JP4125835B2 - Laminated glass interlayer film and laminated glass - Google Patents

Laminated glass interlayer film and laminated glass Download PDF

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Publication number
JP4125835B2
JP4125835B2 JP01588499A JP1588499A JP4125835B2 JP 4125835 B2 JP4125835 B2 JP 4125835B2 JP 01588499 A JP01588499 A JP 01588499A JP 1588499 A JP1588499 A JP 1588499A JP 4125835 B2 JP4125835 B2 JP 4125835B2
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Prior art keywords
laminated glass
glass
interlayer film
film
weight
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JP01588499A
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JP2000211952A (en
Inventor
明彦 坂東
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Sekisui Chemical Co Ltd
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Sekisui Chemical Co Ltd
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1055Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/10761Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing vinyl acetal
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1055Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/10688Adjustment of the adherence to the glass layers

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  • Joining Of Glass To Other Materials (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、合わせガラス用中間膜、及び、その中間膜を用いた合わせガラスに関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
従来より、合わせガラスは、自動車のような車輌、航空機、建築物等の窓ガラス等として広く使用されている。上記合わせガラスの代表例としては、少なくとも一対のガラス間に、可塑剤により可塑化されたポリビニルブチラール樹脂のような可塑化ポリビニルアセタール樹脂を製膜して成る合わせガラス用中間膜を介在させ、一体化させて製せられるものが挙げられる。
【0003】
このような合わせガラスは、これに衝撃が加えられるとガラスは破損するものの、ガラス間に介在させた中間膜は容易に破損せず、又、ガラスは破損後においても中間膜に貼着したままであるため、その破片が飛散することが少なく、従って、例えば自動車や建築物の内部にある人体がガラスの破片によって傷害を受けることを防止する機能を有する。
【0004】
この場合、合わせガラスとしての機能を十分に満足するためには、中間膜とガラスとの接着力が高ければ高いほど良いわけではなく、この接着力をある適正な範囲内に調整することが必要である。
【0005】
上記接着力の適正な範囲内への調整は、例えば、自動車等においては事故発生時、運転者や乗客等がガラスへ衝突する際の衝撃吸収や貫通防止のために必要であり、又、例えば、建築物においては外部からの飛来物の貫通防止やガラスの飛散防止のために必要である。
【0006】
即ち、中間膜とガラスとの接着力が小さい場合には、ガラスが中間膜から剥がれ、その破片が飛散し易くなるという問題が発生し、逆に、中間膜とガラスとの接着力が大きい場合には、ガラスと中間膜とが同時に破損して、人体や外部からの飛来物等が貫通し易くなるという問題が発生する。
【0007】
これに対し、中間膜とガラスとの接着力が適正な範囲内にある場合には、ガラスの破損が広範囲にわたって起こると共に、ガラスが破損すると同時に中間膜とガラスとの部分的な界面剥離が起こり、且つ、中間膜が延伸するという現象が生じるため、衝撃吸収効果や貫通防止効果が大きくなる。
【0008】
上記に鑑み、従来より、中間膜とガラスとの接着力を適正な範囲内に調整するために、中間膜用の接着力調整剤が種々検討されてきた。
【0009】
例えば、特公昭48−5772号公報では、「少なくとも2枚のガラスを可塑化ポリビニルアセタール樹脂組成物で貼り合わせたガラスにおいて、該可塑化ポリビニルアセタール樹脂組成物中に炭素数10〜22の脂肪族カルボン酸のナトリウム金属塩を含有せしめたことを特徴とする合わせガラス」が開示されている。
【0010】
しかし、上記開示にある合わせガラスは、接着力調整剤として炭素数の比較的大きいカルボン酸の金属塩を用いているため、中間膜とガラスとの接着力が時間経過(経時)とともに変化するという問題点がある。即ち、初期の接着力は適正であっても、経時とともに次第に接着力が低下もしくは昂進し、衝撃を受けた時にガラスが剥離し易くなるか、逆に剥離し難くなる。この接着力変化を防止するためには、中間膜を例えば40〜50℃の雰囲気下で1〜2ケ月間保管して熟成する必要があるが、中間膜は粘着性や自着性等を有するため、上記のような雰囲気下で長期間保管することは現実的には困難であり、又、仮に熟成を行ったとしても、接着力の経時変化を抑制することは出来るが皆無にすることは出来ず、上記問題点は依然として残る。
【0011】
上記問題点に対応するため、例えば、特公平2−41547号公報では、「トリエチレングリコール−ジ−n−ヘプタン酸エステル及びテトラエチレングリコール−ジ−n−ヘプタン酸エステルから成るグループより選択した相溶する量の加水分解性エステルによって可塑化し且つ接着力調整剤を含有するポリビニルブチラールシートにおいて、接着力調整剤はアルカリ又はアルカリ土類金属ギ酸塩から成り且つシートはその100万部当り10当量未満の、滴定によって測定された、酸の濃度を有していることを特徴とするポリビニルブチラールシート」が開示されている。
【0012】
しかし、上記開示にある中間膜は、接着力調整剤として炭素数の小さいギ酸の金属塩を用いているため、中間膜とガラスとの接着力の経時変化の問題点は解消されるものの、中間膜の耐湿性が不十分となり、その結果、合わせガラスの周縁部に吸湿による白化現象を起こし易くなるという別の問題点が発生する。
【0013】
即ち、中間膜は通常の雰囲気(湿度)下においては吸湿性が高いため、合わせガラスに加工する場合、例えば、相対湿度25%(25%RH)の雰囲気下で含水率が0.45重量%程度となるように調湿して合わせ加工を行うのが一般的である。ところが、通常合わせガラスの周縁部は剥き出しの状態であるため、高湿度雰囲気下では中間膜が吸湿し、含水率が2〜3重量%程度にまで上昇する。この時、中間膜中に微小な結晶として存在する例えばギ酸のアルカリ金属塩やアルカリ土類金属塩等のような炭素数の小さいカルボン酸の金属塩の周囲に水が集まり、白化現象を惹起する。
【0014】
上記白化現象の発生を防止するために、例えば、特公昭53−18207号公報では、「モノカルボン酸又はジカルボン酸のアルカリ金属塩又はアルカリ土類金属塩と変性シリコンオイルとが含有されるか若しくは付着された可塑化ポリビニルアセタール樹脂中間膜によって少なくとも2枚のガラスが貼り合わされていることを特徴とする積層安全ガラス」が開示されている。
【0015】
しかし、上記開示にある合わせガラスも、長期の吸湿による白化現象の発生を防止するという観点からは十分なものとは言えなかった。
【0016】
又、中間膜の有する別の問題として可塑剤の揮散に起因する問題点がある。従来の中間膜には、可塑剤としてアジピン酸ジヘキシルやトリエチレングリコールジ2−エチルブチレート等が一般的に用いられているが、これらの可塑剤は比較的低沸点であるため、オートクレーブ中での合わせ加工時に可塑剤が揮散して安全性が低下するという問題点や、合わせガラスとされた後の周縁部からはみ出している中間膜(トリム部分)から可塑剤が揮散して、トリム部分が硬くなり、トリムのカットによる除去性(トリムカット性)が悪くなる等の問題点がある。
【0017】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は、上記従来の問題点を解決するため、中間膜とガラスとの接着力が初期及び経時後のいずれにおいても適正な範囲内に保持されており、従って衝撃吸収性や耐貫通性などの合わせガラスとして必要な基本性能に優れ、且つ、湿度の高い雰囲気下に長期間放置された場合でも合わせガラスの周縁部に白化現象を殆ど起こさず、しかも可塑剤の揮散が少なく、従ってトリムカット性にも優れる合わせガラスを得るに適する合わせガラス用中間膜、及び、その中間膜を用いて製せられた合わせガラスを提供することを課題とする。
【0018】
【課題を解決するための手段】
請求項1に記載の発明(以下、「第1発明」と記す)による合わせガラス用中間膜は、ポリビニルアセタール樹脂100重量部、トリエチレングリコールジ2−エチルヘキサノエート20〜60重量部及びカルボン酸のマグネシウム塩混合物0.01〜0.1重量部を含有する樹脂組成物が製膜されて成る合わせガラス用中間膜であって、上記カルボン酸のマグネシウム塩混合物が、2−エチル酪酸マグネシウム/酢酸マグネシウム(重量比)=0.5〜3の関係を満たす混合物であることを特徴とする。
【0019】
又、請求項2に記載の発明(以下、「第2発明」と記す)による合わせガラス用中間膜は、上記第1発明による合わせガラス用中間膜において、ポリビニルアセタール樹脂が、ブチラール化度が66〜72モル%のポリビニルブチラール樹脂であることを特徴とする。
【0020】
更に、請求項3に記載の発明(以下、「第3発明」と記す)による合わせガラスは、少なくとも一対のガラス間に、上記第1発明又は第2発明による合わせガラス用中間膜を介在させ、一体化させて成ることを特徴とする。
【0021】
以下、本発明を詳しく説明する。
【0022】
第1発明による合わせガラス用中間膜(以下、単に「中間膜」と記す)の主成分として用いられるポリビニルアセタール樹脂の製造方法としては、特に限定されるものではないが、例えば、ポリビニルアルコール(以下、「PVA」と記す)を熱水に溶解し、得られた水溶液を所定の温度、例えば0〜95℃に保持しておいて、所要のアルデヒドと酸触媒とを加え、攪拌しながらアセタール化反応を進行させ、次いで反応温度を上げて熟成することにより反応を完結させ、その後、中和、水洗及び乾燥を行ってポリビニルアセタール樹脂の粉末を得る方法が採用される。
【0023】
上記ポリビニルアセタール樹脂の製造方法において、PVAとしては、平均重合度500〜5000のものが好ましく、平均重合度1000〜2500のものがより好ましい。PVAの平均重合度が500未満であると、中間膜の強度が弱くなり過ぎて、得られる合わせガラスの衝撃吸収性や耐貫通性等が低下することがあり、逆に、PVAの平均重合度が5000を超えると、中間膜の製膜が難しくなることがあり、しかも中間膜の強度が強くなり過ぎて、得られる合わせガラスの衝撃吸収性や耐貫通性等が低下することがある。
【0024】
又、上記で得られるポリビニルアセタール樹脂のビニルアセテート成分は30モル%以下に設定するのが好ましく、そのためにPVAの鹸化度は70モル%以上のものが好適に用いられる。PVAの鹸化度が70モル%未満であると、ポリビニルアセタール樹脂の透明性や耐熱性等が低下することがあり、又、反応性が低下することもある。尚、上記PVAの平均重合度及び鹸化度は、例えば、JIS K−6726「ポリビニルアルコール試験方法」に準拠して測定することが出来る。
【0025】
第1発明において、ポリビニルアセタール樹脂を得るのに使用するアルデヒドとしては、特に限定されるものではないが、例えば、炭素数が3〜10、好ましくは4〜8、のアルデヒドが挙げられ、好適に用いられる。
【0026】
このようなアルデヒドとしては、特に限定されるものではないが、例えば、プロピオンアルデヒド、n−ブチルアルデヒド、イソブチルアルデヒド、バレルアルデヒド、n−ヘキシルアルデヒド、2−エチルブチルアルデヒド、n−ヘプチルアルデヒド、n−オクチルアルデヒド、n−ノニルアルデヒド、n−デシルアルデヒド、ベンズアルデヒド、シンナムアルデヒド等の脂肪族、芳香族、脂環族のアルデヒドが挙げられ、これらの1種もしくは2種以上が好適に用いられる。
【0027】
アルデヒドの炭素数が3未満であると、中間膜の製膜性が不十分となることがあり、逆に、アルデヒドの炭素数が10を超えると、アセタール化の反応性が低下し、しかも反応中に樹脂のブロックが発生し易くなり、樹脂の合成に困難を伴うことがある。上記炭素数が3〜10のアルデヒドのなかでも炭素数が4〜8のn−ブチルアルデヒド、n−ヘキシルアルデヒド、2−エチルブチルアルデヒド、n−オクチルアルデヒド等の1種もしくは2種以上がより好適に用いられる。
【0028】
上記炭素数が4〜8のアルデヒドのなかでも炭素数が4のn−ブチルアルデヒドでアセタール化して得られるものが特に好ましい。n−ブチルアルデヒドでアセタール化して得られるポリビニルブチラール樹脂(以下、「PVB」と記す)は製造が容易であり、且つ、上記PVBを用いることにより、中間膜とガラスとの接着力がより適正なものとなり、又、耐光性や耐候性等にもより優れたものとなる。
【0029】
こうして得られるPVBは、ビニルブチラール成分とビニルアルコール成分とビニルアセテート成分とから構成されている。上記各成分量は、例えば、JISK−6728「ポリビニルブチラール試験方法」や核磁気共鳴法(NMR)に準拠して測定することが出来る。
【0030】
尚、PVB以外のポリビニルアセタール樹脂の場合は、ビニルアルコール成分量とビニルアセテート成分量とを測定し、残りのビニルアセタール成分量は100から上記両成分量を差し引くことにより算出することが出来る。
【0031】
又、上記各種ポリビニルアセタール樹脂のアセタール化度は、一般に40〜75モル%であることが好ましい。ポリビニルアセタール樹脂のアセタール化度が40モル%未満であると後述する可塑剤との相溶性が低下して、耐貫通性の確保に必要な量の可塑剤の混合が難しくなることがあり、逆に75モル%を超えるアセタール化度の樹脂を得るには長時間の反応時間を要することがあり、プロセス上好ましくない。
【0032】
第2発明による中間膜においては、主成分であるポリビニルアセタール樹脂として、ブチラール化度が66〜72モル%のPVBが用いられることが必要であり、好ましくはブチラール化度が67.5〜70モル%のPVBである。
【0033】
主成分としてブチラール化度が66〜72モル%のPVBを用いることにより、得られる中間膜は一段と優れたバランスの性能を有するものとなる。
【0034】
上記PVBのブチラール化度が66モル%未満であると、得られる中間膜の吸湿性が強くなって、合わせガラス周縁部に白化現象を起こし易くなり、逆にPVBのブチラール化度が72モル%を超えると、得られる中間膜の機械的強度が不十分となることがある。
【0035】
上記PVBの製造方法は、基本的には前記ポリビニルアセタール樹脂の製造方法に準じれば良く特に限定されるものではないが、より好ましくは、例えば、PVAを熱水に溶解し、得られた水溶液を例えば10〜20℃に保持しておいて、n−ブチルアルデヒドと酸触媒とを加え、攪拌しながらブチラール化反応を進行させ、次いで例えば70℃に昇温して熟成することにより反応を完結させ、その後、中和、水洗及び乾燥を行ってPVBの粉末を得る方法を採れば良い。
【0036】
上記PVBの製造に用いられるPVAは、平均重合度が1000〜2500であるものが好ましい。PVAの平均重合度が1000未満であると、中間膜の強度が弱くなり過ぎて、得られる合わせガラスの衝撃吸収性や耐貫通性等が低下することがあり、逆にPVAの平均重合度が2500を超えると、中間膜の強度が強くなり過ぎて、同じく衝撃吸収性や耐貫通性等が低下することがある。
【0037】
又、上記PVBの製造に用いられるPVAは、鹸化度が95モル%以上であるものが好ましい。PVAの鹸化度が95モル%未満であると、得られる中間膜の透明性、耐熱性、耐光性、耐候性等が不十分となることがある。
【0038】
第1発明及び第2発明による中間膜においては、上述したポリビニルアセタール樹脂(ブチラール化度が66〜72モル%のPVBを包含する)100重量部に対し、可塑剤として、トリエチレングリコールジ2−エチルヘキサノエート(以下、「3GO」と記す)20〜60重量部が添加されていることが必要であり、好ましくは30〜50重量部である。
【0039】
上記3GOは、トリエチレングリコールとその2倍当量以上の2−エチルヘキサン酸とを触媒の存在下で反応させることにより製造することが出来る。
【0040】
上記3GOは、沸点が219℃/5mmHgであり、従来中間膜用として一般的に用いられていたアジピン酸ジヘキシル(沸点185℃/5mmHg)やトリエチレングリコールジ2−エチルブチレート(沸点196℃/5mmHg)等と比較して高沸点であるので、揮散が少なく、従ってオートクレーブ中での合わせ加工時の安全性や合わせガラスとされた後のトリムカット性が著しく向上する。
【0041】
前記ポリビニルアセタール樹脂100重量部に対する上記3GOの添加量が20重量部未満であると、可塑化効果が不十分となって、中間膜の製膜が困難となったり、得られる合わせガラスの衝撃吸収性や耐貫通性等が低下し、逆にポリビニルアセタール樹脂100重量部に対する3GOの添加量が60重量部を超えると、得られる中間膜から3GOがブリードアウトし易くなり、中間膜の光学歪みが大きくなったり、透明性や接着力が低下する。
【0042】
第1発明及び第2発明による中間膜においては、前述したポリビニルアセタール樹脂(ブチラール化度が66〜72モル%のPVBを包含する)100重量部に対し、接着力調整剤として、2−エチル酪酸マグネシウム(以下、「C6Mg」と記す)と酢酸マグネシウム(以下、「C2Mg」と記す)とから成るカルボン酸のマグネシウム塩混合物(以下、単に「マグネシウム塩混合物」と記す)0.01〜0.1重量部が添加されていることが必要であり、好ましくは0.03〜0.08部である。
【0043】
上記C6Mg又はC2Mgは、それぞれ2−エチル酪酸又は酢酸と酸化マグネシウムとを触媒の存在下で反応させることにより製造することが出来る。
【0044】
第1発明及び第2発明においては、上記マグネシウム塩混合物が、C6Mg/C2Mg(重量比)=0.5〜3の関係を満たす混合物であることが必要であり、好ましくはC6Mg/C2Mg(重量比)=1〜2.5である。尚、ここで言う混合物とは、C6MgとC2Mgとを上記関係を満たす割合で予め混合したものであっても勿論良いし、C6MgとC2Mgとをそれぞれ個別に中間膜中に添加した時の添加量の割合が上記関係を満たすものであっても良い。
【0045】
上記C6Mg及びC2Mgは、中間膜中で電離することなくそれぞれ塩の形で中間膜中に存在し、水分子を引き寄せることにより、中間膜とガラスとの接着力を適正な範囲に保持させる機能を有し、その結果、得られる合わせガラスの衝撃吸収性や耐貫通性は優れたものとなる。
【0046】
又、上記C6Mg及びC2Mgは、C6Mg/C2Mg(重量比)=0.5〜3の関係を満たす割合で併用されることにより、中間膜中に複合体として存在し、凝集することなく中間膜表面に高濃度で分布するため、少量の添加量で優れた接着力調整効果を発揮する。その結果、得られる合わせガラスは、優れた衝撃吸収性や耐貫通性を有するものとなり、又、吸湿による白化現象も殆ど起こさないものとなる。
【0047】
上記C6Mg/C2Mg(重量比)が0.5未満であると、マグネシウム塩混合物が中間膜中で凝集を起こして、得られる合わせガラスの周縁部に白化現象を生じ易くなり、逆にC6Mg/C2Mg(重量比)が3を超えると、中間膜とガラスとの接着力が経時変化し易くなり、得られる合わせガラスの衝撃吸収性や耐貫通性が不安定となる。
【0048】
又、前記ポリビニルアセタール樹脂100重量部に対する上記マグネシウム塩混合物の添加量が0.01重量部未満であると、接着力調整効果が不十分となって、得られる合わせガラスの衝撃吸収性や耐貫通性が十分に向上せず、逆にポリビニルアセタール樹脂100重量部に対するマグネシウム塩混合物の添加量が0.1重量部を超えると、得られる合わせガラスの透明性や耐白化性が低下する。
【0049】
第1発明及び第2発明による中間膜には、必須成分であるポリビニルアセタール樹脂(ブチラール化度が66〜72モル%のPVBを包含する)、3GO及びC6Mg/C2Mg(重量比)=0.5〜3の関係を満たすカルボン酸のマグネシウム塩混合物以外に、本発明の課題達成を阻害しない範囲で必要に応じて、中間膜の劣化を防止するための安定剤、酸化防止剤、紫外線吸収剤、例えば微粉シリカのような無機充填剤、例えばラウリル硫酸ナトリウムやアルキルベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウム等のような界面活性剤、着色剤等の各種添加剤の1種もしくは2種以上が含有されていても良い。
【0050】
安定剤としては、特に限定されるものではないが、例えば、旭電化工業社製の商品名「アデカスタブLA−57」のようなヒンダードアミン系安定剤等が挙げられ、これらの1種もしくは2種以上が好適に用いられる。
【0051】
酸化防止剤としては、特に限定されるものではないが、例えば、t−ブチルヒドロキシトルエン(例えば、住友化学工業社製の商品名「スミライザーBHT」)、テトラキス−〔メチレン−3−(3’−5’−ジt−ブチル−4’−ヒドロキシフェニル)プロピオネート〕メタン(例えば、チバガイギー社製の商品名「イルガノックス1010」)等のフェノール系酸化防止剤等が挙げられ、これらの1種もしくは2種以上が好適に用いられる。
【0052】
紫外線吸収剤としては、特に限定されるものではないが、例えば、2−(2’−ヒドロキシ−5’−メチルフェニル)ベンゾトリアゾール(例えば、チバガイギー社製の商品名「チヌビンP」)、2−(2’−ヒドロキシ−3’,5’−ジt−ブチルフェニル)ベンゾトリアゾール(例えば、チバガイギー社製の商品名「チヌビン320」)、2−(2’−ヒドロキシ−3’−t−ブチル−5’−メチルフェニル)−5−クロロベンゾトリアゾール(例えば、チバガイギー社製の商品名「チヌビン326」)、2−(2’−ヒドロキシ−3’,5’−ジアミルフェニル)ベンゾトリアゾール(例えば、チバガイギー社製の商品名「チヌビン328」)等のベンゾトリアゾール系紫外線吸収剤等が挙げられ、これらの1種もしくは2種以上が好適に用いられる。
【0053】
第1発明及び第2発明による中間膜の製造方法は、特に限定されるものではなく、例えば、必須成分であるポリビニルアセタール樹脂(ブチラール化度が66〜72モル%のPVBを包含する)、3GO及びC6Mg/C2Mg(重量比)=0.5〜3の関係を満たすカルボン酸のマグネシウム塩混合物の各所定量と、必要に応じて添加される上記各種添加剤の1種もしくは2種以上の各所定量とを、例えばミキシングロールに供給し、混練して樹脂組成物を作製した後、この樹脂組成物をプレス成形機、カレンダーロール、押出機等を用いてシート状に製膜して可塑化ポリビニルアセタール樹脂膜を成形し、これを中間膜とすれば良い。
【0054】
上記可塑化ポリビニルアセタール樹脂膜は、単層で中間膜とされても良いし、2枚以上が積層された状態で中間膜とされても良い。又、中間膜は単層で用いられても良いし、2枚以上が積層された状態で用いられても良い。
【0055】
上記中間膜の全体の膜厚は、特に限定されるものではないが、合わせガラスとして最小限必要な衝撃吸収性や耐貫通性、耐熱性、耐水性、耐光性、耐候性等を考慮すると、実用的には0.3〜1.6mmであることが好ましい。
【0056】
次に、第3発明による合わせガラスは、少なくとも一対のガラス間に、上述した第1発明又は第2発明による中間膜を介在させ、一体化させて成ることが必要である。
【0057】
上記ガラスは、通常の無機透明ガラスのみならず、ポリカーボネート板、ポリメチルメタクリレート板などの有機透明ガラスも包含する。
【0058】
上記ガラスの種類としては、特に限定されるものではないが、例えば、フロート板ガラス、磨き板ガラス、型板ガラス、網入り板ガラス、線入り板ガラス、熱線吸収板ガラス、着色された板ガラス等の各種無機ガラス又は有機ガラスが挙げられ、これらの1種もしくは2種以上が好適に用いられる。又、ガラスの厚みは、用途によって適宜選択されれば良く、特に制限されるものではない。
【0059】
第3発明による合わせガラスの製造方法は、特別なものではなく、通常の合わせガラスの場合と同様の製造方法が採用される。例えば、二枚の透明なガラス板の間に、第1発明又は第2発明による中間膜を介在させ、これをゴムバッグに入れ、減圧吸引しながら約70〜110℃の温度で予備接着し、次いで、オートクレーブもしくはプレスを用いて、約120〜150℃の温度で、約10〜15kg/cm2 の圧力で本接着を行い、一体化させることにより所望の合わせガラスを得ることが出来る。
【0060】
【作用】
第1発明による中間膜は、主成分であるポリビニルアセタール樹脂の特定量に対し、可塑剤として、3GOの特定量が含有され、且つ、接着力調整剤として、C6Mg/C2Mgの重量比が特定の範囲にあるカルボン酸のマグネシウム塩混合物の特定量が含有されているので、中間膜とガラスとの接着力が初期及び経時後のいずれにおいても適正な範囲内に保持される。又、C6MgとC2Mgを特定の割合で併用するので、耐白化性にも優れ、上記適正な接着力と優れた耐白化性を兼備する。更に、可塑剤として沸点の高い3GOを用いるので、オートクレーブ中での合わせ加工時や合わせガラスとされた後のトリム部からの可塑剤の揮散が少ない。従って、衝撃吸収性や耐貫通性などの基本性能に優れると共に、湿度の高い雰囲気下に長期間放置された場合でも周縁部に白化現象を殆ど起こさず、且つ、トリムカット性にも優れる合わせガラスを得るに適する。
【0061】
又、第2発明による中間膜は、上記第1発明による中間膜において、主成分であるポリビニルアセタール樹脂として、特定のブチラール化度を有するPVBを用いるので、上記第1発明による中間膜の有する適正な接着力や優れた耐白化性が一段と向上し、高性能の合わせガラスを得るに適する。
【0062】
更に、第3発明による合わせガラスは、上記第1発明又は第2発明による中間膜を用いて製せられるので、優れた衝撃吸収性や耐貫通性などの基本性能を有し、且つ、耐白化性やトリムカット性等にも優れる。
【0063】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明をさらに詳しく説明するため以下に実施例を挙げるが、本発明はこれら実施例のみに限定されるものではない。尚、実施例中の「部」は「重量部」を意味する。
【0064】
(実施例1)
【0065】
(1)ポリビニルアセタール樹脂の合成
攪拌装置を備えた反応器に、イオン交換水2900部、平均重合度1700、鹸化度99.2モル%のポリビニルアルコール198部(ビニルアルコール4.5モル相当量)を投入し、攪拌しながら95℃に加熱して溶解した。次に、この溶液を30℃に冷却した後、触媒として35重量%の塩酸208部(2.1モル)及びアルデヒドとしてn−ブチルアルデヒド152部(2.1モル)を加え、更に反応系の液温を2℃に冷却して、この温度を保持した状態で反応物を析出させた。次いで、反応系の液温を30℃に昇温し、5時間保持して反応を完了させた。その後、炭酸水素ナトリウム156部(1.8モル)を加えて塩酸触媒を中和し、過剰の水で水洗した後、乾燥を行って、白色粉末状のポリビニルブチラール樹脂を得た。得られたポリビニルブチラール樹脂のブチラール化度は69モル%であった。
【0066】
(2)中間膜の製造
上記で得られたポリビニルブチラール樹脂100部、可塑剤としてトリエチレングリコールジ−2−エチルヘキサノエート(3GO)39部、接着力調整剤として2−エチル酪酸マグネシウム(C6Mg)0.02部及び酢酸マグネシウム(C2Mg)0.01部をミキシングロールに供給し、混練して樹脂組成物を得た。上記樹脂組成物中のC6Mg/C2Mg(重量比)は2であった。次いで、得られた樹脂組成物をプレス成形機に供給し、温度150℃、圧力100kg/cm2 、時間30分間の条件でプレス成形を行って製膜し、厚さ0.8mmの中間膜を得た。
【0067】
(3)合わせガラスの作製
上記で得られた中間膜を300mm×300mmに裁断して、2枚のフロートガラス(厚さ2.5mm)間に挟着し、この挟着物を真空バッグに入れて真空度20torrで20分間保持した後、真空にしたままの状態で90℃のオーブン内に入れ、30分間保持して予備接着を行った。次いで、予備接着された挟着物を真空バッグから取り出し、オートクレーブ中で温度150℃、圧力13kg/cm2 の条件で本接着を行って、合わせガラスを得た。
【0068】
(4)評価
(3)で得られた合わせガラスの性能(▲1▼パンメル値、▲2▼耐貫通性、▲3▼耐白化性)、及び、(2)で得られた中間膜の性能(▲4▼可塑剤の揮散性)を以下の方法で評価した。その結果は表2に示すとおりであった。
【0069】
▲1▼パンメル値:−18±0.6℃の温度下に16時間放置して調温した合わせガラスを頭部が0.45Kgのハンマーで叩いて、ガラスの粒子径が6mm以下となるまで粉砕した。次いで、ガラスが部分剥離した後の中間膜の露出度を予めグレード付けした限度見本で判定し、その結果を下記表1に示す判定基準に従ってパンメル値として表した。尚、パンメル値は初期及び50℃−4週間放置後の2条件について求めた。上記パンメル値が大きいほど中間膜とガラスとの接着力が大きく、パンメル値が小さいほど中間膜とガラスとの接着力が小さい。
【0070】
【表1】

Figure 0004125835
【0071】
▲2▼耐貫通性:300mm×300mmに裁断した合わせガラス(供試体)の端部を支持枠に固定して水平に保持した状態で、その上から重さ2.26kgの鋼球を供試体の中央部に自由落下させ、供試体数の50%が鋼球の貫通を防止出来る落球高さ(m)を測定した。上記落球高さが高いほど耐貫通性に優れ、落球高さが小さいほど耐貫通性に劣る。
【0072】
▲3▼耐白化性:合わせガラスを80℃−95%RHの雰囲気下に2週間放置した後、取り出して直ちに、合わせガラス周縁端部からの白化距離(mm)を測定した。上記白化距離が小さいほど耐白化性(耐湿性)に優れ、白化距離が大きいほど耐白化性(耐湿性)に劣る。
【0073】
▲4▼可塑剤の揮散性:一定面積の中間膜の初期重量(A)を測定した。次いで、この中間膜を150℃のオーブン中に1時間放置した後、取り出して加熱後重量(B)を測定し、下式により中間膜の加熱減量(重量%)を算出した。上記加熱減量が小さいほど可塑剤の揮散性が低く、加熱減量が大きいほど可塑剤の揮散性が高い。
加熱減量(重量%)={(A−B)/A}×100
【0074】
(実施例2)
中間膜の製造において、接着力調整剤としてのC6Mgの添加量を0.025部及びC2Mgの添加量を0.01部としたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして樹脂組成物を得た。上記樹脂組成物中のC6Mg/C2Mg(重量比)は2.5であった。次いで、上記樹脂組成物を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして中間膜及び合わせガラスを得た。
【0075】
(実施例3)
中間膜の製造において、接着力調整剤としてのC6Mgの添加量を0.02部及びC2Mgの添加量を0.02部としたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして樹脂組成物を得た。上記樹脂組成物中のC6Mg/C2Mg(重量比)は1であった。次いで、上記樹脂組成物を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして中間膜及び合わせガラスを得た。
【0076】
(比較例1)
中間膜の製造において、可塑剤として、3GO39部の代わりに、アジピン酸ジヘキシル(沸点185℃/5mmHg)39部を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして中間膜及び合わせガラスを得た。
【0077】
(比較例2)
中間膜の製造において、接着力調整剤としてのC6Mgの添加量を0.08部及びC2Mgの添加量を0.04部としたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして樹脂組成物を得た。上記樹脂組成物中のC6Mg/C2Mg(重量比)は2であった。又、ポリビニルブチラール樹脂100部に対するC6Mg及びC2Mgの合計添加量は0.12部であった。次いで、上記樹脂組成物を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして中間膜及び合わせガラスを得た。
【0078】
(比較例3)
中間膜の製造において、接着力調整剤としてのC6Mgの添加量を0.04部及びC2Mgの添加量を0.01部としたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして樹脂組成物を得た。上記樹脂組成物中のC6Mg/C2Mg(重量比)は4であった。次いで、上記樹脂組成物を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして中間膜及び合わせガラスを得た。
【0079】
実施例2及び3、並びに、比較例1〜3で得られた5種類の合わせガラス及び中間膜の性能(▲1▼パンメル値、▲2▼耐貫通性、▲3▼耐白化性、▲4▼可塑剤の揮散性)を実施例1の場合と同様にして評価した。その結果は表2に示すとおりであった。
【0080】
【表2】
Figure 0004125835
【0081】
表2から明らかなように、本発明による実施例1〜3の中間膜を用いて製せられた実施例1〜3の合わせガラスは、初期及び経時後(50℃−4週間後)のいずれにおいても適正なパンメル値、即ち中間膜とガラスとの適正な接着力を保持しており、耐貫通性に優れていた。又、80℃−95%RHの雰囲気下に2週間放置した後でも合わせガラス周縁部に白化現象を殆ど起こさなかった。更に、本発明による実施例1〜3の中間膜は、150℃−1時間放置後でも加熱減量が小さく、可塑剤の揮散が少なかった。従って、オートクレーブ中での合わせ加工時の安全性やトリムカット性にも優れる。
【0082】
これに対し、可塑剤として、沸点の低いアジピン酸ジヘキシル(沸点185℃/5mmHg)を用いた比較例1の中間膜は、150℃−1時間放置後の加熱減量が大きく、可塑剤の揮散が多かった。従って、オートクレーブ中での合わせ加工時の安全性やトリムカット性が劣る。
【0083】
又、ポリビニルアセタール樹脂(ポリビニルブチラール樹脂)100重量部に対する接着力調整剤の添加量(2−エチル酪酸マグネシウム及び酢酸マグネシウムの合計添加量)が0.1重量部を超えていた比較例2の中間膜を用いて製せられた比較例2の合わせガラスは、80℃−95%RHの雰囲気下に2週間放置した後の周縁部の白化が激しく、耐湿性が悪かった。
【0084】
更に、接着力調整剤としての2−エチル酪酸マグネシウム/酢酸マグネシウムの併用割合が重量比で3を超えていた比較例3の中間膜を用いて製せられた比較例3の合わせガラスは、耐貫通性が悪かった。
【0085】
【発明の効果】
以上述べたように、本発明による合わせガラス用中間膜は、初期及び経時後のいずれにおいても中間膜とガラスとの接着力が適正な範囲に保持されているので、衝撃吸収性や耐貫通性などの合わせガラスとして必要な基本性能に優れ、且つ、湿度の高い雰囲気下に長期間放置された場合でも周縁部に殆ど白化現象を起こさない合わせガラスを得るに適する。又、沸点の高い可塑剤を用いているので可塑剤の揮散が少なく、オートクレーブ中での合わせ加工時における安全性や合わせガラスとされた後のトリムカット性にも優れる。
【0086】
又、本発明による合わせガラスは、上記合わせガラス用中間膜を用いて製せられるので、初期及び経時後のいずれにおいても優れた衝撃吸収性や耐貫通性等を有しており、且つ、湿度の高い雰囲気下に長期間放置された場合でも周縁部に白化現象を殆ど起こさず、優れたバランスの性能を発揮する。従って、自動車のような車輌、航空機、建築物等の窓ガラス用等として好適に用いられる。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an interlayer film for laminated glass and a laminated glass using the interlayer film.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Conventionally, laminated glass has been widely used as a window glass for vehicles such as automobiles, airplanes, and buildings. As a typical example of the laminated glass, an interlayer film for laminated glass formed by forming a plasticized polyvinyl acetal resin such as a polyvinyl butyral resin plasticized with a plasticizer is interposed between at least a pair of glasses. Can be produced.
[0003]
In such a laminated glass, when an impact is applied to the glass, the glass is broken, but the intermediate film interposed between the glasses is not easily broken, and the glass remains adhered to the intermediate film even after the breakage. Therefore, the broken pieces are less likely to scatter, and thus, for example, a human body in an automobile or a building has a function of preventing damage from the broken pieces of glass.
[0004]
In this case, in order to fully satisfy the function as a laminated glass, the higher the adhesive strength between the interlayer film and the glass, the better, and it is necessary to adjust this adhesive strength within a certain appropriate range. It is.
[0005]
Adjustment to the appropriate range of the above-mentioned adhesive force is necessary for shock absorption and prevention of penetration when a driver or passenger collides with glass, for example, when an accident occurs in an automobile, etc. In buildings, it is necessary to prevent the penetration of flying objects from outside and the prevention of glass scattering.
[0006]
That is, when the adhesive force between the interlayer film and the glass is small, there is a problem that the glass peels off from the interlayer film and the fragments are likely to be scattered, and conversely, when the adhesive force between the interlayer film and the glass is large. However, there is a problem that the glass and the intermediate film are damaged at the same time, and the flying object from the human body or the outside easily penetrates.
[0007]
On the other hand, when the adhesive force between the interlayer film and the glass is within an appropriate range, the glass breaks over a wide range, and at the same time the glass breaks, partial interfacial peeling between the interlayer film and the glass occurs. And since the phenomenon that an intermediate film extends | stretches arises, the impact absorption effect and the penetration prevention effect become large.
[0008]
In view of the above, in order to adjust the adhesive force between the intermediate film and the glass within an appropriate range, various adhesive force adjusting agents for the intermediate film have been studied.
[0009]
For example, in Japanese Patent Publication No. 48-5772, “in a glass in which at least two glasses are bonded with a plasticized polyvinyl acetal resin composition, an aliphatic group having 10 to 22 carbon atoms in the plasticized polyvinyl acetal resin composition” is disclosed. A laminated glass characterized in that it contains a sodium metal salt of a carboxylic acid is disclosed.
[0010]
However, the laminated glass disclosed in the above disclosure uses a metal salt of a carboxylic acid having a relatively large carbon number as an adhesive force adjusting agent, so that the adhesive force between the interlayer film and the glass changes with time (time). There is a problem. That is, even if the initial adhesive strength is appropriate, the adhesive strength gradually decreases or progresses with time, and the glass is easily peeled off or is hardly peeled off when subjected to an impact. In order to prevent this adhesive force change, the intermediate film needs to be stored and aged in an atmosphere of 40 to 50 ° C. for 1 to 2 months, for example. The intermediate film has adhesiveness, self-adhesiveness, and the like. Therefore, it is practically difficult to store in the atmosphere as described above for a long time, and even if aging is performed, it is possible to suppress the change in adhesive force with time, but to eliminate it at all The above problem still remains.
[0011]
In order to address the above problems, for example, Japanese Patent Publication No. 2-41547 discloses a phase selected from the group consisting of “triethylene glycol-di-n-heptanoic acid ester and tetraethylene glycol-di-n-heptanoic acid ester”. In polyvinyl butyral sheet plasticized with a soluble amount of hydrolysable ester and containing an adhesion modifier, the adhesion modifier consists of an alkali or alkaline earth metal formate and the sheet is less than 10 equivalents per million parts thereof A polyvinyl butyral sheet characterized in that it has an acid concentration measured by titration.
[0012]
However, since the intermediate film in the above disclosure uses a metal salt of formic acid having a small number of carbon atoms as an adhesive force regulator, the problem of the change in the adhesive force between the intermediate film and the glass is solved, but the intermediate film As a result, the moisture resistance of the film becomes insufficient, and as a result, another problem arises that whitening due to moisture absorption tends to occur at the peripheral edge of the laminated glass.
[0013]
That is, since the intermediate film has high hygroscopicity in a normal atmosphere (humidity), when processed into a laminated glass, for example, the moisture content is 0.45% by weight in an atmosphere having a relative humidity of 25% (25% RH). In general, the processing is performed by adjusting the humidity so as to achieve a degree. However, since the peripheral edge of the laminated glass is usually exposed, the intermediate film absorbs moisture under a high humidity atmosphere, and the moisture content rises to about 2 to 3% by weight. At this time, water collects around a metal salt of a carboxylic acid having a small carbon number such as an alkali metal salt or alkaline earth metal salt of formic acid, which exists as a fine crystal in the intermediate film, and causes a whitening phenomenon. .
[0014]
In order to prevent the occurrence of the whitening phenomenon, for example, in Japanese Patent Publication No. 53-18207, “an alkali metal salt or alkaline earth metal salt of a monocarboxylic acid or dicarboxylic acid and a modified silicone oil are contained or "Laminated safety glass characterized in that at least two glasses are bonded together by an attached plasticized polyvinyl acetal resin interlayer" is disclosed.
[0015]
However, the laminated glass disclosed above has not been sufficient from the viewpoint of preventing the occurrence of the whitening phenomenon due to long-term moisture absorption.
[0016]
Another problem that the intermediate film has is that it is caused by volatilization of the plasticizer. Conventional interlayer films generally use dihexyl adipate, triethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, or the like as a plasticizer. However, these plasticizers have a relatively low boiling point, and therefore are used in an autoclave. The problem is that the plasticizer is volatilized during the laminating process and the safety is reduced, and the plasticizer is volatilized from the intermediate film (trim part) protruding from the peripheral edge after being made into laminated glass, and the trim part is There are problems such as becoming harder and worsening the trim removability (trim cut performance).
[0017]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
In order to solve the above-mentioned conventional problems, the present invention maintains the adhesive force between the interlayer film and the glass within an appropriate range both in the initial stage and after the passage of time. The basic performance required for laminated glass is excellent, and even when left in a humid atmosphere for a long period of time, there is almost no whitening phenomenon on the peripheral edge of the laminated glass, and there is little volatilization of the plasticizer. It is an object of the present invention to provide an interlayer film for laminated glass suitable for obtaining a laminated glass having excellent properties, and a laminated glass manufactured using the interlayer film.
[0018]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The interlayer film for laminated glass according to the invention described in claim 1 (hereinafter referred to as “first invention”) comprises 100 parts by weight of polyvinyl acetal resin, 20 to 60 parts by weight of triethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate and carvone. An interlayer film for laminated glass formed by forming a resin composition containing 0.01 to 0.1 parts by weight of an acid magnesium salt mixture, wherein the magnesium salt mixture of carboxylic acid is magnesium 2-ethylbutyrate / It is a mixture satisfying the relationship of magnesium acetate (weight ratio) = 0.5-3.
[0019]
The interlayer film for laminated glass according to the invention described in claim 2 (hereinafter referred to as “second invention”) is the interlayer film for laminated glass according to the first invention, wherein the polyvinyl acetal resin has a butyralization degree of 66. It is characterized by being -72 mol% polyvinyl butyral resin.
[0020]
Furthermore, the laminated glass according to the invention described in claim 3 (hereinafter referred to as “third invention”) interposes the interlayer film for laminated glass according to the first invention or the second invention between at least a pair of glasses, It is characterized by being integrated.
[0021]
The present invention will be described in detail below.
[0022]
Although it does not specifically limit as a manufacturing method of the polyvinyl acetal resin used as a main component of the intermediate film for laminated glasses (henceforth an "intermediate film") by 1st invention, For example, polyvinyl alcohol (henceforth) , "PVA") is dissolved in hot water, and the resulting aqueous solution is kept at a predetermined temperature, for example, 0 to 95 ° C, and the required aldehyde and acid catalyst are added and acetalized while stirring. A method is adopted in which the reaction is allowed to proceed, and then the reaction temperature is raised to ripen to complete the reaction, followed by neutralization, washing with water and drying to obtain a polyvinyl acetal resin powder.
[0023]
In the manufacturing method of the said polyvinyl acetal resin, as PVA, a thing with an average degree of polymerization of 500-5000 is preferable, and a thing with an average degree of polymerization of 1000-2500 is more preferable. If the average degree of polymerization of PVA is less than 500, the strength of the interlayer film becomes too weak, and the impact absorption and penetration resistance of the resulting laminated glass may decrease. Conversely, the average degree of polymerization of PVA If it exceeds 5000, it may be difficult to form an intermediate film, and the strength of the intermediate film may become too strong, and the impact absorption and penetration resistance of the resulting laminated glass may be reduced.
[0024]
Further, the vinyl acetate component of the polyvinyl acetal resin obtained above is preferably set to 30 mol% or less, and for this purpose, a saponification degree of PVA of 70 mol% or more is preferably used. When the degree of saponification of PVA is less than 70 mol%, the transparency and heat resistance of the polyvinyl acetal resin may be lowered, and the reactivity may be lowered. The average polymerization degree and saponification degree of the PVA can be measured in accordance with, for example, JIS K-6726 “Testing method for polyvinyl alcohol”.
[0025]
In the first invention, the aldehyde used for obtaining the polyvinyl acetal resin is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include aldehydes having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably 4 to 8 carbon atoms. Used.
[0026]
Such aldehyde is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include propionaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, valeraldehyde, n-hexylaldehyde, 2-ethylbutyraldehyde, n-heptylaldehyde, n- Aliphatic, aromatic, and alicyclic aldehydes such as octyl aldehyde, n-nonyl aldehyde, n-decyl aldehyde, benzaldehyde, and cinnamaldehyde are exemplified, and one or more of these are preferably used.
[0027]
If the number of carbons in the aldehyde is less than 3, the film forming property of the intermediate film may be insufficient, and conversely, if the number of carbons in the aldehyde exceeds 10, the acetalization reactivity decreases and the reaction Resin blocks tend to occur in the resin, and it may be difficult to synthesize the resin. Among the aldehydes having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, one or more of n-butyraldehyde, n-hexylaldehyde, 2-ethylbutyraldehyde, n-octylaldehyde and the like having 4 to 8 carbon atoms are more preferable. Used for.
[0028]
Among the aldehydes having 4 to 8 carbon atoms, those obtained by acetalization with n-butyraldehyde having 4 carbon atoms are particularly preferable. Polyvinyl butyral resin (hereinafter referred to as “PVB”) obtained by acetalization with n-butyraldehyde is easy to produce, and by using the PVB, the adhesive force between the interlayer film and glass is more appropriate. In addition, the light resistance, weather resistance and the like are also improved.
[0029]
The PVB thus obtained is composed of a vinyl butyral component, a vinyl alcohol component, and a vinyl acetate component. The amount of each component can be measured in accordance with, for example, JISK-6728 “Testing method for polyvinyl butyral” or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).
[0030]
In the case of a polyvinyl acetal resin other than PVB, the amount of the vinyl alcohol component and the amount of the vinyl acetate component are measured, and the amount of the remaining vinyl acetal component can be calculated by subtracting the amounts of both components from 100.
[0031]
The degree of acetalization of the various polyvinyl acetal resins is generally preferably 40 to 75 mol%. If the degree of acetalization of the polyvinyl acetal resin is less than 40 mol%, the compatibility with the plasticizer described later may be reduced, and it may be difficult to mix the plasticizer in an amount necessary to ensure penetration resistance. In order to obtain a resin having a degree of acetalization exceeding 75 mol%, a long reaction time may be required, which is undesirable in terms of the process.
[0032]
In the interlayer film according to the second invention, it is necessary that PVB having a butyralization degree of 66 to 72 mol% is used as the polyvinyl acetal resin as the main component, and preferably the butyralization degree is 67.5 to 70 mol. % PVB.
[0033]
By using PVB having a butyralization degree of 66 to 72 mol% as a main component, the obtained interlayer film has a much better balance performance.
[0034]
When the degree of butyralization of PVB is less than 66 mol%, the resulting intermediate film has a high hygroscopicity, and easily causes whitening on the peripheral edge of the laminated glass. Conversely, the degree of butyralization of PVB is 72 mol%. If it exceeds 1, the mechanical strength of the resulting interlayer film may be insufficient.
[0035]
The method for producing PVB is not particularly limited as long as it basically conforms to the method for producing polyvinyl acetal resin. More preferably, for example, an aqueous solution obtained by dissolving PVA in hot water. Is maintained at, for example, 10 to 20 ° C., n-butyraldehyde and an acid catalyst are added, the butyralization reaction proceeds while stirring, and then the reaction is completed by, for example, raising the temperature to 70 ° C. and aging. Then, neutralization, washing with water and drying may be performed to obtain a PVB powder.
[0036]
As for PVA used for manufacture of the said PVB, that whose average degree of polymerization is 1000-2500 is preferable. When the average degree of polymerization of PVA is less than 1000, the strength of the interlayer film becomes too weak, and the impact absorption and penetration resistance of the resulting laminated glass may be lowered. Conversely, the average degree of polymerization of PVA is If it exceeds 2500, the strength of the interlayer film becomes too strong, and the shock absorption, penetration resistance, and the like may also decrease.
[0037]
The PVA used for the production of the PVB preferably has a saponification degree of 95 mol% or more. If the degree of saponification of PVA is less than 95 mol%, the transparency, heat resistance, light resistance, weather resistance, etc. of the resulting interlayer film may be insufficient.
[0038]
In the interlayer films according to the first and second inventions, triethylene glycol di-2-methyl ether is used as a plasticizer with respect to 100 parts by weight of the above-mentioned polyvinyl acetal resin (including PVB having a butyralization degree of 66 to 72 mol%). It is necessary to add 20 to 60 parts by weight of ethylhexanoate (hereinafter referred to as “3GO”), and preferably 30 to 50 parts by weight.
[0039]
Said 3GO can be manufactured by making triethylene glycol and 2-ethylhexanoic acid more than twice that equivalent react in presence of a catalyst.
[0040]
The above 3GO has a boiling point of 219 ° C./5 mmHg, dihexyl adipate (boiling point 185 ° C./5 mmHg) and triethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate (boiling point 196 ° C. / Since it has a high boiling point compared to 5 mmHg), etc., there is little volatilization, and therefore the safety at the time of laminating in an autoclave and the trim cutability after being made into laminated glass are remarkably improved.
[0041]
If the amount of 3GO added to 100 parts by weight of the polyvinyl acetal resin is less than 20 parts by weight, the plasticizing effect becomes insufficient, making it difficult to form an intermediate film, and impact absorption of the resulting laminated glass When the added amount of 3GO with respect to 100 parts by weight of the polyvinyl acetal resin is less than 60 parts by weight, 3GO tends to bleed out from the resulting intermediate film, and the optical distortion of the intermediate film is reduced. It becomes large, and transparency and adhesive strength decrease.
[0042]
In the interlayer films according to the first and second inventions, 2-ethylbutyric acid is used as an adhesion adjusting agent for 100 parts by weight of the polyvinyl acetal resin (including PVB having a butyralization degree of 66 to 72 mol%). Magnesium salt mixture of carboxylic acid composed of magnesium (hereinafter referred to as “C6Mg”) and magnesium acetate (hereinafter referred to as “C2Mg”) (hereinafter simply referred to as “magnesium salt mixture”) 0.01-0.1 It is necessary that a part by weight is added, and it is preferably 0.03 to 0.08 part.
[0043]
The C6Mg or C2Mg can be produced by reacting 2-ethylbutyric acid or acetic acid with magnesium oxide in the presence of a catalyst, respectively.
[0044]
In the first and second inventions, the magnesium salt mixture needs to be a mixture satisfying the relationship of C6Mg / C2Mg (weight ratio) = 0.5-3, preferably C6Mg / C2Mg (weight ratio). ) = 1 to 2.5. The mixture mentioned here may of course be a mixture of C6Mg and C2Mg in advance at a ratio satisfying the above relationship, and the addition amount when C6Mg and C2Mg are individually added to the intermediate film. The ratio may satisfy the above relationship.
[0045]
The C6Mg and C2Mg are present in the intermediate film in the form of salts without being ionized in the intermediate film, and have a function of keeping the adhesive force between the intermediate film and the glass within an appropriate range by attracting water molecules. As a result, the resulting laminated glass has excellent shock absorption and penetration resistance.
[0046]
The C6Mg and C2Mg are used together in a ratio satisfying the relationship of C6Mg / C2Mg (weight ratio) = 0.5-3, so that they exist as a composite in the intermediate film and do not aggregate. Since it is distributed at a high concentration, it exhibits an excellent adhesive force adjustment effect with a small amount of addition. As a result, the obtained laminated glass has excellent impact absorbability and penetration resistance, and hardly causes whitening due to moisture absorption.
[0047]
When the C6Mg / C2Mg (weight ratio) is less than 0.5, the magnesium salt mixture is agglomerated in the intermediate film, and the peripheral edge of the resulting laminated glass is likely to be whitened. Conversely, C6Mg / C2Mg When (weight ratio) exceeds 3, the adhesive force between the interlayer film and the glass tends to change with time, and the impact absorption and penetration resistance of the resulting laminated glass become unstable.
[0048]
Moreover, when the addition amount of the magnesium salt mixture relative to 100 parts by weight of the polyvinyl acetal resin is less than 0.01 parts by weight, the effect of adjusting the adhesive force becomes insufficient, and the resulting laminated glass has shock absorption and penetration resistance. However, when the addition amount of the magnesium salt mixture with respect to 100 parts by weight of the polyvinyl acetal resin exceeds 0.1 parts by weight, the transparency and whitening resistance of the resulting laminated glass are deteriorated.
[0049]
In the interlayer films according to the first and second inventions, polyvinyl acetal resin, which is an essential component (including PVB having a butyralization degree of 66 to 72 mol%), 3GO and C6Mg / C2Mg (weight ratio) = 0.5 In addition to the magnesium salt mixture of carboxylic acid satisfying the relationship of ~ 3, a stabilizer for preventing deterioration of the interlayer film, an antioxidant, a UV absorber, For example, an inorganic filler such as finely divided silica, a surfactant such as sodium lauryl sulfate or sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate, or one or more of various additives such as a colorant may be contained.
[0050]
Examples of the stabilizer include, but are not limited to, for example, hindered amine stabilizers such as trade name “Adeka Stub LA-57” manufactured by Asahi Denka Kogyo Co., Ltd., and one or more of these. Are preferably used.
[0051]
Although it does not specifically limit as antioxidant, For example, t-butylhydroxytoluene (For example, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. brand name "Smilizer BHT"), tetrakis- [methylene-3- (3'- 5′-di-t-butyl-4′-hydroxyphenyl) propionate] methane (for example, trade name “Irganox 1010” manufactured by Ciba Geigy) and the like, and the like, and one or two of these More than species are preferably used.
[0052]
Although it does not specifically limit as a ultraviolet absorber, For example, 2- (2'-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl) benzotriazole (For example, the brand name "Tinuvin P" by Ciba Geigy Corporation), 2- (2′-hydroxy-3 ′, 5′-di-t-butylphenyl) benzotriazole (for example, trade name “Tinuvin 320” manufactured by Ciba Geigy), 2- (2′-hydroxy-3′-t-butyl-) 5′-methylphenyl) -5-chlorobenzotriazole (for example, trade name “Tinuvin 326” manufactured by Ciba Geigy), 2- (2′-hydroxy-3 ′, 5′-diamilphenyl) benzotriazole (for example, Benzotriazole-based ultraviolet absorbers such as Ciba Geigy's trade name “Tinuvin 328”) and the like, and one or more of these are preferably used.
[0053]
The method for producing the interlayer film according to the first and second inventions is not particularly limited, and for example, polyvinyl acetal resin as an essential component (including PVB having a butyralization degree of 66 to 72 mol%), 3GO And C6Mg / C2Mg (weight ratio) = each predetermined amount of a magnesium salt mixture of carboxylic acid satisfying the relationship of 0.5 to 3, and one or more predetermined amounts of each of the various additives added as necessary And a kneading roll, and kneading to produce a resin composition, and then forming the resin composition into a sheet using a press molding machine, a calender roll, an extruder, etc., and plasticizing polyvinyl acetal A resin film may be formed and used as an intermediate film.
[0054]
The plasticized polyvinyl acetal resin film may be a single layer or an intermediate film, or two or more layers may be laminated. Further, the intermediate film may be used as a single layer, or may be used in a state where two or more layers are laminated.
[0055]
The total film thickness of the intermediate film is not particularly limited, but considering the minimum shock absorption and penetration resistance, heat resistance, water resistance, light resistance, weather resistance, etc. required for laminated glass, Practically, the thickness is preferably 0.3 to 1.6 mm.
[0056]
Next, the laminated glass according to the third invention needs to be formed by integrating the intermediate film according to the first invention or the second invention described above between at least a pair of glasses.
[0057]
The glass includes not only normal inorganic transparent glass but also organic transparent glass such as polycarbonate plate and polymethyl methacrylate plate.
[0058]
The type of the glass is not particularly limited. For example, various inorganic glasses such as float plate glass, polished plate glass, mold plate glass, mesh plate glass, wire plate glass, heat ray absorbing plate glass, and colored plate glass are used. Examples thereof include glass, and one or more of these are preferably used. Moreover, the thickness of glass should just be selected suitably by a use, and is not restrict | limited in particular.
[0059]
The manufacturing method of the laminated glass by 3rd invention is not a special thing, The manufacturing method similar to the case of a normal laminated glass is employ | adopted. For example, an interlayer film according to the first or second invention is interposed between two transparent glass plates, put in a rubber bag, pre-adhered at a temperature of about 70 to 110 ° C. while sucking under reduced pressure, and then About 10 to 15 kg / cm at a temperature of about 120 to 150 ° C. using an autoclave or a press 2 The desired laminated glass can be obtained by performing the main bonding with the pressure of and integrating them.
[0060]
[Action]
The intermediate film according to the first invention contains a specific amount of 3GO as a plasticizer with respect to a specific amount of the polyvinyl acetal resin as a main component, and a specific weight ratio of C6Mg / C2Mg as an adhesive force regulator. Since the specific amount of the magnesium salt mixture of the carboxylic acid in the range is contained, the adhesive force between the intermediate film and the glass is maintained within an appropriate range both in the initial stage and after the lapse of time. Moreover, since C6Mg and C2Mg are used together in a specific ratio, they are excellent in whitening resistance, and have both the above-mentioned appropriate adhesive strength and excellent whitening resistance. Furthermore, since 3GO having a high boiling point is used as the plasticizer, the volatilization of the plasticizer from the trim portion after the lamination process in the autoclave or the laminated glass is small. Therefore, it is excellent in basic performances such as shock absorption and penetration resistance, laminated glass that hardly causes whitening phenomenon in the peripheral edge even when left in a humid atmosphere for a long period of time, and is excellent in trim cut property. Suitable for getting.
[0061]
The intermediate film according to the second invention uses PVB having a specific degree of butyralization as the main component polyvinyl acetal resin in the intermediate film according to the first invention. Adhesive strength and excellent whitening resistance are further improved, making it suitable for obtaining high-performance laminated glass.
[0062]
Further, since the laminated glass according to the third invention is manufactured using the interlayer film according to the first invention or the second invention, it has basic performance such as excellent shock absorption and penetration resistance, and is whitened. Excellent in trim and cut properties.
[0063]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In order to describe the present invention in more detail, examples are given below, but the present invention is not limited to these examples. In the examples, “part” means “part by weight”.
[0064]
(Example 1)
[0065]
(1) Synthesis of polyvinyl acetal resin
A reactor equipped with a stirrer was charged with 2900 parts of ion-exchanged water, 198 parts of polyvinyl alcohol having an average degree of polymerization of 1700 and a saponification degree of 99.2 mol% (corresponding to 4.5 mol of vinyl alcohol), and 95 with stirring. Dissolved by heating to ° C. Next, after cooling this solution to 30 ° C., 208 parts (2.1 moles) of 35% by weight hydrochloric acid as a catalyst and 152 parts (2.1 moles) of n-butyraldehyde as an aldehyde were added. The liquid temperature was cooled to 2 ° C., and the reaction product was precipitated while maintaining this temperature. Subsequently, the liquid temperature of the reaction system was raised to 30 ° C. and held for 5 hours to complete the reaction. Thereafter, 156 parts (1.8 mol) of sodium bicarbonate was added to neutralize the hydrochloric acid catalyst, washed with excess water, and then dried to obtain a white powdery polyvinyl butyral resin. The degree of butyralization of the obtained polyvinyl butyral resin was 69 mol%.
[0066]
(2) Production of interlayer film
100 parts of the polyvinyl butyral resin obtained above, 39 parts of triethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate (3GO) as a plasticizer, 0.02 part of magnesium 2-ethylbutyrate (C6Mg) as an adhesive force regulator and acetic acid 0.01 parts of magnesium (C2Mg) was supplied to a mixing roll and kneaded to obtain a resin composition. C6Mg / C2Mg (weight ratio) in the resin composition was 2. Subsequently, the obtained resin composition is supplied to a press molding machine, and the temperature is 150 ° C. and the pressure is 100 kg / cm. 2 The film was formed by press molding under conditions of 30 minutes to obtain an intermediate film having a thickness of 0.8 mm.
[0067]
(3) Production of laminated glass
The intermediate film obtained above is cut into 300 mm × 300 mm, and is sandwiched between two float glasses (thickness 2.5 mm). The sandwich is placed in a vacuum bag and held at a vacuum degree of 20 torr for 20 minutes. After that, it was placed in an oven at 90 ° C. in a vacuum state and kept for 30 minutes for preliminary adhesion. Next, the pre-adhered sandwich is taken out of the vacuum bag, and the temperature is 150 ° C. and the pressure is 13 kg / cm in an autoclave. 2 This bonding was performed under the conditions described above to obtain a laminated glass.
[0068]
(4) Evaluation
The performance of the laminated glass obtained in (3) ((1) Pummel value, (2) penetration resistance, (3) whitening resistance), and the performance of the interlayer film obtained in (2) (4) The volatilization property of the plasticizer was evaluated by the following method. The results are shown in Table 2.
[0069]
(1) Pummel value: until the particle diameter of the glass becomes 6 mm or less by hitting a laminated glass, which has been conditioned at -18 ± 0.6 ° C. for 16 hours, with a hammer having a head of 0.45 kg. Crushed. Next, the degree of exposure of the intermediate film after partial peeling of the glass was determined using a pre-graded limit sample, and the result was expressed as a Pummel value according to the determination criteria shown in Table 1 below. In addition, the Pummel value was calculated | required about two conditions after an initial stage and 50 degreeC-4 weeks leaving. The greater the Pummel value, the greater the adhesion between the interlayer and the glass, and the smaller the Pummel value, the smaller the adhesion between the interlayer and the glass.
[0070]
[Table 1]
Figure 0004125835
[0071]
(2) Penetration resistance: With the end of a laminated glass (test specimen) cut to 300 mm x 300 mm fixed to a support frame and held horizontally, a steel ball weighing 2.26 kg was placed on the specimen. The height of the falling ball (m) was measured so that 50% of the number of specimens could prevent the steel ball from penetrating. The higher the falling ball height, the better the penetration resistance, and the smaller the falling ball height, the poor the penetration resistance.
[0072]
(3) Whitening resistance: The laminated glass was left in an atmosphere of 80 ° C.-95% RH for 2 weeks and then taken out and immediately measured for the whitening distance (mm) from the peripheral edge of the laminated glass. The smaller the whitening distance, the better the whitening resistance (moisture resistance), and the greater the whitening distance, the worse the whitening resistance (moisture resistance).
[0073]
{Circle around (4)} Volatilization of plasticizer: The initial weight (A) of an interlayer film having a certain area was measured. Next, this intermediate film was left in an oven at 150 ° C. for 1 hour, then taken out, heated and measured for weight (B), and the loss on heating (% by weight) of the intermediate film was calculated by the following formula. The smaller the heating loss, the lower the volatility of the plasticizer, and the higher the heating loss, the higher the volatility of the plasticizer.
Loss on heating (% by weight) = {(A−B) / A} × 100
[0074]
(Example 2)
In the production of the interlayer film, a resin composition was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the addition amount of C6Mg as an adhesive strength adjusting agent was 0.025 part and the addition amount of C2Mg was 0.01 part. C6Mg / C2Mg (weight ratio) in the resin composition was 2.5. Next, an interlayer film and a laminated glass were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the above resin composition was used.
[0075]
(Example 3)
In the production of the interlayer film, a resin composition was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of C6Mg added as an adhesive force modifier was 0.02 part and the amount of C2Mg was 0.02 part. C6Mg / C2Mg (weight ratio) in the resin composition was 1. Next, an interlayer film and a laminated glass were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the above resin composition was used.
[0076]
(Comparative Example 1)
In the production of the interlayer film, an interlayer film and a laminated glass were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 39 parts of dihexyl adipate (boiling point 185 ° C./5 mmHg) was used as a plasticizer instead of 39 parts of 3GO.
[0077]
(Comparative Example 2)
In the production of the interlayer film, a resin composition was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the addition amount of C6Mg as an adhesive force adjusting agent was 0.08 part and the addition amount of C2Mg was 0.04 part. C6Mg / C2Mg (weight ratio) in the resin composition was 2. The total amount of C6Mg and C2Mg added to 100 parts of polyvinyl butyral resin was 0.12 parts. Next, an interlayer film and a laminated glass were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the above resin composition was used.
[0078]
(Comparative Example 3)
In the production of the interlayer film, a resin composition was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the amount of C6Mg added as an adhesive force regulator was 0.04 part and the amount of C2Mg was 0.01 part. C6Mg / C2Mg (weight ratio) in the resin composition was 4. Next, an interlayer film and a laminated glass were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the above resin composition was used.
[0079]
The performances of the five types of laminated glass and interlayer films obtained in Examples 2 and 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 ((1) Pummel value, (2) Penetration resistance, (3) Whitening resistance, (4) The volatile property of the plasticizer was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 2.
[0080]
[Table 2]
Figure 0004125835
[0081]
As is clear from Table 2, the laminated glasses of Examples 1 to 3 manufactured using the interlayer films of Examples 1 to 3 according to the present invention are either initial or after aging (after 50 ° C. for 4 weeks). In this case, an appropriate pummel value, that is, an appropriate adhesive force between the interlayer film and the glass was maintained, and the penetration resistance was excellent. Further, even after being left in an atmosphere of 80 ° C.-95% RH for 2 weeks, almost no whitening phenomenon occurred on the peripheral edge of the laminated glass. Furthermore, the intermediate films of Examples 1 to 3 according to the present invention had a small loss on heating even after being left at 150 ° C. for 1 hour, and the volatilization of the plasticizer was small. Therefore, it is excellent in safety and trim cutability at the time of processing in an autoclave.
[0082]
In contrast, the intermediate film of Comparative Example 1 using dihexyl adipate (boiling point 185 ° C./5 mmHg) having a low boiling point as the plasticizer has a large loss on heating after being left at 150 ° C. for 1 hour, and the plasticizer is volatilized. There were many. Accordingly, the safety and trim cutability during the alignment process in the autoclave are poor.
[0083]
In addition, the intermediate amount of Comparative Example 2 in which the addition amount of the adhesive strength modifier (total addition amount of 2-ethylbutyrate and magnesium acetate) with respect to 100 parts by weight of polyvinyl acetal resin (polyvinyl butyral resin) exceeded 0.1 parts by weight. The laminated glass of Comparative Example 2 produced using the film had severe whitening at the periphery after being left in an atmosphere of 80 ° C.-95% RH for 2 weeks, and the moisture resistance was poor.
[0084]
Furthermore, the laminated glass of Comparative Example 3 produced using the interlayer film of Comparative Example 3 in which the combined ratio of 2-ethylbutyrate / magnesium acetate as the adhesive strength adjusting agent exceeded 3 by weight ratio was The penetrability was bad.
[0085]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, the interlayer film for laminated glass according to the present invention maintains the adhesive strength between the interlayer film and the glass in an appropriate range both in the initial stage and after the lapse of time. It is suitable for obtaining a laminated glass that is excellent in basic performance required as a laminated glass, and that hardly causes whitening at the periphery even when left in a humid atmosphere for a long period of time. In addition, since a plasticizer with a high boiling point is used, there is little volatilization of the plasticizer, and it is excellent in safety at the time of laminating in an autoclave and trim cutability after being made into a laminated glass.
[0086]
Further, since the laminated glass according to the present invention is manufactured using the interlayer film for laminated glass, the laminated glass has excellent impact absorbability, penetration resistance, etc. both in the initial stage and after the lapse of time, and humidity. Even when left in a high atmosphere for a long period of time, whitening is hardly caused in the peripheral portion, and an excellent balance performance is exhibited. Therefore, it can be suitably used as a window glass for vehicles such as automobiles, aircraft, buildings, and the like.

Claims (3)

ポリビニルアセタール樹脂100重量部、トリエチレングリコールジ2−エチルヘキサノエート20〜60重量部及びカルボン酸のマグネシウム塩混合物0.01〜0.1重量部を含有する樹脂組成物が製膜されて成る合わせガラス用中間膜であって、上記カルボン酸のマグネシウム塩混合物が、2−エチル酪酸マグネシウム/酢酸マグネシウム(重量比)=0.5〜3の関係を満たす混合物であることを特徴とする合わせガラス用中間膜。A resin composition containing 100 parts by weight of a polyvinyl acetal resin, 20 to 60 parts by weight of triethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate and 0.01 to 0.1 parts by weight of a magnesium salt mixture of carboxylic acid is formed into a film. Laminated glass for laminated glass, wherein the magnesium salt mixture of carboxylic acid is a mixture satisfying a relationship of 2-ethyl magnesium butyrate / magnesium acetate (weight ratio) = 0.5-3 Interlayer film. ポリビニルアセタール樹脂が、ブチラール化度が66〜72モル%のポリビニルブチラール樹脂であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の合わせガラス用中間膜。The interlayer film for laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein the polyvinyl acetal resin is a polyvinyl butyral resin having a butyralization degree of 66 to 72 mol%. 少なくとも一対のガラス間に、請求項1又は請求項2に記載の合わせガラス用中間膜を介在させ、一体化させて成ることを特徴とする合わせガラス。A laminated glass comprising an interlayer film for laminated glass according to claim 1 or 2 interposed between at least a pair of glasses and integrated.
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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH0678702U (en) * 1993-04-12 1994-11-04 三洋電機株式会社 Floor cooker

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP6434689B2 (en) * 2013-09-27 2018-12-05 積水化学工業株式会社 Polyvinyl acetal resin for interlayer film
AU2015242931B2 (en) * 2014-03-31 2018-12-06 Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd. Intermediate film for laminated glass, method for manufacturing intermediate film for laminated glass, and laminated glass

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH0678702U (en) * 1993-04-12 1994-11-04 三洋電機株式会社 Floor cooker

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