JP3803314B2 - Creep void non-destructive detection method - Google Patents
Creep void non-destructive detection method Download PDFInfo
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- JP3803314B2 JP3803314B2 JP2002308129A JP2002308129A JP3803314B2 JP 3803314 B2 JP3803314 B2 JP 3803314B2 JP 2002308129 A JP2002308129 A JP 2002308129A JP 2002308129 A JP2002308129 A JP 2002308129A JP 3803314 B2 JP3803314 B2 JP 3803314B2
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Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、一般にクリープボイドの非破壊検出方法に関し、さらに詳しく言えば、供用中のボイラ等の高温機器において、交流磁化法により非破壊測定された量を用いて、クリープボイドを検出する方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
クリープ損傷を非破壊評価するにあたり、供用中の材料の金属組織を観察し、クリープボイドの発生率により損傷量を評価する方法が多く用いられてきた。この方法は、実機の金属組織の一部(数mm2)をレプリカに写し取り、光学顕微鏡または電子走査型顕微鏡を用いて、ボイド率、炭化物の析出、結晶粒性状等の組織状態を評価し、損傷率と対応させている。
【0003】
レプリカ採取のために、測定時に実機の表面を鏡面研磨し、腐食させる前処理が必要である。また、写し取ったレプリカの評価においては、ラボ等に持ち帰り材料の損傷機構に応じて解析しなければならない。そのため、測定と評価には高度の熟練と多大な時間が要求される。その結果、時間とコストとの関係を勘案して、測定個所を選択しなければならなかった。従来は、運転時間が同じ場合は、温度および応力が高い部位を中心に測定が行われていた。しかし、実機において必ずしもその部位の損傷が高いとは限らず、詳細な観察を行う前に、簡便に損傷の可能性がある部位を探し出す方法が求められていた。
【0004】
交流磁化法によれば、小型プローブを強磁性試験体に接触させて交流磁化し、そのときの磁化波形を解析することで溶接後熱処理温度の推定(例えば、下記特許文献1)、クリープ損傷の検出(例えば、下記特許文献2)等ができることが、提案された。しかし、この交流磁化法では、クリープ温度および時間ならびに負荷応力ごとに、交流磁化特性のマスターカーブを作成して損傷との対応を行わなければならず、現地において簡便にクリープボイドの検出を行うことはできなかった。
【0005】
【特許文献1】
特開2001−252785号公報
【特許文献2】
特開2001−255305号公報
【0006】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は、供用中のボイラ等の高温機器において、交流磁化測定より、現地において簡便かつ非破壊的にクリープボイドを検出する方法を提供することを課題にしている。
【0007】
【課題を解決するための手段】
クリープボイドは、熱時効による組織の変化を基にして負荷応力の影響により生じる。このことから、本発明では、クリープ試験体に対する交流磁化の測定結果から熱時効の影響を除くことにより、クリープボイド発生を簡便に検出する方法を提案する。
【0008】
本発明のクリープボイドの非破壊検出方法は、実機と同等な熱時効測定量を予めマスターカーブとして求めること、実機の測定量から引き算をすることでクリープボイド損傷量を抽出することからなる。ボイド検出評価を行うに当たり、クリープ途中止め試験時の組織観察を行い、クリープボイド損傷量の閾値を求めることができる。実機において同じ供用温度で、応力負荷がある部位と、応力負荷がないと見なせる部位とがあれば、これを熱時効測定量として用いることができる。
【0009】
【発明の実施の形態】
図1−4を参照して、本発明に基づくクリープボイドの非破壊検出方法の実施形態について説明する。
【0010】
図1は、本発明の方法の概要を示す概略説明図である。本発明の方法では、熱時効試験体の交流磁化法によって測定したデータに基づいてマスターカーブを作成し、そのマスターカーブを用いて、ボイラ等の磁性体高温構造材料の供用中に生じたクリープボイドを現地で簡便に検出する。
【0011】
ボイラ等の高温機器の実機は、運転温度および時間が管理され、記録として残されている。部位による損傷の違いは、部位による設計応力の差、想定されていなかった応力変動等に起因すると考えられる。
【0012】
ここで、応力負荷を受けていない金属組織の温度と時間とによる変化は、熱時効として表される。材料の高温クリープ損傷が、熱時効と応力損傷の独立変数として取り扱うことができ、実用的な供用範囲における温度や応力状態において相互作用がなく、線形的な結合として表すことができる場合を考える。
【0013】
交流磁化法によるクリープ時の測定量MC(T,t,σ)は、下記(1)式に示すように、熱時効量MA(T,t)とクリープボイド損傷量B(σ)の和であるとすれば、下記(2)式に示すように非破壊測定されたMC(T,t,σ)から、熱時効量を引き算することでクリープボイド損傷量を抽出することが可能となる。ただし、Tは温度、tは時間、σは応力である。
【0014】
【数1】
【0015】
【数2】
【0016】
測定可能な量は、クリープ測定量と熱時効測定量であるから、予めT、t、σが既知の場合、実機の測定量から、実機と同等な熱時効測定量をマスターカーブにより求めておき、実機の測定量から引き算をすることでクリープボイド損傷量を抽出することが可能となる。
【0017】
次に、ボイド検出評価を行うに当たり、B(σ)の閾値を決定しなければならない。閾値の決定は、クリープ途中止め試験時の組織観察を行い、ボイド発生時点のB(σ)より求める。
【0018】
これにより、予め熱時効による交流磁化信号の変化およびその材料におけるボイド発生における交流磁化量の変化を求めておくことで、予め運転時間と温度とが既知である部位について、現地測定時においてクリープボイドの発生の有無を判断できる。
【0019】
なお、実機において同じ供用温度で、応力負荷がある部位と、応力負荷がないと見なせる部位とがあれば、これを熱時効測定量として用いることもできる。
【0020】
図4は、本発明の方法において用いられる交流磁化測定装置の一例の概略構成線図である。
【0021】
図4において、交流磁化プローブ1は、強磁性体のクリープボイド材である試験片2を交流磁化しかつ交流磁化された波形を検出する。周波数発生器3は試験片2に印加される交流磁束を交流磁化プローブ1に発生させるため、その交流磁化プローブ1に励磁電圧(または電流)を印加する。前置増幅器4は、交流磁化プローブ1で検出された交流磁化波形を増幅すると共に、周波数発生器3からの励磁電圧(または電流)を増幅する。波形収録解析装置5は、前置増幅器4からの信号(x1、x2)を受けて交流磁化測定値を記録、解析する。
【0022】
【実施例1】
2.25Cr―1Mo鋼のクリープボイド検出
図2は、2.25Cr―1Mo鋼の再現熱影響部材における熱時効試験時およびクリープ試験時の交流磁化特性(第三高調波比の変化)を示す。第三高調波比は、励磁周波数の強度と第三高調波の強度の比をdBとして表したものである。図2において横軸はラーソンミラーパラメータでそれぞれ表示されている。クリープ温度は873Kで、応力は39MPaおよび54MPaである。
【0023】
第三高調波比は、共にLMPが大きくなる(クリープ時間または熱時効時間が長くなる)に従って低下し、破断材の値が一番小さくなった。
【0024】
第三高調波比では、熱時効試験片はLMP共に測定値は徐々に低下している。クリープ試験片ではLMP21以降において、測定値が急速に低下した。
【0025】
図3は、2.25Cr―1Mo鋼の再現熱影響部材における第三高調波比のマスターカーブ法によるボイド検出例を示す。同図は、図2のクリープ測定値から熱時効測定値を除いて作成された。図3中の曲線は、39MPaおよび54MPaの負荷応力ごとに求めたが、いずれも第三高調波比2.0dB以上では、組織観察においてクリープボイドは検出されず、2.0dB未満において、クリープボイドが観察された。これより、2.25Cr―1Mo鋼の再現熱影響部の第三高調波比におけるクリープボイド判定値は、2.0dBといえる。
【0026】
【発明の効果】
本発明によれば、供用中のボイラ等の高温機器において、交流磁化測定法により、簡便かつ非破壊的に現地においてクリープボイドを検出することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の方法の概要を示す概略説明図である。
【図2】2.25Cr―1Mo鋼の再現熱影響部材における熱時効試験時およびクリープ試験時の交流磁化特性(第三高調波比の変化)を示すグラフである。
【図3】2.25Cr―1Mo鋼の再現熱影響部材における第三高調波比のボイド検出例を示す
【図4】本発明の方法を実施するさいに用いる交流磁化測定装置の概略構成線図である。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to a method for detecting non-destructive creep voids, and more particularly, to a method for detecting creep voids in a high-temperature apparatus such as an in-service boiler using an amount measured non-destructively by an alternating current magnetization method. .
[0002]
[Prior art]
In nondestructive evaluation of creep damage, a method of observing the metallographic structure of a material in service and evaluating the amount of damage based on the generation rate of creep voids has been used. In this method, a part (several mm 2 ) of the actual metal structure is copied to a replica, and the structure state such as void fraction, carbide precipitation, crystal grain properties, etc. is evaluated using an optical microscope or an electronic scanning microscope. Corresponding with the damage rate.
[0003]
In order to collect replicas, it is necessary to pre-process the surface of the actual machine by mirror polishing and corroding during measurement. Moreover, in evaluating the copied replica, it must be taken back to the laboratory and analyzed according to the damage mechanism of the material. Therefore, high skill and a great deal of time are required for measurement and evaluation. As a result, the measurement location had to be selected in consideration of the relationship between time and cost. Conventionally, when the operation time is the same, the measurement is performed mainly on a portion where temperature and stress are high. However, in an actual machine, the portion is not necessarily damaged, and a method for easily finding a portion that may be damaged before detailed observation has been demanded.
[0004]
According to the alternating current magnetization method, a small probe is brought into contact with a ferromagnetic test piece to perform alternating current magnetization, and the magnetization waveform at that time is analyzed to estimate the post-weld heat treatment temperature (for example, Patent Document 1 below). It has been proposed that detection (for example, Patent Document 2 below) can be performed. However, with this AC magnetization method, it is necessary to create a master curve of AC magnetization characteristics for each creep temperature, time, and load stress to cope with damage, and to easily detect creep voids on site. I couldn't.
[0005]
[Patent Document 1]
JP 2001-252785 A [Patent Document 2]
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-255305
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
An object of the present invention is to provide a method for detecting creep voids on site in a simple and non-destructive manner by AC magnetization measurement in high-temperature equipment such as a boiler in service.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
Creep voids are caused by the influence of applied stress based on the change in structure due to thermal aging. Therefore, the present invention proposes a method for easily detecting the occurrence of creep voids by excluding the influence of thermal aging from the measurement result of AC magnetization on the creep test specimen.
[0008]
The creep void nondestructive detection method of the present invention comprises obtaining a measured amount of thermal aging equivalent to that of an actual machine as a master curve in advance and extracting the amount of creep void damage by subtracting from the measured quantity of the actual machine. In performing the void detection evaluation, it is possible to obtain a threshold value of the creep void damage amount by observing the structure during the creep intermediate stop test. If there is a part with a stress load and a part that can be regarded as having no stress load at the same service temperature in an actual machine, this can be used as a thermal aging measurement amount.
[0009]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
With reference to FIGS. 1-4, embodiment of the nondestructive detection method of the creep void based on this invention is described.
[0010]
FIG. 1 is a schematic explanatory diagram showing an outline of the method of the present invention. In the method of the present invention, a master curve is created based on data measured by the alternating current magnetization method of a thermal aging test specimen, and creep voids generated during the use of a magnetic high-temperature structural material such as a boiler using the master curve. Is easily detected on site.
[0011]
The actual temperature of the high-temperature equipment such as a boiler is managed as the operating temperature and time, and is recorded as a record. It is considered that the difference in damage due to the part is caused by a difference in design stress depending on the part, an unexpected stress fluctuation, and the like.
[0012]
Here, the change due to the temperature and time of the metal structure not subjected to the stress load is expressed as thermal aging. Consider a case where high-temperature creep damage of a material can be treated as an independent variable of thermal aging and stress damage, and can be expressed as a linear combination with no interaction in temperature and stress conditions in a practical service range.
[0013]
The measured amount M C (T, t, σ) during creep by the AC magnetization method is calculated from the following equation (1): thermal aging amount M A (T, t) and creep void damage amount B (σ) if the sum, can be extracted following expression (2) to be non-destructive measurement as shown the M C (T, t, sigma) from the creep void damage amount by subtracting the thermal aging amount It becomes. Where T is temperature, t is time, and σ is stress.
[0014]
[Expression 1]
[0015]
[Expression 2]
[0016]
Measurable amounts, because it is the creep measurement the amount and the heat aging measured quantity, if previously T, t, sigma is known from actual measured quantities, leave the actual and equivalent thermal aging measurements amount determined by the master curve The amount of creep void damage can be extracted by subtracting from the measured amount of the actual machine.
[0017]
Next, in performing void detection evaluation, a threshold value of B (σ) must be determined. The threshold is determined by observing the structure during the creep stop test and obtaining B (σ) at the time of void generation.
[0018]
Thus, by obtaining the change in the AC magnetization signal due to thermal aging in advance and the change in the AC magnetization amount due to the generation of voids in the material, it is possible to obtain creep voids at the time of on-site measurement for parts where the operation time and temperature are known in advance. The presence or absence of occurrence can be determined.
[0019]
In addition, if there exists a site | part with a stress load and the site | part which can be considered that there is no stress load in the same service temperature in an actual machine, this can also be used as a thermal aging measurement amount.
[0020]
FIG. 4 is a schematic configuration diagram of an example of an AC magnetization measuring apparatus used in the method of the present invention.
[0021]
In FIG. 4 , an AC magnetized probe 1 AC magnetizes a test piece 2 that is a creeping void material of a ferromagnetic material and detects a waveform that is AC magnetized. The
[0022]
[Example 1]
Creep void detection in 2.25Cr-1Mo steel
FIG. 2 shows AC magnetization characteristics (change in the third harmonic ratio) during a thermal aging test and a creep test in a reproducible heat-affected member of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel. The third harmonic ratio represents the ratio of the excitation frequency intensity to the third harmonic intensity as dB. In FIG. 2 , the horizontal axis is indicated by Larson mirror parameters. The creep temperature is 873 K, and the stress is 39 MPa and 54 MPa.
[0023]
Both third harmonic ratios decreased as LMP increased (creep time or thermal aging time increased), and the value of the fractured material was the smallest.
[0024]
At the third harmonic ratio, the measured value of the heat aging test piece for both LMP gradually decreases. In the creep test piece, the measured value decreased rapidly after LMP21.
[0025]
FIG. 3 shows an example of void detection by the master curve method of the third harmonic ratio in the reproduced heat-affected member of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel. This figure was created by removing the thermal aging measurement value from the creep measurement value of FIG . The curves in FIG. 3 were determined for each load stress of 39 MPa and 54 MPa. When the third harmonic ratio was 2.0 dB or more, no creep void was detected in the structure observation, and when less than 2.0 dB, the creep void was detected. Was observed. From this, it can be said that the creep void judgment value at the third harmonic ratio of the reproduced heat-affected zone of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel is 2.0 dB.
[0026]
【The invention's effect】
ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, in a high temperature apparatus, such as a boiler in service, a creep void can be detected on-site simply and nondestructively by the alternating current magnetization measurement method.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a schematic explanatory diagram showing an outline of a method of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing AC magnetization characteristics (change in third harmonic ratio) during a thermal aging test and a creep test in a reproduced heat-affected member of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel.
FIG. 3 shows an example of void detection of the third harmonic ratio in a reproducible heat-affected member of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel. FIG. 4 is a schematic configuration diagram of an AC magnetization measuring apparatus used for carrying out the method of the present invention. It is.
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Cited By (2)
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CN106290775A (en) * | 2016-08-05 | 2017-01-04 | 国网河北省电力公司电力科学研究院 | A kind of Power Station Boiler Heating Surface SA210C Steel material state evaluating method |
CN109142905A (en) * | 2018-06-12 | 2019-01-04 | 四川斐讯信息技术有限公司 | A kind of method for testing temperature rise and system of communication apparatus |
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CN103439473B (en) * | 2013-07-15 | 2016-01-20 | 河北省电力建设调整试验所 | A kind of 12Cr1MoV steel heating surface state evaluating method |
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CN106290775A (en) * | 2016-08-05 | 2017-01-04 | 国网河北省电力公司电力科学研究院 | A kind of Power Station Boiler Heating Surface SA210C Steel material state evaluating method |
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