion 20 made of a conductive material and the high-voltage contact 72 formed into a leaf spring shape with a stainless material or the like. Further, the ground (GND) side of the high voltage generation source is electrically connected to a contact contact portion 30 made of a conductive material via a GND contact 71 formed into a leaf spring shape with a stainless material or the like. . Then, as described above, the water replenished from the water replenishment unit 6 to the water reservoir 9 is sucked into the rod-shaped water absorber 4 by a capillary phenomenon, and a high voltage is applied to the contact contact unit 20 of the application electrode 2, When the third contact point contact part 30 is electrically grounded, the high voltage applied to the contact point contact part 20 is applied to the water sucked up by the rod-shaped water absorber 4 and a discharge phenomenon occurs. Due to the discharge phenomenon, the water in the water reservoir 9 is split into mist containing the refined active species and scattered into the room. At this time, the wind generated by the air blowing unit 93 is taken and the miniaturized mist spreads throughout the room.

  In other words, nano-size mist, which is a mist of nanometer-size particle diameter generated by electrostatic atomization, is originally highly diffusive, but it is more diffusible because it spreads by being blown by a blower. For this reason, the deodorizing function for the odor components in the indoor air and the deposits on the indoor wall surface due to the active species possessed by the nano-size mist can be effectively utilized. In particular, in the example shown in the figure, when the electrostatic atomizer 1 is disposed in the housing recess 73 provided in a part of the wind tunnel 70, the GND contact 71 and the contact contact part 30, the high voltage contact 72 and the contact contact part 20 Part of the wind is generated inside the electrostatic atomizer 1 through the opening 74 opened on the wall surface of the storage recess 73 and the ventilation hole in the holder 10 of the electrostatic atomizer 1. In order to flow in, atomization is promoted to increase the amount of atomization, and mist is easily scattered on the wind.

  In addition, although the electrostatic atomizer 1 is arranged in the wind tunnel 70, the air passing through the vicinity of the electrostatic atomizer 1 is clean air filtered by the filter unit 81. The atomizing device 1 is not soiled, and a part of the wind enters the electrostatic atomizing device 1 as described above, but the electrostatic atomization hardly occurs due to the soiling.

  Moreover, in this example, the atomization generation part 8, the water replenishment part 6, and the water reservoir part 9 are integrally stored in the main body case 39, and the electrostatic atomization is performed by holding the flanges 40a at both ends of the main body case 39 by hand. The apparatus 1 can be easily set in the storage recess 73 of the air purifier 7. Further, in this example, as shown in FIG. 6, a part of the outlet 77 is provided with a taking-out opening 50 for taking out the water replenishing part 6 or the atomization generating part 8 to the outside. Is covered with a lid 51 that can be opened and closed. This makes it possible to remove the atomization generator 8 or the water replenishment unit 6 while preventing the high voltage unit from being touched when cleaning the atomization generation unit 8 or supplying water to the water replenishment unit 6. It has become. Further, a switch means 53 is provided for stopping the application of a high voltage to the atomization generating unit 8 when the lid 51 is opened and closed. Here, as shown in FIGS. 7 to 9, a pressing piece 58 protrudes from one end of the lid 51, while an insertion recess 59 into which the pressing piece 58 is inserted is provided on the air purifier 7 side. In addition, a switch portion 53 that is pressed by the pressing piece 58 is provided in the insertion recess 59 so that high voltage ON / OFF control can be performed by attaching / detaching the lid 51. Thereby, the lid 51 is opened, and the safety of the user when performing maintenance such as replenishment of water to the water replenishment unit 6 and cleaning of the atomization generation unit 8 can be ensured.

It is sectional drawing explaining the electrostatic atomizer of one Embodiment of this invention. It is a top view same as the above. It is explanatory drawing of the dimensional relationship between the contact contact part by the side of the atomization generation part same as the above, and a high voltage contact or a GND contact. It is sectional drawing of the air cleaner using the electrostatic atomizer same as the above. It is explanatory drawing of a filter part same as the above. It is a top view explaining the opening part for extraction of a high voltage generation source same as the above. (A) is a front view of a cover same as the above, (b) is a side view. It is explanatory drawing of the insertion recess provided with the switch means same as the above. It is CC sectional view taken on the line of FIG.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Electrostatic atomizer 2 Application electrode 3 Counter electrode 4A Conveyance part 8 Atomization generation part 9 Water reservoir part 20 Contact contact part 50 Taking-out opening part 51 Lid 53 Switch means

Claims (3)

A mist that generates mist by electrostatic atomization at a transport unit that transports water from a water reservoir, an application electrode that applies high voltage to the water in the transport unit, and a contact contact unit that is connected to a high voltage source The atomization generation unit is configured, the atomization generation unit is detachable from the water reservoir, and the atomization generation unit and the water reservoir are externally provided from a storage recess for storing the atomization generation unit and the water reservoir. In order to stop the application of a high voltage to the atomization generating part when opening and closing the lid, the opening for taking out is provided with a lid having a blowout opening that can be opened and closed. The atomization generating part is provided with a holder in which a vent hole is opened in the peripheral surface and the holding part of the conveying part is fitted in the lower part, and the holding part is supported by hooking the holding part. Electrostatic atomizer characterized by being made . The electrostatic atomizer according to claim 1, wherein the atomization generation unit includes a counter electrode that is disposed to be opposed to the front end of the transport unit at a predetermined interval. An electrostatic atomizer according to claim 1 or 2, a filter part for filtering air sucked from a suction port, and exhausting air sucked from the suction port and filtered by the filter part from a blower port An air cleaner comprising: an air blowing unit, wherein the electrostatic atomizer is disposed in the vicinity of the outlet.

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