JP4099444B2 - Electrical conductivity measurement device over time - Google Patents

Electrical conductivity measurement device over time Download PDF

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JP4099444B2
JP4099444B2 JP2003404936A JP2003404936A JP4099444B2 JP 4099444 B2 JP4099444 B2 JP 4099444B2 JP 2003404936 A JP2003404936 A JP 2003404936A JP 2003404936 A JP2003404936 A JP 2003404936A JP 4099444 B2 JP4099444 B2 JP 4099444B2
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宏行 坂井
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Railway Technical Research Institute
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本発明は、特に微量水分を含む供試体や透水係数が小さい供試体等の各種供試体に含まれる水の電気伝導率を測定する経時的測定装置の技術分野に属するものである。 The present invention belongs to the technical field of a time-dependent measuring apparatus that measures the electrical conductivity of water contained in various specimens such as specimens containing trace amounts of water and specimens having a low water permeability.

一般に、自然災害の一つとして土砂災害があり、このような土砂災害として、不安定な傾斜地に発生する地すべり、表層崩壊、がけ崩れ、土石流などによる災害がある。そして、このような傾斜地での土砂災害は、斜面地盤の崩壊によって地盤の変位、つまり地盤の変状や移動が引き起こされることになり、このような地盤変位を測定する手法については、例えば高精度の電子測距・測角儀を用い、地盤変位のある地域からはずれた任意の位置を基準点として地盤変位が生じている区域に配した指標までの距離や角度の変化を測定して地盤変位を測定するようにしたもの（特許文献１参照）、あるいは地盤変位が生じている任意の位置の地盤に測定用の孔を掘り、ここに歪ケーブルを挿入し、地盤変位によって生じた歪量を計測することで地盤変位の測定をするようにしたもの（特許文献２参照）がある。
ところが前記従来のものは、高価な測定機器が必要であるうえ、実際に斜面崩壊が発生している最中または発生した後の地盤変位を測定するものであって、該地盤変位の発生を予知するものではない。しかもこのような地盤変位による土砂災害は、小規模であれば発生後においても、被害発生がないか、あっても殆ど影響がない範囲で対処ができるが、規模が大きいものについては、何らかの被害を生じた後での対処となる場合が多く、土砂災害を未然に防ぐことはできないのが現状である。 In general, there is a landslide disaster as one of the natural disasters, and as such a landslide disaster, there are disasters caused by landslide, surface layer collapse, landslide, debris flow, etc. that occur on unstable slopes. And, such a sediment disaster on the sloped ground will cause the displacement of the ground due to the collapse of the slope ground, that is, the deformation and movement of the ground. For the method of measuring such ground displacement, for example, high precision Using an electronic ranging / angle measuring instrument, the displacement of the ground is measured by measuring the change in the distance and angle to the index placed in the area where the ground displacement occurs, using an arbitrary position deviated from the area with the ground displacement as a reference point Is measured (see Patent Document 1), or a measurement hole is dug in the ground at any position where the ground displacement occurs, a strain cable is inserted, and the amount of strain caused by the ground displacement is calculated. There is one that measures ground displacement by measuring (refer to Patent Document 2).
However, the conventional device requires expensive measuring equipment and measures the ground displacement during or after the slope failure actually occurs, and predicts the occurrence of the ground displacement. Not what you want. Moreover, such a landslide disaster caused by ground displacement can be dealt with as long as there is no damage even if it occurs after it has occurred. In many cases, it is a countermeasure after the occurrence of a disaster, and it is currently impossible to prevent sediment-related disasters.

そこで本発明の発明者は、地すべり等の斜面崩壊による地盤変位の予測を、当該地盤を流れる地下水に含まれるナトリウムイオン等の特定イオンの濃度が急激に上昇するような異常変化が認められた場合、これを地すべり等の斜面崩壊による地盤変位が発生する前兆であるとして予測する方法を提唱した（特許文献３参照）。これは、地すべり等の斜面崩壊が発生するときにはその地盤内部において土粒子の微視的な変位や破壊がすでに先行して生じている一方、土壌は効率的なイオン交換の場でもあり、土壌において地盤変位が発生する前兆として微視的な変位や破壊が起こることによって今までのイオン交換の環境が変化し、これが特定イオンの濃度の異常な変化となって現れるという推論に基づくものである。
前記地盤変位の予測方法は今までになく信頼性が高いものとして評価されているが、このような特定イオンの測定は、対象とする地盤から漏出した地下水を採取して行うことになる。
ところでこのようなイオンの濃度は、水中に含まれるイオンの総量的な量であるから、これは電気伝導率に換算することができ、そこで測定しようとする地盤から採取した土壌について、該土壌中に含まれる水の電気伝導率が測定できればより確度の高い予測ができると考えられる。ところで従来の電気伝導率を測定する場合、一対の電極が支持部材から突出したセルを用いて行うのが一般であった（特許文献４参照）。
特開平５−１１８８５１号公報 特開平１０−８２６６７号公報 特開２００２−３３９３７３号公報 特開平９−５３７１号公報 Therefore, the inventor of the present invention predicts ground displacement due to slope failure such as landslides, when abnormal changes are observed such that the concentration of specific ions such as sodium ions contained in groundwater flowing through the ground suddenly increases. A method for predicting this as a precursor to occurrence of ground displacement due to slope failure such as landslide was proposed (see Patent Document 3). This is because when a slope failure such as a landslide occurs, the microscopic displacement and destruction of soil particles have already occurred in the ground, while the soil is also a place for efficient ion exchange. This is based on the inference that the ion exchange environment changes so far as microscopic displacement or destruction occurs as a precursor to the occurrence of ground displacement, and this appears as an abnormal change in the concentration of specific ions.
Although the method for predicting the ground displacement has been evaluated as having higher reliability than ever before, the measurement of such specific ions is performed by collecting groundwater leaked from the target ground.
By the way, since the concentration of such ions is the total amount of ions contained in the water, it can be converted into electrical conductivity, and the soil collected from the ground to be measured there is measured in the soil. If the electrical conductivity of water contained in can be measured, it can be predicted with higher accuracy. By the way, when measuring the conventional electrical conductivity, it was common to use a cell in which a pair of electrodes protruded from a support member (see Patent Document 4).
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 5-118851 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-82667 JP 2002-339373 A Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 9-5371

ところで、サンプリングした土壌（供試体）に含まれる水のいま現在の電気伝導率を測定することは、測定始点を決定したりするため重要となるが、このような供試体に含まれる水分は微量であるため、該供試体に圧力をかけて水を染み出させたとしても僅かであるから、前記電極全体を浸漬するだけの水を得るには大量の供試体から採取しなければならないという問題があり、ここに本発明が解決しようとする一つの課題がある。
また、供試体を透過する水の電気伝導率の変化を測定することは、供試体の経時的変化を認識するうえで重要であるが、自然状態で透過する水の電気伝導率を測定したのでは時間がかかりすぎるという問題がある。そこで供試体に水を加圧供給して強制的に水を透過させ、この透過した水を採取し、該採取した水の電気伝導率を測定することが提唱されるが、土壌のように透水係数が１×１０−７ｃｍ ｓ−１（センチメートル 秒のマイナス１乗）程度と小さいものにおいては、前記電極全体を浸漬するだけの水を採取するには長時間かかってしまうことになって作業性に劣るという問題がり、ここに本発明の解決すようとする別の課題がある。
さらにまた、前述したように地盤変位の予測をするような場合、地盤内部において先行して生じであろう土粒子の微視的な変位や破壊の発生を自然に待つのでは時間がかかりすぎ、このためこのような変位や破壊を積極的に生じさせる必要がある。そのためには、供試体自体を加圧して前記変位や破壊（歪み）を擬似的に発生させながら、水を加圧供給して透過した水の電気伝導率を経時的に測定することが必要となるが、このような装置は従来知られておらず、ここに本発明が解決しようとするさらに別の課題がある。 By the way, it is important to measure the current electrical conductivity of the water contained in the sampled soil (specimen) in order to determine the measurement start point, but the moisture contained in such a specimen is very small. Therefore, even if pressure is applied to the test piece to exude water, there is a problem that the sample must be collected from a large amount of test piece in order to obtain water sufficient to immerse the entire electrode. There is one problem to be solved by the present invention.
In addition, measuring the change in electrical conductivity of water that permeates the specimen is important for recognizing changes over time in the specimen, but the electrical conductivity of water that permeates in the natural state was measured. Then there is a problem that it takes too much time. Therefore, it is proposed to pressurize and supply water to the specimen to force water to permeate, collect the permeated water, and measure the electrical conductivity of the collected water. When the coefficient is as small as about 1 × 10 −7 cm s −1 (minus the first power of centimeter seconds), it takes a long time to collect water sufficient to immerse the entire electrode. There is a problem that workability is inferior, and there is another problem to be solved by the present invention.
Furthermore, as described above, when predicting ground displacement, it takes too much time to naturally wait for the occurrence of microscopic displacement and destruction of soil particles that would have occurred in the ground first, Therefore, it is necessary to positively cause such displacement and destruction. For that purpose, it is necessary to measure the electrical conductivity of the permeated water by applying pressure to the water while pressure is applied to the specimen itself to generate the displacement and destruction (strain) in a pseudo manner. However, such a device has not been known so far, and there is still another problem to be solved by the present invention.

本発明は、上記の如き実情に鑑みこれらの課題を解決することを目的として創作されたものであって、請求項１の発明は、サンプリング土壌から成形された供試体に圧力を与えながら該供試体を透過する水の経時的な電気伝導率を測定する装置であって、該装置は、供試体を加圧する加圧手段と、供試体に水を加圧供給して供試体から水を透過させるための水供給手段と、供試体に面接触する電気伝導率測定用のセルとを備えて構成され、前記セルは、供試体の底面に親水性シートを介在して面接触する該セル表面に、前記供試体を透過して親水性シートを湿らせた水が接触するようセル表面に対しフラットになる状態で埋設された一対の電極を備えると共に、前記セルが上面に配設されるペデスタルには負圧状態となった水路３ａが形成されていて、前記セルに到達して電気伝導率が測定された水は、セル中央部に貫通状に開設された孔５ａを介して水路３ａから排出するように構成されていることを特徴とする電気伝導率の経時的測定装置である。 The present invention has been created in view of the above-described circumstances for the purpose of solving these problems. The invention of claim 1 provides the sample while applying pressure to a specimen formed from sampling soil. An apparatus for measuring the electrical conductivity of water passing through a specimen over time, the apparatus comprising a pressurizing means for pressurizing the specimen, and supplying water to the specimen under pressure to transmit water from the specimen. And a cell for electrical conductivity measurement in surface contact with the specimen, the cell surface being in surface contact with a bottom surface of the specimen via a hydrophilic sheet. to, Rutotomoni includes a pair of electrodes which are embedded in a state in which the flat relative to the cell surface such that the specimen water was then wet the hydrophilic sheet passing through the contacts, the cell is disposed on the upper surface The pedestal has a water channel 3a in a negative pressure state. Have been, electric conductivity reached the cell is measured water is characterized by being configured to drain from the water passage 3a through the hole 5a which is opened in a penetrating manner in the center of the cell It is an apparatus for measuring electrical conductivity over time .

請求項１の発明とすることで、供試体中に含まれる水分が微量であっても、その水の電気伝導率の経時的なものを簡単に測定することができる。 By setting it as invention of Claim 1, even if the water | moisture content contained in a test piece is a trace amount, the thing with the time-dependent electrical conductivity of the water can be measured easily.

次に、本発明の実施の形態について、図面を用いて説明する。図面において、１は電気伝導率の測定装置を構成する測定部であって、該測定部１は、基台１ａに測定用の容器２が支持されているが、該容器２には水が注入されており、容器２に設けられる水の排出路２ａを封止する状態で水の供給路２ｂから圧力を加えることで容器２内の圧力を調節できるようになっている。   Next, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. In the drawings, reference numeral 1 denotes a measuring unit constituting an electrical conductivity measuring device. The measuring unit 1 has a measuring container 2 supported on a base 1a, and water is injected into the container 2. The pressure in the container 2 can be adjusted by applying pressure from the water supply path 2b in a state where the water discharge path 2a provided in the container 2 is sealed.

前記容器２の底部２ｃにはペデスタル３が設けられ、該ペデスタル３上に、白金線が電極４となるよう形成された電気伝導率測定用のセル５が配設されている。このセル５は、中央部に孔５ａが開設された平円盤状の絶縁体（例えばアクリル板）を備えて構成され、その表面（上面）に電極４となる一対の白金線が渦巻状に埋設されている。そしてこのセル５の上面に、ろ紙（本発明の親水性シートに相当する）５ｂを介在する状態で円柱状に成形された供試体（後述するようにサンプリングした土壌）６の底面が載せられ、さらに供試体６の上面にキャップ７が載せられる。そして前記ペデスタル３の上半部、供試体６全体、そしてキャップ７の下半部の外周面には供試体６の崩壊（崩落）の防止および供試体６を透過あるいは染み出す水の散逸を防止するための防止部材８が被着されているが、防止部材８としては、例えば延び弾性の小さいシリコーンチューブ等が挙げられる。尚、前記電極４から引き出される導電線（リード線）、並びに前記電極４間を流れる電流値から電気伝導率を演算して表示する電気伝導率の測定装置本体（汎用のものが採用される）は省略されている。   A pedestal 3 is provided on the bottom 2 c of the container 2, and a cell 5 for measuring electrical conductivity formed so that a platinum wire becomes an electrode 4 is disposed on the pedestal 3. The cell 5 includes a flat disk-like insulator (for example, an acrylic plate) having a hole 5a in the center, and a pair of platinum wires serving as the electrodes 4 are embedded in a spiral shape on the surface (upper surface). Has been. And, on the upper surface of the cell 5, the bottom surface of a test specimen (soil sampled as described later) 6 formed in a columnar shape with a filter paper (corresponding to the hydrophilic sheet of the present invention) 5b is placed, Further, a cap 7 is placed on the upper surface of the specimen 6. The upper half of the pedestal 3, the entire specimen 6 and the outer peripheral surface of the lower half of the cap 7 are prevented from collapsing (collapse) of the specimen 6 and from dissipating water that permeates or penetrates the specimen 6. The prevention member 8 is attached, and examples of the prevention member 8 include a silicone tube having a low extension elasticity. The electrical conductivity measuring device main body (general-purpose one is employed) that calculates and displays the electrical conductivity from the conductive wire (lead wire) drawn from the electrode 4 and the current value flowing between the electrodes 4. Is omitted.

前記キャップ７には水路７ａが設けられ、該水路７ａから水が供試体６に供給されるようになっている。一方、前記ペデスタル３には負圧状態となった水路３ａが形成され、そして供試体６を透過した水は、前記測定用セル５に到達して電気伝導率が測定され、孔５ａを介して水路３ａから排出されるようになっている。   A water channel 7 a is provided in the cap 7, and water is supplied from the water channel 7 a to the specimen 6. On the other hand, a water channel 3a in a negative pressure state is formed in the pedestal 3, and the water that has permeated the specimen 6 reaches the measurement cell 5 and the electrical conductivity is measured through the hole 5a. It is discharged from the water channel 3a.

９は前記キャップ７を加圧するための加圧装置であって、該加圧装置９は、キャップ７の上面に下端が当接する加圧棒１０を備えて構成されるが、該加圧棒１０はベアリング１１により回動自在に容器天井板２ｄに支持されていると共に、クランプ１２によって回動を制御できるようになっている。加圧棒１０には荷重計１３、外部変位計１４が設けられるが、さらに加圧棒１０の上端部は載荷装置１５に連結されている。載荷装置１５は、電動モーター１５ａの駆動によりべべルギア機構１６を回転させ、これによって加圧棒１０を押し出し、これによってキャップ７の加圧をするようになっている。   Reference numeral 9 denotes a pressurizing device for pressurizing the cap 7, and the pressurizing device 9 includes a pressurizing rod 10 whose lower end abuts on the upper surface of the cap 7. Is supported by the container ceiling plate 2 d so as to be rotatable by a bearing 11, and the rotation can be controlled by a clamp 12. The pressure rod 10 is provided with a load meter 13 and an external displacement meter 14, and the upper end portion of the pressure rod 10 is connected to a loading device 15. The loading device 15 rotates the bevel gear mechanism 16 by driving the electric motor 15 a, thereby pushing out the pressure rod 10, thereby pressing the cap 7.

叙述のごとく構成された本発明の実施の形態において、ある地域の土壌試料（泥岩）について、例えば一辺が５００ｍｍの立方体の大きさでサンプリングし、これを成形して高さ５０ｍｍの前記円柱状の供試体６を製作する。この供試体６に含有する水の電気伝導率を測定するには、該供試体６を、セル５、ろ紙５ｂが載置されたペデスタル３とキャップ７とのあいだにセット（防止部材８も被着しておく）し、容器２に水を充填した状態にして電動モーター１５ａを駆動してキャップ７を加圧していく。するとキャップ７とペデスタル３とのあいだに挟まれる供試体６は加圧されることになって、供試体６に含有する水分は供試体表面から染み出すことになるが、この染み出した水はろ紙５ｂを湿らす状態でセル５全体を濡らすことになり、これによって電極４は全体が水に浸漬する状態となって電気伝導率が測定される。 In the embodiment of the present invention configured as described above, a sample of soil in a certain region (mudstone) is sampled, for example, in the size of a cube having a side of 500 mm, and this is molded to form the columnar shape having a height of 50 mm. Specimen 6 is manufactured. In order to measure the electrical conductivity of water contained in the specimen 6, the specimen 6 is set between the pedestal 3 on which the cell 5 and the filter paper 5b are placed and the cap 7 (the prevention member 8 is also covered). Then, the container 2 is filled with water, and the electric motor 15a is driven to pressurize the cap 7. Then, the specimen 6 sandwiched between the cap 7 and the pedestal 3 is pressurized, and the moisture contained in the specimen 6 oozes out from the specimen surface. It will be wet the entire cell 5 in a state to wet the filter paper 5 b, which electrode 4 by is measured entirely in a state of immersion in water electric conductivity.

このように、本発明が実施されたものにおいては、土壌のように含有する水分量が少ない供試体６において、これを加圧することで供試体６から染み出した水は、供試体６の底面に面接触するセル５表面が、該表面にフラット状に埋設した電極４の全体を浸漬する状態で均一に濡れることとなるため、僅かな水分量でも電気伝導率の測定が確実にできる。   Thus, in the embodiment in which the present invention is carried out, in the specimen 6 containing a small amount of water such as soil, the water exuded from the specimen 6 by pressurizing the specimen 6 is the bottom surface of the specimen 6. Since the surface of the cell 5 that is in surface contact with the surface of the cell 5 is uniformly wet in a state where the entire electrode 4 embedded in the surface is immersed, the electrical conductivity can be reliably measured even with a small amount of water.

一方、前記のようにセットされた供試体６に水を供給することで該供試体６を透過した水の電気伝導率を測定するには、供試体６を位置ずれしない程度に加圧した状態で、水路７ａから水を加圧供給する。これにより供試体６を透過する水の透過速度が大きくなって、前述したように電極４全体が水に浸漬された状態でセル表面全体が濡れるため、透水係数が小さいものであっても、迅速で確実な電気伝導率の測定ができることになる。   On the other hand, in order to measure the electrical conductivity of the water that has passed through the specimen 6 by supplying water to the specimen 6 set as described above, the specimen 6 is pressurized to such an extent that it does not shift. Then, water is pressurized and supplied from the water channel 7a. As a result, the permeation rate of water passing through the specimen 6 is increased, and the entire cell surface is wet with the entire electrode 4 immersed in water as described above. Thus, the electrical conductivity can be reliably measured.

また、供試体６を加圧しつつ水を透過せしめたときの地盤変位の状態をシミュレートしたいような場合には、前記のようにセットした供試体６に対し、圧力を漸次増加する状態で加圧しつつ水を加圧供給すればよく、このようにすることで、供試体６に崩壊や変形等の変化が生じる状態で、該供試体６を透過する水の電気伝導率を測定することができ、そしてこの測定を経時的にし、記録することにより、供試体６が加圧される状態での透過水の電気伝導率の変化を経時的に知ることができる。   In addition, when it is desired to simulate the ground displacement when the specimen 6 is pressurized and water is allowed to pass through, the pressure applied to the specimen 6 set as described above is gradually increased. It is only necessary to pressurize and supply water while pressing, and in this way, the electrical conductivity of water passing through the specimen 6 can be measured in a state where the specimen 6 undergoes changes such as collapse and deformation. By making this measurement over time and recording it, the change in the electrical conductivity of the permeated water in a state where the specimen 6 is pressurized can be known over time.

尚、本発明は前記実施の形態に限定されないものであることは勿論であって、供試体としては土壌に限定されないことは勿論である。そして本発明は、含水率の小さい供試体、透水係数の小さい供試体について電気伝導率を測定する場合に特に有効であるが、含水率の大きい供試体、透水係数の大きい供試体に用いることも勿論できる。   Of course, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiment, and the specimen is not limited to soil. The present invention is particularly effective in measuring the electrical conductivity of a specimen having a low water content and a specimen having a low water permeability, but it can also be used for a specimen having a high water content and a specimen having a high water permeability. Of course you can.

電気伝導率の測定装置における測定部の概略正面図である。It is a schematic front view of the measurement part in the measuring apparatus of electrical conductivity. （Ａ）（Ｂ）は電気伝導率測定用セルの正面図および断面図である。(A) and (B) are the front view and sectional drawing of a cell for electrical conductivity measurement.

符号の説明Explanation of symbols

１ 電気伝導率測定装置の測定部
４ 電極
５ 電気伝導率測定用セル
６ 供試体
７ 加圧装置 DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Measurement part of electrical conductivity measuring device 4 Electrode 5 Electrical conductivity measuring cell 6 Specimen 7 Pressurizing device

Claims (1)

サンプリング土壌から成形された供試体に圧力を与えながら該供試体を透過する水の経時的な電気伝導率を測定する装置であって、該装置は、供試体を加圧する加圧手段と、供試体に水を加圧供給して供試体から水を透過させるための水供給手段と、供試体に面接触する電気伝導率測定用のセルとを備えて構成され、前記セルは、供試体の底面に親水性シートを介在して面接触する該セル表面に、前記供試体を透過して親水性シートを湿らせた水が接触するようセル表面に対しフラットになる状態で埋設された一対の電極を備えると共に、前記セルが上面に配設されるペデスタルには負圧状態となった水路３ａが形成されていて、前記セルに到達して電気伝導率が測定された水は、セル中央部に貫通状に開設された孔５ａを介して水路３ａから排出するように構成されていることを特徴とする電気伝導率の経時的測定装置。 A device for measuring the electrical conductivity of water passing through the specimen while applying pressure to the specimen formed from sampling soil , the apparatus comprising a pressurizing means for pressurizing the specimen, and water supply means for transmitting the water the water from the specimen under pressure supplied to the specimens, is constituted by a cell for conductivity measurement to surface contact with the specimen, the cell is of the specimen A pair of embedded in a flat state with respect to the cell surface so that water that has permeated the specimen and wetted the hydrophilic sheet is in contact with the cell surface that is in surface contact with the bottom surface via a hydrophilic sheet . Rutotomoni comprising an electrode, wherein the cell is being formed waterway 3a became the pedestal a negative pressure state to be disposed on the upper surface, electric conductivity reached the cell is measured water cell center The water channel 3a through the hole 5a opened in a penetrating manner in the section Time measuring device of the electrical conductivity, characterized in that it is configured to drain.
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