JP4196552B2 - Image forming method and image forming apparatus - Google Patents
Image forming method and image forming apparatus Download PDFInfo
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- JP4196552B2 JP4196552B2 JP2001284285A JP2001284285A JP4196552B2 JP 4196552 B2 JP4196552 B2 JP 4196552B2 JP 2001284285 A JP2001284285 A JP 2001284285A JP 2001284285 A JP2001284285 A JP 2001284285A JP 4196552 B2 JP4196552 B2 JP 4196552B2
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- image forming
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- image
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Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は高解像度の画像形成装置を用いた画像形成方法及びその画像形成方法に用いられる画像形成装置に関するもので、より詳しくは濃度ムラを生じない高品質の画像を形成できる画像形成方法及びその画像形成方法に用いられる画像形成装置に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
電子写真方式の画像形成装置に使用される電子写真感光体は、電子写真感光体用支持体(以下、支持体と呼ぶ)を切削加工した後、感光層を形成するか、或いは切削加工した後に陽極酸化被膜や下引き層などを形成した上に感光層を形成することによって使用されている。通常、高解像度が要求される画像形成装置においては、該電子写真感光体にレーザー光やLED等を照射し画像を形成するといった技術が使用されている。
【0003】
しかしながら、レーザー光やLED等を照射し画像を形成する場合、特にハーフ画像等において濃度ムラが発生するといった問題点が生じている。該濃度ムラは、前記の様な電子写真感光体にレーザー光やLEDを照射した場合、光が支持体上で散乱せずに反射することを原因として生じると考えられる。支持体には通常アルミニウム或いはアルミニウム合金からなる金属素管を使用することが多く、前記の様に支持体は表面性状を均一に保つため等に切削加工が行われる。レーザー光やLEDが支持体上で散乱しないことで濃度ムラを生じる場合、切削加工を施した後の支持体表面(切削表面)は規則的な凹凸が存在するため、規則的に濃度ムラを生成してしまうといった問題点が生じる。
【0004】
そこで、レーザー光、LED等を使用した画像形成装置においてはこのような実状に鑑み、特許第2996742号では支持体表面の粗さを規定することにより濃度ムラを防ぐ方法が提案されているが、本特許を満たす条件でも、近年の高画質の複写機、プリンターでは濃度ムラの発生を防ぐことは難しい。また、特開2001−100446号公報では切削送り速度(μm/rev)(切削ピッチ(μm))をある条件下に納めることで濃度ムラの発生を防ぐことが提案されているが、同じく効果としては不十分であり、かつ画質が上がる毎に有効なピッチ範囲が狭まるので、切削ピッチ幅の管理が難しくなってくる。さらに、このような高画質の感光体を管理するには今までの粗さ計のJIS規格による測定値での管理では不十分で、切削ピッチ毎、また切削ピッチ間での波形の均一な光散乱性が必要となる。
【0005】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は上記の問題点を解決するべく、レーザー光、LED等を電子写真感光体に照射して画像を形成する際に、濃度ムラを発生しない画像を形成できる画像形成方法及びその画像形成方法に用いられる画像形成装置を提供し、高解像度の画像を提供することを目的とする。
【0006】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者は、係る問題点を解決すべく鋭意検討を行ったところ、支持体表面の表面粗さを表すパラメータであるSk値に着目することで、前記のような問題が解決されることがわかった。すなわち、本発明は、電子写真感光体を備え、解像度が600dpi以上の画像形成装置を用いて画像を形成するにおいて、電子写真感光体が、表面に切削加工により凹凸が形成され、該凹凸形状を粗さ計にて測定した粗さ曲線により求められる表面粗さSkが0≦Sk≦0.6の範囲である粗さ曲線を有し、かつ最大粗さRtが0.4μm〜1.2μmである電子写真感光体用支持体上に陽極酸化被膜を介して感光層が形成されたものであることを特徴とする画像形成方法、及びその画像形成方法に用いられることを特徴とする画像形成装置、に存する。
【0007】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明を詳細に説明する。粗さ曲線は粗さ計(サーフコム:(株)ミツトヨ社製)により測定される。精密旋盤を使用し、焼結ダイヤモンドバイトを研磨粗さ狙いで特定のRmax(μm)に仕上げた後、支持体を切削する。支持体を切削する際の切削バイトは、粒径が0.2μm以上15μm以下のものを用い、切削バイトの切削面における研磨仕上げ粗さがRmaxで0.3μm以上0.8μm以下となるように研磨されたものを使用することが好ましい。また、支持体を切削する際の切削送り速度は最小値として、好ましくは100μm/rev以上、更に好ましくは150μm/rev以上、最大値として好ましくは600μm/rev以下、更に好ましくは450μm/rev以下の範囲で設定される。上記の様な条件で切削後、支持体を粗さ計にて粗さ測定し、支持体表面を表す粗さ曲線を得る。尚、粗さ計に表示される最大粗さRtは最小値として0.4μm以上、好ましくは0.5μm以上、最大値として1.2μm以下、好ましくは1.0μm以下、最も好適には0.8μm以下であることが望ましい。
【0008】
図1に切削後の支持体表面(切削表面)の粗さ曲線を示す。該粗さ曲線からSkを求めることができる。Skは振幅分布曲線の上下方向への片寄りの程度を表し、次式により与えられる。
【数3】
【数4】
【0009】
前記式中で使用されるYiはi点における粗さ曲線の平均線からの距離Y、nはデータ数を示す。また、Rqは二乗平均粗さであり、すなわち、平均線から測定曲線までの偏差の二乗を平均した値の平方根である。本発明の支持体は、Skが0≦Sk≦0.6の範囲であればよいが、0.1≦Sk≦0.4の範囲であれば好ましく、0.2≦Sk≦0.3の範囲であれば更に好ましい。前記Skの範囲を有する支持体が濃度ムラの生じない良好な画像を提供することができる。
【0010】
本発明で用いられる支持体は、電子写真感光体用支持体として用いられるものであれば特に限定されるものではないが具体的には、アルミニウムあるいはアルミニウム合金、ステンレス鋼、銅、ニッケル等の金属材料が使用される。好ましくはアルミニウムあるいはアルミニウム合金からなる支持体がよい。支持体の形状は、通常の電子写真感光体に用いられる形状であれば特に限定されるものではないが、好ましくは円筒状の形状がよい。非導電体を使用するときは、導電性粉体の配合による導電化、あるいは、金属蒸着による表面導電化が行われるのが一般的である。
【0011】
以下、支持体としてアルミニウムを用いる場合について製法を述べれば、アルミニウムあるいはA1050、A3003、A6063等のアルミニウム合金をポートホール法、マンドレル法等により円筒状に加工した後、所定の肉厚、長さ、外径寸法の円筒とするため、引き抜き加工、切削加工等による処理加工が行なわれる。
【0012】
本発明の電子写真感光体は支持体を切削加工した後、そのまま感光層を形成しても良いが、陽極酸化被膜または下引き層、あるいはこれらを併用した層を形成してもよい。
陽極酸化被膜は、支持体表面に陽極酸化処理により形成される。陽極酸化処理を施す前に、酸、アルカリ、有機溶剤、界面活性剤、エマルジョン、電解などの各種脱脂洗浄方法により脱脂処理されることが好ましい。陽極酸化被膜は通常の方法、例えば、クロム酸、硫酸、シュウ酸、ホウ酸、スルファミン酸などの酸性浴中で、陽極酸化処理することにより形成されるが、硫酸中での陽極酸化処理が最も良好な結果を与える。硫酸中での陽極酸化処理の場合、硫酸濃度は100〜300g/l、溶存アルミニウム濃度は2〜15g/l、液温は15〜30℃、電解電圧は10〜20V、電流密度は0.5〜2A/dm2の範囲内に設定されるのが好ましいが、これに限られるものではない。このようにして形成された陽極酸化被膜の膜厚としては、通常は20μm以下であり、好ましくは10μm以下、更に好ましくは7μm以下である。
【0013】
陽極酸化処理された支持体は封孔処理が行なわれる。封孔処理液としては、ニッケルイオンを含む液(例えば酢酸ニッケルを含む液、フッ化ニッケルを含む液)等、常法の封孔処理液が使用できる。封孔処理された支持体上には感光層が形成される。
【0014】
下引き層としては、ポリビニルアルコール、カゼイン、ポリビニルピロリドン、ポリアクリル酸、セルロース類、ゼラチン、デンプン、ポリウレタン、ポリイミド、ポリアミド等の有機層を用いることができる。なかでも、支持体との接着性に優れ、電荷発生層塗布液に用いられる溶媒に対する溶解性の小さなポリアミド樹脂が好ましい。下引き層中には、特にレーザー露光における干渉縞を防ぐ目的で、アルミナ、チタニア等の金属酸化物微粒子やレーザー光を吸収することができる有機または無機の色素を含有させることが効果的である。下引き層の膜厚は通常0.1〜10μm、好ましくは0.2〜5μmである。
【0015】
本発明に用いられる感光層は電荷発生物質を含有する電荷発生層と電荷輸送層をこの順に積層したもの、逆に積層したもの、または電荷輸送媒体中に電荷発生物質粒子を分散したいわゆる単層型などいずれも用いることができるが、電荷発生層および電荷輸送層を有する積層型感光層が好ましい。感光層が単層構造の場合には、感光材料が結着材料に分散してなる公知のものが使用される。例えば、色素増感されたZnO感光層、CdS感光層、電荷発生物質を電荷輸送物質に分散させた感光層が挙げられる。感光層が積層構造の場合には、支持体、好ましくは陽極酸化被膜または下引き層の上に電荷発生層、電荷輸送層の順で各層が設けられる。
【0016】
電荷発生層には、電荷発生物質と結着樹脂とを含む。電荷発生物質としては、電子写真感光体に用いられる物質であれば特に限定されるものではなく、具体的にはセレン及びその合金、ヒ素−セレン、硫化カドミウム、酸化亜鉛、その他の無機光導電体、フタロシアニン、アゾ、キナクリドン、多環キノン、ペリレン、インジゴ、ベンズイミダゾールなどの有機顔料を使用することができる。特に銅、塩化インジウム、塩化カリウム、スズ、オキシチタニウム、亜鉛、バナジウムなどの金属、またはその酸化物や塩化物の配位したフタロシアニン類、無金属フタロシアニン類、または、モノアゾ、ビスアゾ、トリスアゾ、ポリアゾ類などのアゾ顔料が好ましい。これらのうち特にアゾ顔料又はフタロシアニン類がより好ましく、特定結晶系を有するオキシチタニウムフタロシアニンが特に好ましい。これは、オキシチタニウムフタロシアニンが通常の顔料より熱による結晶変換が起きやすいためである。
【0017】
このようなオキシチタニウムフタロシアニンは、CuKα線によるX線回折においてブラッグ角(2θ±0.2゜)27.3゜に最大回折ピークを示すものがあげられる。この結晶型オキシチタニウムフタロシアニンは、一般にはY型あるいはD型と呼ばれているものであり、例えば特開昭62−67094号公報の第2図(同公報ではII型と称されている)、特開平2−8256号公報の第1図、特開昭64−82045号公報の第1図、電子写真学会誌第92巻(1990年発行)第3号第250〜258頁(同刊行物ではY型と称されている)に示されたものである。この結晶型オキシチタニウムフタロシアニンは、27.3°に最大回折ピークを示すことが特徴であるが、これ以外に通常7.4゜、9.7゜、24.2゜にピークを示す。
【0018】
回折ピークの強度は、結晶性、試料の配向性および測定法により変化する場合もあるが、粉末結晶のX線回折を行う場合に通常用いられるブラッグ−ブレンターノの集中法による測定では、上記の結晶型オキシチタニウムフタロシアニンは27.3°に最大回折ピークを有する。また、薄膜光学系(一般に薄膜法或いは平行法とも呼ばれる)により測定された場合には、試料の状態によっては27.3°が最大回折ピークとならない場合があるが、これは結晶粉末が特定の方向に配向しているためと考えられる。
【0019】
分散媒としては、電子写真感光体の製造工程で用いられるものであれば特に限定されるものではなく種々の溶媒を用いてよい。例えば、ジエチルエーテル、ジメトキシエタン、テトラヒドロフラン、1,2−ジメトキシエタン等のエーテル類;アセトン、メチルエチルケトン等のケトン類;酢酸メチル、酢酸エチル等のエステル類;メタノール、エタノール、プロパノール等のアルコール類を単独あるいは2種以上混合して使用することができる。
用いる分散媒の量は分散が充分行え、且つ分散液中に有効量の電荷発生物質が含まれる限りいかなる量でもよく、通常は分散時の分散液中の電荷発生物質の濃度にして3〜20wt%、より好ましくは4〜20wt%程度が好ましい。
【0020】
結着樹脂としては、電子写真感光体に使用されるものであれば特に限定されるものではないが、具体的には、ポリビニルブチラール、ポリビニルアセタール、ポリエステル、ポリカーボネート、ポリスチレン、ポリエステルカーボネート、ポリスルホン、ポリイミド、ポリメチルメタクリレート、ポリ塩化ビニル等のビニル重合体、及びその共重合体、フェノキシ、エポキシ、シリコーン樹脂等またこれらの部分的架橋硬化物等を単独あるいは2種以上用いることができる。
結着樹脂と電荷発生物質との混合方法としては例えば、電荷発生物質を分散処理工程に結着樹脂を粉末のまま或いはそのポリマー溶液を加え同時に分散する方法、分散処理工程で得られた分散液を結着樹脂のポリマー溶液中に混合する方法、或いは逆に分散液中にポリマー溶液を混合する方法等のいずれかの方法を用いてもかまわない。
【0021】
次にここで得られた分散液は、塗布をするのに適した液物性にするために、種々の溶剤を用いて希釈してもかまわない。このような溶剤としては、例えば前記分散媒として例示した溶媒を使用することができる。電荷発生物質と結着樹脂との割合は特に制限はないが一般には樹脂100重量部に対して電荷発生物質が5〜500重量部の範囲より使用される。また必要に応じて電荷輸送物質を含むことができる。電荷輸送物質としては例えば、2,4,7−トリニトロフルオレノン、テトラシアノキシジメタンなどの電子求引性物質、カルバゾール、インドール、イミダゾール、オキサゾール、ピラゾール、オキサジアゾール、ピラゾリン、チアジアゾールなどの複素環化合物、アニリン誘導体、ヒドラゾン化合物、芳香族アミン誘導体、スチルベン誘導体、或いはこれらの化合物からなる基を主鎖もしくは側鎖に有する重合体などの電子供与性物質が挙げられる。電荷輸送物質と結着樹脂との割合は結着樹脂100重量に対して電荷輸送物質が5〜500重量部の範囲により使用される。
【0022】
この様にして調製された分散液を用いて、支持体上に電荷発生層を形成させ、その上に電荷輸送層を積層させて感光層を形成する、或いは支持体上に電荷輸送層を形成しその上に前記分散液を用いて電荷発生層を形成し感光層を形成する、或いは支持体上に前記分散液を用いて電荷発生層を形成させ感光層とする、のいずれかの構造で感光層を形成することが出来る。電荷発生層の膜厚は電荷輸送層と積層させて感光層を形成する場合0.1〜10μmの範囲が好適であり電荷輸送層の膜厚は10〜40μmが好適である。電荷発生層のみの単層構造で感光層を形成する場合の電荷発生層の膜厚は5〜40μmの範囲が好適である。
【0023】
電荷輸送層を設ける場合、そこに使用される電荷輸送物質としては、前記電荷輸送物質として例示した材料を使用することが出来る。これらの電荷輸送物質とともに必要に応じて結着樹脂が配合される。結着樹脂としては、例えば前記結着樹脂として例示した結着樹脂を使用することが出来る。感光層には、必要に応じて電子写真感光体に用いられる酸化防止剤、増感剤等の各種添加剤を含んでいてもよい。
【0024】
本発明において、前記の各層を形成するための塗布操作は、従来公知の塗布方法に従う。例えば、浸漬塗布法、スプレー塗布法、スピンナーコーティング法、ブレードコーティング法等を採用して行うことができる。
【0025】
本発明で用いる画像形成装置としては、モノクロプリンター、複写機、カラープリンター、カラー複写機、ファクシミリなどがあげられる。特に、本発明の支持体、及び電子写真感光体は、濃度ムラの生じない高画質の画像を提供できることから、高解像度の画像形成装置に適している。特に、600dpi以上の高解像度の画像を得る画像形成装置に利用することができる。
また、本発明の支持体を用いた感光体を使用する画像形成装置においては、通常、従来公知の波長域を有するレーザー光等の光源を利用することで本発明の効果を得ることが出来るが、380nm〜600nmに波長域を有する光源を利用する該画像形成装置においても、本発明の奏する効果は達成されると考えられる。
【0026】
該画像形成装置には、現像ユニット(帯電器、現像器、定着器、除電器、クリーナー)、電子写真感光体、光学ユニット(露光器)、ホッパー、スタッカー、記録媒体(用紙)を搬送する搬送路、定着ユニット等が設けられている。
ホッパーは、記録媒体(用紙)を搬送路に提供するものである。スタッカーは、記録済みの媒体(印刷済み用紙)を積み重ねて保存するものである。搬送路は、記録媒体(用紙)を搬送するものである。定着ユニットは、電子写真感光体から記録媒体(用紙)に転写された画像を定着するものである。
【0027】
現像ユニットは、電子写真感光体に形成された静電潜像に現像剤を与えて現像を行うものである。電子写真感光体は、得ようとする画像に応じた静電潜像を作成後、現像ユニットで現像された画像を記録媒体(用紙)に転写するものである。光学ユニットは、各画像データ(情報)により変調されたレーザー光で電子写真感光体上を走査して静電潜像を形成するものである。
【0028】
画像形成装置の動作を以下説明する。コロトロン、スコロトロン等の帯電器を用いて電子写真感光体表面略均一に帯電する。上位コンピューターは、画像、文字等の情報に基づき印刷指令を送る。上位コンピューターからの印刷指令時に、印刷準備が整っていれば、データ要求を行い、各データーが送られてくると、画像形成装置の光学ユニットで各データに対応して変調されたレーザー光で電子写真感光体上を走査する。これにより、レーザー光が照射された電子写真感光体上の部分は、電荷が除去され、電子写真感光体上に静電潜像が形成される。その後、現像ユニットで電子写真感光体に形成された静電潜像にトナー等の現像剤を与えて、電子写真感光体上に可視像を形成する。次に、記録媒体(用紙)をこの可視像に重ね、記録媒体(用紙)の裏から帯電器で現像剤とは逆の電荷を記録媒体(用紙)に与え、静電力により可視像を記録媒体(用紙)に転写する。転写された可視像は、熱又は圧力により、記録媒体(用紙)に融着されて永久像とする。
【0029】
一方、転写後の電子写真感光体上の潜像電荷は光により除電される。また、転写されずに残った残留トナー等の現像剤は、クリーナーにより除去する。このようなプロセスを繰り返すことにより連続的に画像形成を行う。また、フルカラー印刷を行う場合には、上述した画像形成プロセスを各色毎に行いカラー画像を得る。
【0030】
また、記録媒体(用紙)がホッパーで一枚ずつ搬送路に送られ、ベルト状の搬送手段で記録媒体(用紙)が搬送される間に電子写真感光体に形成された可視像を順次記録媒体(用紙)に転写していき、定着ユニットで用紙に転写された像を定着し、最後にスタッカーで印刷済みの記録媒体(用紙)を積み重ねて保管する。
【0031】
なお、画像形成装置としては、フルカラー印刷を行う場合には、電子写真感光体上に付着したトナー等の現像剤を、一旦一つの中間転写ベルトに転写し、中間転写ベルト状で各色のトナーを合わせ、カラー可視像とした後、転写手段を用いて記録媒体(用紙)にカラー画像を形成するものであってもよい。
【0032】
【実施例】
以下、本発明を実施例によりさらに詳細に説明するが、本発明は、その要旨を超えない限り、以下の実施例に限定されるものではない。
[電荷発生層塗布液]
本発明の実施例に用いる電荷発生層塗布液を以下のように調製した。
オキシチタニウムフタロシアニン10重量部に1,2−ジメトキシエタン140重量部を加え分散溶液とし、サンドグラインドミルで1時間、分散処理を行った。この際、粒径0.8mm程度のガラスビーズをサンドグラインドミル内に入れて分散処理を行った。次にホモジナイザー(特殊機化工工業株式会社製、T.K.ホモミクサー O型)にポリビニルブチラール(電気化学工業(株)製、商品名デンカブチラール#6000C)70重量部の7%エチレングリコールジメチルエーテル溶液を入れた。更に、この分散溶液をホモジナイザーに入れ、分散混合処理を施した。その後、分散液を取り出し、超音波分散処理を施し、電荷発生層塗布液を調製した。
【0033】
[電荷輸送層塗布液]
本発明の実施例に用いる電荷輸送層塗布液を以下のように調製した。
次に示すヒドラゾン化合物56重量部と
【化1】
【0034】
次に示すヒドラゾン化合物14重量部
【化2】
【0035】
及び下記のシアノ化合物1.5重量部
【化3】
及びポリカーボネート樹脂(三菱化学(株)製、商品名ノバレックス7030A)100重量部をテトラヒドロフラン100重量部に混合攪拌して溶解させ、電荷輸送層塗布液を調製した。
【0036】
(実施例1)
精密旋盤を使用し、焼結ダイヤモンドバイト(GE:1800シリーズ、粒径7μm)を研磨粗さ狙いでRmax0.4μm〜0.7μmに仕上げ、切削送り速度350μm/revでアルミニウム製支持体を切削し、該支持体を粗さ計(サーフコム:(株)ミツトヨ社製)にて粗さ測定し、得られた粗さ曲線から、Rtで0.6μm相当の表面を持ち、Skが0.30であるφ100mm×L350mmの支持体を得た。
該支持体に陽極酸化処理にて陽極酸化被膜(アルマイト)6μmを生成させ、上記の電荷発生層用塗布液と電荷輸送層用塗布液とを順次に塗布し乾燥させ、電子写真感光体を作製した。
【0037】
(実施例2)
Skが0.20であること以外は実施例1と同様にして電子写真感光体を得た。
【0038】
(実施例3)
Skが0.25であること以外は実施例1と同様にして電子写真感光体を得た。
【0039】
(比較例1)
Skが−0.20であること以外は実施例1と同様にして電子写真感光体を得た。
【0040】
(比較例2)
Skが0.70であること以外は実施例1と同様にして電子写真感光体を得た。
【0041】
上記得られた感光体を600dpiのデジタル複写機(CF9001:ミノルタ(株)製)にて濃度ムラの評価を行った。濃度ムラの評価については以下のランク付けに従って評価した。
○: 濃度ムラの発生なし
△: 弱いレベルの濃度ムラが発生している。
×: 実用上問題のある濃度ムラが発生している。
【0042】
評価結果を以下の表に示す。
【表1】
【0043】
【発明の効果】
本発明の支持体を使用することにより濃度ムラの生じない良好な画像を提供することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】支持体の切削表面の粗さ曲線[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an image forming method using a high-resolution image forming apparatus and an image forming apparatus used in the image forming method, and more specifically, an image forming method capable of forming a high-quality image without causing density unevenness and the image forming apparatus The present invention relates to an image forming apparatus used in an image forming method .
[0002]
[Prior art]
An electrophotographic photoreceptor used in an electrophotographic image forming apparatus is obtained by cutting a support for an electrophotographic photoreceptor (hereinafter referred to as a support) and then forming a photosensitive layer or cutting the support. It is used by forming a photosensitive layer on an anodized film or an undercoat layer. Usually, in an image forming apparatus that requires high resolution, a technique is used in which an image is formed by irradiating the electrophotographic photosensitive member with a laser beam or an LED.
[0003]
However, when an image is formed by irradiating laser light, LED, or the like, there is a problem that density unevenness occurs particularly in a half image or the like. The density unevenness is considered to be caused by the fact that when the electrophotographic photosensitive member as described above is irradiated with laser light or LED, the light is reflected without being scattered on the support. Usually, a metal base tube made of aluminum or an aluminum alloy is often used for the support, and the support is subjected to cutting to keep the surface property uniform as described above. When density unevenness occurs because the laser beam or LED does not scatter on the support, the support surface (cutting surface) after the cutting process has regular irregularities, so the density unevenness is generated regularly. This causes problems such as
[0004]
Therefore, in view of such a situation in an image forming apparatus using laser light, LED, etc., Japanese Patent No. 2996742 proposes a method for preventing density unevenness by defining the roughness of the support surface. Even under the conditions satisfying this patent, it is difficult to prevent density unevenness in recent high-quality copying machines and printers. Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-1000044 proposes preventing density unevenness by keeping the cutting feed rate (μm / rev) (cutting pitch (μm)) under a certain condition. Since the effective pitch range is narrowed every time the image quality is improved, the management of the cutting pitch width becomes difficult. Furthermore, in order to manage such a high-quality photoconductor, it is not sufficient to manage the roughness meter with the measured value according to the JIS standard so far, and the light having a uniform waveform at each cutting pitch and between cutting pitches. Scattering is required.
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
In order to solve the above problems, the present invention provides an image forming method capable of forming an image that does not cause density unevenness when an image is formed by irradiating an electrophotographic photosensitive member with laser light, LED or the like, and the image forming method. It is an object of the present invention to provide an image forming apparatus used for the above-mentioned and to provide a high-resolution image.
[0006]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present inventor has intensively studied to solve such problems, and by paying attention to the Sk value, which is a parameter representing the surface roughness of the support surface, the above problems can be solved. all right. That is, the present invention includes an electrophotographic photosensitive member, and when an image is formed using an image forming apparatus having a resolution of 600 dpi or more, the electrophotographic photosensitive member is formed with unevenness on the surface by cutting, and the uneven shape is formed. surface roughness Sk obtained by roughness curves measured at roughness meter have a roughness curve in the range of 0 ≦ Sk ≦ 0.6, and the maximum roughness Rt is in 0.4μm~1.2μm image forming method, wherein a certain electrophotographic photoreceptor support on in which photosensitive layer through the anodic oxide film is formed, and an image forming apparatus characterized by use in the image forming method , Exist.
[0007]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail. The roughness curve is measured with a roughness meter (Surfcom: manufactured by Mitutoyo Corporation). Using a precision lathe, the sintered diamond tool is finished to a specific Rmax (μm) for the purpose of polishing roughness, and then the support is cut. The cutting tool used when cutting the support has a particle size of 0.2 μm or more and 15 μm or less, and the polishing finish roughness on the cutting surface of the cutting tool is Rmax of 0.3 μm or more and 0.8 μm or less. It is preferable to use a polished one. Further, the cutting feed rate when cutting the support is preferably 100 μm / rev or more, more preferably 150 μm / rev or more, and the maximum value is preferably 600 μm / rev or less, more preferably 450 μm / rev or less as a minimum value. Set by range. After cutting under the above conditions, the support is measured with a roughness meter to obtain a roughness curve representing the support surface. The maximum roughness Rt displayed on the roughness meter is 0.4 μm or more, preferably 0.5 μm or more as a minimum value, 1.2 μm or less, preferably 1.0 μm or less, most preferably 0. It is desirable that it is 8 μm or less.
[0008]
FIG. 1 shows a roughness curve of the support surface (cutting surface) after cutting. Sk can be obtained from the roughness curve. Sk represents the degree of deviation in the vertical direction of the amplitude distribution curve, and is given by the following equation.
[Equation 3]
[Expression 4]
[0009]
Yi used in the above equation is the distance Y from the average line of the roughness curve at point i, and n is the number of data. Rq is the root mean square roughness, that is, the square root of the value obtained by averaging the squares of deviations from the mean line to the measurement curve. In the support of the present invention, Sk may be in the range of 0 ≦ Sk ≦ 0.6, but is preferably in the range of 0.1 ≦ Sk ≦ 0.4, and 0.2 ≦ Sk ≦ 0.3. If it is a range, it is still more preferable. The support having the Sk range can provide a good image with no density unevenness.
[0010]
The support used in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is used as a support for an electrophotographic photosensitive member. Specifically, aluminum or an aluminum alloy, stainless steel, copper, nickel, or other metal Material is used. A support made of aluminum or an aluminum alloy is preferable. The shape of the support is not particularly limited as long as it is a shape used for an ordinary electrophotographic photosensitive member, but a cylindrical shape is preferable. When a non-conductor is used, it is common to conduct a conductive material by blending a conductive powder or to conduct a conductive surface by metal vapor deposition.
[0011]
Hereinafter, the manufacturing method will be described in the case of using aluminum as a support. After processing aluminum or an aluminum alloy such as A1050, A3003, A6063 into a cylindrical shape by a porthole method, a mandrel method, etc., a predetermined thickness, length, In order to obtain a cylinder with an outer diameter, processing such as drawing or cutting is performed.
[0012]
In the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention, the photosensitive layer may be formed as it is after the support is cut, but an anodized film, an undercoat layer, or a combination of these may be formed.
The anodized film is formed on the support surface by anodization. Prior to the anodizing treatment, it is preferable to perform a degreasing treatment by various degreasing cleaning methods such as acid, alkali, organic solvent, surfactant, emulsion, electrolysis and the like. An anodized film is formed by an anodizing treatment in an ordinary method, for example, an acidic bath such as chromic acid, sulfuric acid, oxalic acid, boric acid, sulfamic acid, etc. Give good results. In the case of anodizing treatment in sulfuric acid, the sulfuric acid concentration is 100 to 300 g / l, the dissolved aluminum concentration is 2 to 15 g / l, the liquid temperature is 15 to 30 ° C., the electrolysis voltage is 10 to 20 V, and the current density is 0.5. It is preferably set within the range of ˜2 A / dm 2 , but is not limited thereto. The thickness of the anodic oxide film thus formed is usually 20 μm or less, preferably 10 μm or less, more preferably 7 μm or less.
[0013]
The anodized support is subjected to a sealing treatment. As the sealing treatment solution, a conventional sealing treatment solution such as a solution containing nickel ions (for example, a solution containing nickel acetate or a solution containing nickel fluoride) can be used. A photosensitive layer is formed on the sealed support.
[0014]
As the undercoat layer, organic layers such as polyvinyl alcohol, casein, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylic acid, celluloses, gelatin, starch, polyurethane, polyimide, and polyamide can be used. Among these, a polyamide resin having excellent adhesion to the support and low solubility in the solvent used for the charge generation layer coating solution is preferable. In order to prevent interference fringes particularly in laser exposure, it is effective to contain fine metal oxide particles such as alumina and titania and organic or inorganic dyes that can absorb laser light in the undercoat layer. . The thickness of the undercoat layer is usually 0.1 to 10 μm, preferably 0.2 to 5 μm.
[0015]
The photosensitive layer used in the present invention is a so-called single layer in which a charge generation layer containing a charge generation material and a charge transport layer are laminated in this order, or in reverse, or a charge generation material particle dispersed in a charge transport medium. Any type can be used, but a laminated photosensitive layer having a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer is preferred. When the photosensitive layer has a single layer structure, a known material in which a photosensitive material is dispersed in a binder material is used. Examples thereof include a dye-sensitized ZnO photosensitive layer, a CdS photosensitive layer, and a photosensitive layer in which a charge generation material is dispersed in a charge transport material. When the photosensitive layer has a laminated structure, each layer is provided in the order of a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer on a support, preferably an anodized film or an undercoat layer.
[0016]
The charge generation layer includes a charge generation material and a binder resin. The charge generation material is not particularly limited as long as it is a material used for an electrophotographic photosensitive member. Specifically, selenium and its alloys, arsenic-selenium, cadmium sulfide, zinc oxide, and other inorganic photoconductors. Organic pigments such as phthalocyanine, azo, quinacridone, polycyclic quinone, perylene, indigo, and benzimidazole can be used. In particular, metals such as copper, indium chloride, potassium chloride, tin, oxytitanium, zinc, vanadium, or phthalocyanines coordinated with oxides or chlorides, metal-free phthalocyanines, or monoazo, bisazo, trisazo, polyazos Azo pigments such as are preferred. Of these, azo pigments or phthalocyanines are particularly preferable, and oxytitanium phthalocyanine having a specific crystal system is particularly preferable. This is because oxytitanium phthalocyanine is more susceptible to crystal conversion by heat than ordinary pigments.
[0017]
Examples of such oxytitanium phthalocyanine include those having a maximum diffraction peak at a Bragg angle (2θ ± 0.2 °) of 27.3 ° in X-ray diffraction by CuKα ray. This crystalline oxytitanium phthalocyanine is generally referred to as Y-type or D-type. For example, FIG. 2 of JP-A-62-67094 (referred to as type II in the same publication), Fig. 1 of JP-A-2-8256, Fig. 1 of JP-A-64-82045, Journal of Electrophotographic Society Vol. 92 (issued in 1990), No. 3, pages 250-258 (in the same publication) (Referred to as Y-type). This crystalline oxytitanium phthalocyanine is characterized by having a maximum diffraction peak at 27.3 °, but normally has peaks at 7.4 °, 9.7 °, and 24.2 °.
[0018]
The intensity of the diffraction peak may vary depending on the crystallinity, the orientation of the sample, and the measurement method. However, in the measurement by the Bragg-Brentano concentration method usually used when performing X-ray diffraction of a powder crystal, Type oxytitanium phthalocyanine has a maximum diffraction peak at 27.3 °. In addition, when measured by a thin film optical system (generally called thin film method or parallel method), 27.3 ° may not be the maximum diffraction peak depending on the state of the sample. This is probably because it is oriented in the direction.
[0019]
The dispersion medium is not particularly limited as long as it is used in the production process of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and various solvents may be used. For example, ethers such as diethyl ether, dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran and 1,2-dimethoxyethane; ketones such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone; esters such as methyl acetate and ethyl acetate; alcohols such as methanol, ethanol and propanol alone Alternatively, two or more kinds can be mixed and used.
The amount of the dispersion medium to be used can be any amount as long as the dispersion can be sufficiently dispersed and an effective amount of the charge generation material is contained in the dispersion, and is usually 3 to 20 wt as the concentration of the charge generation material in the dispersion during dispersion. %, More preferably about 4 to 20 wt%.
[0020]
The binder resin is not particularly limited as long as it is used for an electrophotographic photoreceptor, and specifically, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl acetal, polyester, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyester carbonate, polysulfone, polyimide , Vinyl polymers such as polymethyl methacrylate and polyvinyl chloride, copolymers thereof, phenoxy, epoxy, silicone resins, and the like, or partially crosslinked cured products thereof can be used singly or in combination.
Examples of the method for mixing the binder resin and the charge generation material include a method in which the charge generation material is dispersed in the dispersion treatment step while the binder resin is in powder form or its polymer solution is dispersed simultaneously, and the dispersion obtained in the dispersion treatment step Any method may be used, such as a method of mixing the polymer solution into the binder resin polymer solution, or a method of mixing the polymer solution into the dispersion.
[0021]
Next, the dispersion obtained here may be diluted with various solvents in order to obtain liquid properties suitable for coating. As such a solvent, the solvent illustrated as the said dispersion medium can be used, for example. The ratio between the charge generating material and the binder resin is not particularly limited, but generally the charge generating material is used in the range of 5 to 500 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the resin. Moreover, a charge transport material can be included as required. Examples of the charge transport material include electron withdrawing materials such as 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone and tetracyanoxydimethane, and complex compounds such as carbazole, indole, imidazole, oxazole, pyrazole, oxadiazole, pyrazoline and thiadiazole. Examples thereof include an electron donating substance such as a ring compound, an aniline derivative, a hydrazone compound, an aromatic amine derivative, a stilbene derivative, or a polymer having a group composed of these compounds in the main chain or side chain. The ratio between the charge transport material and the binder resin is such that the charge transport material is in the range of 5 to 500 parts by weight with respect to 100 weight parts of the binder resin.
[0022]
Using the dispersion thus prepared, a charge generation layer is formed on a support, and a charge transport layer is laminated thereon to form a photosensitive layer, or a charge transport layer is formed on a support. Then, a charge generation layer is formed using the dispersion on the photosensitive layer to form a photosensitive layer, or a charge generation layer is formed on the support using the dispersion to form a photosensitive layer. A photosensitive layer can be formed. When the charge generating layer is laminated with the charge transport layer to form a photosensitive layer, the range of 0.1 to 10 μm is preferable, and the thickness of the charge transport layer is preferably 10 to 40 μm. When the photosensitive layer is formed with a single layer structure having only the charge generation layer, the thickness of the charge generation layer is preferably in the range of 5 to 40 μm.
[0023]
When the charge transport layer is provided, as the charge transport material used there, materials exemplified as the charge transport material can be used. A binder resin is blended with these charge transport materials as required. As the binder resin, for example, the binder resin exemplified as the binder resin can be used. The photosensitive layer may contain various additives such as antioxidants and sensitizers used for the electrophotographic photoreceptor as necessary.
[0024]
In the present invention, the coating operation for forming each of the layers follows a conventionally known coating method. For example, a dip coating method, a spray coating method, a spinner coating method, a blade coating method, or the like can be employed.
[0025]
Examples of the image forming apparatus used in the present invention include a monochrome printer, a copier, a color printer, a color copier, and a facsimile. In particular, the support and the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention are suitable for a high-resolution image forming apparatus because they can provide a high-quality image without density unevenness. In particular, the present invention can be used for an image forming apparatus that obtains a high-resolution image of 600 dpi or more.
In an image forming apparatus using a photoreceptor using the support of the present invention, the effect of the present invention can be obtained by using a light source such as a laser beam having a conventionally known wavelength range. Even in the image forming apparatus using a light source having a wavelength range of 380 nm to 600 nm, the effect of the present invention is considered to be achieved.
[0026]
The image forming apparatus includes a developing unit (charging device, developing device, fixing device, static eliminator, cleaner), electrophotographic photosensitive member, optical unit (exposure device), hopper, stacker, and conveyance for recording medium (paper). A path, a fixing unit and the like are provided.
The hopper provides a recording medium (paper) to the conveyance path. The stacker is a stack for storing recorded media (printed sheets). The conveyance path conveys a recording medium (paper). The fixing unit fixes an image transferred from the electrophotographic photosensitive member to a recording medium (paper).
[0027]
The developing unit performs development by applying a developer to the electrostatic latent image formed on the electrophotographic photosensitive member. The electrophotographic photosensitive member is to transfer an image developed by the developing unit to a recording medium (paper) after creating an electrostatic latent image corresponding to the image to be obtained. The optical unit scans the electrophotographic photosensitive member with a laser beam modulated by each image data (information) to form an electrostatic latent image.
[0028]
The operation of the image forming apparatus will be described below. The surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is charged substantially uniformly using a charger such as corotron or scorotron. The host computer sends a print command based on information such as images and characters. If printing is ready at the time of a print command from the host computer, a data request is made, and when each data is sent, it is electronically emitted by a laser beam modulated in accordance with each data by the optical unit of the image forming apparatus. Scan over the photographic photoreceptor. Thereby, the electric charge is removed from the portion on the electrophotographic photosensitive member irradiated with the laser beam, and an electrostatic latent image is formed on the electrophotographic photosensitive member. Thereafter, a developer such as toner is applied to the electrostatic latent image formed on the electrophotographic photosensitive member by the developing unit to form a visible image on the electrophotographic photosensitive member. Next, the recording medium (paper) is superimposed on the visible image, and a charge opposite to the developer is applied to the recording medium (paper) from the back of the recording medium (paper) with a charger, and the visible image is formed by electrostatic force. Transfer to a recording medium (paper). The transferred visible image is fused to a recording medium (paper) by heat or pressure to form a permanent image.
[0029]
On the other hand, the latent image charge on the electrophotographic photosensitive member after transfer is neutralized by light. Further, the developer such as residual toner remaining without being transferred is removed by a cleaner. Image formation is continuously performed by repeating such a process. When full-color printing is performed, the above-described image forming process is performed for each color to obtain a color image.
[0030]
In addition, the recording medium (paper) is sent to the conveyance path one by one by the hopper, and the visible image formed on the electrophotographic photosensitive member is sequentially recorded while the recording medium (paper) is conveyed by the belt-shaped conveyance means. The image is transferred to the medium (paper), the image transferred onto the paper is fixed by the fixing unit, and finally the printed recording medium (paper) is stacked and stored by the stacker.
[0031]
As for the image forming apparatus, when full color printing is performed, a developer such as toner adhered on the electrophotographic photosensitive member is once transferred to one intermediate transfer belt, and toner of each color is formed in the form of an intermediate transfer belt. In addition, after forming a color visible image, a color image may be formed on a recording medium (paper) using a transfer unit.
[0032]
【Example】
EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although an Example demonstrates this invention further in detail, this invention is not limited to a following example, unless the summary is exceeded.
[Charge generation layer coating solution]
The charge generation layer coating solution used in the examples of the present invention was prepared as follows.
To 10 parts by weight of oxytitanium phthalocyanine, 140 parts by weight of 1,2-dimethoxyethane was added to form a dispersion solution, which was subjected to dispersion treatment for 1 hour in a sand grind mill. At this time, glass beads having a particle size of about 0.8 mm were placed in a sand grind mill for dispersion treatment. Next, a 7% ethylene glycol dimethyl ether solution of 70 parts by weight of polyvinyl butyral (manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd., trade name: Denka Butyral # 6000C) was added to a homogenizer (manufactured by Tokushu Kika Kogyo Co., Ltd., TK homomixer type O). I put it in. Furthermore, this dispersion solution was put into a homogenizer and subjected to dispersion mixing treatment. Thereafter, the dispersion liquid was taken out and subjected to ultrasonic dispersion treatment to prepare a charge generation layer coating liquid.
[0033]
[Charge transport layer coating solution]
The charge transport layer coating solution used in the examples of the present invention was prepared as follows.
56 parts by weight of the following hydrazone compound:
[0034]
14 parts by weight of the following hydrazone compound
[0035]
And 1.5 parts by weight of the following cyano compound
Then, 100 parts by weight of polycarbonate resin (product name: Novalex 7030A, manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation) was mixed and stirred in 100 parts by weight of tetrahydrofuran to prepare a charge transport layer coating solution.
[0036]
(Example 1)
Using a precision lathe, finish a sintered diamond tool (GE: 1800 series, particle size 7μm) to Rmax 0.4μm to 0.7μm with the aim of polishing roughness, and cut the aluminum support at a cutting feed rate of 350μm / rev. The support was measured for roughness with a roughness meter (Surfcom: manufactured by Mitutoyo Corporation), and the obtained roughness curve had a surface corresponding to 0.6 μm in Rt, and Sk was 0.30. A certain support of φ100 mm × L350 mm was obtained.
An anodized film (alumite) of 6 μm is formed on the support by anodizing treatment, and the above-described charge generation layer coating solution and charge transport layer coating solution are sequentially applied and dried to produce an electrophotographic photosensitive member. did.
[0037]
(Example 2)
An electrophotographic photosensitive member was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that Sk was 0.20.
[0038]
(Example 3)
An electrophotographic photosensitive member was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that Sk was 0.25.
[0039]
(Comparative Example 1)
An electrophotographic photosensitive member was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that Sk was −0.20.
[0040]
(Comparative Example 2)
An electrophotographic photosensitive member was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that Sk was 0.70.
[0041]
The obtained photoreceptor was evaluated for density unevenness using a 600 dpi digital copying machine (CF9001: manufactured by Minolta Co., Ltd.). The density unevenness was evaluated according to the following ranking.
◯: No density unevenness occurred Δ: Weak level density unevenness occurred.
×: Uneven density unevenness that is a problem in practical use occurs.
[0042]
The evaluation results are shown in the following table.
[Table 1]
[0043]
【The invention's effect】
By using the support of the present invention, it is possible to provide a good image without density unevenness.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 Roughness curve of a cutting surface of a support
Claims (3)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2001284285A JP4196552B2 (en) | 2001-07-25 | 2001-09-19 | Image forming method and image forming apparatus |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2001223836 | 2001-07-25 | ||
| JP2001-223836 | 2001-07-25 | ||
| JP2001284285A JP4196552B2 (en) | 2001-07-25 | 2001-09-19 | Image forming method and image forming apparatus |
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| JP2003107757A JP2003107757A (en) | 2003-04-09 |
| JP4196552B2 true JP4196552B2 (en) | 2008-12-17 |
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| JP2009098484A (en) * | 2007-10-18 | 2009-05-07 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | Electrophotographic photoreceptor, process cartridge, and electrophotographic equipment |
| JP5266985B2 (en) * | 2008-09-08 | 2013-08-21 | コニカミノルタビジネステクノロジーズ株式会社 | Organic photoreceptor, image forming method, and image forming apparatus |
| US8551678B2 (en) | 2008-09-09 | 2013-10-08 | Konica Minolta Business Technologies, Inc. | Electrophotographic photoreceptor, image forming method, image forming apparatus |
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