JP4324740B2 - Elution device for amorphous silica - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention is an elution of amorphous silica for promoting the growth of diatoms in water areas such as rivers, lakes, inner bay sea areas, etc., where silica is insufficient in water quality due to eutrophication red tide etc. Relates to the device.

Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-258420 has developed a material that efficiently elutes silicon without eluting iron in seawater with respect to a silicon-eluting material for diatom growth.
Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 10-94341 discloses a glassy material placed in the sea regarding a method for preventing harmful red tides. Some have developed a vitreous material that elutes silicon.

  Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-82261 includes an aquatic plant propagation coating on a structure such as a seawall, river bed, dam, wave-dissipating block, fishing reef and the like. Some have developed aquatic plant breeding paints and methods for forming coatings.

  Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 8-215691 relates to a system for purifying groundwater in waste landfill, and includes a pumping well, a sheet pile, and a fountain device seepage pond.

  Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-151447 relates to a deep water purification device such as a lake, and a solar cell is disposed on the water surface as a power source of the device.

  II. “Studies on river systems that support the rich ecosystem of the sea” It is described that silica in the near sea area is mainly supplied from rivers over 3-4p, and that the source of silica in river water is groundwater. III. Between 2 and 7p, the relationship between nutrients supplied from rivers and coastal plankton generation, direct intake of river water and nutrients, high correlation with seaweed yield, oysters and scallops Diatoms are preferred for phytoplankton-eating fish and shellfish, diatoms require silicon as a nutrient for their breeding, and most of the supply of silicon in coastal areas is from rivers. is there.

  "Study on plankton species control in dam lakes" Instability of diatom growth effect (competitive characteristics) on conventional medium (CT modified medium) over 31-39p in Water Resources Development Corporation Testing Laboratory Annual Report (2002) There is a description.

  “Conservation facility for reservoir function Water quality conservation (eutrophication measures, etc.)” Dam Technology No. 212 2004.5 introduces reservoir water quality improvement technology by aeration over 12-20p.

The river maintenance fund project “Study on the Effect of Nutrient Concentration on River Water Quality Environment” describes the half-saturation constant Ks for silica from 33 to 34p. There is also a description of the ratio of silica phosphorus in river water quality. (Takashi Asae, Naoshi Fujimoto 3.2.2 Algae attached)
In the report 68-70p, there is a description that the silica concentration is low in the surface area of the sea area and lakes. (Kazuaki Sato, Secretariat 4.1.1 Current status and trends of nutrient concentrations in rivers nationwide)
About the report 113-117p, there is an introduction about the AGP test result of diatom. (Naoshi Fujimoto 4.3 Concentration of nutrients in river water and growth of attached algae)
“Water Environment Q & A of Dam Reservoir” The Dam Water Source Environment Improvement Center describes the flow of water in the reservoir from 40 to 41p. Moreover, from 42 to 43p, there is a description of the water temperature vertical distribution of the reservoir. There is a description that the pH increases in the surface layer of the reservoir during the summertime when plankton activity is intense.

  "Alkali-aggregate reaction aggregate reaction of concrete structure" describes the alkali reaction model of amorphous silica over 17-19p.

  "Promoting effect of sodium sulfite on silica dissolution" The Geothermal Society of Japan 2004 Annual Meeting Abstract B-14 shows that sodium sulfite forms a complex with silica, which significantly increases the solubility of silica. Describes that it prevents the dissolution of silica.

  The “Kyushu Regional Civil Geological Map Guidebook” describes the Quaternary large-scale pyroclastic flow such as Shirasu with Aira caldera from 104 to 111p, and the hot spring component from 358 to 359p.

  The “Water Quality Survey Method” has a list of river water qualities such as first-class rivers nationwide from 54 to 55p, in which there is a description regarding the content of silicic acid.

  Dorothy Carroll (directed by Shinichiro Matsuo) “The weathering of rocks” describes the leaching of silica from rock-forming minerals by weathering from 7 to 8p. There is a description of the change in solubility when the pH changes.

  “Complex water stoppage treatment in pyroclastic flow deposits-Kawabe Dam” 217 The October 2004 issue describes the erosion cavities that often develop in the Shirasu plateau from 24 to 37p.

  Supervised by Toyoji Yamauchi “Kyushu / Okinawa Special Soil” states that shirasu contains a large amount of volcanic glass from 153 to 163p. There are also descriptions about the physical properties, hydraulic conductivity, compaction characteristics and piping characteristics of shirasu.

  “Flow correction using ADCP observation results” Dam Technology No. 197 February 2003 issue 39-46p describes that ADCP can comprehend complex flow conditions and that the flow rate observation accuracy during flooding can be improved compared to conventional observations using floats.

  “Development of river flow monitoring system using H-ADCP and field test observation results (3)” The 56th Annual Scientific Lecture Proceedings of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers The H-ADCP cross-sectional flow rate observation system and the cross-sectional flow rate observation result using the same device are also described.

  In the new edition of the Geographical Dictionary, there is a description of diatomite in 383p, a description of pearlite in 616p, and a description of pitchstone in 1084p.

  In the Tohoku Civil Engineering Geographic Map, there is a description of the pyroclastic flow of quartz andesite to rhyolite from 46 to 47p.

  Geology of Japan 1 Hokkaido Region The Geological Hokkaido Regional Editorial Board edition describes 166-167p on quartz andesite-rhyolite shikotsu pumice flow deposits.

  104p of “Multipurpose Dam Construction Vol. 4” Chapter 31 Functional Design of Spillway has a description about the inflow in case of overflow.

  156p of “Latest Underground Hydrology” supervised and supervised by Ministry of Construction's Hydrological Research Group, supervised by Yamamoto Sogo and Sone Isao, describes osmotic flow that flows through the aquifer toward the pumping well.

  Chiji Shinji, Heat Transfer Calculation Method Chapter 7 Steady State Heat Conduction 7.3 120p of heat conduction of the synthetic spherical shell contains a formula for obtaining the steady heat quantity flowing between the spherical shells.

  Electric Machinery Co., Ltd. Pump Equipment Planning Document 2000 1-1p, 2-2-3p describes the formal capacity of the pump.

Sanyo Electric HP for photovoltaic modules
Corona HP for solar water heaters,
“Harmful Aoko” That ・ This Bulletin Bulletin 2004 VINo. 849, 129-135p, introduces the toxicity of blue-green algae, and measures at water sources dedicated to water supply in Europe.

“Silica balance and siliceous deposits associated with water circulation” Dam Technology No. 164 In May 2000, there was a description of the total amount of silica supplied from rivers nationwide over 3-8p.
JP 2001-258420 A JP 10-94341 A JP 2003-82261 A Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 8-215691 JP 10-151447 A Study Group on River System that Supports Sea Ecosystem Study on River System that Supports Yutaka Sea Ecosystem 2004 (Not for sale, River Environment Division, Tohoku Regional Development Bureau) Katsuhiro Kudo, Hiroomi Imamoto, Kana Harada Research on Plankton Species Control in Dam Lakes Annual Report of the National Institute for Water Resources Development (2002) Kunihiko Amano Observable Dam Technology Conservation Facility for Reservoir Functions Water Quality Conservation (Etrichant Countermeasures) Dam Technology No. 212 2004.5 Dam Technology Center River Improvement Fund Project “Study on the Effect of Nutrient Concentration on River Water Quality Environment” River Environment Management Foundation November 2003 “Water Environment Q & A of Dam Reservoir” Dam Water Source Environment Improvement Center (supervised by Isamu Morishita) Sankaido 2002 Chubu Cement Concrete Study Group Alkali Aggregate Reaction of Concrete Structures Aggregate Reaction <Basic Knowledge / Diagnostic Methods / Prevention Measures> 1990 Sakuto Haku, Shinji Urabe, Yoshihiro Okagami, Takushi Yokoyama Promoting effect of sodium sulfite on silica dissolution Annual Meeting of the Geothermal Society of Japan, 2004 B-14 Kyushu Regional Civil Geological Map Compilation Committee, Kyushu Regional Civil Geological Map Manual, National Land Development Technology Center, March 1986 Takahisa Hanya Water Quality Survey Method Maruzen 1990 Dorothy Carroll (directed by Shinichiro Matsuo) "Rock weathering" Latteis 1974 Kazuhisa Fukunaga “Combined water stoppage treatment in pyroclastic flow deposits—Kawabe Dam” Dam Technology No. 217 October 2004 Dam Technology Center Kyushu-Okinawa special soil "supervised by Toyoji Yamauchi, Geotechnical Society of Kyushu Branch Kyushu University Press 1983 Masao Morioka, Harunobu Shibata, Yoshihito Matsuzaka Flow correction using ADCP observation results Dam technology 197 February 2003 issue Daito, Uesaka, Minami, Liu, Tachibana Development of river flow monitoring system using H-ADCP and field test observation results (3), Proceedings of the 56th Annual Scientific Lecture Meeting of Japan Society of Civil Engineers 2001.10. New edition of geology dictionary Geographical Society Study Group Heibonsha 1996 Edited by Tohoku Civil Engineering Geological Map Compilation Committee, published by National Land Development Technology Center, Tohoku Civil Engineering Geological Map, March 1988 Japan's Geology 1 Hokkaido Region Japan Geology Hokkaido Region Editorial Committee Edition Makoto Kato Yoshio Katsui Yoshio Kitagawa Akira Matsui Kyoritsu Publishing Co., Ltd. 1990 Construction of multipurpose dam Vol.4 Chapter31 Functional design of spillway 5. Selection of model scale Supervised by Ministry of Construction, River Bureau 1977 Supervised by Yamamoto Shogo and Isamu Sone, edited by Ministry of Construction Hydrology Research Group “Latest Groundwater Science” Survey and Practice Guidelines UNESXO 1972 Chiki Shinji, Heat Transfer Calculation Method Chapter 7 Steady-state Heat Conduction 7.3 Heat Conduction of Synthetic Spherical Shell Engineering Books Co., Ltd. Electrical industry machine factory pump facility plan document 2000 Sanyo Electric HP for photovoltaic modules Corona's HP for solar water heaters Kunimitsu Kanaya “Harmful Aoko” That ・ This is the bachelor's bulletin 2004 VI No. 849 Shigeo Kamio Silica deposits and siliceous sediments associated with water circulation Dam technology 164 May 2000 Dam Technology Center

  The goal is to contribute to eutrophication and prevention of red tide by suppressing the growth of ecologically competing cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates by breeding diatoms. At the same time, the establishment of diatom breeding technology leads to an improvement in ecosystems in water areas including coastal areas, as described in Non-Patent Document 1.

  In the conventional technologies aiming at the propagation of diatoms and the like in the sea as described in Patent Documents 1 and 2, the emphasis is placed on the development of an easily soluble amorphous silica material against seawater with a large amount of electrolyte and hardly elutes silica. As a method for diffusing silica in seawater, a method is adopted in which the developed material is directly exposed and dissolved in seawater. Therefore, the elution material, elution method, and replenishment diffusion method are different from the present invention. Even if it elutes, if the silica does not diffuse and spread throughout the water area that needs to be replenished, diatoms cannot use it well. Overall, efficient replenishment and appropriate replenishment amount or cost considerations are not sufficient.

  The aquatic organism propagation coating described in Patent Document 3 contains activated silica using activated shirasu or the like produced by the method described in JP-A-4-18338 as part of its composition.

  However, its purpose is to aim for the propagation of sticky seaweed and the accompanying aquatic life in a short time after installation, and not for the purpose of replenishing silica to planktonic diatoms as in the present invention.

  The deadline of the ground by the sheet pile in Patent Document 4 is for infiltrating the water that has been subjected to water purification into the ground that has been shut down, and a large amount of water treatment is performed for the purpose of replenishing silica to the raw water as in the present invention. Is necessary to use as a permeation chamber filled with an elution material in a space obtained by cutting the ground into a cylindrical shape with a sheet pile and excavating the inside. The deadline shape is also different.

  The solar cell described in Patent Document 5 is installed for the purpose of obtaining a power source for a light source in order to purify the water quality of deep water. Therefore, it is different from the installation purpose of the present invention. In the present invention, a photovoltaic power generator is used as a power source for a motor that drives a pump for circulating water in the apparatus.

  As described in Non-Patent Document 2, although pH adjustment is performed for a modified medium of a conventional AGP (Algal Growth Potential) test for performing a diatom culture test, originally, a highly alkaline sodium silicate is used. Yes. It is not always sufficient to examine whether the state of silica in the medium is easy for diatoms to use.

  As described in Non-Patent Document 3, for the aeration circulation in the shallow layer that relaxes the temperature stratification state and restores the flow in the surface water, the circulation of nutrient salts containing silica is restored, and only specific algae Already implemented in some dam reservoirs where eutrophication is notable as a measure to eliminate breeding environmental conditions and promote diatom growth. However, although it is recognized as effective as a measure to control the problem of algae generation, it is not a definitive measure in all cases.

  As an elution material, as shown in Non-Patent Document 8, it has an igneous rock component from acidic to partially neutral, contains a large amount of volcanic glass, that is, amorphous silica, and is similar to porous Shirasu or Shirasu Quaternary pyroclastic flow deposits or fall pumice deposits are selected.

  As shown in Non-Patent Document 9, among rivers nationwide, the content of silica (silicic acid) is high in rivers where the distribution area of shirasu is included in many basins, and shirasu etc. The reason for selection is considered to be soluble.

As shown in Non-Patent Documents 7 and 10, it is said that amorphous silica has a solubility of nearly 100 g / m ³ even in the region of pH 8 or lower. However, it takes a long time to reach an equilibrium state. According to Non-Patent Document 12, shirasu contains about 70 to 90% of volcanic glass, that is, amorphous silica by weight ratio as porous pumice.

  According to Non-Patent Document 11, plateaus composed of shirasu or its earlier pyroclastic flow deposits often have drainage-like holes and lateral holes developed inside. These become water paths and may be related to the slope collapse of Shirasu. The shape of these cavities is very similar to the erosion cavities found in limestone, and the surface is smooth, so it is presumed to be related to piping and water dissolution.

In general, shirasu is unconsolidated, and in a fresh ground state, it shows a certain particle size distribution range. According to Non-Patent Document 12, if a gap ratio is designated, water permeability can be estimated. Thus, when the gap ratio is obtained and the water permeability coefficient is calculated therefrom, it is estimated to be about 1 × 10 ⁻⁵ m / s. If the fine particles are cut during the sampling process, the gap ratio increases, so it is possible to increase the hydraulic conductivity. However, the elution concentration may decrease at the same time as increasing the hydraulic conductivity.

  According to Non-Patent Document 15, non-patent documents 15 include diatomaceous earth, pearlite, pitchstone, or pinestone, which contain a small amount of water and a large amount of silica, as alternative materials other than Shirasu and similar Quaternary volcanic products or pyroclastic flow deposits. is there. However, there is a possibility that the process such as crushing is required and the cost is high. However, depending on the region, there is a possibility that they can be purchased at a low cost. Glass waste-based materials can also be considered as alternative materials.

  A high water head and a low water head are produced by a combination of a pressurized tank placed around the outside of the elution material and a pumping device arranged in the center, and a room filled with the elution material is placed between them. Thus, silica can be efficiently eluted from the elution material into the permeated water.

  In order to efficiently infiltrate and dissolve the elution material, in the case of a one-dimensional osmotic flow, a flow parallel to the z-axis direction of the cylindrical coordinate system, a two-dimensional osmotic flow flows in the direction of the cylindrical coordinate system r and toward the center, In the case of the three-dimensional case, a flow toward the center in the direction of the spherical coordinate system r is used. In order to generate such an osmotic flow, the shape of the chamber enclosing the elution material is cylindrical or spherical.

  In order to increase the silica concentration, it is effective to retransmit the water after the silica elution treatment into the elution apparatus and repeat the permeation.

  It is reasonable to consider how much, how much, and how much silica-containing water should be supplied to the target water area, and to determine the scale of the equipment that replenishes silica based on the required amount It is.

  A small-scale apparatus is suitable for a culture test such as supply of a silica solution used as a medium for an AGP test.

  When this equipment is scaled up, it is possible to respond flexibly to changes in scale by using a clay layer in the ground as the bottom surface and using a sheet pile driven to form a cylindrical shape as the outer wall of the container. Is possible.

  Pumping up for water supply and pumping to the pressurized tank is required, but the head and flow rate are small, and a large pump capacity is not required.

  For this reason, it is possible to use a photovoltaic power generator as the power source.

  Water near the surface is suitable as raw water for eluting silica.

Non-Patent Document 4 points out that silica tends to be lost in lakes and reservoirs. In addition, as described in Non-Patent Document 5, it is pointed out that during the temperature stratification period, the movement of water is reduced unlike the circulation period. This phenomenon means that silica is likely to be lost due to precipitation or the like from the vicinity of the surface during the temperature stratification period when there is little movement of water. In addition, according to Non-Patent Document 7, the water temperature tends to rise near the surface, and when sunshine continues, photosynthesis is actively performed, cyanobacteria and the like are easily propagated, and CO ₂ is consumed from the water, resulting in an increase in pH. Easy to do. In view of such a situation, water near the surface tends to have a high water temperature, a high pH, and a low silica concentration at the time when temperature stratification is formed.

  In this apparatus, the surface water intake equipment is arranged as a means capable of selectively taking water near the surface where the water temperature is high and the pH is high during the temperature stratification period.

  To increase the elution efficiency of silica into water without depending on chemicals such as sodium hydroxide or sodium sulfite as in Non-Patent Document 6 or 7, a large amount of silica is contained in hot springs as shown in Non-Patent Document 8. As you can see from the above, it is effective to increase the water temperature. As a pretreatment method for the silica elution process, the water after taking water is passed through the heat collecting part of the solar water heater for a certain period of time to further increase the water temperature. In the case of a small device, heating with a heater is an appropriate method. It is also necessary to cover the periphery of the device with a heat insulating material so that heat is not taken away and the water temperature does not decrease.

  Since it is pointed out that the electrolyte contained in seawater may hinder the dissolution of silica, the solubility of seawater in such a material may be lower than that of fresh water at normal water temperature.

  When replenishing silica to the sea area, as measures, repeat the infiltration as described in “0045” to “0047”, or use a material as in Patent Document 1 or use an osmotic membrane etc. in the previous stage of the silica elution process Thus, a method of removing the electrolyte or a method of using seawater having a high water temperature is also conceivable.

The surface is also suitable as a water discharge destination after the silica elution treatment.
The reason for this is that, as described in Non-Patent Document 5, the movement of water decreases even in the surface layer during the temperature stratification period, but near the surface, a flow separate from the inside tends to occur due to the influence of the wind, etc. This is advantageous for the diffusion of dissolved silica.

  In addition, as estimated from Non-Patent Document 4, it is considered that precipitation tends to be strong as silica behavior during temperature stratification in lakes and reservoirs, and discharge near the surface is possible even considering supply to the entire water mass. It is suitable to install equipment.

  When water intake and discharge are performed simultaneously on the surface of lakes, reservoirs, etc., silica is insufficient for the arrangement of intake and discharge outlets, and it is efficient to place silica in the area where diatoms are difficult to grow. This is the most effective arrangement to perform. At this time, as described in Non-Patent Document 13, ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) or H-ADCP (ADCP of a system that emits ultrasonic waves in the horizontal direction) as described in Non-Patent Document 14 is used. Measuring the three-dimensional flow velocity distribution on the surface layer in advance and grasping or recognizing the flow conditions near the surface will help determine an effective arrangement.

  In particular, it is disadvantageous to install on the windward side for insufflation caused by the wind, and wait in a position where it will not be missed on the leeward side when the water area under conditions where it is difficult for diatoms to grow is insufficient. Those who receive it will be more advantageous. Even on the leeward side, if it is close to the flow dive position, installation there is not effective.

  It is necessary to conduct a separate water quality analysis, plankton survey, etc. to make a specific determination as to whether the water area is in a condition where the silica is insufficient and diatoms are difficult to grow. In addition, it is necessary to investigate in advance the wind direction and flow velocity that prevail during the temperature stratification period in the target water area.

  No alkali, which is a chemically efficient elution means as described in Non-Patent Document 6, is added. As described in Non-Patent Document 10, porous non-porous materials such as shirasu filled in the infiltration chamber as particles of large and small particle sizes common to natural groundwater infiltration processes in which minerals are eluted into groundwater by weathering. Silica is eluted by a method in which water penetrates into crystalline silica.

  Elution of silica suitable for diatom growth into water can be performed by conventional methods.

This equipment takes water from the water area where silica is insufficient, and reduces the silica concentration to several g / m ³ to several tens g / m ³ as the concentration of water silica to which silica is added by elution treatment. Supply and promote the growth of diatoms.

According to Non-Patent Document 4, the silica concentration necessary for the breeding of diatoms or the half-saturation constant Ks for silica is on the order of 0.04 to 0.08 g / m ³ for freshwater diatoms. The required concentration of silica can be supplied as an aqueous solution.

  Since seawater contains a large amount of electrolyte, the solubility of silica is expected to decrease, and measures such as those described in “0058” to “0060” may be required. However, the minimum silica concentration necessary for the breeding of marine diatoms or the half-saturation constant Ks related to silica is likely to be lower than that of freshwater diatoms. It is estimated that the weight of silica shells per unit volume is small compared to freshwater products where many marine diatoms belong to the central eye and many belong to the pterygium.

  Therefore, it is considered that silica replenishment to the sea area is effective even at a low concentration which has been regarded as a problem in the conventional method.

  As described in “0036” to “0037”, the pH of the surface water rises to about 10 when cyanobacteria and the like are propagated under a high water temperature in the temperature stratification period. In the case of such raw water quality, if the water is taken using the surface water intake equipment and introduced into the infiltration chamber, the elution of silica increases due to the influence of the water temperature and pH. The effect of pH can be used more advantageously and silica elution becomes easier.

  The raw water described in “0068” is taken and then heated and supplied to the infiltration chamber, thereby further promoting silica elution.

  Silica and Quaternary volcanic eruptions or pyroclastic flow deposits of the same quality as Shirasu are selected as silica elution materials, and natural water with increased temperature is permeated in this device with a spherical or cylindrical infiltration chamber. The silica in the state close to is eluted.

  The method using such a material has a cost advantage in terms of material rather than using a special material that is laborious and expensive to manufacture. The distribution in Japan such as Shirasu occupies a wide area. From the viewpoint of Non-Patent Document 8, Non-Patent Document 16, and Non-Patent Document 17, the existence amount is very large and the transportation cost is considered to occupy most of the cost. .

  Considering the required replenishment amount, the scale of the apparatus is determined based on this, and it is possible to replenish silica to the target water area more reasonably than before.

  When this equipment is scaled up, it is possible to respond flexibly to changes in scale by using a clay layer in the ground as the bottom surface and using a sheet pile driven to form a cylindrical shape as the outer wall of the container. Is possible. This is also advantageous in terms of heat insulation and wall independence. These are suitable for supplying a large amount of silica more efficiently to the target water area than the conventional method.

  Because of the growth of phytoplankton, the surface area is the most advantageous place for photosynthesis, so water containing silica is supplied from the outlet near the surface, and it is important to create conditions that are advantageous for diatom growth. It is also advantageous in that it propagates in the whole water area and conversely suppresses the growth of cyanobacteria and the like.

  Conventional method of directly exposing the eluted material to the water for efficient replenishment by widely diffusing water containing silica that has been eluted at an elevated temperature as an aqueous solution in a liquid state so that the silica is insufficient. Become more advantageous.

  With regard to the intake port and the water discharge port arranged at a certain distance, it is advantageous to sandwich the water area where silica should be replenished in consideration of the flow conditions near the surface. The arrangement on the windward side is particularly effective for the blowing flow. The shape of this water area becomes a belt-like shape when riding on an insufflation flow for a long time. If the width of this strip is wide, the arrangement of the intake outlet will be perpendicular to the wind direction, or if it is narrow, the line connecting them will be parallel to the wind direction. It is better to bring the water intake first and the water outlet later to the direction of the wind. Diffusion efficiency can be further increased by the arrangement of the intake and outlet.

  In the conventional method, replenishment of the eluted material is costly. However, in the method according to the present invention, the replenishment frequency of the elution material is not so high as described in “0064” to “0065”, so the replenishment frequency is small.

  As described in “0070” to “0071”, it is considered that the price of the material is not large. The energy source of the pump power can also depend on solar power generation, and when the cyanobacteria are most likely to appear, it is also the time when the power generation efficiency is the best. In addition, the pumping height of the entire system is zero, but it is necessary to consider the head loss in the piping and the head loss in the infiltration chamber filled with the elution material.

  As described in “0056” to “0057”, it is possible to sufficiently adopt solar power generation as pump power.

  In rivers, as shown in Non-Patent Document 4, the ratio of silica phosphorus in water quality is lower than 87, and in the situation where algae other than diatoms are likely to occur, if silica is replenished according to the present invention, It is possible to make improvements such as bringing the ecology of life closer to that before eutrophication.

  Embodiments of the present invention will be described below. The description is based on FIGS. 1 to 8 and examination of basic conditions related to device design.

  As for the scale of the equipment and the target of application, the small equipment is used to create the AGP test medium, etc. In the case of the large equipment with a large silica supply capacity, the side wall and the permeation chamber are installed below the water surface as shown in FIG. . In addition, when installed on land under on-site conditions, the side wall 5 and the permeation chamber 10 should be installed underground as shown in FIG. 7, and the silica solution can be supplied to the target water area on a scale as needed. It is.

The scale of the apparatus depends on the capacity of the permeation chamber described in “0093” to “0096”. A small one is about 1 m ³ or less, and a large one is 10 m ³ or more. Since small ones are used indoors, raw water is collected in advance. In the case of large-sized ones, the raw water comes from water.

  The basic configuration of this apparatus will be described first with reference to FIG. 1 “Overall view of silica replenishing apparatus mounted on a carriage”. Thereafter, each drawing will be described in order.

"Intake Department"
In the case of a medium to large-scale silica elution apparatus, a facility for taking raw water is required. In FIG. 1, reference numeral 1 denotes a water intake port, which is a device capable of collecting water on the surface effectively. A screen B is installed at the intake port to prevent inhalation of large garbage such as leaves on the surface of the water. An inclined plate filter A is installed to prevent clogging in the permeation chamber due to fine substances. Float C is installed for the purpose of securing the necessary overflow depth for the intake.

  The taken water is once stored in the storage tank 2 through the stretching flexible tube 19, and fine dust and the like are further settled and removed, and then sent to the heat retaining / pressurizing water tank 4 by the pump 3.

"Heat insulation and pressurized water tank"
As shown in FIG. 1, the heat retaining / pressurized water tank 4 is installed at a position several m 2 above to supply high head water (hydrostatic pressure) to the next side wall 5.

  Further, the surroundings are surrounded by a heat insulating material 6 so as not to lower the water temperature.

  The side wall 5 is connected by a pipe 7. This pipe also requires a heat insulating coating.

  In order to prevent the occurrence of piping, the heat retaining / pressurized water tank has an upper limit on the water head that can be given to the side wall.

  The water sent from the pump 3 through the pipe K to the solar water heater collector 9 is sent to the heat retaining / pressurizing tank after raising the water temperature.

"Sidewall"
In the case of a permeation chamber corresponding to a two-dimensional permeation flow as shown in cross section in FIGS. 1 and 2, the side wall 5 is a space surrounded by inner and outer cylindrical shells. A large number of holes leading to the permeation part are opened in the inner wall of the side wall part 5, and water permeability with the permeation chamber is maintained. The outer wall is water-tight to the outside and has a function of holding the side wall space. As shown in FIG. 1, the outer wall is also surrounded by a heat insulating material 6 for heat insulation. As the heat insulating material, a dried shirasu is used. The upper and lower ends are covered with the end wall D together with the permeation chamber.

"Penetration chamber"
In the case of a two-dimensional flow as an osmotic flow mode, a cylindrical osmotic chamber 10 as shown in FIGS. A perforated shaft tube 11 as shown in FIG. 1 is installed at the center of the permeation chamber 10 for two-dimensional flow. The outside of the permeation chamber is the side wall portion described above. The inside of the infiltration chamber is tightly filled with an elution material such as shirasu.

  The particle size composition of the eluting material is closely related to water permeability.

  Between the high water head outside the infiltration chamber 10 linked to the water pressure given from the temperature raising / pressurizing water tank 4 and the low water head condition near the center caused by the pumping of the pumping pump 12, the hydrodynamic gradient and elution material A two-dimensional radial osmotic flow corresponding to the water permeability is generated, and the leaching material is simultaneously eluted and transported by this osmotic flow. This water permeability depends on the particle size distribution and the gap ratio of the eluted material.

The upper limit of the water head difference is determined in consideration of the piping characteristics of the eluted material.
When elution of the amorphous silica proceeds and the amount of the eluted material is insufficient, the material is supplied to the permeation chamber 10 through the upper material supply port 13 as shown in FIG.

"Pumping pump and suction pipe"
When the permeation chamber has a cylindrical shape and is a two-dimensional permeate flow, suction pipes 14 are installed inside the perforated shaft pipe 11 shown in FIG.

  The pumping pump 12 and the suction pipe 14 have a structure that can be backwashed to prevent clogging.

"Discharge pipe and outlet"
As shown in FIG. 1, the water from which the silica is eluted by the above process is discharged from the pump 3 through the discharge pipe 15. To further increase the silica concentration by circulation, this water is passed through the reducing water tank 16 and the reducing pipe 17. Then, after connecting to the heat collecting part 9 of the solar water heater and raising the water temperature, it is returned to the heat retaining / pressurized water tank 4. When not circulating, the valve H is closed.

  In the case of discharging, this water is supplied from the reducing water tank 16 to the outlet 18 through the pipe K and the flexible pipe 19.

"Other incidental facilities"
As other ancillary equipment shown in FIG. 1, there are pump power relation, trolley relation, monitor equipment relation, and replenishment relation.

  For the purpose of supplying power to the electric motor L attached to the pump, facilities such as a solar power generation device 20, a control unit, an inverter unit, a storage battery 21 and a power cable 22 are necessary.

  In the case of FIG. 1, since the side wall portion and the permeation portion are installed in the water, a water intake portion, a heat retaining / pressurizing water tank, a pumping pump, the above-described power supply equipment, and the like are arranged on the carriage 23.

  As for the monitoring equipment, there are a pressure gauge I for monitoring the water head (water pressure) inside the side wall 5, and for replenishment, there are a supply port valve G and a valve reaction force support J for the supply port 13.

  FIG. 2 is a horizontal sectional view taken along line AA in FIG.

  In FIG. 2, partition walls E are four walls for maintaining a space without disturbing the radial flow in the permeation chamber 10. It is a perforated wall near the center. A dotted line indicated by 13 indicates the projection position of the supply port.

  The side wall partition wall F is also for holding a side wall space and is a perforated wall of eight sheets.

  FIG. 3 shows a small silica elution apparatus. Since an experimental device is assumed, the warming / pressurized water tank 4 is heated by the heater 8.

  FIG. 3 shows a raw water supply pipe K1, a silica elution solution supply valve N, and a silica elution solution recovery container Q used in the experiment.

  Although the shape of the permeation chamber 10 is a cylindrical shape, in FIG. In order to prevent a temperature drop, the infiltration chamber is surrounded by a heat insulating material 6 using dry shirasu. As in the case of FIG. 1, the inside of the permeation chamber is tightly filled with an elution material such as shirasu.

  The osmotic flow inside the osmotic chamber is a one-dimensional flow parallel to the cylindrical axis. Silica is eluted during this permeation process. In the vicinity of the end wall D, it is better to use a shirasu having a coarse particle size so as to function as a filter.

  FIG. 4 shows a case where the shapes of the side wall 5 and the permeation chamber 10 are a spherical shell and a sphere, respectively. Since the upper part of the apparatus is the same as that of FIG. 1, it is not shown here.

  At this time, the permeate flow generated in the permeation chamber is a three-dimensional radial flow. As in the case of FIG. 1, the inside of the permeation chamber is tightly filled with an elution material such as shirasu. Silica is eluted during this permeation process.

  At the center of the spherical infiltration chamber, a perforated core portion 11 that has a low water head is installed by pumping up. The suction pipe 14 extending from the perforated core portion faces downward in the permeation chamber.

  This is because it does not get in the way when the elution material such as shirasu is supplied from the supply port 13. In FIG. 4, the reaction force support necessary for the material supply port valve G is omitted.

  FIG. 5 is a horizontal sectional view taken along line BB in FIG.

  In FIG. 5, the installation of the partition walls is not in harmony with the radial osmotic flow, so that the partition walls cannot be installed inside the infiltration chamber. A partition wall F is installed at the side wall and the part where the heat insulating material is stored to maintain the overall space. The partition wall F is perforated to make the water pressure uniform at the side wall.

  A dotted line indicated by 13 indicates a projection position of the supply port in FIG.

  FIG. 6 assumes the case where the side wall and the permeation chamber are enlarged and installed in the ground. Since the upper part of the apparatus is the same as that of FIG. 1, it is not shown here.

  The functions of the side wall 5 and the permeation chamber 10 are basically the same as in the case of FIG. High head water from the heat retaining / pressurized water tank is supplied to the side wall portion through the heat insulating material-coated pipe 7. As in the case of FIG. 1, pumping up is performed inside the perforated shaft tube 11 installed at the center, and a two-dimensional radial osmotic flow is generated through the inside of the osmotic chamber tightly filled with elution material such as shirasu. Silica is eluted in the process.

The outer wall 24 of the side wall 5 is formed by driving a sheet pile into a cylindrical shape in the ground.
In this case, as shown in FIG. 6, the clay layer S is driven through the sandy ground U having high water permeability. Similarly, for the inner wall 25, the sheet pile is driven into a coaxial cylindrical shape. The part adjacent to the permeation chamber is perforated.

  After securing the self-supporting property of the sheet pile with an earth anchor T or the like, the ground in the infiltration chamber is excavated, and the elution material such as shirasu is backfilled there and densely filled. At the same time, a perforated shaft tube 11 and a suction tube 14 are installed in the center. An end clay seal 26 is installed at the upper and lower ends of the elution material such as shirasu. Since a high water pressure is supplied to the side pressure part and the permeation chamber, a control fill 27 using a water stop plug R and excavation residual soil is installed to counter this.

  A monitoring pressure gauge I is installed for the purpose of monitoring the water head (water pressure) supplied to the side wall.

  FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line CC in FIG.

  Similar to FIG. 2, a partition wall E and a side wall partition wall F are provided. In the figure, a straight broken line is a projection onto the CC cross section of the earth anchor portion, and a circular broken line is a projection onto the CC cross section of the pipe connected to the monitor pressure gauge.

  FIG. 8 shows an arrangement example of the intake port 1 and the discharge port 18 when the water area 28 to be replenished with silica, such as lack of silica in the water quality, is moving on the ocean current, tidal current, or circulating flow in the lake. Indicates.

  In this arrangement example, the silica content is improved due to the replenishment of silica-containing water from the region W taken into the intake port and the region W taken into the intake port of the supply target water region 28 flowing down from above and the diffusion of silica in the water. The region X can be well separated. In order to perform these arrangements, it is necessary that the flexible tube 19 and the like shown in FIG. 1 can be extended and that the water intake port and the water discharge port can be easily moved.

  In the following, the basic conditions related to device design were examined.

In principle, as the conditions for conformity, the amount of inflow at the mouth of the stool = the amount of seepage at the osmosis part = the amount of discharge from the pumping pump.

“Examination of target flow rate”
Specifically, the scale of the water area (1000 m ² ) and the water storage capacity (2000 m ³ ) is set. In particular, it is assumed that the water layer (500 m ³ ) of the surface layer (depth 0.5 m) is circulated by this apparatus in about 30 days. This is about 10 l / min (11.6 l / min) at a flow rate per unit time. The facility scale is equivalent to the medium scale.

  In the following, the investigation will proceed focusing on this flow.

`` Intake flow rate ''
According to Non-Patent Document 18, in case of overflow, the amount of inflow is given by the following equation.

  Where Qs is the flow rate, b is the width of the cross section of the inflow portion, Cs is the flow coefficient, 1.8 to 2.0 in MS units, and H is the total energy with reference to the bottom of the cross section.

  For a flow rate of 10 liters per minute, when the overflow depth is 20 mm, the required overflow width is only 30 mm. Further, the overflow width is 300 mm for 100 l per minute.

“Permeation flow rate in permeation chamber” When considering a two-dimensional permeation flow, according to Non-Patent Document 19, the following equation is applied.

  T is a water permeability coefficient and is given by k × m.

  k is the hydraulic conductivity, and m is the thickness of the aquifer.

Q _w is the amount of pumped water, s ₁ is the water level drop observed at a point r ₁ away from the pump pipe, and s ₂ is the water level drop at the point of distance r ₂ . (R ₂ > r ₁ )

Use the following formula to calculate the amount of pumped water

  The following formula is applied when considering a three-dimensional osmotic flow. According to Non-Patent Document 20, this equation is originally an equation that expresses heat conduction, but in a steady state, an equation that expresses heat and water penetration is expressed by the same equation.

However Q3 _w here denotes the drawdown pumping amount, s ₁ is drawdown was observed at a point distant by r ₁ from the center of the sphere, s ₂ is the point from the center of the distance r ₂ at the center point of the sphere. (R ₂ > r ₁ )

When the above equation is compared with the same permeability coefficient, the same penetration distance radius, and h for 2r ₂

In the case of the same permeability coefficient radius and the same penetration distance radius from the above formula, the amount of pumped water is determined by the ratio r ₂ / r ₁ . The following r ₁ / r ₂ ratio was specifically compared.

Looking at the flow rate ratio at this time, it is advantageous to use a two-dimensional (cylindrical) shaped container within the range of the above r ₁ / r ₂ ratio. The two-dimensional (cylindrical) three-dimensional (spherical) volume at this time is In comparison, the sphere is 4π / 3 · r ₂ ^{3 and the} cylindrical shape is πr ₂ ² × 2r ₂ . A sphere becomes advantageous per 5 times volume.

Looking at 1.5 × Q3 _w / Q2 _w , the flow rate ratio is reversed at a value slightly smaller than 0.5 in the ratio r ₁ / r ₂ .

r ₁ / r ₂ ratio greater take things that come out waste in the use of space, large-scale facilities as r ₁ / r ₂ ratio to become smaller, production is more of cylindrical corresponding to the two-dimensional flow than spherical or Easy to install, 2D can adopt various shapes, disc shape, short column cylinder, long column cylinder, and can easily cope with various changing site conditions. Adopting the osmotic flow method will be advantageous.

  In terms of efficiency from the viewpoint of flow rate, the use of a two-dimensional osmotic flow is advantageous. However, when silica is eluted over time, a three-dimensional osmotic flow may be good. In this case, it is possible to adopt zoning that changes the hydraulic conductivity between the spherical shell side and the central core side in the infiltration chamber.

  Next, the relationship between the scale and the permeate flow rate of a device having a cylindrical permeation chamber corresponding to two-dimensional permeation flow will be examined.

  The flow rate is in a range changed from 0.5 l / min to 200 l / min.

The amount of water level reduction is set to (s ₁ −s ₂ ) <4r ₂ with reference to Non-Patent Document 12 from the viewpoint of preventing piping.

The hydraulic conductivity is assumed to be k = 1 × 10 ⁻⁵ m / s from the value of the existing data on the shirasu.

Where (s ₁ −s ₂ ) = 3r ₂
Setting the r ₁ / r ₂ = 0.1

From this, the following equation is derived.

The following table shows the relationship between the pumped amount Q and r ₂ · h (m ² ).

  Next, the scale of the penetration part, that is, the specifications of the cylinder will be examined specifically.

  For example, when the penetration amount is 10 liters / minute, the combination of the height, area, and volume of the penetration portion is as follows.

  Therefore, increasing the cylinder height over the cylinder area is more advantageous for achieving the same effect.

  That is, the volume can be reduced. As an experimental stage, it is advantageous to increase the cylinder height.

However, when r ₂ (cylindrical radius of the permeation chamber) is smaller than 0.5 m, r ₁ is 50 mm or less from r ₁ / r ₂ = 0.1, that is, the diameter of the perforated shaft tube is 100 mm or less, and the suction installed therein There is a limit because the pipe diameter is small. Also, it is not desirable to increase the elution concentration of silica because the cylindrical radius of the permeation chamber is too small because the permeation distance is small.

"Pumping equipment"
The water taken from the surface flows into the reservoir after taking water. From there, the head for raising the temperature and raising the pressure to the pressurized water tank is as small as the pump 3 in FIG. Also, if the capacity is based on 10 liters per minute, it seems that a capacity of about 200 liters per minute is sufficient in relation to water intake capacity.

  As shown in the pump 12 of FIG. 1, it is considered that the capacity of the pump that is set up at the center of the infiltration portion is sufficient from 10 liters per minute to 2 to 3 times the capacity. However, if it is assumed that the dissolution of silica progresses due to continuous infiltration and the hydraulic conductivity increases, it is sufficient that the capacity is about 100 liters per minute.

  Moreover, the head is considered to be about 5 to 6 m even considering recirculation. According to Non-Patent Document 21, in the case of a pump type: horizontal shaft single suction single-stage centrifugal pump or water-sealed submersible motor pump single-stage centrifugal pump, the suction diameter is 40 mm and 60 Hz from the pump selection diagram, and the pump diameter is 42 mm. Further, 0.4 kW is required as the output of the electric motor C.

  The suction port diameter of 40 mm matches the suction pipe diameter corresponding to the central part diameter of 100 mm.

  However, since the total head is almost zero, the amount of power used is usually reduced if water is circulated through the siphon through the siphon to reduce the head loss.

"Suction pipe"
According to Non-Patent Document 20, the outer diameter of the suction pipe needs to be suppressed to about ½ of the inner diameter of the central portion. In addition, the lower limit of the suction pipe is set to a height with a margin from the bottom of the center.

"Sidewall"
The space inside the side wall is a portion surrounded by the inner and outer spherical shells or cylindrical shells that make up the inner and outer walls of the side wall, and is used to infiltrate the water supplied from the pressure tank with a certain head of water into the permeation chamber. The thickness of the storage tank is determined from the ability to supply water to the infiltration part for a certain period even when the supply from the pressure tank is interrupted.
The inside of the side wall is a perforated wall for supplying water to the permeation chamber. The outer wall has a function of retaining a function internal space that blocks the outside and water from entering and exiting.

"Required area for solar power generation equipment"
According to Non-Patent Document 22, the size of a small-scale power generation module is 1 m × 0.5 m per unit, and the generated power is said to be 63 W. The required power is about 0.8 kW if the pump capacity is 0.4 kW × 2.

From now on, 13 small-scale power generation modules are required as the power generation apparatus 20 of FIG. Since the area is 0.5 m ² per unit, it is necessary to secure a minimum area of 6.5 m ² when photovoltaic power generation is performed as a power source.

"Volume of pressurized water tank and scale of solar water heater"
According to Non-Patent Document 23, USH-281W-3 is an off-the-shelf product.

The tank capacity per unit is 280 liters, and the heat collecting area is 3m x 2.1m
If the processing capacity of the apparatus is 10 liters per minute, a capacity of 600 liters is required for one hour. Considering the daytime sunshine during the stratification period, it can be considered that the temperature rise can be sufficiently measured in one hour. The required number is 2.1, and the area size of the heat collecting section 9 in FIG. 1 corresponding to this is 13.5 m ² .

"Movement means for the arrangement of intakes and drains"
The intake and discharge outlets shall be installed at appropriate positions in consideration of the surface water flow caused by wind blowing and other causes.

  When there is no flow, the intake and discharge outlets are placed with the target water area in between. In the case where there is a flow shown in FIG. 9, the shape of the water replenishment target water area becomes a wide band as shown in 28 of FIG. 9 and flows in the extending direction of the band as described in “0075” to “0076”. There are many things. In such a case, as shown in FIG. 9, if the water intake and the water outlet are arranged so as to be perpendicular to the flow direction 29 shown in FIG. If it goes downstream by performing diffusion from the outlet, it is possible to considerably increase the ratio of the area in which the silica-containing state is improved compared to the replenishment in the replenishment target water area.

  The moving work for this purpose is carried out by using a work boat or the like, or by a self-propelled facility that is added separately.

  The inner diameter of the flexible tube 19 shown in FIG. 1 capable of handling 10 liters per minute is about 100 mm or less, and the overflow width is about 100 mm when the overflow port in two directions is considered in two directions.

  As for the outlet, a morning glory type having a diameter of about 300 mm is assumed.

The supply of silica as a natural process to lakes and inner bays is generally done through rivers, reflecting the geological topography and weathering conditions of the basin.
However, inner bays with eutrophic lakes and urban areas where rivers are actively used as a hinterland tend to have a shortage of silica against excessive supply of N and P.

  If silica is replenished to the shortage area by operation of this device, diatoms can be proliferated, so the control of problem algae such as blue-green algae as shown in Non-Patent Document 24 is installed for purposes other than water supply. It can contribute not only to management problems but also to improving the quality of raw water. Diatoms are primary producers in the ecosystem, and can contribute not only to the conservation of ecosystems but also to the growth of aquatic organisms such as aquatic fish species that are higher in the food chain.

  Furthermore, it can also contribute as a means of supplying silicon fertilizer in the agricultural field.

  According to Non-Patent Paper 25, the amount of silica supplied by rivers throughout the year is quite large, so spot silica replenishment such as measures against red tide is effective, but a large device is required to contribute to the increase in the overall supply. become.

If the carcass in which diatoms are precipitated as a result of photosynthesis can be stored under conditions that do not easily elute even in the circulation period, it can be used as a countermeasure against global warming by fixing CO ₂ .

1 is an overall view of a silica replenishing device mounted on a trolley showing an embodiment of the present invention. It is an AA line horizontal sectional view in FIG. The small silica replenishing device and the permeation chamber are shown by halving the cylindrical shape. FIG. 3 is a vertical sectional view of a spherical infiltration chamber and a side wall of a spherical shell (the upper device is omitted). It is the BB line horizontal sectional view in FIG. It is a large-sized silica replenishment apparatus side wall part installed in the ground, and an osmosis | permeation chamber vertical sectional view (upper apparatus is abbreviate | omitted). It is the CC sectional view taken on the line in FIG. It is a figure which shows arrangement | positioning of a water intake and a water outlet which are effective at the time of the movement which got on the flow where the said water supply area becomes a wide strip | belt.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Water intake 4 ... Thermal insulation and pressurization water tank 5 ... Side wall part 9 ... Solar water heater heat collection part 10 ... Permeation chamber 11 ... Perforated axial pipe 12 ... Pumping pump 14 ... Suction pipe 18 ... Outlet

Claims (5)

    Filled with the elution material of amorphous silica, the permeation chamber into which the raw water sent from the heating means that raises the water temperature to the heat retaining and pressurizing water tank is taken, and the inner wall has a hole that communicates with the permeation chamber The outer wall is water-impervious and surrounds the outside of the infiltration chamber; means for applying a high head (pressurization) to the side wall and creating a low head (low pressure) in the center of the infiltration chamber; A device for elution of amorphous silica, comprising means for heating raw water supplied to the apparatus. When collecting raw water, elution apparatus amorphous silica according to claim 1, wherein installing the equipment for collecting the water temperature or high pH surface target water area. Raw water after collection to perform heating installation equipment, dissolution apparatus amorphous silica according to claim 1, wherein supplying the water after heating the infiltration chamber. When reducing water containing an effective silica diffusion aiming The eluted silica in the diatoms breeding waters dissolution apparatus of amorphous silica according to claim 1 wherein placing the facilities that discharge to the surface of the target water area. A facility that collects surface water with a high water temperature or pH in the target water area is installed, and when water containing silica that has been eluted is returned to the water area, the state of the flow near the surface of the target water area is released to the surface of the target water area. utilizing, intake and to take the arrangement for performing the diffusion of silica, elution apparatus of the amorphous silica of equipment and easily movable claim 1 wherein the discharge collection facilities and water water.

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