JP4316429B2 - Communication device and communication apparatus - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a communication apparatus for transmitting a signal and a communication device for realizing signal transmission, and more particularly to a communication technique for transmitting a signal using a plurality of communication devices.

In a communication network such as a LAN (Local Area Network) or a WAN (Wide Area Network), a plurality of communication terminals are connected by coaxial cables, optical fibers, or the like. These communication terminals transmit signals to desired communication terminals by designating addresses in the network. In conventional networks, communication terminals are generally connected by wire, and recently, a system for connecting them wirelessly has also been proposed. For example, an ad hoc network in which all nodes that are mobile devices have a predetermined transmission radius and performs wireless communication between nodes has been proposed (see, for example, Patent Document 1).
JP 2001-268127 A

  In communication networks and mounting boards, terminals and elements are physically connected by individual wiring, so if the wiring is disconnected, signals cannot be transmitted, and the communication function may stop. sell.

  Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a novel communication technique and a power supply technique related to a communication apparatus and a communication device in order to solve such a conventional problem.

  In order to solve the above-described problem, an aspect of the present invention provides a communication device that transmits a signal, a ground layer and a power supply layer, a communication element that is electromagnetically connected to the ground layer and the power supply layer, a ground layer, and The communication element includes a dielectric layer and a signal layer stacked between the power supply layers, and the communication element provides a communication device connected to the signal layer via a capacitor. The communication element preferably transmits a signal by generating an electric field or an electromagnetic field in the dielectric layer. Preferably, the communication device further includes a drive circuit that connects the ground layer or the power supply layer to the signal layer, and the capacitor is preferably set to have a capacitance so as to reduce a reactance component of the output impedance of the drive circuit. The capacitor may be set so that the output impedance of the drive circuit is a resistance component.

  In another aspect of the present invention, a plurality of communication elements are distributed and each communication element is electromagnetically connected to the first signal layer, the dielectric layer, and the second signal layer, and the dielectric layer is connected to the first signal layer. Each communication element is disposed between the second signal layers, and each communication element is connected to the first signal layer via a capacitor, and transmits a signal by passing a current between the first signal layer and the second signal layer. A communication device is provided.

  According to still another aspect of the present invention, a plurality of signal layers for transmitting signals are formed, and a plurality of communication elements are provided that are connected to two or more signal layers and transmit / receive signals between the two or more signal layers. Communication device is provided. The communication element may transmit / receive a signal to / from a communication element provided in a signal layer to which the communication element is connected. A communication element receives a signal from a communication element provided in a signal layer to which the communication element is connected and transmits a signal to a communication element provided in another signal layer to which the communication element is connected. You may make it transmit sequentially to the signal layer of a period. Each signal layer has an identification number, and signal transmission may be realized by using the identification number of the signal layer, and each communication element is connected to each local signal layer in the signal layer. The transmission of signals in the signal layer may be realized using a local identification number.

  In the communication apparatus of this aspect, it is preferable that an identification number serving as a reference is set in at least one signal layer, and the identification numbers of other signal layers are sequentially set based on the reference identification number. At this time, when the communication element receives a signal including the identification number of the signal layer to which the communication element is connected, the communication element sets and holds the identification number of the signal layer to which the signal is transmitted, and then another signal layer to which the communication element is connected. And a signal including the set identification number may be transmitted to the other signal layer. The identification number may be expressed as coordinates indicating a two-dimensional or three-dimensional position of the signal layer with respect to the signal layer for which the reference identification number is set. Further, when the communication element receives the data signal, it is preferable that the communication element that is the transfer destination of the signal is specified, and the data signal can be transmitted to the communication element that is the transfer destination while receiving the data signal.

  In addition, what converted the expression of this invention between the apparatuses, methods, systems, or programs is also effective as an aspect of this invention.

  ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, a novel communication device, a communication apparatus, etc. can be provided.

<First Embodiment>
FIG. 1 is a diagram for explaining a communication technology scheme according to the first embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 1 shows a state in which a plurality of communication elements indicated by small circles are distributed in a space. Each communication element has a local communication function for transmitting a signal to other communication elements arranged around the communication element. This local communication sequentially relays signals between adjacent communication elements, and transmits the signals to the communication element that is the final destination. This communication method is called a chain transmission type communication method.

  When the signal transmission source is the communication element 200a and the final destination is the communication element 200b, according to the chain transmission type communication method, the signal is transmitted from the communication element 200a to the communication element 200b via the communication elements 200c and 200d. The As a signal transmission method, for example, the communication element 200a transmits a signal to all the peripheral communication elements within the signal reachable range, and all the communication elements that have received this signal further transmit the signal to the peripheral communication elements. By doing so, the signal may be transmitted concentrically to the final destination. As a more preferable method, a path between the communication elements 200a and 200b may be set in advance or in real time, and a signal may be transmitted through only the specific communication element through this path. In particular, when the latter method is adopted, only communication elements necessary for signal transmission transmit, so that power consumption can be reduced and interference with communication of other communication elements can be reduced. . An example of a signal transmission method in the chain transmission type communication method will be described later.

  In the communication apparatus according to the present invention, it is preferable that a plurality of communication elements are arranged in a space, and individual wiring for physically connecting the communication elements is not formed in the space. For example, these communication elements may be connected to a flat conductive layer or conductive substrate, an electromagnetic effect transmission layer capable of transmitting an AC signal, or the like. The conductive layer and the electromagnetic effect transmission layer may be formed on a silicon wafer. The transmission of the signal may be realized by the release of charge in the conductive layer. Here, the communication element is not limited to the one configured as a chip, but is a concept including a communication function described in the embodiment of the present invention, and its form and shape are not limited.

  Each communication element preferably has a relatively short distance (hereinafter also referred to as “effective communication distance”) through which signals can be transmitted. Increasing the signal communication distance may increase the power consumption and adversely affect other communication elements that do not contribute to communication. According to the chain transmission type communication method, it is sufficient if a signal can be transmitted to a communication element existing in the vicinity of the communication system. Therefore, the effective communication distance is preferably set according to an average distance to surrounding communication elements.

  The communication technology of the present invention can be applied to various uses. For example, by providing an electronic component (circuit element) such as an LSI or memory with the communication function of the present invention, it is possible to provide a technique for mounting a plurality of electronic components on a board without individually wiring each electronic component. It is. In recent years, research on robots with skin sensations has been actively conducted, but the technology for transmitting the detection information of the tactile sensor to the brain computer of the robot is provided by providing the tactile sensor of the robot with the communication function of the present invention. It is also possible to do. In addition, by interspersing the sensors having the communication function of the present invention on the floor of the building, it is possible to monitor the behavior of an elderly person living alone or to use it for crime prevention while absent. Further, by providing the light emitting element with the communication function of the present invention, a cloth display device or the like can be manufactured. Further, by providing the tag with the communication function of the present invention, it is possible to produce a tag that can read information at low cost and with high accuracy. Further, by providing the wireless communication element with the communication function of the present invention, for example, by installing it in a computer and arranging the wireless communication element of the partner computer in the vicinity of the wireless communication element, information can be easily transmitted and received between the computers. It is also possible. It is also possible to realize a communication apparatus that embeds a communication element having the communication function of the present invention in the conductive inner wall of an automobile and eliminates troublesome individual wiring.

  Since this communication technique transmits a signal between communication elements arranged at a relatively short distance, the attenuation and deterioration of the signal due to the distance are small, and high-speed transmission independent of the number of nodes is possible with high throughput. In addition, by disposing a large number of communication elements in the space, a wide signal transmission area is realized as an information exchange medium with a chip having a predetermined function such as a sensor. In addition, since the communication element can be arranged at a relatively free position, it is possible to generate artificial skin or a display device having a desired function by a simple design. In addition, it is possible to manufacture a substrate circuit with a small number of processes without the need for substrate circuit design such as wiring. When the communication element is sandwiched between the conductive layers, electromagnetic noise emission is eliminated, so that it is highly useful particularly in a highly public place such as a hospital. Furthermore, even when a failure occurs in the conductive layer or the like, it also has a self-repair function that can reset the path between chips and establish a new communication path.

  FIG. 2 shows an example of an external configuration of the communication apparatus 100 according to the first embodiment of the present invention. In the communication device 100, a plurality of communication elements 200 are sandwiched between two conductive layers 16 and 18. Each communication element 200 is electromagnetically connected to the two conductive layers 16 and 18. The conductive layers 16 and 18 may have a single layer structure or a multilayer structure. In this example, the conductive layers 16 and 18 have a configuration that extends two-dimensionally. FIG. 2 shows a state in which the conductive layer 16 and the conductive layer 18 are opened in order to explain that the communication element 200 is sandwiched.

  For example, when the communication device 100 according to the present invention is applied as artificial skin that covers the surface of a robot, the conductive layers 16 and 18 are formed of a conductive rubber material. By forming the artificial skin with a flexible rubber material, the artificial skin can freely expand and contract in accordance with the operation of the robot. Further, since there is no individual wiring and signals are transmitted through the conductive layers 16 and 18 having elasticity, it is possible to reduce the possibility that the communication function is damaged due to disconnection or the like and to provide stable communication capability. When the communication device 100 according to the present invention is applied as a circuit board, a flexible circuit board can be realized by forming the conductive layers 16 and 18 from a conductive rubber material.

  Each communication element 200 may have other functions in addition to the communication function. When the communication device 100 is applied as an artificial skin of a robot, some of the communication elements 200 also have a function as a tactile sensor, and after detecting a stimulus received from the outside, the detection is performed in cooperation with other communication elements. The transmitted signal is transmitted to the target communication element. When the communication device 100 is applied as a substrate mounting technology, the communication element 200 may have a function as a circuit element such as an LSI or a memory. Thus, in this specification, “communication device” is used to mean a device having at least a communication function, and has other functions added thereto, such as a sensor function as an artificial skin and an arithmetic function as an electronic circuit. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that this is possible.

  FIG. 3 is a functional block diagram of the communication element 200. The communication element 200 includes a communication unit 50, a processing unit 60, and a memory 70. The communication unit 50 may send and receive signals to and from other communication elements via the conductive layers 16 and 18 (see FIG. 2). Although not shown in FIG. 2, the communication device 100 includes a dielectric layer disposed around the communication element 200 and sandwiched between the conductive layers 16 and 18, and the communication unit 50 is generated in the dielectric layer. Signals may be transmitted / received to / from other communication elements 200 by an electric field or an electromagnetic field. The processing unit 60 controls the communication function of the communication element 200. Specifically, the processing unit 60 performs processing related to signal transmission with other communication elements 200 such as monitoring of surrounding signals, analysis of received signals, generation of transmission signals, and control of transmission timing. The processing unit 60 may realize functions other than the communication function such as a sensor function and a calculation function. The memory 70 records information necessary for realizing a communication function and other functions in advance, and records information as necessary.

  FIG. 4A shows a cross section of the communication apparatus 100 and is a diagram for explaining an example of the structure of the communication device 300 that realizes local communication. In this specification, “communication device” is used to mean a structure that realizes a local communication function.

  In this example, the communication device 300 includes a first signal layer 20 and a second signal layer 30, a communication element 200 electromagnetically connected to the first signal layer 20 and the second signal layer 30, a first signal layer 20 and a first signal layer 20. And a dielectric layer 22 disposed between the two signal layers 30. As illustrated, the first signal layer 20 and the second signal layer 30 sandwich the dielectric layer 22 and the plurality of communication elements 200. The communication element 200 and the dielectric layer 22 are electromagnetically connected. The second signal layer 30 may be a grounded ground layer.

  In order to transmit a signal, the communication device 300 repeatedly sucks and discharges charges from the surfaces of the first signal layer 20 and the second signal layer 30 on the communication element 200 side, and generates an alternating current I. By appropriately determining the conditions such as the layer thickness, an electric field and an electromagnetic field generated by the alternating current I can be confined in the dielectric layer 22, and electromagnetic wave motion can be transmitted in a two-dimensional radial manner in the dielectric layer 22. The current flowing through the first signal layer 20 and the second signal layer 30 flows only in the vicinity of the surface on the dielectric layer 22 side, and the transmission distance of the electromagnetic wave motion depends on the electrical conductivity of the first signal layer 20 and the second signal layer 30. Decide. The greater these electrical conductivities, the smaller the attenuation and the longer the transmission distance, ie the effective communication distance.

  The first signal layer 20 and the second signal layer 30 may be made of a conductor such as a metal or a conductive rubber material, but may be made of a dielectric. When the first signal layer 20 and the second signal layer 30 are made of a dielectric, the first signal layer 20 and the second signal layer 30 are made of a material having a dielectric constant smaller than that of the dielectric layer 22. The Thereby, it is possible to confine an electric field or an electromagnetic field in the dielectric layer 22. The first signal layer 20 and the second signal layer 30 may have a configuration such as air or vacuum.

  The alternating current I for generating an electric field or an electromagnetic field may be a uniform current or a displacement current. In addition, in order to generate an electromagnetic field, it is also possible to use electromagnetic waves, such as light by a laser or LED.

  FIG. 4B is a diagram for explaining another example of the structure of the communication device 300 that realizes local communication. In this example, the communication device 300 includes a first signal layer 20 and a second signal layer 30, a communication element 200 electromagnetically connected to the first signal layer 20 and the second signal layer 30, a first signal layer 20 and Dielectric layers 22a and 22b disposed between the second signal layers 30 and a conductive layer 24 disposed between the dielectric layers 22a and 22b are provided. Even when the communication device 300 has such a structure, communication using an electric field or an electromagnetic field is possible by generating an alternating current in the communication element 200.

  FIG. 5A is a diagram for describing a basic principle by which the communication device 300 in the embodiment transmits a signal. The communication device 300 alternately switches the switch 26 to suck and discharge charges between the first signal layer 20 and the second signal layer 30 to generate an alternating current, thereby generating an electromagnetic field. This electromagnetic field is transmitted through the dielectric layer 22 sandwiched between the first signal layer 20 and the second signal layer 30 and is transmitted to the communication device 300 located in the vicinity.

  FIG. 5B is a diagram for explaining another example of the principle by which the communication device 300 transmits a signal. The communication device 300 generates an electromagnetic field by generating an alternating current between the first signal layer 20 and the second signal layer 30 by alternately switching the pair of switches 26a and 26b at the same time.

  FIG. 6 shows a specific implementation example of the communication device 300 including the communication element 200. The communication device 300 includes a second signal layer 30 and a power supply layer 44 that are ground layers, a communication element 200 that is electromagnetically connected to the second signal layer 30 and the power supply layer 44, and a second signal layer 30 and a power supply layer 44. The dielectric layer 22, the first signal layer 20, and the dielectric layer 43 are stacked between each other. As illustrated, the second signal layer 30, the dielectric layer 22, the first signal layer 20, the dielectric layer 43, and the power supply layer 44 are laminated in this order. The communication element 200 transmits a signal by generating an electric field or an electromagnetic field in the dielectric layer 22 and the dielectric layer 43. The communication element 200 is sandwiched between the second signal layer 30 and the power supply layer 44 and is surrounded by the dielectric layer 22, the first signal layer 20, and the dielectric layer 43. The dielectric layer 22, the first signal layer 20, and the dielectric layer 43 are electromagnetically connected to the communication element 200. With this structure, the communication element 200 detects an electric field or an electromagnetic field in the dielectric layer 22 and the dielectric layer 43, respectively, and detects a signal with high accuracy by detecting a difference between the electric field or the electromagnetic field in the dielectric layer 22 and the dielectric layer 43. It becomes possible to do. By taking the difference, the influence of noise mixed from the outside can be minimized, and the SN ratio can be increased. By providing the switch 26 as shown in FIG. 5A between the first signal layer 20 and the power supply layer 44 and the second signal layer 30, the first signal layer 20, the power supply layer 44, and the first signal layer 20 are provided. And the second signal layer 30 can be short-circuited, and the potential of the first signal layer 20 can be easily applied. This is an advantage that the communication element 200 is connected to the power supply layer 44 and the second signal layer 30 which is a ground layer.

  FIG. 7A shows an outline of circuit operation for realizing the communication device 300. Communication device 300 may be formed on silicon using semiconductor manufacturing techniques. The communication device 300 includes a switch 26 such as a MOS switch in which a pMOS and an nMOS are connected in parallel. The switch 26 is an electromagnetic connection between the communication element 200 and the second signal layer 30 and the power supply layer 44 that are ground layers. Switch alternately. Specifically, the switch 26 switches the connection between the first signal layer 20 and the second signal layer 30 and the connection between the first signal layer 20 and the power supply layer 44 according to the logical value of the signal to be transmitted, A signal is transmitted as electromagnetic wave motion. As described above, the dielectric layer 22 is provided between the first signal layer 20 and the second signal layer 30, and similarly, a separate layer is provided between the first signal layer 20 and the power supply layer 44. A dielectric layer 43 is provided. A voltage corresponding to the logical value of the signal to be transmitted is applied to the input unit 52, and the switching operation by the switch 26 is executed. A processing unit 60 (see FIG. 3) in the communication element 200 supplies an input signal to the input unit 52.

  As a result of the switching operation by the switch 26, a current is generated from the first signal layer 20 to the second signal layer 30 and from the power supply layer 44 to the first signal layer 20, and between the first signal layer 20 and the second signal layer 30. 2 and the dielectric layer 43 existing between the power supply layer 44 and the first signal layer 20 generate an electric field or electromagnetic field spreading in a two-dimensional radial pattern. This electric field or electromagnetic field is propagated to the adjacent communication element 200.

  Adjacent communication element 200 observes a change in electric field or electromagnetic field and detects a signal. The adjacent communication element 200 may detect a signal from an electric field or an electromagnetic field generated in the dielectric layer 22, and may detect a signal from an electric field or an electromagnetic field generated in the dielectric layer 43. As described above, the communication element 200 may detect a signal from an electric field or an electromagnetic field generated in both the dielectric layer 22 and the dielectric layer 43. By detecting an electric field or an electromagnetic field in the dielectric layer 22 and the dielectric layer 43, respectively, and detecting a difference between the electric field or the electromagnetic field in the dielectric layer 22 and the dielectric layer 43, it is possible to minimize the influence of noise introduced from the outside. The SN ratio can be increased.

  FIG. 7B shows an example of a circuit that limits the amplitude of the AC voltage applied to the first signal layer 20. A voltage limiting element 54 for limiting the voltage, in this example, a diode array is disposed in each of the power paths for applying a voltage from the power supply layer 44 and the second signal layer 30 to the first signal layer 20. The voltage applied to the first signal layer 20 can be limited by inserting one or a plurality of diodes into the respective power paths in the forward direction as the voltage limiting element 54. When the voltage limiting element 54 is not provided, the ground voltage (0 [V]) from the second signal layer 30 and the power supply voltage (E [V]) from the power supply layer 44 are alternately applied to the first signal layer 20. However, when n diode arrays are inserted in the forward direction into the power path from the second signal layer 30 and the power path from the power supply layer 44, ne [V] And the voltage of (E-ne) [V] are applied alternately. Here, e [V] represents the forward voltage of the diode.

  By providing the voltage limiting element 54, the applied voltage can be lowered to a necessary level even when the power supply voltage is sufficiently higher than the voltage necessary for signal transmission. Moreover, since the amount of current is reduced by inserting the voltage limiting element 54 into the power path, the power consumption can be reduced, which contributes to power saving of the communication device 300. Note that the resistance values of the voltage limiting element 54a provided between the second signal layer 30 and the first signal layer 20 and the voltage limiting element 54b provided between the power supply layer 44 and the first signal layer 20 may be different. .

  FIG. 8A shows a specific configuration example of the communication element 200. The communication element 200 is configured as an LSI having the communication function described above, and FIG. 8A shows the upper surface of the LSI that contacts the first signal layer 20. The communication element 200 includes a digital circuit 202 having the functions of the processing unit 60 and the memory 70 shown in FIG. The circular electrode 204 functions as the communication unit 50. In mounting the communication element 200, the electrode 204 is preferably formed small. An electrode on the back surface of the LSI (not shown) is electromagnetically connected to the second signal layer 30. The electrode 204 is applied with a power supply voltage from the power supply layer 44 via the first signal layer 20 and a ground voltage is applied from the second signal layer 30 on the back surface by the switching operation of the switch 26 (see FIG. 5 or FIG. 7). Is done. As described above, the communication element 200 switches the switches 26 alternately to generate an alternating current, thereby changing an electric field or an electromagnetic field and transmitting a signal.

FIG. 8B and FIG. 8C are diagrams for explaining the principle of signal transmission by the communication element 200. In the drawing, a region indicated by S indicates the electrode 204 of the communication element 200. The conductivity of the first signal layer 20 and the second signal layer 30 is σ, and the dielectric constant of the dielectric layer 22 is ε ₀ . Consider the structure in which the dielectric layer 22 is sandwiched between the first signal layer 20 and the second signal layer 30 as described above. In addition, in FIG.8 (b) and FIG.8 (c), illustration of the dielectric layer 22 is abbreviate | omitted. In this structure, electromagnetic wave motion is generated, and the generated electromagnetic wave motion is transmitted into the dielectric layer 22.

Ｂ_０は磁場の強さを表す定数である。ここで、上記一般解における各パラメータの値を、以下のように設定する。

Ｒｅ［ｋ］は、誘電層２２中の電磁波動の波数であり、ｃは誘電層２２における光速である。Ｉｍ［ｋ］は伝播する電磁波動の減衰を与えるパラメータである。Ｒｅ［ｐ］は表皮深さを与えるパラメータである。 As illustrated, cylindrical coordinates are taken and a solution around the z-axis in the vertical direction is obtained for each layer. The origin of the cylindrical coordinates is set to the middle point between the lower surface of the first signal layer 20 and the upper surface of the second signal layer 30 in the vertical downward direction of the center point of the circular electrode 204. The first signal layer 20 interval between the second signal layer 30, i.e. the thickness of the dielectric layer 22 2d, the radius of the electrode 204 and _{r 0.} In a solution symmetric with respect to the z-axis, the magnetic field vector B has only a θ component and is expressed as B (r, z). In such a structure, it is assumed that a current flows from the first signal layer 20 to the second signal layer 30 along a cylindrical surface having a radius r ₀ in the communication element 200. Note that the current path does not need to have a strict cylindrical shape, and does not need to have a strictly uniform current flow. The total sum of the skin currents traversing the cylindrical surface with the radius r having the z axis as the axis of symmetry is expressed as I (r). If the frequency of electromagnetic wave motion is ω, the general solution is expressed as follows. Note that both the first signal layer 20 and the second signal layer 30 are conductors, and in the following description of the transmission principle, the respective layers are referred to as conductor layers without distinction.

B ₀ is a constant representing the strength of the magnetic field. Here, the value of each parameter in the general solution is set as follows.

Re [k] is the wave number of electromagnetic wave motion in the dielectric layer 22, and c is the speed of light in the dielectric layer 22. Im [k] is a parameter that gives attenuation of propagating electromagnetic wave motion. Re [p] is a parameter that gives the skin depth.

を満たすこと。
なお、透磁率は誘電層２２、導体層ともにμであることと仮定した。 Also,
H ₁ ⁽²⁾ (z) ≡J ₁ (z) -jN ₁ (z)
(Hankel function).
In order to transmit the microwave and the above solution is established, the following conditions must be satisfied.
1) Satisfying | σ / ω | >> ε ₀ (σ is the conductivity of the conductor layer).
2) The skin depth is smaller than the thickness of the conductive layer.
3) The attenuation distance is larger than the electromagnetic wave length in vacuum corresponding to the frequency. That is, −Im [k] is approximately equal to or smaller than Re [k].
4) The distance between the conductive layers is

To meet.
The magnetic permeability was assumed to be μ for both the dielectric layer 22 and the conductor layer.

  By satisfying the above transmission conditions, microwaves can be transmitted in a two-dimensional radial manner in the dielectric layer 22. For example, by setting the frequency to about 10 to 100 GHz, the transmission distance to about 10 cm, and d = 1 to about 0.1 mm, a material having conductivity that satisfies the above microwave transmission conditions can be easily found. In addition, even if the skin depth is larger than the thickness of the conductive layer, the electromagnetic action is transmitted, but in that case, the electromagnetic wave leaks out of the conductive layer.

  By transmitting electromagnetic wave motion as microwaves, the signal transmission speed becomes the speed of light. As described above, the communication device 100 according to the present embodiment generates a ring-shaped electromagnetic field having a width of about one wavelength to transmit 1-bit information, and performs communication using this electromagnetic field. Signal transmission exceeding 1 GHz can be performed with low power consumption. Thereby, the communication apparatus 100 can transmit a high-frequency logic signal in synchronization with a clock of a computer or the like.

で与えられる。この値は、通信素子２００からみた出力インピーダンスに相当する。ここで、関数Ｐ（ｘ）を

と設定する。 If the potential difference between the surface of the upper conductor layer at the distance r from the center, that is, the surface of the first signal layer 20 and the surface of the lower conductor layer, that is, the surface of the second signal layer 30 is V (r), a cylindrical surface having a radius r. The ratio of the currents I (r) and V (r) flowing across A (potential difference 2dE _z between the electrodes at that point) is

Given in. This value corresponds to the output impedance viewed from the communication element 200. Where the function P (x) is

And set.

FIG. 9 shows a plot of P (x) against real number x. The imaginary part (Im [P (x)]) of P (x) means a reactance component and diverges logarithmically near the origin. This means that when the radius r _{0 of the} cylinder serving as the current path is reduced, the reactance component is increased and is not effectively converted to electromagnetic wave energy even when a voltage is applied. Therefore, in the case of adopting this structure, it is difficult to make the radius r ₀ , that is, the radius of the circular electrode 204 small.

となるように選べばよい。これにより、回路の直列共振状態をつくることができ、インピーダンスを最小に設定することができる。 FIG. 10 shows a configuration example of the communication device 300 considering that the radius of the electrode 204 is formed to be small. The communication device 300 includes a drive circuit 82 for driving the communication element 200 and a capacitor 80 that connects the communication element 200 and the first signal layer 20. The drive circuit 82 may be present in the communication element 200. As described above, the drive circuit 82 includes the switch 26. The reactance component (Im shown in FIG. 9) generated when the radius r _{0 of the} electrode 204 is small is inductive. When electromagnetic waves are emitted by switching the circular electrode 204 having the radius r ₀ , the impedance of the first signal layer 20 is equivalent to that of a circuit in which a resistor and an inductance are connected in series. By connecting to the first signal layer 20, the reactance component can be lowered. The capacitor 80 can be configured inside the communication element 200. Capacity C is

Choose to be Thereby, the series resonance state of the circuit can be created, and the impedance can be set to the minimum.

For example, assuming that the frequency is 10 GHz, 2d = 1 mm, and r ₀ = 0.1 mm, kr ₀ = 0.02, so Im [P (x)] = 4.0, and the reactance component is nearly three times larger than the resistance component. Since the reactance at this time is 50Ω, when the capacitor 80 having a capacity of C = 0.3 pF is added and driven, the impedance viewed from the drive circuit 82 becomes a real number, that is, a resistance, and the energy consumed there is two-dimensional. It is efficiently converted into energy of an electric field or electromagnetic field radiated.

  FIG. 11 shows a modification of the configuration of the communication device 300 considering that the radius of the electrode 204 is formed to be small. In this modification, the electrode 204 of the communication element 200 is connected to the first signal layer 20 via the insulating layer 210. As described in relation to FIG. 10, the capacitor 80 may be configured inside the communication element 200, but may be provided outside the communication element 200 as an insulating layer 210 as illustrated in FIG. 11. In this case, a non-conductive adhesive can be used for connection between the communication element 200 and the first signal layer 20, and the manufacturing process can be simplified. In any case, the reactance component in the case where the cylindrical radius of the current path is made small can be reduced by coupling the electrode 204 and the first signal layer 20 via the capacitance. Therefore, the electrode 204 can be reduced in size, and the communication device 200 can be created by easily mounting the communication element 200.

  FIG. 12 is an explanatory diagram of a signal transmission method in the communication device 100 according to the embodiment. In the embodiment, each communication element 200 holds a coordinate indicating its position in the space as an address in a memory. The coordinates may be two-dimensional coordinates or three-dimensional coordinates. The coordinates of the communication element 200 may be set by an external computer or the like, or may be set autonomously by each. In this example, an object is to transmit a signal from a communication element located at coordinates (1, 1) to a communication element located at coordinates (7, 7). Hereinafter, the communication element located at the coordinates (M, N) is expressed as “communication element (M, N)”. In the illustrated example, the communication elements are regularly arranged for convenience of explanation, but this arrangement form may be random.

  FIG. 13 shows a packet of signals generated by the communication element of the transmission source. This packet includes items of a command, a transmission source address, a transmission destination address, and transmission data. This signal is for transferring data to the communication elements (7, 7), and a code indicating a transfer packet is described in the command. The transmission source address describes (1, 1) that is the coordinates of the transmission source communication element, and the transmission destination address describes (7, 7) that is the coordinates of the transmission destination communication element. Transmission data is data to be transmitted. In this way, the communication element (1, 1) generates a signal packet including the transmission source coordinates and the transmission destination coordinates. The packet is generated by the processing unit 60 (see FIG. 3).

  Returning to FIG. 12, when the transmission source communication element (1, 1) transmits a signal, the signal is transmitted to peripheral communication elements, that is, coordinates (0, 0), (2, 0), (3, 1), It is transmitted to the communication element located at (2, 2), (0, 2), (-1, 1). When these communication elements receive a signal, they determine whether to relay the signal based on the coordinates at which they are located. This determination is made by determining whether or not it is spatially located between the transmission source coordinates (1, 1) and the transmission destination coordinates (7, 7). This is performed by determining whether or not it is located on a path connecting the original communication element (1, 1) and the destination communication element (7, 7).

  In this example, it is determined that the communication element (2, 2) is located on a path connecting the communication element (1, 1) and the communication element (7, 7), and it is determined to relay the signal. The communication element (2, 2) transmits the received signal, and the other communication elements do not respond. Thereafter, the signal is relayed by the communication element (3, 3), the communication element (4, 4), the communication element (5, 5), and the communication element (6, 6) and transmitted to the communication element (7, 7). The

  In the present embodiment, each communication element determines whether or not to relay a signal based on the relationship between its own coordinates and the coordinates of the transmission source and the transmission destination. It is not necessary to predetermine the communication path, and it is possible to set the shortest path dynamically with a simple algorithm and transmit a signal.

  As described above, the communication device 100 can transmit signals between the communication elements 200. Within the range of the effective communication distance of each communication element 200, a simple communication element that does not have a communication function required between the communication elements 200 as described above may be arranged. This simple communication element is under the control of the communication element 200. From this relationship, the communication element 200 is called a parent element, and a communication element under its control is called a child element. As described above, the communication element 200 as a parent element has an ID such as its own two-dimensional coordinates.

  This parent-child relationship is dynamically formed when the parent element periodically issues a response request and the child element responds thereto. Specifically, the parent element first transmits a “response request command” in which its own ID is embedded in the packet. A child element whose parent element has already been determined will not respond to it, and a child element whose parent element has not yet been determined will indicate that it will become a child after its waiting time with a random number. Issue a packet. Upon receiving this packet, the parent element immediately sends an ID confirmation command, and assigns an ID within its own jurisdiction to the child element. In this way, any child element dynamically establishes a unique parent-child relationship with a nearby primary element. The child element may be a built-in element or an information device connected to the signal layer via a connector.

  In the communication device 100, the child element can communicate only with the parent element. The communication element 200 which is a parent element has a role of transmitting a signal transmitted from the child element to the peripheral communication element 200 and a role of transmitting a signal transmitted from another communication element 200 to the child element. . The parent element may manage a plurality of child elements, and the managed child element is specified by the assigned ID.

<Second Embodiment>
FIG. 14 shows a configuration of a communication apparatus 400 according to the second embodiment of the present invention. In the communication device 400, a plurality of signal layers 410a, 410b, 410c, 410d, 410e, 410f, 410g, 410h, and 410i (hereinafter collectively referred to as “signal layers 410”) are formed. . The signal layer 410 is formed of a conductive material and is insulated from the adjacent signal layer 410. A high resistance layer 420 may be provided between adjacent signal layers 410, and each signal layer 410 may be provided on the high resistance layer 420 while being spaced apart from each other.

  The communication device 400 is connected to two or more signal layers 410 and transmits and receives signals between the two or more signal layers 410 in total 12 communication elements 500e, 500f, 500h, 500i, 500j, 500l, 500m, 500o, 500p, 500q, 500s, 500t are provided. In the example of FIG. 14, 3 × 3 signal layers 410 in the vertical and horizontal directions are formed, but a total of twelve communications that are connected to only one signal layer 410 are connected to the surrounding signal layers 410 excluding the central signal layer 410e. Elements 500a, 500b, 500c, 500d, 500g, 500k, 500n, 500r, 500u, 500v, 500w, 500x are provided. Hereinafter, the communication elements are collectively referred to as “communication element 500”. The communication element 500 may have the same function as the communication element 200 described in the first embodiment, or may have the same configuration. As described above, the communication device 400 is provided with a total of 24 communication elements 500 in order to transmit and receive signals within the signal layer 410 or between the signal layers 410. In FIG. 14, a total of 12 communication elements 500 are provided to connect two adjacent signal layers 410, but in another example, some of the communication elements 500 may be omitted. . In the illustrated example, since the number of signal layers 410 is small, the ratio of the number of communication elements 500 (total 12) spanning a plurality of signal layers 410 to the total number of communication elements 500 (total 24). Although it is only 50%, the ratio increases as the number of signal layers 410 increases. For convenience of explanation, the communication device 400 according to the second embodiment will be described below assuming that the communication element 500 is connected to a plurality of signal layers 410 unless otherwise specified.

  In the second embodiment, the communication element 500 is electrically connected to two adjacent signal layers 410 and transmits / receives signals to / from other communication elements 500 provided in the signal layer 410 to be connected. And has a function of transmitting and receiving signals between the two signal layers 410 to be connected. As a communication function in the signal layer 410, for example, the communication element 500e is connected to the signal layer 410a and the signal layer 410b, but a signal is transmitted between the other communication elements 500a, 500d, and 500h provided in the signal layer 410a. It can transmit and receive signals, and can also transmit and receive signals to and from other communication elements 500b, 500f and 500i provided in the signal layer 410b. This communication in the signal layer 410 is called inward communication. As a communication function between the signal layers 410, the communication element 500e can transmit a signal transmitted through the signal layer 410a to the signal layer 410b, and transmit a signal transmitted through the signal layer 410b to the signal layer 410a. You can also This communication between the signal layers 410 is referred to as outward communication. For example, the communication element 500e can receive a signal from the communication element 500a in the signal layer 410a and transmit the signal to the communication element 500f in the signal layer 410b, and vice versa. Since each communication element 500 has the above function, the communication device 400 according to the second embodiment can realize communication between any communication elements 500 without forming a wiring.

  A signal transmission method in the communication device 400 will be described by taking an example in which a signal is transmitted from the communication element 500d to the communication element 500f. Here, it is assumed that the communication element 500d is a signal transmission source and the communication element 500f is a final destination of the signal. In this case, first, the communication element 500d transmits a signal to the communication element 500e via the signal layer 410a, and the communication element 500e transfers the signal to the communication element 500f via the signal layer 410b. When attention is paid to the communication element 500e, the communication element 500e performs communication within the signal layer 410a with the communication element 500d and also performs communication within the signal layer 410b with the communication element 500f, resulting in the signal layer 410b. Communication between the signal layer 410c and the signal layer 410c. In this way, each communication element 500 is connected to a plurality of signal layers 410 that are insulated from each other, and performs communication between the signal layers 410, so that the signal becomes the intended destination from the signal layer 410 of the transmission source. Signals can be sequentially transmitted to the signal layer 410, and signal transmission between the transmission source and the final destination can be realized.

  Each signal layer 410 may be provided with a configuration for realizing various functions such as a sensing unit, a power unit, and a display unit. In particular, by making these units easily replaceable, it is possible to realize the communication device 400 with high applicability. Each communication element 500 may have a function such as a connector, and may be connected to an external device. By providing the communication element 500 with an interface function with an external device, the communication device 400 can be used in various environments.

  FIG. 15A shows an example of a cross section of the communication device 400, and in this example, adjacent signal layers 410 are insulated by a high resistance layer 420. Adjacent signal layers 410 are connected by a communication element 500 to realize communication between the signal layers 410.

  FIG. 15B shows another example of a cross section of the communication device 400. In this example, adjacent signal layers 410 are provided on the high resistance layer 420 so as to be separated from each other. Adjacent signal layers 410 are connected by a communication element 500 to realize communication between the signal layers 410.

  FIG. 16A shows a modified example of the configuration of the communication apparatus 400. The communication device 400 includes a plurality of hexagonal signal layers 410 and a plurality of communication elements 500 that transmit and receive signals between the signal layers 410. Similar to the communication device 400 shown in FIG. 15, each signal layer 410 is insulated by a high resistance layer 420.

  FIG. 16B shows a modified example of the configuration of the communication device 400. In the communication device 400, a high resistance region 430 is formed in the signal layer 410, and a conductive region in the signal layer 410 is partially formed. Note that each signal layer 410 is insulated by a high resistance layer 420 as in the communication device 400 shown in FIG.

  FIG. 16C shows a modified example of the configuration of the communication device 400. The communication device 400 includes a plurality of quadrangular signal layers 410 and a plurality of communication elements 500 connected to the four signal layers 410. The shape of the signal layer 410 is the same as the shape of the signal layer 410 in the communication device 400 illustrated in FIG. 15, but the arrangement position of the communication element 500 is different. Each signal layer 410 is insulated by a high resistance layer 420.

  As described above, the communication device 400 can include the signal layers 410 having various shapes and structures, and the number of the signal layers 410 to which the communication element 500 is connected may be arbitrary. In the above example, the shape of the signal layer 410 is a regular polygon, but is not limited thereto. In the communication device 400, each communication element 500 transmits the packet to the final destination by including the identification number of the signal layer 410 as the final destination in the packet to be transmitted. In the second embodiment, since the signal layer 410 is formed on a plane, the two-dimensional coordinates of each signal layer 410 are used as the identification number of each signal layer 410. In another example, as the identification number, a unique serial number can be assigned to the signal layer 410. When the signal layer 410 is formed three-dimensionally, the identification number of the signal layer 410 is used. Can be expressed in three-dimensional coordinates.

  FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram of the communication apparatus 400 illustrated in FIG. In FIG. 17, a solid line drawn so as to connect the communication elements 500 means a state where adjacent signal layers 410 are insulated. By setting the XY axes with the signal layer 410a as the origin, the coordinates of the signal layer 410a, that is, the identification number is (0, 0), the identification number of the signal layer 410b is (1, 0), and the identification number of the signal layer 410c is (2, 0), the identification number of the signal layer 410d is (0, 1), the identification number of the signal layer 410e is (1, 1), the identification number of the signal layer 410f is (2, 1), and the identification number of the signal layer 410g The number can be (0,2), the identification number of the signal layer 410h can be (1,2), and the identification number of the signal layer 410i can be (2,2). The identification number of the signal layer 410 may be set in advance when the communication device 400 is manufactured, or may be set autonomously by an algorithm described later. Signal transmission between the signal layers 410 is realized by using the identification number of the signal layer 410. Hereinafter, the identification number of the signal layer 410 is referred to as “signal layer ID”. Each communication element 500 stores the signal layer ID of the signal layer 410 to which the communication element 500 is connected. Therefore, when connecting to a plurality of signal layers 410, each communication element 500 stores a plurality of signal layer IDs.

  Each communication element 500 is assigned a local identification number in the signal layer 410 for each signal layer 410 to which the communication element 500 is connected. In the illustrated example, the signal layer 410 is formed in a quadrangular shape. In the signal layer 410, the local identification number of the communication element 500 located on the right side is “1”, and the local identification number of the communication element 500 located on the upper side is “1”. 2 ”, the local identification number of the communication element 500 located on the lower side is set to“ 3 ”, and the local identification number of the communication element 500 located on the left side is set to“ 4 ”. Transmission of signals in the signal layer 410 is realized using this local identification number. For example, paying attention to the communication element 500e, the signal layer 410a of the signal layer ID (0, 0) has the local identification number “1” because it is located on the right side, while the signal layer ID (1, 0). In the signal layer 410b of 0), the local identification number “4” is assigned because it is located on the left side. Hereinafter, the local identification number of the communication element 500 is referred to as “local ID”.

  As described above, each communication element 500 holds the signal layer ID of the signal layer 410 to which it is connected and the local ID in each signal layer 410. Based on this premise, a communication method in the second embodiment will be described. In this communication method, three types of packets are used.

(1) RTS (request to send-stream) packet A packet requesting the communication element 500 in the signal layer 410 to establish a connection (2) CTS (clear to send-stream) packet A connection request to the RTS source Packet indicating establishment permission (3) DT (data transmission-stream) packet Data transmission packet

FIG. 18A shows the data format of the RTS packet. The RTS packet has three fields. The items in each field are shown below.
First field: local ID of communication element 500 to react to
Second field: Command (RTS)
Third field: Local ID of communication element 500 that is the source of the RTS packet

FIG. 18B shows the data format of the CTS packet. A CTS packet has two fields. The items in each field are shown below.
First field: local ID of communication element 500 to react to
Second field: Command (CTS)

FIG. 18C shows the data format of the DT packet. The items in each field are shown below.
First field: local ID of communication element 500 to react to
Second field: Command (DT)
Third field: Hop limit, that is, upper limit value of the number of relays of communication element 10 Fourth field: Data length Fifth field: Final destination X coordinate Sixth field: Final destination Y coordinate Seventh field: Source X coordinate 8th field: Y coordinate 9th field of transmission source: Application 10th field after destination: Data In the example of FIGS. 18A to 18C, each field is composed of 8 bits. Yes.

  FIG. 19 is a diagram for explaining a communication method in the communication apparatus 400. In FIG. 19, a case where a signal is transmitted from the communication element 500d as a transmission source to the communication element 500g as a final destination is taken as an example.

(Step 1)
The communication element 500d calculates the direction in which the DT packet is transmitted from the positional relationship between its signal layer ID (0, 0) and the signal layer ID (2, 0) of the communication element 500g that is the final destination. A communication element to which a DT packet is to be transmitted is determined in the layer 410a. That is, the communication element 500d calculates the shortest route to the communication element 500g, and determines that the route for transmitting the DT packet to the signal layer 410c via the signal layers 410a and 410b is the shortest. Since the element present on this path is the communication element 500e, the communication element 500d transmits an RTS packet to the communication element 500e in order to establish a connection with the communication element 500e. At this time, the first field of the RTS packet is set to “1”. Note that the communication element 500d may monitor whether other communication elements are communicating within the signal layer 410a in order to avoid signal collision, and may transmit an RTS packet when communication is not performed. preferable.

(Step 2)
When the communication element 500e refers to the first field included in the RTS packet and determines that the RTS packet is addressed to itself, the communication element 500e transmits the CTS packet to the communication element 500d. At this time, the first field of the CTS packet is set to “4”.

(Step 3)
When the communication element 500d receives a CTS packet addressed to itself within a predetermined time, the communication element 500d transmits a DT packet. The first field of the DT packet is set to “1”. The communication element 500e receives the DT packet. If the communication element 500d cannot receive the CTS packet within a certain time, the process returns to step 1 and transmits the RTS packet again. If there is no response from the communication element 500e a plurality of times, an RTS packet whose transmission destination has been changed may be transmitted. As a result, the communication path can be changed autonomously. Returning to FIG. 17, in this case, it is preferable to set the first field of the RTS packet to “2”.

(Step 4)
When receiving the DT packet, the communication element 500e determines the direction in which the DT packet is transferred. In this case, since the communication element 500e receives the DT packet from the communication element 500d on the signal layer 410a side, the communication element 500e determines that the transfer direction is the signal layer 410b side, that is, the outward direction. Thereby, it is determined that transmission of the subsequent DT packet is performed in the signal layer 410b.

  The communication element 500e should transmit the DT packet in the signal layer 410b based on the positional relationship between its signal layer ID (1, 0) and the signal layer ID (2, 0) of the communication element 500g that is the final destination. A communication element is determined. Since the element present on the shortest path is the communication element 500f, the communication element 500e transmits an RTS packet to the communication element 500f in order to establish a connection with the communication element 500f. At this time, the first field of the RTS packet is set to “1”. The communication element 500e may monitor whether another communication element is communicating in the signal layer 410b in order to avoid signal collision, and may transmit an RTS packet when communication is not performed.

(Step 5)
When the communication element 500f refers to the first field included in the RTS packet and determines that the RTS packet is addressed to itself, the communication element 500f transmits the CTS packet to the communication element 500e. At this time, the first field of the CTS packet is set to “4”.

(Step 6)
When the communication element 500e receives a CTS packet addressed to itself within a certain time, the communication element 500e transmits a DT packet. The first field of the DT packet is set to “1”. The communication element 500f receives the DT packet.

(Step 7)
When receiving the DT packet, the communication element 500f determines the direction in which the DT packet is transferred. Since the communication element 500f receives the DT packet from the communication element 500e on the signal layer 410b side, the communication element 500f determines that the transfer direction is the signal layer 410c side, that is, the outward direction. Thus, it is determined that the subsequent transmission of the DT packet is performed in the signal layer 410c.

  The communication element 500f recognizes from the destination coordinates of the fifth and sixth fields of the DT packet that the final destination is the communication element 500g in the signal layer 410c. Note that the destination coordinates of the fifth and sixth fields include coordinates that specify the signal layer 410c and local IDs that specify the communication element 500g. Thereby, the communication element 500f transmits an RTS packet to the communication element 500g in order to establish a connection with the communication element 500g. At this time, the first field of the RTS packet is set to “1”.

(Step 8)
When the communication element 500g refers to the first field included in the RTS packet and determines that the RTS packet is addressed to itself, the communication element 500g transmits the CTS packet to the communication element 500f. At this time, the first field of the CTS packet is set to “4”.

(Step 9)
When the communication element 500f receives a CTS packet addressed to itself within a predetermined time, the communication element 500f transmits a DT packet. The first field of the DT packet is set to “1”. Thereby, the communication element 500g which is the final destination can receive the DT packet. For example, when an external device is connected to the communication element 500g, data included in the DT packet can be transmitted to the outside.

  According to the above communication method, each communication element 500 that relays a signal dynamically sets a route based on the signal layer ID without setting a route from the signal transmission source to the final destination in advance. Is possible. Therefore, in the communication apparatus 400, for example, even when some of the communication elements 500 fail, it is possible to avoid the communication elements 500 and transmit the DT packet to the final destination.

  In the example of FIG. 19, the signal is transmitted in the uniaxial direction, that is, the X-axis direction, but the signal can naturally be transmitted even in an oblique direction. For example, when a signal is transmitted from the signal layer 410a of the signal layer ID (0, 0) to the signal layer 410e of the signal layer ID (1, 1), the signal layer of the signal layer ID (1, 0) is used as an intermediate path. Either 410b or the signal layer 410d of the signal layer ID (0, 1) can be routed. Which route to select may be determined at random, and is determined according to a predetermined rule, for example, signal transmission in the X-axis direction is given priority over signal transmission in the Y-axis direction. May be.

  FIG. 20A shows a waveform format of a signal flowing through the signal layer 410. A start bit and data indicating a field start are added to the head of each packet. As the start bit, a pattern of “01” is periodically repeated for a certain period of time, which is 30 times the operation clock period of the digital circuit. The sampling time is determined by this periodic pattern. Communication data is handled as a group of 10 bits, which is called one frame.

  FIG. 20B shows the configuration of one frame. One frame includes 8-bit actual data and a 2-bit frame delimiter. For example, when decimal data “10” is output, a frame delimiter “10” is added to the head, and the frame is expressed as 1000001010. Also, a bit string 11111111 is inserted into the signal every 20 frames. At this time, no frame break is inserted. The field start instruction data is expressed as 1011111111 with the bit string 11111111 added to the field delimiter “10”. This data string is always inserted after the start bit, and after this data string is the head of each packet.

FIG. 21 shows an implementation example of a digital circuit of the communication element 500. The port definition in the digital circuit is as follows.
(Input port)
Ainp_a: Input signal (output from the constant observation type comparator)
Ainp_b: Input signal (output from the constant observation type comparator)
Init_flg: Initialization flag
clk: Master clock
in: Sampled signal
ms: Signal layer selection
selectID: 0: Local ID_a = 1 1: Local ID_a = 2
sleepmode: 0: No sleep mode
tSite_x: Signal layer X coordinate
tSite_y: Signal layer Y coordinate

(Output port)
Inp_a: Signal layer direction input judgment flag 0: No input 1: Input
Inp_b: Out-of-signal direction input judgment flag 0: No input 1: Input
OutBit_a: Output data in the signal layer direction
OutBit_b: Output data outside the signal layer
OutBit_na: Inversion of OutBit_a
OutBit_nb: Inversion of OutBit_b
ena_AppL: Application layer process enable
ena_dwnDatL: Data link layer process enable
ena_dwnNetL: Network layer process enable
ena_upDatL: Data link layer process enable
ena_upNetL: Network layer process enable
inmonitor: Physical layer process monitoring flag 1: Start bit detected

FIG. 22 shows a state transition diagram of processes in the digital circuit of the communication element 500. The communication element 500 can take the following states.
(State 0) Start / Initialization After the process of each layer is initialized, transition to state 1 is made. At this time, the communication element 500 can accept input from any direction.

(State 1) RTS waiting / acceptance Either Inp_a or Inp_b is set to 1 so as to accept the data in the direction that arrived earlier in the inbound or outbound communication of the signal layer 410. Thereafter, the data that becomes 1 is sampled. The inward communication in the signal layer 410 means transmission / reception of data with other communication elements 500 in the signal layer 410, and the outward communication in the signal layer 410 is a signal different from the signal layer 410. It means transmission / reception of data with a communication element in a layer.

  Determination according to the RTS format is performed in order from the first field of the input data to determine whether or not to establish a connection. When the RTS packet is correctly received, the state transits to 2. If a process error is detected, the process returns to state 0.

(State 2) CTS output A CTS packet is output. The output direction is the same as the direction in which the RTS packet is received. At this time, all signals from other directions are ignored. If an error occurs during output, transition to state 0 is made. When the output is completed, the state transits to state 3.

(State 3) DT wait / accept DT packet is accepted. The acceptance direction is the same as the direction of CTS packet output. If no DT packet is received within a certain time (100T: T is the master clock period), an error is assumed and the state transitions to state 0. If an error occurs during acquisition of a DT packet, transition to state 4 occurs if data of 10 bytes or more has already been acquired, and transition to state 0 otherwise.

(State 4) Routing This is a process in the network layer, and the coordinates of the destination are acquired from the header part of the DT packet. If the destination matches the coordinates of its own signal layer 410 compared with the acquired data and its own coordinates, the process is passed to the application layer. If it is not the destination, the next connection destination (direction, local ID) is determined. At this time, the first field (local ID to be reacted) and the third field (hop limit) in the header part of the DT packet are rewritten, and the state transitions to state 5. The hop limit is rewritten by decrementing the upper limit of the number of relays by one.

(State 5) RTS output An RTS packet is output to the next connection destination. At this time, the physical layer monitors the occupation state of the network in the output direction, and starts output if surrounding elements are not communicating during time 16T (2 bytes). When the output of the RTS packet is completed, the state transitions to state 6. If the surrounding elements are communicating and output is not started even after a certain time (100T), the state transits to state 8.

(State 6) Wait / accept CTS Wait for CTS packet addressed to itself. When a CTS packet is received within a certain time (100T), the state transits to state 7. If no CTS packet is received within a certain period of time, a transition is made to state 8.

(State 7) DT output DT packet is output. The output direction is the same as the RTS output direction. If data can be output correctly, the state transits to state 9. If an error is detected on the way, the state transits to state 8.

(State 8) Rerouting If a connection cannot be established correctly, it tries to establish a connection to the same communication element up to five times. If a connection is not established after 5 attempts, another route is calculated at the network layer. After recalculating the route, transition to state 5.

(State 9) Termination / Initialization All flags are initialized and the state transitions to state 0.

  As described above, in the second embodiment, it is assumed that the signal layer ID is assigned in advance to each signal layer 410. However, the communication element 500 included in each signal layer 410 is connected to the signal layer to which it is connected. It is also possible to acquire the ID dynamically.

  An example of using the “ID determination command” is shown below. In the ID determination command, the coordinates (X, Y) of the signal layer 410 are described. The communication element 500 that has received the ID determination command recognizes that the coordinate of the signal layer 410 to which the communication element 500 belongs is (X, Y).

  Each communication element 500 transmits an ID determination command to the communication elements 500 whose local IDs are “1” and “2” in the same signal layer 410. At this time, if the destination communication element 500 is communicating, transmission of the ID determination command is stopped. The communication element 500 that has received the ID determination command transmits the ID determination command to another signal layer 410 that exists in a direction different from the received direction, that is, in the outer direction opposite to the inner direction. Specifically, the communication element 500 that has received the ID determination command with the local ID “1” describes the coordinates (X + 1, Y) as the communication element 500 having the local ID “4” in the adjacent signal layer 410. An ID determination command is transmitted. Further, the communication element 500 that has received the ID determination command with the local ID “2” determines the ID in which the coordinates (X, Y + 1) are described as the communication element 500 having the local ID “3” in the adjacent signal layer 410. Send a command.

  When the communication element 500 functions as described above, the ID determination command is sent from the communication element 500 belonging to the signal layer 410a by setting the coordinates of the signal layer 410a in the lower left corner to (0, 0) after the communication device 400 is powered on. , It is possible to dynamically assign signal layer IDs to all signal layers 410.

  In this way, the reference signal layer ID (0, 0) is preset in at least one signal layer 410, in this example, the signal layer 410a, and the other signal layers are set based on the reference signal layer ID. By sequentially setting the identification numbers 410, the signal layer ID of the signal layer 410 in the communication device 400 can be set. The reference signal layer ID is not limited to the signal layer 410a in the lower left corner of the communication device 400, but may be set to another signal layer 410. For example, in the communication device 400 of FIG. 17, when the central signal layer 410e is defined as a reference signal layer for determining the signal layer ID, the communication elements 500m, 500p, 500i, and 500l belonging to the signal layer 410e are An ID determination command may be transmitted in the outward direction to sequentially set the signal layer IDs of the surrounding signal layers 410. In this algorithm, when the communication element 500 receives a signal (ID determination command) including the signal layer ID of the signal layer 410 to which the communication element 500 is connected, the communication element 500 holds the signal layer ID of the signal layer 410 that has transmitted the signal. Subsequently, the signal layer ID of the other signal layer 410 to which it is connected is set, and an ID determination command including the set signal layer ID is transmitted to the other signal layer 410. According to the communication apparatus 400 in the second embodiment, the communication element 500 holds the local ID and grasps its own positional relationship in the signal layer 410 so that the signal layer ID expressed by coordinates is autonomous by a simple algorithm. Can be set automatically.

  In the second embodiment, the communication element 500 once receives a signal and then transfers the signal. However, the signal transfer may be started before the signal reception is completed. In the DT packet, since header items such as commands and destination coordinates are described at the head of the packet, the communication element 500 as the signal transfer destination is specified from the time when the header item is received, and the connection While establishing and receiving the DT packet, the DT packet can be sequentially transferred to the communication element 500 as the transfer destination. As a result, the delay time until the data reaches the final destination can be reduced, and the throughput can be improved.

  The present invention has been described based on some embodiments. These embodiments are exemplifications, and various modifications can be made to combinations of the embodiments, combinations of the respective constituent elements and processing processes, and such modifications are also within the scope of the present invention. Will be understood by those skilled in the art.

It is a figure for demonstrating the system of the communication technique which concerns on embodiment. It is a figure which shows the external appearance structure of the communication apparatus concerning embodiment. It is a functional block diagram of a communication element. (A) is sectional drawing of a communication apparatus, (b) is sectional drawing which shows another example of a communication apparatus. (A) is a figure for demonstrating the basic principle in which a communication device transmits a signal, (b) is a figure for demonstrating another example of the principle in which a communication device transmits a signal. It is a figure which shows the communication device provided with the communication element. (A) is a figure which shows the outline | summary of the circuit operation | movement which implement | achieves a communication device, (b) is a figure which shows the example of the circuit which restrict | limits the amplitude of the alternating voltage applied to a 1st signal layer. (A) is a figure which shows the specific structural example of a communication element, (b) And (c) is a figure for demonstrating the principle of the signal transmission by a communication element. It is a figure which shows the plot of P (x). It is a figure which shows the structural example of the communication device considered considering forming the radius of an electrode small. It is a figure which shows the modification of a structure of the communication device considered considering forming the radius of an electrode small. It is explanatory drawing of the signal transmission method in a communication apparatus. It is a figure which shows the packet of the signal produced | generated by the communication element of a transmission source. It is a figure which shows the structure of the communication apparatus which concerns on 2nd Embodiment. (A) is a figure which shows an example of the cross section of a communication apparatus, (b) is a figure which shows another example of the cross section of a communication apparatus. (A) is a figure which shows the modification of a structure of a communication apparatus, (b) is a figure which shows the further modification of the structure of a communication apparatus, (c) is a figure which shows the further modification of the structure of a communication apparatus. It is. It is a schematic diagram of a communication apparatus. (A) is a figure which shows the data format of a RTS packet, (b) is a figure which shows the data format of a CTS packet, (c) is a figure which shows the data format of a DT packet. It is explanatory drawing for demonstrating the communication system in a communication apparatus. (A) is a figure which shows the waveform format of the signal which flows through a signal layer, (b) is a figure which shows the structure of 1 frame. It is a figure which shows the implementation example of the digital circuit of a communication element. It is a state transition diagram of a process in a digital circuit of a communication element.

Explanation of symbols

16, 18 ... conductive layer, 20 ... first signal layer, 22 ... dielectric layer, 24 ... conductive layer, 26 ... switch, 30 ... second signal layer, 43 ... -Dielectric layer, 44 ... Power supply layer, 50 ... Communication unit, 52 ... Input unit, 54 ... Voltage limiting element, 60 ... Processing unit, 70 ... Memory, 80 ... Capacitor 82 ... Drive circuit 100 ... Communication device 200 ... Communication element 202 ... Digital circuit 204 ... Electrode 210 ... Insulating layer 300 ... Communication device 400 ... communication device, 410 ... signal layer, 420 ... high resistance layer, 430 ... high resistance region, 500 ... communication element.

Claims (3)

A communication device for transmitting a signal, comprising: a ground layer and a power supply layer; a communication element connected to the ground layer and the power supply layer; and a dielectric layer and a conductive layer stacked between the ground layer and the power supply layer. The element is connected to the conductive layer via a capacitor, and the communication element can emit a signal by generating an electromagnetic field in the dielectric layer,
The communication element holds its own identification number, and transmits a packet including the identification number of a communication element that is a signal transmission source or transmission destination, or receives a packet including its own identification number. A communication device characterized by. A drive circuit for connecting the ground layer or the power supply layer to the conductive layer;
The communication device according to claim 1, wherein the capacitor is set to have a capacitance so as to reduce a reactance component of an output impedance of the drive circuit. A plurality of communication elements each having an identification number are distributed and each communication element is electromagnetically connected to the first conductive layer, the dielectric layer, and the second conductive layer. The dielectric layer includes the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer. Between the conductive layers,
Each communication element has a function of transmitting a packet including an identification number of a communication element that is a signal transmission source or a transmission destination, or receiving a packet including its own identification number.
A communication element for transmitting a packet is connected to the first conductive layer via a capacitor, and transmits a signal by passing a current between the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer. apparatus.

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