JP4271269B2 - 人工関節 - Google Patents
人工関節 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP4271269B2 JP4271269B2 JP32392597A JP32392597A JP4271269B2 JP 4271269 B2 JP4271269 B2 JP 4271269B2 JP 32392597 A JP32392597 A JP 32392597A JP 32392597 A JP32392597 A JP 32392597A JP 4271269 B2 JP4271269 B2 JP 4271269B2
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- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- component
- alloy
- artificial
- joint
- carbon
- Prior art date
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/02—Inorganic materials
- A61L27/04—Metals or alloys
- A61L27/045—Cobalt or cobalt alloys
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
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- A61F2/32—Joints for the hip
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- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/56—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
- A61B17/58—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
- A61B17/68—Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
- A61B17/84—Fasteners therefor or fasteners being internal fixation devices
- A61B17/86—Pins or screws or threaded wires; nuts therefor
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- A61F2/4609—Special tools or methods for implanting or extracting artificial joints, accessories, bone grafts or substitutes, or particular adaptations therefor for insertion or extraction of endoprosthetic joints or of accessories thereof of acetabular cups
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- A61F2002/30331—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements made by longitudinally pushing a protrusion into a complementarily-shaped recess, e.g. held by friction fit
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- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2220/00—Fixations or connections for prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2220/0025—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements
- A61F2220/0033—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements made by longitudinally pushing a protrusion into a complementary-shaped recess, e.g. held by friction fit
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2310/00—Prostheses classified in A61F2/28 or A61F2/30 - A61F2/44 being constructed from or coated with a particular material
- A61F2310/00005—The prosthesis being constructed from a particular material
- A61F2310/00011—Metals or alloys
- A61F2310/00017—Iron- or Fe-based alloys, e.g. stainless steel
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2310/00—Prostheses classified in A61F2/28 or A61F2/30 - A61F2/44 being constructed from or coated with a particular material
- A61F2310/00005—The prosthesis being constructed from a particular material
- A61F2310/00011—Metals or alloys
- A61F2310/00023—Titanium or titanium-based alloys, e.g. Ti-Ni alloys
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2310/00—Prostheses classified in A61F2/28 or A61F2/30 - A61F2/44 being constructed from or coated with a particular material
- A61F2310/00005—The prosthesis being constructed from a particular material
- A61F2310/00011—Metals or alloys
- A61F2310/00029—Cobalt-based alloys, e.g. Co-Cr alloys or Vitallium
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2310/00—Prostheses classified in A61F2/28 or A61F2/30 - A61F2/44 being constructed from or coated with a particular material
- A61F2310/00005—The prosthesis being constructed from a particular material
- A61F2310/00179—Ceramics or ceramic-like structures
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- Transplantation (AREA)
- Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
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- Vascular Medicine (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
Description
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、隙間なく一致する関節連結面を有する2個以上のコンポーネントを含む人工股関節などの人工関節に関する。さらに詳細には、本発明は関節連結面が金属から作られるそのような人工関節に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術および発明が解決しようとする課題】
股関節、肩関節および膝関節のような人工関節は極めて広く整形外科で使用される。股関節プロテーゼ(人工股関節)は特に一般的である。そのような人工股関節は、寛骨臼カップと呼ばれることが多い寛骨臼コンポーネントと、大腿骨コンポーネントを含む。寛骨臼コンポーネントは、通常、ほぼ半球形状をしており、これはほぼ半球状の関節連結内面を備えている。大腿骨コンポーネントは、通常、細長いステムに取り付けられた球形あるいは球形に近いヘッド(骨頭)を含む。使用の際、その細長いステムは大腿骨の骨髄内管に配置され、大腿骨コンポーネントの骨頭(ヘッド)は寛骨臼コンポーネント内に配置されて、大腿骨と寛骨臼の間で関節連結(articulation)がなされる。
【0003】
最初の人工股関節では、寛骨臼コンポーネントの関節連結内面と大腿骨コンポーネントの骨頭部の両方が鋳造コバルトクロム合金などの金属から作られた。しかしながら、そのような金属接触(metal-on-metal)の人工股関節は、金属外殻(シェル)を備えた改良された形態の寛骨臼カップと超高分子量ポリエチレン挿入物(インサート)の使用によりかなり代替された。後者のタイプの人工股関節は非常に多量に使用されているが、ポリエチレンカップ内での金属骨頭(ヘッド)の関節連結により、該カップのかなりの部分が浸食又は腐蝕され、ポリエチレンの屑が周りの組織に放出される問題を生じることがある。このため、金属接触の人工股関節が再度注目されつつある。
【0004】
現在入手できる金属接触の人工股関節の一つは Protek AG社から配布されている Metasul(商標)製品である。この人工股関節の製品文献には、寛骨臼カップと大腿骨コンポーネントは共にProtasul(登録商標)-21WF と呼ばれる鍛造CoCrMo合金から作られることを明記されている。Protasul(登録商標)-21WF の炭素含有量は典型的な0.2重量%であると考えられる。
【0005】
【課題を解決するための手段】
驚くべきことに、金属接触(metal-on-metal)の人工関節の2つの関節連結面をそれぞれ構成する金属の炭素含有量が互いに不釣合い(mis-match)である場合に、磨耗性や耐久性が最も改善されることが見出された。従って、本発明は第1コンポーネントと第2コンポーネントを含み、第1コンポーネントと第2コンポーネントの関節連結面が共にコバルトクロム合金から作られている人工関節において、前記第1コンポーネント又は前記第2コンポーネントの前記関節連結面は0.1重量%未満の炭素を有するコバルトクロム合金から作られ、もう一方の関節連結面は少なくとも0.18重量%の炭素を含むコバルトクロム合金から作られることを特徴とする。
【0006】
0.1重量%未満の炭素を含有する合金を、以下「低炭素量」合金と称する。本発明の人工関節で使用される低炭素量合金は、例えば、約0.06重量%の炭素を含有するのが好ましい。
【0007】
少なくとも0.18重量%の炭素を含有する合金を、以下「高炭素量」合金と称する。本発明の人工関節で使用される高炭素量合金は0.2重量%乃至0.35重量%の炭素、例えば、約0.22重量%の炭素を含有するのが好ましい。
【0008】
本発明の人工関節を構成するために使用される合金は、58重量%乃至69重量%のコバルト、26重量%乃至30重量%までのクロム、5重量%乃至7重量%のモリブデンを含有し、他の元素は合計で5重量%以下しか含有しないことが好ましい。さらに、そのような合金は、ニッケルを1重量%以下、鉄を0.75重量%以下、ケイ素を1重量%以下、マンガンを1重量%以下、窒素を0.25重量%以下しか含有しないことが好ましい。錬合金が好ましいが、鋳造あるいは鍛造合金も使用することができる。上記組成を有する錬合金は、ASTM F1537に記載されており、一方、同じ組成の鍛造合金は、ASTM F799 に記載されている。鋳造合金は27重量%乃至30重量%のクロム含有量であるのが好ましい。適切な鋳造合金はASTM F75である。
【0009】
人工関節は第1コンポーネントが寛骨臼カップであり、第2コンポーネントが大腿骨コンポーネントである人工股関節であるのが好ましい。
【0010】
本発明に係る人工関節の関節連結面は通常略一致する。人工股関節の場合、そのような面は球面であり、ISO 4291で与えられる最小域中心法(minimum zone centre method)により測定した場合に、10μm以下の真円度誤差であるのが好ましい。関節連結面は真円度誤差が8μm以下であるのが好ましく、5μm以下であるのがさらに好ましい。
【0011】
摩耗量を最小にするため、本発明の人工関節の関節連結面はまた、通常よく磨かれている。その関節連結面は0.1μm以下、より好ましくは0.05μm以下のRa値(ISO 468により測定して)を有することが好ましい。本発明による特に好ましい人工関節は、0.02μm以下のRa値を備えた関節連結面を有する。
【0012】
本発明による人工股関節は様々な形態を採ることができる。例えば、大腿骨コンポーネントは、セメントを用いるタイプでも、セメントを用いないタイプでもよく、また大腿骨コンポーネントには大腿骨の突起(calcar)に荷重を伝えるためのカラー(襟部分)が設けられる。同様に、寛骨臼コンポーネントはセメントを用いるタイプでも、セメントを用いないタイプでもよい。
【0013】
セメントを用いない大腿骨コンポーネントあるいは寛骨臼コンポーネントを本発明に従って使用する場合、先行技術でよく知られているように、それらのコンポーネントに多孔質の外面を設けて骨を取り付け易くすることができる。適切な多孔質面は、簡単な荒い噴射仕上げ、化学エッチングあるいはプラズマスプレー層の塗布のような様々な方法で形成される。ビーズ、メッシュあるいはファイバーパッドを有する焼成多孔質皮膜も使用することができる。
【0014】
本発明によるセメントを使用した人工関節は、セメントの摩耗を防止するため、通常、比較的滑らかな表面仕上げを有する。
【0015】
本発明の人工関節は全体がコバルトクロム合金から作られる必要はないことが理解されよう。例えば、寛骨臼カップは、関節連結面を与えるコバルトクロム合金の挿入物(インサート)と、チタン、チタン合金又はコバルトクロム合金から(あるいはセラミックからでも)構成される外殻(シェル)を有することができる。電蝕を防ぐためにインサートとシェルを電気的に絶縁するのであれば、ステンレス鋼もシェルに使用することもできるだろう。
【0016】
同様に、人工大腿骨は、コバルトクロム合金の骨頭(ヘッド)と、チタン、チタン合金又はコバルトクロム合金から構成されたステムを有することができる。人工股関節形態の本発明による人工関節の実施例を、添付図面を参照して以下に説明する。
【0017】
【発明の実施の形態】
図1は寛骨臼コンポーネント12と大腿骨コンポーネント14を有する人工股関節1を示す。寛骨臼コンポーネント12は、関節連結内面20を備えシェル17内に配置されたインサート18から構成される。そのインサート18は、ASTM F1537に一致する約0.22重量%の炭素含有量を有する錬コバルトクロム合金からなり、一方、シェル17はチタン合金(Ti6A14V)からなる。
【0018】
インサート18の関節連結内面20は、大腿骨コンポーネント14の骨頭16の表面に略一致する。大腿骨コンポーネント14はまた、大腿骨の骨頭16を取り付けることができる大腿骨ステムも備えている。骨頭16と大腿骨ステムは共に、ASTM F1537に一致するコバルトクロム合金からなっている。しかし、インサート18と対照的に、骨頭16を構成する合金の炭素含有量は約0.06重量%である。
【0019】
インサート18は、ほぼ半球状であり、その外面30の一部分を、インサート18のリム38に隣接して帯の形態で有しており、その帯は、シェル17の一定角度をなした内面32とテーパー嵌合(先細嵌合)をするために一定角度で曲がっている。インサート18の残りの外面とシェル17の内面の間には隙間領域がある。シェル18はそのリム38に溝36を有し、その溝に抜出し具を配置することができる。
【0020】
寛骨臼コンポーネント12のシェル17は、骨の取り付けを容易にするため前に説明したように付けることができる畝付き外面22を有する。説明した実施例のシェル17は、患者の腰骨にシェル17を固定するのにねじを通す3つの開口24を有する。そのねじは、インサート18をシェル17内に挿入する前に取り付けられる。開口24にはねじ山が付いておらず、シェル17の内面と外面に向かいそれぞれ外向きに2つのテーパー34が設けてある。各開口24の最小直径26によって、ねじが開口24から抜けないようにしてある。シェル17も、器具取り付けのための覗き用のねじ山を付けた頂点開口28を有する。
【0021】
実験
人工股関節コンポーネントの摩耗量は、寛骨臼コンポーネントと大腿骨コンポーネントを、通常の歩行サイクルを繰り返す関節の代用とすることにより評価した。カリフォルニア州のLa CanadaにあるMaterials Technology 社で製造されたモデルEW−12股関節部シミュレーターを使用して試験を行なった。
【0022】
この評価で使用した大腿骨の骨頭は28mmの直径があった。実験時、大腿骨の骨頭と寛骨臼カップ間の通常の隙間(カップ直径マイナス骨頭直径)は0.050mmであった。実際の隙間は0.045mmから0.054mmまでの範囲にあった。実験時にそれらのコンポーネントを、歩行サイクル時に生じる荷重曲線に等しい荷重曲線にかけた。ピーク荷重は約2000Nであった。
【0023】
実験時に人工股関節部を牛の血清に完全に浸けた。実験を2百万サイクルまでの間で行なった。摩耗量を実験時に2つのコンポーネントの総重量損失(ロス)を測ることによって評価した。
【0024】
全てのサンプルにおいて、人工股関節はASTM F1537に一致するコバルトクロム合金で構成した関節連結面を有するものであった。しかしながら、そのサンプルは使用する合金の炭素含有量が異なっていた。低炭素(約0.06重量%炭素)大腿骨コンポーネントを低炭素又は高炭素(約0.22重量%)の寛骨臼カップに合わせ、同様に高炭素大腿骨コンポーネントを低炭素又は高炭素の寛骨臼カップに合わせた。驚くべきことに、最大の平均摩耗量(重量損失)は、大腿骨の骨頭と寛骨臼カップを共に低炭素量合金から作った人工股関節の場合、あるいは共に高炭素量合金から作った人工股関節の場合で観測された。最少の平均摩耗量(重量損失)は、低炭素量合金を大腿骨の骨頭に使用し、高低炭素含有量合金を寛骨臼カップに使用する人工股関節の場合(あるいはその逆の場合)に観測された。
【0025】
本発明の好ましい実施態様は以下の通りである。
(A)第1コンポーネントと第2コンポーネントを含み、前記第1コンポーネントと前記第2コンポーネントの関節連結面が共にコバルトクロム合金から作られている人工関節において、前記第1コンポーネント又は前記第2コンポーネントの関節連結面は0.1重量%未満の炭素を含有するコバルトクロム合金から作られ、もう一方の関節連結面は少なくとも0.18重量%の炭素を含有するコバルトクロム合金から作られることを特徴とする人工関節。
(1)前記第1コンポーネント又は前記第2コンポーネントの前記関節連結面は、0重量%乃至0.07重量%の炭素を含有するコバルトクロム合金から作られ、前記もう一方の関節連結面は、0.2重量%乃至0.35重量%の炭素を含有するコバルトクロム合金から作られる実施態様(A)に記載の人工関節。
(2)前記第1コンポーネント及び前記第2コンポーネントは、58重量%乃至69重量%のコバルトと、26重量%乃至30重量%のクロムと、5重量%乃至7重量%のモリブデンとを含有し、他の元素は(合計で)5重量%以下しか含まない合金から作られる実施態様(A)又は実施態様(1)に記載の人工関節。
(3)前記合金は、ニッケルを1重量%以下、鉄を0.75重量%以下、ケイ素を1重量%以下、マンガンを1重量%以下、窒素を0.25重量%以下しか含有しない実施態様(2)に記載の人工関節。
(4)前記合金は錬合金である実施態様(3)に記載の人工関節。
【0026】
(5)前記錬合金はASTM F1537に一致する実施態様(4)に記載の人工関節。
(6)請求項1および実施態様(1)から(5)までのいずれかに記載の人工股関節。
(7)前記第1コンポーネントは人工股骨頭であり、前記第2コンポーネントは人工寛骨臼カップである実施態様(6)に記載の人工股関節。
(B)関節連結面を有する寛骨臼カップと、関節連結面を有する大腿骨骨頭とを備える人工股関節であって、前記寛骨臼カップと前記大腿骨骨頭の一方の前記関節連結面が低炭素量の金属合金から作られ、前記寛骨臼カップと前記大腿骨骨頭のもう一方の前記関節連結面が高炭素量の金属合金から作られる人工股関節。
(8)前記低炭素量金属合金の炭素含有量は、0.03重量%乃至0.10重量%炭素の範囲にある実施態様(B)に記載の人工股関節。
(9)前記高炭素量金属合金の炭素含有量は、約0.18重量%乃至0.35重量%炭素の範囲にある実施態様(B)に記載の人工股関節。
【0027】
【発明の効果】
以上述べたように、予想に反して、金属接触の人工関節の一方の関節連結面を低炭素量の金属合金から作り、もう一方の関節連結面を高炭素量の金属合金から作ることにより、関節連結面の磨耗量(重量損失)を最も少なく抑えることができる。従って、良好な耐磨耗性・耐久性を有し、磨耗による屑が人体に放出される危険を最少限に抑えることを可能にする人工関節を提供できる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明に係る人工股関節の寛骨臼コンポーネントと大腿骨骨頭の断面図である。
【図2】図1の寛骨臼コンポーネントの外殻の斜視図である。
【図3】図1の寛骨臼コンポーネントのインサートの斜視図である。
Claims (7)
- 第1コンポーネントと第2コンポーネントを含み、前記第1コンポーネントと前記第2コンポーネントの関節連結面が共にコバルトクロム合金から作られている人工関節において、前記第1コンポーネント又は前記第2コンポーネントの関節連結面は0.06重量%の炭素を含有するコバルトクロム合金から作られ、もう一方の関節連結面は0.22重量%の炭素を含有するコバルトクロム合金から作られることを特徴とする人工関節。
- 前記第1コンポーネント及び前記第2コンポーネントは、58重量%乃至69重量%のコバルトと、26重量%乃至30重量%のクロムと、5重量%乃至7重量%のモリブデンとを含有し、他の元素は合計で5重量%以下しか含まない合金から作られる請求項1に記載の人工関節。
- 前記合金は、ニッケルを1重量%以下、鉄を0.75重量%以下、ケイ素を1重量%以下、マンガンを1重量%以下、窒素を0.25重量%以下しか含有しない請求項2に記載の人工関節。
- 前記合金は錬合金である請求項3に記載の人工関節。
- 当該人工関節は人工股関節である請求項1から請求項4のいずれかに記載の人工関節。
- 前記第1コンポーネントは人工股骨頭であり、前記第2コンポーネントは人工寛骨臼カップである請求項5に記載の人工関節。
- 関節連結面を有する寛骨臼カップと、関節連結面を有する大腿骨骨頭とを備える人工股関節であって、
前記寛骨臼カップと前記大腿骨骨頭の一方の前記関節連結面が0.06重量%である低炭素量のコバルトクロム合金から作られ、前記寛骨臼カップと前記大腿骨骨頭のもう一方の前記関節連結面が0.22重量%である高炭素量のコバルトクロム合金から作られる人工股関節。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GBGB9623540.3A GB9623540D0 (en) | 1996-11-12 | 1996-11-12 | Hip joint prosthesis |
GB9623540.3 | 1996-11-12 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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JPH10248917A JPH10248917A (ja) | 1998-09-22 |
JP4271269B2 true JP4271269B2 (ja) | 2009-06-03 |
Family
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JP32392597A Expired - Fee Related JP4271269B2 (ja) | 1996-11-12 | 1997-11-11 | 人工関節 |
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US (1) | US5904720A (ja) |
EP (1) | EP0841041B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4271269B2 (ja) |
AU (1) | AU719012B2 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2220665A1 (ja) |
DE (1) | DE69715348T2 (ja) |
GB (1) | GB9623540D0 (ja) |
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-
1996
- 1996-11-12 GB GBGB9623540.3A patent/GB9623540D0/en active Pending
-
1997
- 1997-08-12 US US08/909,619 patent/US5904720A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-11-10 CA CA002220665A patent/CA2220665A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-11-11 DE DE69715348T patent/DE69715348T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-11-11 AU AU45133/97A patent/AU719012B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1997-11-11 JP JP32392597A patent/JP4271269B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-11-11 EP EP97309050A patent/EP0841041B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US5904720A (en) | 1999-05-18 |
DE69715348T2 (de) | 2003-07-31 |
GB9623540D0 (en) | 1997-01-08 |
CA2220665A1 (en) | 1998-05-12 |
EP0841041A3 (en) | 1999-03-17 |
AU4513397A (en) | 1998-05-14 |
JPH10248917A (ja) | 1998-09-22 |
DE69715348D1 (de) | 2002-10-17 |
AU719012B2 (en) | 2000-05-04 |
EP0841041B1 (en) | 2002-09-11 |
EP0841041A2 (en) | 1998-05-13 |
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