JP3952990B2 - Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, image forming apparatus, and image forming method - Google Patents

Description

【００３１】
【化４】

【００３２】
【化５】

【００３３】
【化６】

【００３４】
【化７】

【００３５】
【化８】

【００３６】
本発明の前記一般式（１）のｎが異なる２種以上の化合物（混合物）の平均分子量は３０００以下が好ましい。該平均分子量はポリスチレン換算の重量平均分子量で表し、平均分子量が３０００を超えると溶媒溶解性が低下し、電荷輸送層のバインダー樹脂との相溶性が劣化し、その結果電荷輸送物質の分散性が低下し、感度や均一帯電性等の電子写真特性が低下しやすい。前記平均分子量は４００〜３０００が好ましく、７００〜３０００がより好ましく、７００〜２０００が最も好ましい。
【００３７】
以下に、本発明の化合物（混合物）の合成例を記載する。
合成例（１）；化合物（例示化学構造１７）の合成
１００ｍｌの４頭フラスコに窒素導入管、冷却管、温度計、撹拌機を装着し、２，４−ジメチルアニリン：４．０８ｇ（０．０４ｍｏｌ）、ヨードベンゼン：４．０８ｇ（０．０２ｍｏｌ）、ｍ−ジヨードベンゼン：９．９ｇ（０．０３ｍｏｌ）、銅粉１．２７ｇ（０．０２ｍｏｌ）、炭酸カリウム１１．０４ｇ（０．０８ｍｏｌ）を入れ、窒素を導入しながら１９０℃にて３０時間反応させた。
反応液を約６０℃まで冷却した後ＴＨＦ２００ｍｌを加えて撹拌し、濾過した。濾液を濃縮してトルエン１００ｍｌに溶解し、ワコーゲルＢ−０（和光純薬）１０ｇを加えて、約３０分撹拌しろ過を行った。トルエン３０ｍｌにてワコーゲルＢ−０を洗浄し、濾液及び洗液を濃縮乾固した。これにＴＨＦ２０ｍｌを加え溶解し、メタノール１２０ｍｌに滴下して再沈精製を行い、濾別乾燥して例示化学構造１７の化合物を５．１５ｇ得た。
【００３８】
高速液体クロマトグラフィー及び質量分析の結果、得られた化合物はｎ＝０〜７の混合物であり、組成比（高速液体クロマトグラフィーの面積比）は表１に示すとおりであった。また、ゲル浸透クロマトグラフィー（ＧＰＣ）より求めた重量平均分子量（ポリスチレン換算）Ｍｗは９１０であった。
【００３９】
【表１】

【００４０】
尚、高速液体クロマトグラフィーの測定条件は下記で行なった。
測定器：島津ＬＣ６Ａ（島津製作所製）
カラム：ＣＬＣ−ＯＤＳ（島津製作所製）
検出波長：２９０ｎｍ
移動相：メタノール／テトラヒドロフラン＝３／１の混合溶媒
移動相の流速：約１ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ
合成例（２）；化合物（例示化学構造４８）の合成
１００ｍｌの４頭フラスコに窒素導入管、冷却管、温度計、撹拌機を装着し、３，４−ジメチルアニリン：６．０５ｇ（０．０５ｍｏｌ）、ヨードビフェニル：５．６０ｇ（０．０２ｍｏｌ）、ビス（４−ブロモフェニル）エーテル：１３．１１ｇ（０．０４ｍｏｌ）、銅粉１．５９ｇ（０．０２５ｍｏｌ）、炭酸カリウム１３．８ｇ（０．１ｍｏｌ）を入れ、窒素を導入しながら１９０℃にて３０時間反応させた。反応液を約６０℃まで冷却した後ＴＨＦ２００ｍｌを加えて撹拌し、濾過した。濾液を濃縮してトルエン１００ｍｌに溶解し、ワコーゲルＢ−０（和光純薬）１０ｇを加えて、約３０分撹拌しろ過を行った。トルエン３０ｍｌにてワコーゲルＢ−０を洗浄し、濾液及び洗液を濃縮乾固した。これにＴＨＦ２０ｍｌを加え溶解し、メタノール１２０ｍｌに滴下して再沈精製を行い、濾別乾燥して例示化学構造４８の化合物を１０．５６ｇ得た。
【００４１】
高速液体クロマトグラフィー及び質量分析の結果、得られた化合物はｎ＝０〜８の混合物であり、組成比（高速液体クロマトグラフィーの面積比）は表２に示すとおりであった。また、ゲル浸透クロマトグラフィー（ＧＰＣ）より求めた重量平均分子量（ポリスチレン換算）Ｍｗは１６８４であった。
【００４２】
【表２】

【００４３】
次に、上記のような本発明の化合物を電荷輸送物質として用いた電子写真感光体、特に有機感光体の層構成について記載する。
【００４４】
本発明の有機感光体とは電子写真感光体の構成に必要不可欠な電荷発生機能及び電荷輸送機能の少なくとも一方の機能を有機化合物に持たせて構成された電子写真感光体を意味し、公知の有機電荷発生物質又は有機電荷輸送物質から構成された感光体、電荷発生機能と電荷輸送機能を高分子錯体で構成した感光体等公知の有機電子写真感光体を全て含有する。
【００４５】
以下に本発明に用いられる有機感光体の構成について記載する。
導電性支持体
感光体に用いられる導電性支持体としてはシート状、円筒状のどちらを用いても良いが、画像形成装置をコンパクトに設計するためには円筒状導電性支持体の方が好ましい。
【００４６】
円筒状導電性支持体とは回転することによりエンドレスに画像を形成できるに必要な円筒状の支持体を意味し、真直度で０．１ｍｍ以下、振れ０．１ｍｍ以下の範囲にある導電性の支持体が好ましい。この真直度及び振れの範囲を超えると、良好な画像形成が困難になる。
【００４７】
導電性の材料としてはアルミニウム、ニッケルなどの金属ドラム、又はアルミニウム、酸化錫、酸化インジュウムなどを蒸着したプラスチックドラム、又は導電性物質を塗布した紙・プラスチックドラムを使用することができる。導電性支持体としては常温で比抵抗１０³Ωｃｍ以下が好ましい。
【００４８】
本発明で用いられる導電性支持体は、その表面に封孔処理されたアルマイト膜が形成されたものを用いても良い。アルマイト処理は、通常例えばクロム酸、硫酸、シュウ酸、リン酸、硼酸、スルファミン酸等の酸性浴中で行われるが、硫酸中での陽極酸化処理が最も好ましい結果を与える。硫酸中での陽極酸化処理の場合、硫酸濃度は１００〜２００ｇ／Ｌ、アルミニウムイオン濃度は１〜１０ｇ／Ｌ、液温は２０℃前後、印加電圧は約２０Ｖで行うのが好ましいが、これに限定されるものではない。又、陽極酸化被膜の平均膜厚は、通常２０μｍ以下、特に１０μｍ以下が好ましい。
【００４９】
中間層
本発明においては導電性支持体と感光層の間に、バリヤー機能を備えた中間層を設けることもできる。
【００５０】
本発明においては導電性支持体と前記感光層のとの接着性改良、或いは該支持体からの電荷注入を防止するために、該支持体と前記感光層の間に中間層（下引層も含む）を設けることもできる。該中間層の材料としては、ポリアミド樹脂、塩化ビニル樹脂、酢酸ビニル樹脂並びに、これらの樹脂の繰り返し単位のうちの２つ以上を含む共重合体樹脂が挙げられる。これら下引き樹脂の中で繰り返し使用に伴う残留電位増加を小さくできる樹脂としてはポリアミド樹脂が好ましい。又、これら樹脂を用いた中間層の膜厚は０．０１〜０．５μｍが好ましい。
【００５１】
又、本発明に好ましく用いられる中間層はシランカップリング剤、チタンカップリング剤等の有機金属化合物を熱硬化させた硬化性金属樹脂を用いた中間層が挙げられる。硬化性金属樹脂を用いた中間層の膜厚は、０．１〜２μｍが好ましい。
【００５２】
又、本発明に好ましく用いられる中間層は無機粒子をバインダー樹脂中に分散した中間層が挙げられる。無機粒子の平均粒径は０．０１〜１μｍが好ましい。特に、表面処理をしたＮ型半導性微粒子をバインダー中に分散した中間層が好ましい。例えばシリカ・アルミナ処理及びシラン化合物で表面処理した平均粒径が０．０１〜１μｍの酸化チタンをポリアミド樹脂中に分散した中間層が挙げられる。このような中間層の膜厚は、１〜２０μｍが好ましい。
【００５３】
Ｎ型半導性微粒子とは、導電性キャリアを電子とする性質をもつ微粒子を示す。すなわち、導電性キャリアを電子とする性質とは、該Ｎ型半導性微粒子を絶縁性バインダーに含有させることにより、基体からのホール注入を効率的にブロックし、また、感光層からの電子に対してはブロッキング性を示さない性質を有するものをいう。
【００５４】
ここで、Ｎ型半導性粒子の判別方法について説明する。
導電性支持体上に膜厚５μｍの中間層（中間層を構成するバインダー樹脂中に粒子を５０質量％分散させた分散液を用いて中間層を形成する）を形成する。該中間層に負極性に帯電させて、光減衰特性を評価する。又、正極性に帯電させて同様に光減衰特性を評価する。
【００５５】
Ｎ型半導性粒子とは、上記評価で、負極性に帯電させた時の光減衰が正極性に帯電させた時の光減衰よりも大きい場合に、中間層に分散された粒子をＮ型半導性粒子という。
【００５６】
前記Ｎ型半導性微粒子は、具体的には酸化チタン（ＴｉＯ₂）、酸化亜鉛（ＺｎＯ）、酸化スズ（ＳｎＯ₂）等の微粒子が挙げられるが、本発明では、特に酸化チタンが好ましく用いられる。
【００５７】
本発明に用いられるＮ型半導性微粒子の平均粒径は、数平均一次粒径において１０ｎｍ以上５００ｎｍ以下の範囲のものが好ましく、より好ましくは１０ｎｍ〜２００ｎｍ、特に好ましくは、１５ｎｍ〜５０ｎｍである。
【００５８】
数平均一次粒径の値が前記範囲内にあるＮ型半導性微粒子を用いた中間層は層内での分散を緻密なものとすることができ、十分な電位安定性、及び黒ポチ発生防止機能を有する。
【００５９】
前記Ｎ型半導性微粒子の数平均一次粒径は、例えば酸化チタンの場合、透過型電子顕微鏡観察によって１００００倍に拡大し、ランダムに１００個の粒子を一次粒子として観察し、画像解析によりフェレ径の数平均径として測定される。
【００６０】
本発明に用いられるＮ型半導性微粒子の形状は、樹枝状、針状および粒状等の形状があり、このような形状のＮ型半導性微粒子は、例えば酸化チタン粒子では、結晶型としては、アナターゼ型、ルチル型及びアモルファス型等があるが、いずれの結晶型のものを用いてもよく、また２種以上の結晶型を混合して用いてもよい。その中でもルチル型のものが最も良い。
【００６１】
Ｎ型半導性微粒子に行われる疎水化表面処理の１つは、複数回の表面処理を行い、かつ該複数回の表面処理の中で、最後の表面処理が反応性有機ケイ素化合物による表面処理を行うものである。また、該複数回の表面処理の中で、少なくとも１回の表面処理がアルミナ、シリカ、及びジルコニアから選ばれる少なくとも１種類以上の表面処理であり、最後に反応性有機ケイ素化合物の表面処理を行うことが好ましい。
【００６２】
尚、アルミナ処理、シリカ処理、ジルコニア処理とはＮ型半導性微粒子表面にアルミナ、シリカ、或いはジルコニアを析出させる処理を云い、これらの表面に析出したアルミナ、シリカ、ジルコニアにはアルミナ、シリカ、ジルコニアの水和物も含まれる。又、反応性有機ケイ素化合物の表面処理とは、処理液に反応性有機ケイ素化合物を用いることを意味する。
【００６３】
この様に、酸化チタン粒子の様なＮ型半導性微粒子の表面処理を少なくとも２回以上行うことにより、Ｎ型半導性微粒子表面が均一に表面被覆（処理）され、該表面処理されたＮ型半導性微粒子を中間層に用いると、中間層内における酸化チタン粒子等のＮ型半導性微粒子の分散性が良好で、かつ黒ポチ等の画像欠陥を発生させない良好な感光体を得ることができるのである。
【００６４】
感光層
本発明の感光体の感光層構成は前記中間層上に電荷発生機能と電荷輸送機能を１つの層に持たせた単層構造の感光層構成でも良いが、より好ましくは感光層の機能を電荷発生層（ＣＧＬ）と電荷輸送層（ＣＴＬ）に分離した構成をとるのがよい。機能を分離した構成を取ることにより繰り返し使用に伴う残留電位増加を小さく制御でき、その他の電子写真特性を目的に合わせて制御しやすい。負帯電用の感光体では中間層の上に電荷発生層（ＣＧＬ）、その上に電荷輸送層（ＣＴＬ）の構成を取ることが好ましい。正帯電用の感光体では前記層構成の順が負帯電用感光体の場合の逆となる。本発明の最も好ましい感光層構成は前記機能分離構造を有する負帯電感光体構成である。
【００６５】
以下に機能分離負帯電感光体の感光層構成について説明する。
電荷発生層
電荷発生層には電荷発生物質（ＣＧＭ）を含有する。その他の物質としては必要によりバインダー樹脂、その他添加剤を含有しても良い。
【００６６】
電荷発生物質（ＣＧＭ）としては公知の電荷発生物質（ＣＧＭ）を用いることができる。例えばフタロシアニン顔料、アゾ顔料、ペリレン顔料、アズレニウム顔料などを用いることができる。これらの中で繰り返し使用に伴う残留電位増加を最も小さくできるＣＧＭは複数の分子間で安定な凝集構造をとりうる結晶構造を有するものであり、具体的には特定の結晶構造を有するフタロシアニン顔料、ペリレン顔料のＣＧＭが挙げられる。例えばＣｕ−Ｋα線に対するブラッグ角２θが２７．２°に最大ピークを有するチタニルフタロシアニン、同２θが１２．４に最大ピークを有するベンズイミダゾールペリレン等のＣＧＭは繰り返し使用に伴う劣化がほとんどなく、残留電位増加小さくすることができる。
【００６７】
電荷発生層にＣＧＭの分散媒としてバインダーを用いる場合、バインダーとしては公知の樹脂を用いることができるが、最も好ましい樹脂としてはホルマール樹脂、ブチラール樹脂、シリコーン樹脂、シリコーン変性ブチラール樹脂、フェノキシ樹脂等が挙げられる。バインダー樹脂と電荷発生物質との割合は、バインダー樹脂１００質量部に対し２０〜６００質量部が好ましい。これらの樹脂を用いることにより、繰り返し使用に伴う残留電位増加を最も小さくできる。電荷発生層の膜厚は０．０１μｍ〜２μｍが好ましい。
【００６８】
電荷輸送層
電荷輸送層には電荷輸送物質（ＣＴＭ）及びＣＴＭを分散し製膜するバインダー樹脂を含有する。その他の物質としては必要により酸化防止剤等の添加剤を含有しても良い。
【００６９】
電荷輸送物質（ＣＴＭ）としては、前記した前記一般式（１）のｎが異なる２種以上の化合物の混合物を用いる。又、前記一般式（１）のｎが異なる化合物の２種以上の混合物と共に、例えばトリフェニルアミン誘導体、ヒドラゾン化合物、スチリル化合物、ベンジジン化合物、ブタジエン化合物などを併用して用いることができる。これら電荷輸送物質は通常、適当なバインダー樹脂中に溶解して層形成が行われる。
【００７０】
電荷輸送層（ＣＴＬ）に用いられる樹脂としては、例えばポリスチレン、アクリル樹脂、メタクリル樹脂、塩化ビニル樹脂、酢酸ビニル樹脂、ポリビニルブチラール樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、ポリウレタン樹脂、フェノール樹脂、ポリエステル樹脂、アルキッド樹脂、ポリカーボネート樹脂、シリコーン樹脂、メラミン樹脂並びに、これらの樹脂の繰り返し単位構造のうちの２つ以上を含む共重合体樹脂。又これらの絶縁性樹脂の他、ポリ−Ｎ−ビニルカルバゾール等の高分子有機半導体が挙げられる。
【００７１】
これらＣＴＬのバインダーとして最も好ましいものはポリカーボネート樹脂である。ポリカーボネート樹脂はＣＴＭの分散性、電子写真特性を良好にすることにおいて、最も好ましい。バインダー樹脂と電荷輸送物質との割合は、バインダー樹脂１００質量部に対し１０〜２００質量部が好ましい。
【００７２】
又、電荷輸送層には酸化防止剤を含有させることが好ましい。該酸化防止剤とは、その代表的なものは電子写真感光体中ないしは電子写真感光体表面に存在する自動酸化性物質に対して、光、熱、放電等の条件下で酸素の作用を防止ないし、抑制する性質を有する物質である。代表的には下記の化合物群が挙げられる。
【００７３】
【化９】

【００７４】
【化１０】

【００７５】
【化１１】

【００７６】
【化１２】

【００７７】
電荷輸送層は２層以上の層構成にしてもよい。この場合は表面の電荷輸送層が本発明の構成を満たせばよい。又、電荷輸送層の膜厚は１０〜４０μｍが好ましい。
【００７８】
上記では本発明の最も好ましい感光体の層構成を例示したが、本発明では上記以外の感光体層構成でも良い。
【００７９】
感光層、中間層、表面層等の層形成に用いられる溶媒又は分散媒としては、ｎ−ブチルアミン、ジエチルアミン、エチレンジアミン、イソプロパノールアミン、トリエタノールアミン、トリエチレンジアミン、Ｎ，Ｎ−ジメチルホルムアミド、アセトン、メチルエチルケトン、メチルイソプロピルケトン、シクロヘキサノン、ベンゼン、トルエン、キシレン、クロロホルム、ジクロロメタン、１，２−ジクロロエタン、１，２−ジクロロプロパン、１，１，２−トリクロロエタン、１，１，１−トリクロロエタン、トリクロロエチレン、テトラクロロエタン、テトラヒドロフラン、ジオキソラン、ジオキサン、メタノール、エタノール、ブタノール、イソプロパノール、酢酸エチル、酢酸ブチル、ジメチルスルホキシド、メチルセロソルブ等が挙げられる。本発明はこれらに限定されるものではないが、ジクロロメタン、１，２−ジクロロエタン、メチルエチルケトン等が好ましく用いられる。また、これらの溶媒は単独或いは２種以上の混合溶媒として用いることもできる。
【００８０】
又、これらの各層の塗布溶液は塗布工程に入る前に、塗布溶液中の異物や凝集物を除去するために、金属フィルター、メンブランフィルター等で濾過することが好ましい。例えば、日本ポール社製のプリーツタイプ（ＨＤＣ）、デプスタイプ（プロファイル）、セミデプスタイプ（プロファイルスター）等を塗布液の特性に応じて選択し、濾過をすることが好ましい。
【００８１】
次に有機電子写真感光体を製造するための塗布加工方法としては、浸漬塗布、スプレー塗布、円形量規制型塗布等の塗布加工法が用いられるが、感光層の上層側の塗布加工は下層の膜を極力溶解させないため、又、均一塗布加工を達成するためスプレー塗布又は円形量規制型（円形スライドホッパ型がその代表例）塗布等の塗布加工方法を用いるのが好ましい。なお保護層は前記円形量規制型塗布加工方法を用いるのが最も好ましい。前記円形量規制型塗布については例えば特開昭５８−１８９０６１号公報に詳細に記載されている。
【００８２】
次に、本発明の電子写真感光体を用いた画像形成方法及び画像形成装置の説明をする。
【００８３】
図１は本発明の画像形成方法の１例としての画像形成装置の断面構成図である。
【００８４】
図１に於いて５０は像担持体である感光体ドラム（感光体）で、有機感光層をドラム上に塗布した感光体で、接地されて時計方向に駆動回転される。５２はスコロトロンの帯電器（帯電手段）で、感光体ドラム５０周面に対し一様な帯電をコロナ放電によって与えられる。この帯電器５２による帯電に先だって、前画像形成での感光体の履歴をなくすために発光ダイオード等を用いた帯電前露光部５１による露光を行って感光体周面の除電をしてもよい。
【００８５】
感光体への一様帯電の後、像露光手段としての像露光器５３により画像信号に基づいた像露光が行われる。この図の像露光器５３は図示しないレーザダイオードを露光光源とする。回転するポリゴンミラー５３１、ｆθレンズ等を経て反射ミラー５３２により光路を曲げられた光により感光体ドラム上の走査がなされ、静電潜像が形成される。
【００８６】
ここで反転現像プロセスとは帯電器５２により、感光体表面を一様に帯電し、像露光が行われた領域、即ち感光体の露光部電位（露光部領域）を現像工程（手段）により、顕像化する画像形成方法である。一方未露光部電位は現像スリーブ５４１に印加される現像バイアス電位により現像されない。
【００８７】
その静電潜像は次いで現像手段としての現像器５４で現像される。感光体ドラム５０周縁にはトナーとキャリアとから成る現像剤を内蔵した現像器５４が設けられていて、マグネットを内蔵し現像剤を保持して回転する現像スリーブ５４１によって現像が行われる。現像器５４内部は現像剤攪拌搬送部材５４４、５４３、搬送量規制部材５４２等から構成されており、現像剤は攪拌、搬送されて現像スリーブに供給されるが、その供給量は該搬送量規制部材５４２により制御される。該現像剤の搬送量は適用される電子写真感光体の線速及び現像剤比重によっても異なるが、一般的には２０〜２００ｍｇ／ｃｍ²の範囲である。
【００８８】
現像剤は、例えば前述のフェライトをコアとしてそのまわりに絶縁性樹脂をコーティングしたキャリアと、前述のスチレンアクリル系樹脂を主材料としてカーボンブラック等の着色剤と荷電制御剤と低分子量ポリオレフィンからなる着色粒子に、シリカ、酸化チタン等を外添したトナーとからなるもので、現像剤は搬送量規制部材によって層厚を規制されて現像域へと搬送され、現像が行われる。この時通常は感光体ドラム５０と現像スリーブ５４１の間に直流バイアス、必要に応じて交流バイアス電圧をかけて現像が行われる。また、現像剤は感光体に対して接触あるいは非接触の状態で現像される。感光体の電位測定は電位センサー５４７を図１のように現像位置上部に設けて行う。
【００８９】
記録紙Ｐは画像形成後、転写のタイミングの整った時点で給紙ローラー５７の回転作動により転写域へと給紙される。
【００９０】
転写域においては転写のタイミングに同期して感光体ドラム５０の周面に転写電極（転写手段：転写器）５８が作動し、給紙された記録紙Ｐにトナーと反対極性の帯電を与えてトナーを転写する。
【００９１】
次いで記録紙Ｐは分離電極（分離器）５９によって除電がなされ、感光体ドラム５０の周面により分離して定着装置６０に搬送され、熱ローラー６０１と圧着ローラー６０２の加熱、加圧によってトナーを溶着したのち排紙ローラー６１を介して装置外部に排出される。なお前記の転写電極５８及び分離電極５９は記録紙Ｐの通過後、一次作動を中止し、次なるトナー像の形成に備える。図１では転写電極５８にコロトロンの転写帯電極を用いている。転写電極の設定条件としては、感光体のプロセススピード（周速）等により異なり一概に規定することはできないが、例えば、転写電流としては＋１００〜＋４００μＡ、転写電圧としては＋５００〜＋２０００Ｖを設定値とすることができる。
【００９２】
一方記録紙Ｐを分離した後の感光体ドラム５０は、クリーニング器（クリーニング手段）６２のブレード６２１の圧接により残留トナーを除去・清掃し、再び帯電前露光部５１による除電と帯電器５２による帯電を受けて次なる画像形成のプロセスに入る。
【００９３】
尚、７０は感光体、帯電器、転写器、分離器及びクリーニング器が一体化されている着脱可能なプロセスカートリッジである。
【００９４】
本発明の電子写真感光体は電子写真複写機、レーザプリンター、ＬＥＤプリンター及び液晶シャッター式プリンター等の電子写真装置一般に適応するが、更に、電子写真技術を応用したディスプレー、記録、軽印刷、製版及びファクシミリ等の装置にも幅広く適用することができる。
【００９５】
【実施例】
以下、実施例を挙げて本発明を詳細に説明するが、本発明の態様はこれに限定されない。但し、下記文中の「部」は「質量部」を示す。
【００９６】
下記のごとくして、感光体を作製した。

上記成分を混合溶解して中間層塗布液を調製した。この塗布液をの円筒状アルミニウム基体上に浸漬塗布法で塗布し、乾燥後、膜厚１．０μｍの中間層を形成した。

上記成分を混合し、サンドミルを用いて１０時間分散し、電荷発生層塗布液を調製した。この塗布液を前記中間層の上に浸漬塗布法で塗布し、乾燥後、膜厚０．３μｍの電荷発生層を形成した。

上記成分を混合溶解して電荷輸送層塗布液を調製した。この塗布液を前記電荷発生層の上に浸漬塗布法で塗布し、１００℃４０分間乾燥して、膜厚２２μｍの電荷輸送層を形成し感光体１を作製した。
【００９７】
感光体２の作製
感光体１において、電荷輸送物質の化合物を合成例（１）の化合物から合成例（２）の化合物に変更した以外は同様にして感光体２を作製した。
【００９８】
感光体３〜１１の作製
感光体１において、電荷発生物質、電荷輸送物質の化合物、化合物の量、電荷輸送層の膜厚を表１のように変更した以外は同様にして感光体３〜１１を作製した。
【００９９】
感光体１２の作製
感光体１において、電荷輸送物質を合成例（１）の化合物をカラムクロマトグラフィーで各成分を分離し、化合物１７のｎ＝０のみの成分を電荷輸送物質として用いた他は同様にして感光体１２を作製した。
【０１００】
感光体１３の作製
感光体１において、電荷輸送物質を合成例（１）の化合物をカラムクロマトグラフィーで各成分を分離し、化合物１７のｎ＝４のみの成分を電荷輸送物質として用いた他は同様にして感光体１３を作製したが、電荷輸送物質がバインダー樹脂と相溶せず析出して、評価できる感光体が得られなかった。
【０１０１】
【表３】

【０１０２】
表中、Ｙはチタニルフタロシアニン顔料（Ｃｕ−Ｋα特性Ｘ線回折スペクトルで、ブラッグ角２θの最大ピークが２７．３°の顔料）
Ｚはベンズイミダゾールペリレン顔料（Ｃｕ−Ｋα特性Ｘ線回折スペクトルで、ブラッグ角２θの最大ピークが１２．４°の顔料）を示す。
【０１０３】
又、電荷輸送物質の連鎖構造ｎの分布及び最大成分のｎは高速液体クロマトグラフィーの面積比より求めた。平均分子量Ｍｗはゲル浸透クロマトグラフィー（ＧＰＣ）より求めた重量平均分子量（ポリスチレン換算）を示す。
【０１０４】
評価
以上のようにして得た感光体１〜１３を各々コニカ（株）製の反転現像方式デジタル複写機「Ｋｏｎｉｃａ７０８５」（スコロトロン帯電器、半導体レーザ像露光器（波長６８０ｎｍ）、反転現像手段を有するＡ４紙８５枚／分機）に搭載し、下記評価項目について評価した。評価は、評価項目毎に、環境条件（温湿度条件）を変えて行なった。評価は、基本的に画素率が７％の文字画像、ハーフトーン画像、ベタ白画像、ベタ黒画像がそれぞれ１／４等分にあるオリジナル画像をＡ４で１枚間欠モードにて１万枚の複写を行い、評価した。評価結果を表４に示す。
【０１０５】
評価条件
ラインスピード；４２０ｍｍ／秒
像露光から現像位置までの到達時間；０．１０８秒
帯電条件
帯電器；スコロトロン帯電器（負帯電）
帯電電位；−７００Ｖ〜−７５０Ｖ
露光条件
べた黒画像電位を−１００Ｖにする露光量に設定。
【０１０６】
露光ビーム；レーザは６８０ｎｍの半導体レーザを使用
現像条件
現像剤は、フェライトをコアとして絶縁性樹脂をコーティングしたキャリアとスチレンアクリル系樹脂を主材料としてカーボンブラックの着色剤と荷電制御剤と低分子量ポリオレフィンからなる重合法で作製した体積平均粒径５．３μｍの着色粒子に、シリカ、酸化チタンを外添したトナーの現像剤を使用した。
【０１０７】
転写条件
転写極；コロナ帯電方式（正帯電）
分離条件
分離爪ユニットの分離手段を用いた
クリーニング条件
クリーニングブレード有するクリーニング手段を用いた。
【０１０８】
評価項目及び評価方法
低温低湿（１０℃２０％ＲＨ）環境下での高速応答性（べた黒画像の電位変化）
低温低湿（１０℃２０％ＲＨ）環境下で、画素率が７％の文字画像、ハーフトーン画像、ベタ白画像、ベタ黒画像がそれぞれ１／４等分にあるオリジナル画像をＡ４で１枚間欠モードにて１万枚の複写を行い、初期と１万枚後の現像位置でのべた黒画像の電位変化（｜ΔＶ｜）を評価した。｜ΔＶ｜が小さい方が低温低湿（１０℃２０％ＲＨ）環境下での高速応答性が優れている。
【０１０９】
◎；べた黒画像の電位変化｜ΔＶ｜が５０Ｖ未満（良好）
○；べた黒画像の電位変化｜ΔＶ｜が５０Ｖ〜１５０Ｖ（実用上問題なし）
×；べた黒画像の電位変化｜ΔＶ｜が１５０Ｖより大きい（実用上問題有り）
文字細り（低温低湿（１０℃２０％ＲＨ）の環境下）
０．１ｍｍ、０．２ｍｍ幅の線画像が印刷されたオリジナル画像を複写し、評価した。
【０１１０】
◎；複写画像の線幅がオリジナル画像の線幅の７５％以上で再現されている
（良好）
○；複写画像の線幅がオリジナル画像の線幅の４０％〜７４％で再現されて
いる（実用上問題ないレベル）
×；複写画像の線幅がオリジナル画像の線幅の３９％以下、又は線幅が切断されている（実用上問題となるレベル）
ブラックスポット（高温高湿（３０℃８０％ＲＨ））
ハーフトーン画像上のブラックスポット（苺状のスポット画像）の発生状況を下記の基準で判定した。
【０１１１】
◎；感光体上にブラックスポットの発生核がみられず、ハーフトーン画像にもブラックスポットの発生なし（良好）
○；感光体上にブラックスポットの発生核がみられるが、ハーフトーン画像にはブラックスポットの発生なし（実用上問題なし）
×；感光体上にブラックスポットの発生核がみられ、ハーフトーン画像にもブラックスポットが発生している（実用上問題有り）
周期性の画像欠陥（高温高湿（３０℃８０％ＲＨ））
周期性が感光体の周期と一致し、目視できる白ヌケ、黒ポチ、筋状の画像欠陥が、Ａ４サイズ当たり何個あるかで判定した。
【０１１２】
◎；０．４ｍｍ以上の画像欠陥の頻度：全ての複写画像が５個／Ａ４以下（良好）
○；０．４ｍｍ以上の画像欠陥の頻度：６個／Ａ４以上、１０個／Ａ４以下が１枚以上発生（実用上問題なし）
×；０．４ｍｍ以上の画像欠陥の頻度：１１個／Ａ４以上が１枚以上発生（実用上問題有り）
クラック
上記デジタル複写機Ｋｏｎｉｃａ７０８５を３０℃、８０％ＲＨの環境下で、感光体を搭載したまま、電源をｏｆｆにし、２日間放置した。感光体周辺の部材はこの間動作を停止しているだけの状態、即ち、クリーニングブレード、現像剤搬送体等の部材は、感光体に当接したままにした。その後、感光体の表面を観察し、クラックの発生の有無を観察した。又、画像評価も行い、クラック発生に伴う筋状の画像欠陥の発生の有無も評価した。
【０１１３】
◎；１００本の感光体を評価し、クラックの発生も、筋状の画像欠陥の発生もなし（良好）
◯；１００本の感光体を評価し、微細なクラックの発生はあるが、筋状の画像欠陥の発生はない（実用上問題ないレベル）
×；１００本の感光体を評価し、クラックの発生と筋状の画像欠陥の発生が見られる（実用上問題となるレベル）
画像濃度（低温低湿（１０℃２０％ＲＨ））
べた黒部の画像濃度はマクベス社製ＲＤ−９１８を使用し反射濃度で測定した。相対濃度（複写していないＡ４紙の濃度を０．００とする）で評価した。
【０１１４】
◎；１．２以上（良好）
○；１．２未満、０．８以上（実用上問題ないレベル）
×；０．８未満（実用上問題となるレベル）
鮮鋭性
画像の鮮鋭性は、低温低湿（１０℃２０％ＲＨ）、高温高湿（３０℃８０％ＲＨ）の両環境において画像を出し、文字潰れで評価した。３ポイント、５ポイントの文字画像を形成し、下記の判断基準で評価した。
【０１１５】
◎；３ポイント、５ポイントとも明瞭であり、容易に判読可能
○；３ポイントは一部判読不能、５ポイントは明瞭であり、容易に判読可能
×；３ポイントは殆ど判読不能、５ポイントも一部あるいは全部が判読不能
【０１１６】
【表４】

【０１１７】
表４より、本発明の前記一般式（１）のｎが異なる２種以上の化合物を電荷輸送物質として用いた感光体１〜１１は、低温低湿（１０℃２０％ＲＨ）環境下での高速応答性（べた黒画像の電位変化）が優れ、このため低温低湿下の文字細りもなく、しかも、ブラックスポット、周期性画像欠陥、クラック等の発生もなく、画像濃度、鮮鋭性に優れた特性を示している。特に、分子量が７００〜２０００の範囲の電荷輸送物質を用いた感光体１、２、４、６、７、８、１０は優れた評価結果を示している。一方、ｎ＝０の低分子量の化合物のみを用いた感光体１２は低温低湿（１０℃２０％ＲＨ）環境下での高速応答性が劣り、文字細りを発生している他に、電荷輸送層の膜質が柔らかく、ブラックスポット、周期性画像欠陥も発生し、画像濃度、鮮鋭性が低下している。又、ｎ＝４の高分子量の化合物のみを用いた感光体１３の場合は、バインダー樹脂との溶解不良で、感度等もほとんどなく、評価に値しなかった。
【０１１８】
【発明の効果】
本発明の電子写真感光体、プロセスカートリッジ、画像形成装置及び画像形成方法を用いることにより、低温低湿環境で発生しやすい高速適応性等の感度不良に伴う画像不良と高温高湿で発生しやすい画像欠陥を防止し、画像濃度、鮮鋭性が良好な電子写真画像を提供することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図１】本発明の画像形成方法の１例としての画像形成装置の断面構成図である。
【符号の説明】
５０ 感光体ドラム（感光体）
５１ 帯電前露光部
５２ 帯電器
５３ 像露光器
５４ 現像器
５４１ 現像スリーブ
５４３、５４４ 現像剤攪拌搬送部材
５４７ 電位センサー
５７ 給紙ローラー
５８ 転写電極
５９ 分離電極（分離器）
６０ 定着装置
６１ 排紙ローラー
６２ クリーニング器
７０ プロセスカートリッジ[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a process cartridge, an image forming apparatus, and an image forming method used for electrophotographic image formation, and more specifically, to electrophotographic image formation used in the field of copying machines and printers. The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a process cartridge, an image forming apparatus, and an image forming method.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Electrophotographic photoconductors have great advantages such as wider selection of materials, better environmental suitability, and lower production costs than inorganic photoconductors such as selenium photoconductors and amorphous silicon photoconductors. In recent years, organic photoreceptors have become the mainstream in place of inorganic photoreceptors.
[0003]
On the other hand, in recent electrophotographic image forming methods, as a hard copy printer of a personal computer, and in an ordinary copying machine, image processing of LEDs and lasers is easy due to the ease of image processing and deployment to a multifunction machine. A digital image forming system that uses a light source has rapidly spread. Furthermore, a technique for producing a high-quality electrophotographic image by developing a finer digital image has been developed. For example, image exposure is performed with a laser beam with a small spot area, the density of the dot latent image is increased to form a high-definition latent image, the latent image is developed with a small particle size toner, and a high-quality electrophotographic image The technology for producing is disclosed. (Patent Document 1)
In forming such a high-quality digital image, an organic photoreceptor having high sensitivity and stable characteristics against changes in the greenhouse environment is required.
[0004]
Conventionally, in order to satisfy the requirements of the organic photoreceptor as described above, the organic photoreceptor has a layer structure in which the photosensitive layer is functionally separated into a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer, and the charge transport layer has a low molecular weight of about 500. The structure contained a large amount of a molecular weight charge transporting substance. However, in the charge transport layer having such a configuration, the film quality is deteriorated, and the charge transport layer on the surface layer is easily contaminated with foreign substances. That is, the surface of the photosensitive member is easily contaminated with paper dust or a toner composition by a developing unit, a transferring unit, a cleaning unit, and the like arranged around the photosensitive member. As a result, a black spot (a wrinkled spot image) or a transfer Periodic image defects such as missing are likely to occur. In addition, in a high-speed copying machine or a low-temperature and low-humidity environment where the time between the exposure process and the development process is short, sufficient sensitivity cannot be obtained, and as a result, the dot image is not reproduced faithfully, and the image in which fine lines are cut is obtained. It is easy to occur.
[0005]
As a method for solving such a problem, it has been reported to use a charge transport material having a large molecular weight. For example, an organic photoreceptor containing a charge transport material having a chemical structure of bisstyryl and a molecular weight of 1000 or more has been reported (Patent Document 2). However, when these charge transport materials are contained in the charge transport layer, the charge transport layer tends to have insufficient compatibility with the binder resin, the charge transport material is not uniformly dispersed, and the sensitivity is not sufficient. Breaking scratches such as cracks are likely to occur in the transport layer. In addition, a photoreceptor using a charge transport material having a molecular weight of 3000 to 5000 has been reported (Patent Documents 3 and 4), but since the terminal group is not blocked, the residual power is likely to increase. Further, compatibility with the binder resin has not been sufficiently solved.
[0006]
In order to prevent contamination on the surface of the photoreceptor, an organic photoreceptor having a surface layer containing fluorine-based resin particles has been proposed (Patent Document 5). However, an organic photoreceptor containing fluorine resin particles tends to cause image blur. Also, the mechanical strength of the surface layer is likely to be lowered, and the surface of the photoreceptor is easily worn by contact friction with the cleaning means or the like, and a good electrophotographic image cannot always be provided.
[0007]
[Patent Document 1]
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-255585
[0008]
[Patent Document 2]
JP-A-3-149560
[0009]
[Patent Document 3]
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-310635
[0010]
[Patent Document 4]
JP-A-5-25102
[0011]
[Patent Document 5]
JP-A-63-65449
[0012]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The present invention has been proposed in order to solve the above-described problems. The object of the present invention is to provide a high-sensitivity, easy-to-occurrence in high-speed copying and low-temperature and low-humidity environments when forming an electrophotographic image. The cause of the decrease is to prevent a decrease in image density due to a potential fluctuation in a solid black image portion or a decrease in sharpness due to occurrence of thinning of the characters in reversal development, and also due to surface contamination of the electrophotographic photoreceptor. Prevents periodic image defects such as black spots that tend to occur and transfer defects, and does not cause breakage such as cracks, and stable, high-density, high-resolution clear electrophotographic images. It is an object of the present invention to provide an electrophotographic photoreceptor obtained in this manner, a process cartridge, an image forming method, and an image forming apparatus using the electrophotographic photoreceptor.
[0013]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
As a result of intensive studies, the present inventors have conducted detailed studies on the binder resin and the charge transport material constituting the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member in order to solve the above-described problems of the present invention. By using a mixture of compounds having the following chemical structural units and different molecular weights as a charge transport material, even if a large molecular weight charge transport material is used, the compatibility with the binder resin is good and the process is fast. Responsiveness of sensitivity under low temperature and low humidity environment is improved, and the surface layer is not easily contaminated, periodic image defects such as black spots and transfer spots are prevented, and breakage scratches such as cracks do not occur. The inventors have found that a clear image with high density and high resolution can be stably obtained, and completed the present invention.
[0014]
The object of the present invention is achieved by adopting one of the following configurations.
1. An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising two or more compounds having different n in the general formula (1).
[0015]
2. An electrophotographic photoreceptor, comprising a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer on a conductive support, wherein the charge transport layer contains two or more compounds having different n in the general formula (1).
[0016]
3. An electrophotographic photosensitive member containing two or more compounds having different n in the general formula (1), a charging means for uniformly charging the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and an electrostatic latent image on the charged electrophotographic photosensitive member A latent image forming means for forming a toner image, a developing means for visualizing an electrostatic latent image on the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and a transfer means for transferring a toner image visualized on the electrophotographic photosensitive member onto a transfer material And at least one of a charge removing means for removing the charge on the electrophotographic photosensitive member after transfer and a cleaning means for removing the residual toner on the electrophotographic photosensitive member after transfer. A process cartridge which can be detachably attached to a forming apparatus main body.
[0017]
4). 4. An image forming apparatus comprising the process cartridge as described in 3 above.
[0018]
5). 5. An image forming method, wherein an electrophotographic image is formed using the image forming apparatus described in 4 above.
[0019]
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.
Structure of electrophotographic photoreceptor
The electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention is characterized by containing two or more kinds of compounds having different n in the general formula (1).
[0020]
In addition, the electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention has a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer on a conductive support, and the charge transport layer is composed of two or more compounds having different n in the general formula (1). It is characterized by containing.
[0021]
The electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention has the above-described configuration, and can prevent sharpness reduction such as thinning due to sensitivity reduction, which is likely to occur in high-speed copying and low-temperature and low-humidity environments. In addition, no periodic image defects such as transfer defects are generated, and no flaws such as cracks are generated, so that a clear electrophotographic image having a high density and a high resolving power can be produced.
[0022]
In the present invention, the compound containing two or more compounds having different n in the general formula (1) is a compound (mixture) obtained by mixing two or more compounds of the general formula (1) and having different numbers of chain structures. By using the mixture as a charge transporting material, the compatibility of the solvent of the charge transporting material and the binder resin is remarkably improved. As a result, the charge transporting property is remarkably improved and high-speed compatibility is achieved. High sensitivity and high resolution without the occurrence of periodic image defects such as black spots and transfer defects, cracks and other flaws. It is possible to produce an electrophotographic photosensitive member for producing a clear electrophotographic image.
[0023]
Hereinafter, an electrophotographic photoreceptor using two or more kinds of compounds (mixtures) having different n in the general formula (1) as a charge transport material will be described.
[0024]
In the general formula (1), Ar ₁ Is a monovalent substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group, Ar ₂ Represents a divalent substituted, unsubstituted aromatic group, divalent heterocyclic group, or the following general formula (2), R represents a substituted, unsubstituted alkyl group, monovalent substituted, unsubstituted aromatic Indicates a group. However, multiple Ar ₁ , Ar ₂ , R may be different from each other. n represents a natural number of 0 to 30.
[0025]
In the general formula (2), Y represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, —CH═CH—, or —CH. ₂ -CH ₂ -. However, R ₁ , R ₂ Is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
[0026]
In general formula (1), Ar ₁ Is a monovalent substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group, preferably an unsubstituted phenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms or an alkoxy group.
[0027]
Ar ₂ As the divalent substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group, a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a biphenylene group or the like is preferable, and an alkyl group is preferable as the substituent. Ar ₂ As the divalent heterocyclic group, a divalent furan group, a divalent thiophene group and the like are preferable. Although n is an integer, 0-30 are preferable, 0-20 are more preferable, and 0-10 are the most preferable.
[0028]
Further, among the two or more compounds having different n in the general formula (1), at least two of them may be present in a liquid chromatography area ratio of 5% or more, preferably 10% or more of the entire compound (mixture). preferable.
[0029]
The chemical structures of the representative compounds of the general formula (1) are listed below. The present invention uses a mixture of compounds having the following chemical structures and different numbers of chain structures n as charge transport materials. That is. Further, the mixture of the compounds having different n used in the present invention may have a different mixing ratio.
[0030]
[Chemical 3]

[0031]
[Formula 4]

[0032]
[Chemical formula 5]

[0033]
[Chemical 6]

[0034]
[Chemical 7]

[0035]
[Chemical 8]

[0036]
The average molecular weight of two or more compounds (mixtures) having different n in the general formula (1) of the present invention is preferably 3000 or less. The average molecular weight is expressed in terms of polystyrene-equivalent weight average molecular weight. When the average molecular weight exceeds 3000, the solvent solubility is lowered, and the compatibility of the charge transport layer with the binder resin is deteriorated. As a result, the dispersibility of the charge transport material is reduced. The electrophotographic characteristics such as sensitivity and uniform chargeability are likely to deteriorate. The average molecular weight is preferably 400 to 3000, more preferably 700 to 3000, and most preferably 700 to 2000.
[0037]
Below, the synthesis example of the compound (mixture) of this invention is described.
Synthesis Example (1); Synthesis of Compound (Exemplary Chemical Structure 17)
A 100 ml four-head flask was equipped with a nitrogen inlet tube, a condenser tube, a thermometer, and a stirrer, 2,4-dimethylaniline: 4.08 g (0.04 mol), iodobenzene: 4.08 g (0.02 mol), m-Diiodobenzene: 9.9 g (0.03 mol), 1.27 g (0.02 mol) of copper powder, 11.04 g (0.08 mol) of potassium carbonate, and 30 hours at 190 ° C. while introducing nitrogen Reacted.
The reaction solution was cooled to about 60 ° C., 200 ml of THF was added, and the mixture was stirred and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and dissolved in 100 ml of toluene, 10 g of Wakogel B-0 (Wako Pure Chemical Industries) was added, and the mixture was stirred for about 30 minutes and filtered. Wakogel B-0 was washed with 30 ml of toluene, and the filtrate and washings were concentrated to dryness. This was dissolved by adding 20 ml of THF, dropped into 120 ml of methanol, purified by reprecipitation, filtered and dried to obtain 5.15 g of the compound of exemplified chemical structure 17.
[0038]
As a result of high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, the obtained compound was a mixture of n = 0 to 7, and the composition ratio (area ratio of high performance liquid chromatography) was as shown in Table 1. Moreover, the weight average molecular weight (polystyrene conversion) Mw calculated | required from the gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was 910.
[0039]
[Table 1]

[0040]
The measurement conditions for high performance liquid chromatography were as follows.
Measuring instrument: Shimadzu LC6A (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation)
Column: CLC-ODS (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation)
Detection wavelength: 290 nm
Mobile phase: Mixed solvent of methanol / tetrahydrofuran = 3/1
Mobile phase flow rate: about 1 ml / min
Synthesis Example (2); Synthesis of Compound (Exemplary Chemical Structure 48)
A 100 ml four-head flask was equipped with a nitrogen inlet tube, a condenser tube, a thermometer, and a stirrer, 3,4-dimethylaniline: 6.05 g (0.05 mol), iodobiphenyl: 5.60 g (0.02 mol), Bis (4-bromophenyl) ether: 13.11 g (0.04 mol), 1.59 g (0.025 mol) of copper powder, 13.8 g (0.1 mol) of potassium carbonate, and 190 ° C. while introducing nitrogen For 30 hours. The reaction solution was cooled to about 60 ° C., 200 ml of THF was added, and the mixture was stirred and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and dissolved in 100 ml of toluene, 10 g of Wakogel B-0 (Wako Pure Chemical Industries) was added, and the mixture was stirred for about 30 minutes and filtered. Wakogel B-0 was washed with 30 ml of toluene, and the filtrate and washings were concentrated to dryness. This was dissolved in 20 ml of THF, added dropwise to 120 ml of methanol, reprecipitated and purified, and filtered and dried to obtain 10.56 g of the compound of Exemplary Chemical Structure 48.
[0041]
As a result of high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, the obtained compound was a mixture of n = 0 to 8, and the composition ratio (area ratio of high performance liquid chromatography) was as shown in Table 2. Moreover, the weight average molecular weight (polystyrene conversion) Mw calculated | required from the gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was 1684.
[0042]
[Table 2]

[0043]
Next, the layer structure of an electrophotographic photoreceptor using the above-described compound of the present invention as a charge transport material, particularly an organic photoreceptor will be described.
[0044]
The organic photoconductor of the present invention means an electrophotographic photoconductor constituted by giving an organic compound at least one of a charge generation function and a charge transport function indispensable for the constitution of the electrophotographic photoconductor. It contains all known organic electrophotographic photoreceptors such as a photoreceptor composed of an organic charge generating material or an organic charge transport material, a photoreceptor composed of a polymer complex with a charge generating function and a charge transport function.
[0045]
The constitution of the organic photoreceptor used in the present invention is described below.
Conductive support
The conductive support used for the photosensitive member may be either a sheet or a cylinder, but a cylindrical conductive support is more preferable for designing an image forming apparatus compactly.
[0046]
Cylindrical conductive support means a cylindrical support necessary for forming an endless image by rotating. Conductivity is within a range of 0.1 mm or less in straightness and 0.1 mm or less in deflection. A support is preferred. Exceeding the range of straightness and shake makes it difficult to form a good image.
[0047]
As the conductive material, a metal drum such as aluminum or nickel, a plastic drum deposited with aluminum, tin oxide, indium oxide or the like, or a paper / plastic drum coated with a conductive substance can be used. As a conductive support, the specific resistance is 10 at room temperature. ^Three Ωcm or less is preferable.
[0048]
As the conductive support used in the present invention, one having an alumite film that has been sealed on the surface thereof may be used. The alumite treatment is usually performed in an acidic bath such as chromic acid, sulfuric acid, oxalic acid, phosphoric acid, boric acid, sulfamic acid, etc., but anodizing treatment in sulfuric acid gives the most preferable result. In the case of anodizing treatment in sulfuric acid, the sulfuric acid concentration is preferably 100 to 200 g / L, the aluminum ion concentration is 1 to 10 g / L, the liquid temperature is about 20 ° C., and the applied voltage is preferably about 20 V. It is not limited. The average film thickness of the anodized film is usually 20 μm or less, particularly preferably 10 μm or less.
[0049]
Middle class
In the present invention, an intermediate layer having a barrier function may be provided between the conductive support and the photosensitive layer.
[0050]
In the present invention, in order to improve the adhesion between the conductive support and the photosensitive layer, or to prevent charge injection from the support, an intermediate layer (including an undercoat layer) is provided between the support and the photosensitive layer. Including) can also be provided. Examples of the material for the intermediate layer include polyamide resins, vinyl chloride resins, vinyl acetate resins, and copolymer resins containing two or more of these resin repeating units. Of these subbing resins, a polyamide resin is preferable as a resin capable of reducing the increase in residual potential due to repeated use. The film thickness of the intermediate layer using these resins is preferably 0.01 to 0.5 μm.
[0051]
Examples of the intermediate layer preferably used in the present invention include an intermediate layer using a curable metal resin obtained by thermosetting an organic metal compound such as a silane coupling agent or a titanium coupling agent. As for the film thickness of the intermediate | middle layer using curable metal resin, 0.1-2 micrometers is preferable.
[0052]
An intermediate layer preferably used in the present invention includes an intermediate layer in which inorganic particles are dispersed in a binder resin. The average particle diameter of the inorganic particles is preferably 0.01 to 1 μm. In particular, an intermediate layer in which N-type semiconductive fine particles subjected to surface treatment are dispersed in a binder is preferable. For example, an intermediate layer in which titanium oxide having an average particle size of 0.01 to 1 μm, which has been surface-treated with silica / alumina treatment and a silane compound, is dispersed in a polyamide resin. The film thickness of such an intermediate layer is preferably 1 to 20 μm.
[0053]
The N-type semiconducting fine particles are fine particles having the property of using conductive carriers as electrons. That is, the property that the conductive carrier is an electron is that the N-type semiconducting fine particles are contained in an insulating binder to effectively block hole injection from the substrate, and to convert electrons from the photosensitive layer into electrons. On the other hand, it has the property which does not show blocking property.
[0054]
Here, a method for discriminating N-type semiconductor particles will be described.
An intermediate layer having a thickness of 5 μm is formed on the conductive support (the intermediate layer is formed using a dispersion in which 50% by mass of particles are dispersed in the binder resin constituting the intermediate layer). The intermediate layer is negatively charged, and the light attenuation characteristic is evaluated. In addition, the light attenuation characteristics are similarly evaluated by charging to positive polarity.
[0055]
N-type semiconductive particles are particles that are dispersed in the intermediate layer in the above evaluation when the light attenuation when charged negatively is greater than the light attenuation when charged positively. It is called semiconductive particle.
[0056]
Specifically, the N-type semiconductive fine particles are composed of titanium oxide (TiO 2). ₂ ), Zinc oxide (ZnO), tin oxide (SnO) ₂ In particular, titanium oxide is preferably used in the present invention.
[0057]
The average particle diameter of the N-type semiconducting fine particles used in the present invention is preferably in the range of 10 nm to 500 nm in the number average primary particle diameter, more preferably 10 nm to 200 nm, and particularly preferably 15 nm to 50 nm. .
[0058]
The intermediate layer using N-type semiconducting fine particles whose number average primary particle size is within the above range can be finely dispersed in the layer, has sufficient potential stability, and generates black spots. Has a prevention function.
[0059]
For example, in the case of titanium oxide, the number-average primary particle size of the N-type semiconducting fine particles is magnified 10,000 times by observation with a transmission electron microscope, and 100 particles are randomly observed as primary particles. It is measured as the number average diameter.
[0060]
The shape of the N-type semiconducting fine particles used in the present invention includes dendritic, needle-like, and granular shapes. For example, in the case of titanium oxide particles, the N-type semiconductive fine particles have a crystalline form. There are anatase type, rutile type and amorphous type, but any crystal type may be used, or two or more crystal types may be mixed and used. Of these, the rutile type is the best.
[0061]
One of the hydrophobizing surface treatments performed on the N-type semiconducting fine particles is a plurality of surface treatments, and the last surface treatment is a surface treatment with a reactive organosilicon compound. Is to do. In addition, at least one of the surface treatments is at least one surface treatment selected from alumina, silica, and zirconia, and finally the surface treatment of the reactive organosilicon compound is performed. It is preferable.
[0062]
Alumina treatment, silica treatment, and zirconia treatment are treatments for depositing alumina, silica, or zirconia on the surface of the N-type semiconducting fine particles. Alumina, silica, and zirconia deposited on these surfaces include alumina, silica, Zirconia hydrates are also included. The surface treatment of the reactive organosilicon compound means using a reactive organosilicon compound in the treatment liquid.
[0063]
In this way, the surface treatment of the N-type semiconductive fine particles such as titanium oxide particles was performed at least twice, so that the surface of the N-type semiconductive fine particles was uniformly coated (treated), and the surface treatment was performed. When N-type semiconducting fine particles are used in the intermediate layer, a good photoconductor having good dispersibility of N-type semiconductive fine particles such as titanium oxide particles in the intermediate layer and causing no image defects such as black spots. You can get it.
[0064]
Photosensitive layer
The photosensitive layer configuration of the photoreceptor of the present invention may be a single layer photosensitive layer configuration in which a charge generation function and a charge transport function are provided on one layer on the intermediate layer. It is preferable that the generation layer (CGL) and the charge transport layer (CTL) be separated. By adopting a configuration in which the functions are separated, an increase in the residual potential due to repeated use can be controlled to be small, and other electrophotographic characteristics can be easily controlled according to the purpose. In the negatively charged photoconductor, it is preferable that a charge generation layer (CGL) is formed on the intermediate layer, and a charge transport layer (CTL) is formed thereon. In the positively charged photoconductor, the order of the layer configuration is the reverse of that in the negatively charged photoconductor. The most preferred photosensitive layer structure of the present invention is a negatively charged photoreceptor structure having the function separation structure.
[0065]
The structure of the photosensitive layer of the function-separated negatively charged photoreceptor will be described below.
Charge generation layer
The charge generation layer contains a charge generation material (CGM). Other substances may contain a binder resin and other additives as necessary.
[0066]
A known charge generation material (CGM) can be used as the charge generation material (CGM). For example, a phthalocyanine pigment, an azo pigment, a perylene pigment, an azulenium pigment, or the like can be used. Among these, CGM which can minimize the increase in residual potential due to repeated use has a crystal structure capable of taking a stable aggregate structure among a plurality of molecules, specifically, a phthalocyanine pigment having a specific crystal structure, CGM of a perylene pigment is mentioned. For example, CGM such as titanyl phthalocyanine having a maximum peak at a Bragg angle 2θ of 27.2 ° with respect to Cu-Kα ray and benzimidazole perylene having a maximum peak at 2θ of 12.4 has little deterioration due to repeated use. Potential increase can be reduced.
[0067]
When a binder is used as a CGM dispersion medium in the charge generation layer, a known resin can be used as the binder, but the most preferred resins include formal resin, butyral resin, silicone resin, silicone-modified butyral resin, phenoxy resin, and the like. Can be mentioned. The ratio of the binder resin to the charge generating material is preferably 20 to 600 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. By using these resins, the increase in residual potential associated with repeated use can be minimized. The thickness of the charge generation layer is preferably 0.01 μm to 2 μm.
[0068]
Charge transport layer
The charge transport layer contains a charge transport material (CTM) and a binder resin that disperses and forms a CTM. Other substances may contain additives such as antioxidants as necessary.
[0069]
As the charge transport material (CTM), a mixture of two or more compounds having different n in the general formula (1) is used. Further, for example, a triphenylamine derivative, a hydrazone compound, a styryl compound, a benzidine compound, a butadiene compound, and the like can be used in combination with a mixture of two or more kinds of compounds having different n in the general formula (1). These charge transport materials are usually dissolved in a suitable binder resin to form a layer.
[0070]
Examples of the resin used for the charge transport layer (CTL) include polystyrene, acrylic resin, methacrylic resin, vinyl chloride resin, vinyl acetate resin, polyvinyl butyral resin, epoxy resin, polyurethane resin, phenol resin, polyester resin, alkyd resin, and polycarbonate. Resin, silicone resin, melamine resin, and copolymer resin containing two or more of repeating unit structures of these resins. In addition to these insulating resins, high molecular organic semiconductors such as poly-N-vinylcarbazole can be used.
[0071]
Most preferred as a binder for these CTLs is a polycarbonate resin. The polycarbonate resin is most preferable in improving the dispersibility and electrophotographic characteristics of CTM. The ratio of the binder resin to the charge transport material is preferably 10 to 200 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin.
[0072]
The charge transport layer preferably contains an antioxidant. Typical examples of the antioxidants prevent the action of oxygen on auto-oxidizing substances existing in the electrophotographic photosensitive member or on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member under conditions of light, heat, and discharge. It is also a substance having a suppressing property. Typical examples include the following compound groups.
[0073]
[Chemical 9]

[0074]
[Chemical Formula 10]

[0075]
Embedded image

[0076]
Embedded image

[0077]
The charge transport layer may be composed of two or more layers. In this case, the charge transport layer on the surface may satisfy the configuration of the present invention. The thickness of the charge transport layer is preferably 10 to 40 μm.
[0078]
In the above, the most preferable layer structure of the photoreceptor of the present invention is exemplified, but in the present invention, a photoreceptor layer structure other than the above may be used.
[0079]
As a solvent or dispersion medium used for forming a layer such as a photosensitive layer, an intermediate layer, and a surface layer, n-butylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, isopropanolamine, triethanolamine, triethylenediamine, N, N-dimethylformamide, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone , Methyl isopropyl ketone, cyclohexanone, benzene, toluene, xylene, chloroform, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethane , Tetrahydrofuran, dioxolane, dioxane, methanol, ethanol, butanol, isopropanol, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide, methyl cellosolve, etc. And the like. Although this invention is not limited to these, Dichloromethane, 1, 2- dichloroethane, methyl ethyl ketone, etc. are used preferably. These solvents may be used alone or as a mixed solvent of two or more.
[0080]
Further, the coating solution for each layer is preferably filtered with a metal filter, a membrane filter or the like in order to remove foreign matters and aggregates in the coating solution before entering the coating step. For example, it is preferable to select a pleat type (HDC), a depth type (profile), a semi-depth type (profile star), etc., manufactured by Nippon Pole Co., Ltd. according to the characteristics of the coating solution and perform filtration.
[0081]
Next, as a coating processing method for producing the organic electrophotographic photosensitive member, a coating processing method such as dip coating, spray coating, circular amount regulation type coating, etc. is used. In order to prevent the film from being dissolved as much as possible, and in order to achieve uniform coating processing, it is preferable to use a coating processing method such as spray coating or circular amount regulation type (circular slide hopper type is a typical example). It is most preferable to use the circular amount regulation type coating method for the protective layer. The circular amount regulation type coating is described in detail in, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 58-189061.
[0082]
Next, an image forming method and an image forming apparatus using the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention will be described.
[0083]
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional configuration diagram of an image forming apparatus as an example of the image forming method of the present invention.
[0084]
In FIG. 1, reference numeral 50 denotes a photosensitive drum (photosensitive member) which is an image bearing member, which is a photosensitive member coated with an organic photosensitive layer on the drum, and is grounded and rotated clockwise. Reference numeral 52 denotes a scorotron charger (charging means) for uniformly charging the circumferential surface of the photosensitive drum 50 by corona discharge. Prior to the charging by the charger 52, the peripheral surface of the photosensitive member may be discharged by performing exposure by the pre-charging exposure unit 51 using a light emitting diode or the like in order to eliminate the history of the photosensitive member in the previous image formation.
[0085]
After uniform charging of the photoreceptor, image exposure based on the image signal is performed by an image exposure unit 53 as an image exposure unit. The image exposure unit 53 in this figure uses a laser diode (not shown) as an exposure light source. Scanning on the photosensitive drum is performed by the light whose optical path is bent by the reflection mirror 532 through the rotating polygon mirror 531 and the fθ lens, and an electrostatic latent image is formed.
[0086]
Here, the reversal development process means that the surface of the photoreceptor is uniformly charged by the charger 52, and the exposed area of the photoreceptor, that is, the exposed area potential (exposed area) of the photoreceptor is developed by the developing process (means). This is an image forming method for visualizing. On the other hand, the unexposed portion potential is not developed by the developing bias potential applied to the developing sleeve 541.
[0087]
The electrostatic latent image is then developed by a developing device 54 as developing means. A developing device 54 containing a developer composed of toner and carrier is provided on the periphery of the photosensitive drum 50, and development is performed by a developing sleeve 541 that contains a magnet and rotates while holding the developer. The inside of the developing device 54 is composed of developer agitating / conveying members 544 and 543, a conveying amount regulating member 542, and the like, and the developer is agitated and conveyed and supplied to the developing sleeve. Controlled by member 542. The transport amount of the developer varies depending on the linear speed and the specific gravity of the applied electrophotographic photosensitive member, but is generally 20 to 200 mg / cm. ² Range.
[0088]
The developer is, for example, a carrier composed of the above-mentioned ferrite as a core and coated with an insulating resin around it, a coloring agent such as carbon black, a charge control agent, and a low-molecular-weight polyolefin mainly composed of the above-mentioned styrene acrylic resin. The toner is composed of a toner in which silica, titanium oxide, or the like is externally added to the particles. The developer is transported to the development area with the layer thickness regulated by a transport amount regulating member, and development is performed. At this time, usually, development is performed by applying a DC bias between the photosensitive drum 50 and the developing sleeve 541 and, if necessary, an AC bias voltage. Further, the developer is developed in contact with or not in contact with the photoreceptor. The potential of the photosensitive member is measured by providing a potential sensor 547 above the development position as shown in FIG.
[0089]
The recording paper P is fed to the transfer area by the rotation operation of the paper feed roller 57 when the transfer timing is ready after the image formation.
[0090]
In the transfer area, a transfer electrode (transfer means: transfer device) 58 is operated on the peripheral surface of the photosensitive drum 50 in synchronization with the transfer timing, and the charged recording paper P is charged with a polarity opposite to that of the toner. Transfer the toner.
[0091]
Next, the recording paper P is neutralized by a separation electrode (separator) 59, separated by the peripheral surface of the photosensitive drum 50 and conveyed to the fixing device 60, and the toner is removed by heating and pressurization of the heat roller 601 and the pressure roller 602. After the welding, the sheet is discharged to the outside of the apparatus via the sheet discharge roller 61. The transfer electrode 58 and the separation electrode 59 stop the primary operation after passing through the recording paper P, and prepare for the next toner image formation. In FIG. 1, a transfer band electrode of corotron is used as the transfer electrode 58. The transfer electrode setting conditions vary depending on the process speed (peripheral speed) of the photosensitive member and cannot be specified. For example, the transfer current is set to +100 to +400 μA, and the transfer voltage is set to +500 to +2000 V. can do.
[0092]
On the other hand, after the recording paper P is separated, the photosensitive drum 50 removes and cleans residual toner by pressure contact of the blade 621 of the cleaning device (cleaning means) 62, and again performs charge removal by the pre-charge exposure unit 51 and charging by the charger 52. Then, the next image forming process is started.
[0093]
Reference numeral 70 denotes a detachable process cartridge in which a photoconductor, a charger, a transfer device, a separator, and a cleaning device are integrated.
[0094]
The electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention is generally applicable to electrophotographic apparatuses such as an electrophotographic copying machine, a laser printer, an LED printer, and a liquid crystal shutter printer, and further displays, recordings, light printing, plate making and the like using electrophotographic technology. It can be widely applied to apparatuses such as facsimiles.
[0095]
【Example】
EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although an Example is given and this invention is demonstrated in detail, the aspect of this invention is not limited to this. However, “part” in the following text indicates “part by mass”.
[0096]
A photoreceptor was prepared as follows.

The above components were mixed and dissolved to prepare an intermediate layer coating solution. This coating solution was applied onto a cylindrical aluminum substrate by a dip coating method, and after drying, an intermediate layer having a thickness of 1.0 μm was formed.

The above components were mixed and dispersed for 10 hours using a sand mill to prepare a charge generation layer coating solution. This coating solution was applied onto the intermediate layer by a dip coating method, and after drying, a charge generation layer having a thickness of 0.3 μm was formed.

The above components were mixed and dissolved to prepare a charge transport layer coating solution. This coating solution was applied onto the charge generation layer by a dip coating method and dried at 100 ° C. for 40 minutes to form a charge transport layer having a thickness of 22 μm.
[0097]
Production of photoconductor 2
Photoconductor 2 was prepared in the same manner as in Photoconductor 1, except that the compound of the charge transport material was changed from the compound of Synthesis Example (1) to the compound of Synthesis Example (2).
[0098]
Preparation of photoreceptors 3-11
Photoreceptors 3 to 11 were prepared in the same manner as in Photoreceptor 1 except that the charge generation material, the compound of the charge transport material, the amount of the compound, and the thickness of the charge transport layer were changed as shown in Table 1.
[0099]
Production of photoconductor 12
Photoreceptor 1 was prepared in the same manner as in Photoreceptor 1 except that each component of the compound of Synthesis Example (1) was separated by column chromatography and only n = 0 of Compound 17 was used as the charge transport material. 12 was produced.
[0100]
Production of photoconductor 13
Photoreceptor 1 was prepared in the same manner as in Photoreceptor 1 except that each component of the compound of Synthesis Example (1) was separated by column chromatography and only n = 4 of Compound 17 was used as the charge transport material. 13 was produced, but the charge transporting substance was not compatible with the binder resin and precipitated, and a photoconductor that could be evaluated was not obtained.
[0101]
[Table 3]

[0102]
In the table, Y is a titanyl phthalocyanine pigment (a pigment having a maximum peak at a Bragg angle 2θ of 27.3 ° in a Cu-Kα characteristic X-ray diffraction spectrum).
Z represents a benzimidazole perylene pigment (a pigment having a maximum peak at a Bragg angle 2θ of 12.4 ° in a Cu-Kα characteristic X-ray diffraction spectrum).
[0103]
The distribution of the chain structure n of the charge transport material and the maximum component n were determined from the area ratio of high performance liquid chromatography. Average molecular weight Mw shows the weight average molecular weight (polystyrene conversion) calculated | required from the gel permeation chromatography (GPC).
[0104]
Evaluation
The photoconductors 1 to 13 obtained as described above are each a reversal development type digital copying machine "Konica 7085" (Scorotron charger, semiconductor laser image exposure device (wavelength 680 nm), manufactured by Konica Corporation), and A4 having reversal development means. The following evaluation items were evaluated. Evaluation was performed by changing environmental conditions (temperature and humidity conditions) for each evaluation item. The evaluation basically consists of an original image in which the character ratio, halftone image, solid white image, and solid black image with a pixel rate of 7% are divided into ¼ equal parts in A4 and 10,000 sheets in intermittent mode. A copy was made and evaluated. The evaluation results are shown in Table 4.
[0105]
Evaluation conditions
Line speed: 420 mm / sec
Arrival time from image exposure to development position; 0.108 seconds
Charging conditions
Charger: Scorotron charger (negative charge)
Charging potential: -700V to -750V
Exposure conditions
Set the exposure amount to make the solid black image potential -100V.
[0106]
Exposure beam; Laser uses 680nm semiconductor laser
Development conditions
The developer is a volume average particle diameter produced by a polymerization method comprising a carrier coated with an insulating resin with ferrite as a core, a styrene acrylic resin as a main material, a carbon black colorant, a charge control agent, and a low molecular weight polyolefin. A toner developer in which silica and titanium oxide were externally added to 3 μm colored particles was used.
[0107]
Transcription conditions
Transfer pole; corona charging method (positive charging)
Separation conditions
Using the separation means of the separation claw unit
Cleaning conditions
A cleaning means having a cleaning blade was used.
[0108]
Evaluation items and evaluation methods
High-speed response under low temperature and low humidity (10 ° C, 20% RH) environment (potential change of solid black image)
In a low-temperature, low-humidity (10 ° C, 20% RH) environment, one A4 original image with a pixel rate of 7%, a halftone image, a solid white image, and a solid black image each divided into 1/4 equal intervals In this mode, 10,000 copies were made, and the potential change (| ΔV |) of the solid black image at the development position after the initial and 10,000 sheets was evaluated. The smaller | ΔV |, the better the high-speed response in a low-temperature, low-humidity (10 ° C, 20% RH) environment.
[0109]
A: Potential change of solid black image | ΔV | is less than 50 V (good)
○: Potential change of solid black image | ΔV | is 50 V to 150 V (no problem in practical use)
×: Potential change | ΔV | of a solid black image is larger than 150 V (practically problematic)
Character thinning (under low temperature and low humidity (10 ° C, 20% RH))
An original image on which a line image having a width of 0.1 mm and 0.2 mm was printed was copied and evaluated.
[0110]
◎; The reproduced image is reproduced with a line width of 75% or more of the line width of the original image.
(Good)
○: The line width of the copied image is reproduced at 40% to 74% of the line width of the original image.
Yes (level that is not a problem in practice)
×: The line width of the copied image is 39% or less of the line width of the original image, or the line width is cut (a level causing a problem in practice).
Black spot (high temperature and high humidity (30 ℃ 80% RH))
The occurrence of black spots (spot-like spot images) on the halftone image was determined according to the following criteria.
[0111]
A: No black spot nuclei were observed on the photoreceptor, and no black spots were generated even in halftone images (good).
○: Black spot nuclei are seen on the photoreceptor, but no black spots are generated in the halftone image (no problem in practical use)
X: Nuclei of black spots are observed on the photosensitive member, and black spots are also generated in the halftone image (there is a practical problem)
Periodic image defects (high temperature and high humidity (30 ° C, 80% RH))
The periodicity coincided with the period of the photoconductor, and the number of visible white defects, black spots, and streak image defects per A4 size was determined.
[0112]
A: Frequency of image defects of 0.4 mm or more: All copy images are 5 / A4 or less (good)
○: Frequency of image defects of 0.4 mm or more: 1 or more of 6 / A4 or more and 10 / A4 or less (no problem in practical use)
X: Frequency of image defects of 0.4 mm or more: 11 or more A4 or more occurred (practical problem)
crack
The digital copying machine Konica 7085 was turned off and left for 2 days in an environment of 30 ° C. and 80% RH with the photoconductor mounted. The members around the photoconductor are in a state in which the operation is only stopped during this period, that is, the members such as the cleaning blade and the developer conveying member are kept in contact with the photoconductor. Thereafter, the surface of the photoreceptor was observed to observe the presence or absence of cracks. Moreover, image evaluation was also performed, and the presence or absence of generation of streak-like image defects due to the occurrence of cracks was also evaluated.
[0113]
A: Evaluating 100 photoconductors, no cracks or streak-like image defects (good)
◯: 100 photoconductors were evaluated, fine cracks were generated, but no streak-like image defects were generated (a level that is practically acceptable)
X: 100 photoconductors were evaluated, and cracks and streak-like image defects were observed (practically problematic level)
Image density (low temperature and low humidity (10 ° C, 20% RH))
The image density of the solid black part was measured by reflection density using RD-918 manufactured by Macbeth. Evaluation was made by relative density (the density of A4 paper not copied is 0.00).
[0114]
◎; 1.2 or more (good)
○: Less than 1.2, 0.8 or more (a level that causes no problem in practical use)
×: Less than 0.8 (a level that causes practical problems)
Sharpness
The sharpness of the image was evaluated by squeezing the characters in both low temperature and low humidity (10 ° C., 20% RH) and high temperature, high humidity (30 ° C., 80% RH) environments. 3-point and 5-point character images were formed and evaluated according to the following criteria.
[0115]
◎; 3 and 5 points are clear and easy to read
○: 3 points are partially unreadable, 5 points are clear and easily readable
×: 3 points are almost unreadable 5 points are partially or completely unreadable
[0116]
[Table 4]

[0117]
From Table 4, the photoreceptors 1 to 11 in which two or more compounds of the general formula (1) of the present invention having different n as charge transport materials are used in a low-temperature and low-humidity (10 ° C., 20% RH) environment. Excellent responsiveness (change in potential of solid black image), so there is no thinning of text under low temperature and low humidity, and there are no black spots, periodic image defects, cracks, etc., and excellent image density and sharpness Is shown. In particular, photoreceptors 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 10 using a charge transport material having a molecular weight in the range of 700 to 2000 show excellent evaluation results. On the other hand, the photoconductor 12 using only a low molecular weight compound of n = 0 is inferior in high-speed response in a low temperature and low humidity (10 ° C., 20% RH) environment, and has a thin character. The film quality is soft, black spots and periodic image defects are generated, and the image density and sharpness are lowered. In addition, in the case of the photoreceptor 13 using only the high molecular weight compound of n = 4, the solubility with the binder resin was poor, and there was almost no sensitivity or the like, which was not worthy of evaluation.
[0118]
【The invention's effect】
By using the electrophotographic photosensitive member, the process cartridge, the image forming apparatus, and the image forming method of the present invention, an image defect that is likely to occur at a low temperature and low humidity environment, such as high-speed adaptability, and an image that is likely to occur at high temperature and high humidity Defects can be prevented, and an electrophotographic image with good image density and sharpness can be provided.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional configuration diagram of an image forming apparatus as an example of an image forming method of the present invention.
[Explanation of symbols]
50 Photosensitive drum (photosensitive member)
51 Pre-charge exposure section
52 Charger
53 Image exposure unit
54 Developer
541 Development Sleeve
543, 544 Developer stirring and conveying member
547 Potential sensor
57 Feed roller
58 Transfer electrode
59 Separation electrode (separator)
60 Fixing device
61 Paper discharge roller
62 Cleaning device
70 Process cartridge

Claims (5)

An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising two or more compounds having different n's in the following general formula (1).

In general formula (1), Ar ₁ is a monovalent substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group, Ar ₂ is a divalent substituted, unsubstituted aromatic group, divalent heterocyclic group, or the following general formula (2 R represents a substituted, unsubstituted alkyl group, a monovalent substituted, or an unsubstituted aromatic group. However, the plurality of Ar ₁ , Ar ₂ , and R may be different from each other. n represents an integer.

In General Formula (2), Y is an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, —CH═CH—, or —CH ₂ —CH ₂ —. However R _1, R ₂ is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer on a conductive support, wherein the charge transport layer contains two or more compounds having different n in the general formula (1). An electrophotographic photosensitive member containing two or more compounds having different n in the general formula (1), a charging means for uniformly charging the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and an electrostatic latent image on the charged electrophotographic photosensitive member Latent image forming means, developing means for developing an electrostatic latent image on the electrophotographic photosensitive member, transfer means for transferring a toner image visualized on the electrophotographic photosensitive member onto a transfer material And at least one of a charge removing means for removing the electric charge on the electrophotographic photosensitive member after transfer and a cleaning means for removing the residual toner on the electrophotographic photosensitive member after transfer. A process cartridge which can be detachably attached to a forming apparatus main body. An image forming apparatus comprising the process cartridge according to claim 3. An image forming method comprising forming an electrophotographic image using the image forming apparatus according to claim 4.

Images