JP3784411B2 - Racemization of optically active carboxylic acids - Google Patents

Racemization of optically active carboxylic acids Download PDF

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JP3784411B2
JP3784411B2 JP52340996A JP52340996A JP3784411B2 JP 3784411 B2 JP3784411 B2 JP 3784411B2 JP 52340996 A JP52340996 A JP 52340996A JP 52340996 A JP52340996 A JP 52340996A JP 3784411 B2 JP3784411 B2 JP 3784411B2
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carboxylic acid
process according
water
optically active
equivalents
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和俊 豊田
俊治 神山
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Nagase and Co Ltd
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    • C07CACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C51/00Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
    • C07C51/42Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
    • C07C51/487Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives by treatment giving rise to chemical modification

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Description

技術分野
本発明は、光学活性なカルボン酸のラセミ化法に関する。さらに詳しくは、本発明は、低温で反応の速い下記式(1)で示されるカルボン酸のラセミ化法に関する。
背景技術
以下の式(1):
1−CH(R2)−COOH (1)
[式中、R1は、以下の式(2):

Figure 0003784411
(式中、R3は水素原子、低級アルキル、フェニルまたはベンゾイルであり、R4は水素原子またはハロゲン原子である)
で示される未置換もしくは置換フェニル、または、以下の式(3):
Figure 0003784411
(式中、R5は水素原子または低級アルコキシである)
で示される未置換ナフチルもしくは置換ナフチルであり、そして
2は低級アルキルである]
で示される化合物は、消炎および鎮痛・解熱などの作用を有する医薬物質またはその中間体として使用されている。例えば、R1が3−ベンゾイルフェニルであり、R2がメチルである式(1)の化合物、即ち2−(3−ベンゾイルフェニル)プロピオン酸はケトプロフェンと呼ばれ、R1が4−イソブチルフェニルであり、R2がメチルである式(1)の化合物、即ち2−(4−イソブチルフェニル)プロピオン酸はイブプロフェンと呼ばれ、消炎剤および鎮痛・解熱剤に使用されている。
これら化合物は不斉炭素を有し、(−)−体および(+)−体が存在する。薬理活性を示すのはどちらか一方の光学活性体であることが多く、この場合には、他方の薬理活性が無いかまたは低い光学活性体を薬理活性の高い光学活性体に変換することが必要になる。この目的のためには、まず前者の光学活性体をラセミ化し、次いでこのラセミ体から後者の薬理活性の高い光学活性体を分割する方法が一般的である。
従来、このような化合物をラセミ化する方法としては、溶媒中、塩基の存在下に高温で加熱する方法が一般的である。例えば、ケトプロフェンのラセミ化法としては、溶媒中、特に水中において、有機アミンまたは無機の塩基性化合物の存在下に100〜200℃に加熱する方法が知られている(野平ら、特開平4−69356;ベルトランら、特公表平6−501683)。また、イブプロフェンのラセミ化については、2−プロパノール中で水酸化ナトリウムの存在下に還流温度で加熱する方法およびオクタン中でトリエチルアミンの存在下に還流温度で加熱する方法などが知られている(Manimaranら、米国特許第5,162,576号)。
しかし、野平らの方法においては、反応完結までに150℃の反応温度で8時間以上を要し、通常は加圧を必要とする。また、ベルトランらの方法においても、100℃以上の反応温度で12時間を要している。さらに、Manimaranらの方法においても、還流温度で反応時間15時間を要している。このように、公知の方法は、反応温度が高い、反応時間が長い、場合により加熱を必要とする、などの欠点を有しており、汎用の反応装置ではその材質を傷める恐れがあった。
本発明者らは、このような欠点のない、上記式(1)で示される化合物の光学活性体をラセミ体に変換する方法、即ち、反応温度が低くかつ反応時間が短く、苛酷な反応条件を必要とせず、従って汎用の反応装置の使用を可能にする、工業的製造工程に適用しうる実際的なラセミ化法を開発しようとした。
発明の開示
本発明者らは、種々検討した結果、以下の方法により上記課題を解決しうることを見い出し、本発明を完成するに至った。
即ち、本発明は、以下の式(1):
1−CH(R2)−COOH (1)
[式中、R1は、以下の式(2):
Figure 0003784411
(式中、R3は水素原子、低級アルキル、フェニルまたはベンゾイルであり、R4は水素原子またはハロゲン原子である)
で示される未置換もしくは置換フェニル、または、以下の式(3):
Figure 0003784411
(式中、R5は水素原子または低級アルコキシである)
で示される未置換ナフチルもしくは置換ナフチルであり、そして
2は低級アルキルである]
で示される光学活性なカルボン酸のラセミ化法であって、該カルボン酸を、無機塩基の存在下、該カルボン酸に対して0.5〜9.0当量の水を添加して40〜99℃で加熱することを特徴とする方法を提供するものである。
発明を実施するための最良の形態
以下、本発明の方法を詳細に説明する。
上記式(1)の定義において、低級アルキルとは、炭素原子数1〜6個の直鎖または分岐鎖のアルキルを表し、これには、例えばメチル、エチル、n-プロピル、イソプロピル、t-ブチル、イソブチル、n-ペンチル、ネオペンチル、n-ヘキシルなどが含まれる。通常、この低級アルキルは、炭素原子数1〜4個の直鎖または分岐鎖のアルキルであることが多い。
ハロゲン原子としては、フッ素、塩素、臭素およびヨウ素を挙げることができる。
低級アルコキシとは、アルキル部分が炭素原子数1〜6個の直鎖または分岐鎖の低級アルキルからなるアルコキシを表す。通常、このアルコキシは、アルキル部分が炭素原子数1〜4個の直鎖または分岐鎖のアルキルからなるアルコキシであることが多い。このような低級アルキルは上に挙げた通りであり、従って、低級アルコキシには、メトキシ、エトキシ、n-プロポキシ、イソプロポキシ、n-ブトキシ、n-ペンチルオキシ、n-ヘキシルオキシなどが含まれる。
本発明の方法に従って上記式(1)で示される光学活性なカルボン酸を効率的にラセミ化することができるが、特定の群のカルボン酸をラセミ化するのが好ましい。具体的には、R2がメチルである式(1)のカルボン酸をラセミ化するのが好ましい。さらに、R1が3−ベンゾイルフェニル、4−イソブチルフェニル、2−フルオロ−4−ビフェニリルまたは6−メトキシ−2−ナフチルであり、R2がメチルである式(1)のカルボン酸をラセミ化するのが好ましい。また、R2がイソプロピルである式(1)のカルボン酸をラセミ化するのが好ましい。
本発明の方法に従ってラセミ化するに好ましいカルボン酸の具体的な例は、先に挙げた2−(3−ベンゾイルフェニル)プロピオン酸[ケトプロフェン]や2−(4−イソブチルフェニル)プロピオン酸[イブプロフェン]の他に、2−フェニルプロピオン酸、2−(4−ベンゾイルフェニル)プロピオン酸、2−(4−エチルフェニル)プロピオン酸、2−(3−イソプロピルフェニル)プロピオン酸、2−(4−n−ブチルフェニル)プロピオン酸、2−(4−n−ヘキシルフェニル)プロピオン酸、2−(2−フルオロ−4−ビフェニリル)プロピオン酸[フルルビプロフェン]、2−(6−メトキシ−2−ナフチル)プロピオン酸[ナプロキセン]などである。
本発明方法において用いる光学活性なカルボン酸は、(±)−カルボン酸から一方の光学活性体を分割した後の、他方の光学活性体を多く含むものであるのが普通である。従って、光学純度が高いこともあるし、また、比較的低いこともある。いずれの光学純度のカルボン酸も本方法において用いることができる。また、他に由来する光学活性なカルボン酸を用いることもできる。上記式(1)で示されるカルボン酸の(±)−体は、いずれも市販品から入手可能であるか、または文献記載の方法に従って製造することができる[例えば、特開昭53−12837、特開昭54−157540、フランス特許第1,546,478号明細書、特開昭63−230652、米国特許第3,904,682号明細書、米国特許第4,009,197号明細書、米国特許第3,755,427号明細書、フランス特許M5737、マスモトら(Bioscience Biotechnology & Biochemistry, 59巻, 720頁(1995))など]。
ラセミ化反応は以下のようにして実施することができる。即ち、光学活性なカルボン酸、無機塩基および水の混合物を加熱撹拌する。所望により、この混合物に適当な溶媒を加えて反応させてもよい。反応終了後、反応液を冷却し、適当な酸(塩酸、硫酸など)でpH1以下の酸性にする。次いで、水と混和しない有機溶媒(トルエン、酢酸エチルなど)で抽出し、有機層を水洗し、乾燥した後、溶媒を減圧下に留去してラセミ化されたカルボン酸を得る。
本方法で用いる水の量は、後記実施例の結果から、光学活性なカルボン酸に対して0.5〜9.0当量の範囲内であり、好ましくは0.5〜6.0当量、さらに好ましくは1.0〜4.5当量である。
無機塩基としては、例えばアルカリ金属またはアルカリ土類金属の水酸化物を挙げることができる。好ましい塩基は、水酸化ナトリウム、水酸化カリウム、水酸化カルシウムおよび水酸化マグネシウム、特に水酸化ナトリウムおよび水酸化カリウムである。
無機塩基の使用量は、光学活性なカルボン酸に対して0.5当量以上、好ましくは1.0〜2.0当量、さらに好ましくは1.5〜2.0当量である。
所望により、反応混合物に適当な溶媒を加えることができる。溶媒を加えると、反応系全体の流動性が向上するなど、操作性の観点から好ましい。
加える溶媒としては、当該反応混合物に対して不活性なものであれば特に限定はないが、メチルアルコール、エチルアルコール、イソプロピルアルコールなどのアルコール類、メチル−t−ブチルエーテル、ジイソプロピルエーテル、テトラヒドロフラン、ジオキサンなどのエーテル類、ヘキサン、ヘプタン、オクタンなどの脂肪族炭化水素類、ベンゼン、トルエン、キシレンなどの芳香族炭化水素類、あるいはそれらの混合溶媒が挙げられる。
好ましい溶媒は非極性溶媒であり、脂肪族炭化水素または芳香族炭化水素から選ばれる。好ましい脂肪族炭化水素はヘキサン、ヘプタンおよびオクタンからなる群から選ばれ、好ましい芳香族炭化水素はベンゼン、トルエンおよびキシレンからなる群から選ばれる。
また、低級アルコールなどの極性溶媒を用いるのも好ましい。本発明において特に好ましいアルコールはメチルアルコールである。
反応温度は40〜99℃であってよく、この反応温度で通常は数10分〜8時間以内にラセミ化反応が完結する。
実施例
以下に実施例を挙げて本発明をさらに詳しく説明するが、本発明はこれら実施例に限定されるものではない。
これら実施例において、w/w%は重量/重量%を表し、w/v%は重量/容量%を表し、%e.e.はエナンチオマー過剰率を表す。
また、光学活性なカルボン酸の光学純度は、下記の分析条件の高速液体クロマトグラフィー法(以下、HPLCと略記する)で測定した。
ケトプロフェンの光学純度測定
Figure 0003784411
イブプロフェンの光学純度測定
Figure 0003784411
ナプロキセンの光学純度測定
Figure 0003784411
フルルビプロフェンの光学純度測定
Figure 0003784411
実施例1 (−)−2−(3−ベンゾイルフェニル)プロピオン酸[ケトプロフェン]のラセミ化
95%e.e.の(−)−2−(3−ベンゾイルフェニル)プロピオン酸(以下、KETと略記する)(5.0g、19.7mモル)、水酸化ナトリウム(純度96%)(1.64g、39.4mモル)、水(1.25g、69.4mモル、水/KET=25w/w%、3.52モル/モル比)、およびトルエン(4.3ml)をSUS304製反応容器に入れ、95℃で30分間加熱した。次いで、反応混合物に氷水(40ml)を加えて冷却し、反応を終了させた。次に、35(w/v)%塩酸でpH1以下にし、トルエン(11.5ml)を加えて抽出した。この抽出液を水で洗い、無水酢酸ナトリウムで乾燥した後、減圧下にトルエンを留去し、白色結晶(5.0g)を得た。この結晶の光学純度をHPLCで測定したところ0%e.e.であった。また、NMRおよびIRは出発化合物と一致した。即ち、回収率100%で完全にラセミ化することが判った。
上記と同様の反応条件で、KETに対する水の当量を変化させて行った実験の結果は以下の表1の通りである。
Figure 0003784411
この表から、KETに対して水を0.5〜9.0当量、好ましくは0.5〜6.0、さらに好ましくは1.0〜4.5当量で加えたときに、極めて短い反応時間を達成しうることが明らかである。
実施例2 (−)−2−(4−イソブチルフェニル)プロピオン酸[イブプロフェン]のラセミ化
(−)−2−(3−ベンゾイル)フェニルプロピオン酸の代わりに95%e.e.の(−)−2−(4−イソブチルフェニル)プロピオン酸(以下、IBUと略記する)を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にしてラセミ化反応を行った。この結果を以下の表2に示す。
Figure 0003784411
この表から、IBUに対して水を0.5〜9.0当量、好ましくは0.5〜6.0当量、さらに好ましくは1.0〜4.5当量で加えたときに、極めて短い反応時間を達成しうることが明らかである。
実施例3 (−)−2−(3−ベンゾイルフェニル)プロピオン酸(KET)のラセミ化
水(1.5g、83.3mモル、水/KET=30w/w%、4.23モル/モル比)を用い、温度80℃で60分間加熱すること以外は実施例1と同様にしてラセミ化を行った。得られた白色結晶(5.0g)の光学純度を測定したところ0%e.e.であった。また、NMRおよびIRは出発化合物と一致した。即ち、回収率100%で完全にラセミ化することが判った。
実施例4 (−)−2−(4−イソブチルフェニル)プロピオン酸(IBU)のラセミ化
水(1.5g、83.3mモル、水/IBU=30w/w%、3.43モル/モル比)を用い、温度80℃で50分間加熱すること以外は実施例2と同様にしてラセミ化を行った。得られた白色結晶(5.0g)の光学純度を測定したところ0%e.e.であった。また、NMRおよびIRは出発化合物と一致した。即ち、回収率100%で完全にラセミ化することが判った。
実施例5 (−)−2−(3−ベンゾイルフェニル)プロピオン酸(KET)のラセミ化(トルエンを含まない系)
実施例1と同様の反応条件で、水(1.5g、83.3mモル、水/KET=30w/w%、4.23モル/モル比)を用い、トルエンを用いず、温度80℃で50分間加熱してラセミ化を行った。得られた白色結晶(5.0g)の光学純度を測定したところ0%e.e.であった。また、NMRおよびIRは出発化合物と一致した。即ち、回収率100%で完全にラセミ化することが判った。
実施例6 (−)−2−(4−イソブチルフェニル)プロピオン酸(IBU)のラセミ化(NaOH 0.5〜2.0当量)
実施例2と同様の反応条件で、IBUに対するアルカリの当量を変化させてラセミ化を行った。この実験の結果は以下の表3の通りである。
Figure 0003784411
実施例7 (−)−2−(4−イソブチルフェニル)プロピオン酸(IBU)のラセミ化(MeOH/水の系)
95%e.e.の(−)−2−(4−イソブチルフェニル)プロピオン酸(5.0g、24.2mモル)、水酸化ナトリウム(純度96%)(2.0g、48.4mモル)、水(1.5g、83.3mモル、水/KET=30w/w%、4.23モル/モル比)、メチルアルコール(1.5ml)をSUS304製反応容器に入れ、95℃で9時間加熱した。次いで、反応混合物に氷水(40ml)を加えて、冷却し、反応を終了させた。次に、35(w/v)%塩酸でpH1以下にし、トルエン(11.5ml)を加えて抽出した。この抽出液を水で洗い、無水硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥した後、減圧下にトルエンを留去し、白色結晶(5.0g)を得た。この結晶の光学純度をHPLCで測定したところ0%e.e.であった。また、NMRおよびIRは出発化合物と一致した。即ち、回収率100%で完全にラセミ化することが判った。
実施例8 (−)−2−フェニル−3−メチルブタン酸のラセミ化
実施例1の(−)−2−(3−ベンゾイルフェニル)プロピオン酸の代わりに95%e.e.の(−)−2−フェニル−3−メチルブタン酸を用いて、95℃で8時間加熱し、同様にラセミ化反応を行った。得られた白色結晶(5.0g)の光学純度を測定したところ、0%e.e.であった。また、NMRおよびIRは出発化合物と一致した。即ち、回収率100%で完全にラセミ化することが判った。
実施例9 2−(6−メトキシ−2−ナフチル)プロピオン酸[ナプロキセン]のラセミ化
95%e.e.の2−(6−メトキシ−2−ナフチル)プロピオン酸(5.0g、21.7mモル)、水酸化ナトリウム(純度96%)(1.81g、43.4mモル)、水(1.0g、55.5mモル、水/ナプロキセン=20w/w%、4.23モル/モル比)をSUS304製反応容器に入れ、95℃で6時間加熱した。次いで、反応混合物に氷水(40ml)を加えて冷却し、反応を終了させた。次に35(w/v)%塩酸でpH1以下にし、トルエン(11.5ml)を加えて抽出した。この抽出液を水で洗い、無水硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥した後、減圧下にトルエンを留去し、白色結晶(5.0g)を得た。この結晶の光学純度をHPLCで測定したところ0%e.e.であった。また、NMRおよびIRは出発化合物と一致した。即ち、回収率100%で完全にラセミ化することが判った。
実施例10 2−(2−フルオロ−4−ビフェニリル)プロピオン酸[フルルビプロフェン]のラセミ化
95%e.e.の2−(2−フルオロ−4−ビフェニリル)プロピオン酸(0.4g、1.64mモル)、水酸化ナトリウム(純度96%)(0.135g、3.24mモル)、水(0.08g、4.44mモル、水/フルルビプロフェン=20w/w%、2.71モル/モル比)、トルエン(1.7ml)をSUS304製反応容器に入れ、95℃で5時間加熱した。次いで、反応混合物に氷水(40ml)を加えて冷却し、反応を終了させた。次に35(w/v)%塩酸でpH1以下にし、トルエン(11.5ml)を加えて抽出した。この抽出液を水で洗い、無水硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥した後、減圧下にトルエンを留去し、白色結晶(0.4g)を得た。この結晶の光学純度をHPLCで測定したところ0%e.e.であった。また、NMRおよびIRは出発化合物と一致した。即ち、回収率100%で完全にラセミ化することが判った。
産業上の利用可能性
本発明の方法により、低温かつ短時間に、光学活性なカルボン酸をラセミ化することができる。即ち、本方法は苛酷な反応条件を必要とせず、従って汎用の反応装置の使用を可能にする、工業的製造工程に適用しうる実際的かつ効率的なラセミ化法である。 TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a method for racemizing an optically active carboxylic acid. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method for racemizing a carboxylic acid represented by the following formula (1), which has a fast reaction at a low temperature.
Background art The following formula (1):
R 1 —CH (R 2 ) —COOH (1)
[Wherein R 1 represents the following formula (2):
Figure 0003784411
(Wherein R 3 is a hydrogen atom, lower alkyl, phenyl or benzoyl, and R 4 is a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom)
Or an unsubstituted or substituted phenyl represented by the following formula (3):
Figure 0003784411
(Wherein R 5 is a hydrogen atom or lower alkoxy)
An unsubstituted naphthyl or a substituted naphthyl, and R 2 is lower alkyl]
Is used as a pharmaceutical substance having an action such as anti-inflammatory and analgesic / antipyretic or an intermediate thereof. For example, a compound of formula (1) where R 1 is 3-benzoylphenyl and R 2 is methyl, ie 2- (3-benzoylphenyl) propionic acid is called ketoprofen, R 1 is 4-isobutylphenyl A compound of formula (1) in which R 2 is methyl, ie 2- (4-isobutylphenyl) propionic acid, is called ibuprofen and is used in anti-inflammatory agents and analgesic / antipyretic agents.
These compounds have an asymmetric carbon, and (−)-form and (+)-form exist. In many cases, one of the optically active substances exhibits pharmacological activity. In this case, it is necessary to convert an optically active substance having no or low pharmacological activity into an optically active substance having high pharmacological activity. become. For this purpose, generally, the former optically active form is racemized, and then the latter optically active form having high pharmacological activity is separated from this racemic form.
Conventionally, as a method for racemizing such a compound, a method of heating at a high temperature in a solvent in the presence of a base is generally used. For example, as a racemization method of ketoprofen, a method of heating to 100 to 200 ° C. in the presence of an organic amine or an inorganic basic compound in a solvent, particularly in water is known (Nohira, JP-A-4- 69356; Bertrand et al., Japanese Patent Publication No. 6-501683). As for racemization of ibuprofen, there are known a method of heating in 2-propanol at the reflux temperature in the presence of sodium hydroxide and a method of heating in octane at the reflux temperature in the presence of triethylamine (Manimaran). Et al., US Pat. No. 5,162,576).
However, the Noflat method requires 8 hours or more at a reaction temperature of 150 ° C. until completion of the reaction, and usually requires pressurization. In the method of Bertrand et al., 12 hours are required at a reaction temperature of 100 ° C. or higher. Further, the method of Manimaran et al. Requires a reaction time of 15 hours at the reflux temperature. Thus, the known methods have drawbacks such as a high reaction temperature, a long reaction time, and in some cases heating is required, and there has been a risk of damaging the material in a general-purpose reaction apparatus.
The present inventors are a method for converting the optically active compound of the compound represented by the above formula (1) into a racemate without such drawbacks, that is, the reaction temperature is low and the reaction time is short, and the reaction conditions are severe. An attempt was made to develop a practical racemization process applicable to industrial manufacturing processes that does not require the use of general reactors, thus allowing the use of general purpose reactors.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION As a result of various studies, the present inventors have found that the above problems can be solved by the following method, and have completed the present invention.
That is, the present invention provides the following formula (1):
R 1 —CH (R 2 ) —COOH (1)
[Wherein R 1 represents the following formula (2):
Figure 0003784411
(Wherein R 3 is a hydrogen atom, lower alkyl, phenyl or benzoyl, and R 4 is a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom)
Or an unsubstituted or substituted phenyl represented by the following formula (3):
Figure 0003784411
(Wherein R 5 is a hydrogen atom or lower alkoxy)
An unsubstituted naphthyl or a substituted naphthyl, and R 2 is lower alkyl]
Wherein the carboxylic acid is added in an amount of 0.5 to 9.0 equivalents of water with respect to the carboxylic acid in the presence of an inorganic base. The present invention provides a method characterized by heating at ° C.
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Hereinafter, the method of the present invention will be described in detail.
In the definition of the above formula (1), the lower alkyl represents a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and includes, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, t-butyl. , Isobutyl, n-pentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl and the like. Usually, this lower alkyl is often a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
Examples of the halogen atom include fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
Lower alkoxy represents alkoxy having an alkyl moiety consisting of linear or branched lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. In general, the alkoxy is often an alkoxy having a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl portion. Such lower alkyls are as listed above, and therefore lower alkoxy includes methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, n-pentyloxy, n-hexyloxy, and the like.
Although the optically active carboxylic acid represented by the above formula (1) can be efficiently racemized according to the method of the present invention, it is preferable to racemize a specific group of carboxylic acids. Specifically, it is preferable to racemize the carboxylic acid of the formula (1) in which R 2 is methyl. Further racemizes the carboxylic acid of formula (1), wherein R 1 is 3-benzoylphenyl, 4-isobutylphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-biphenylyl or 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl and R 2 is methyl. Is preferred. It is also preferable to racemize the carboxylic acid of formula (1) wherein R 2 is isopropyl.
Specific examples of preferred carboxylic acids for racemization according to the method of the present invention include 2- (3-benzoylphenyl) propionic acid [ketoprofen] and 2- (4-isobutylphenyl) propionic acid [ibuprofen] listed above. In addition, 2-phenylpropionic acid, 2- (4-benzoylphenyl) propionic acid, 2- (4-ethylphenyl) propionic acid, 2- (3-isopropylphenyl) propionic acid, 2- (4-n- Butylphenyl) propionic acid, 2- (4-n-hexylphenyl) propionic acid, 2- (2-fluoro-4-biphenylyl) propionic acid [flurbiprofen], 2- (6-methoxy-2-naphthyl) And propionic acid [naproxen].
The optically active carboxylic acid used in the method of the present invention usually contains a large amount of the other optically active substance after the one optically active substance is separated from the (±) -carboxylic acid. Therefore, the optical purity may be high or it may be relatively low. Any optically pure carboxylic acid can be used in the present method. Also, optically active carboxylic acids derived from others can be used. All of the (±) -forms of the carboxylic acid represented by the above formula (1) are commercially available, or can be produced according to literature methods [for example, JP-A-53-12837, JP-A-54-157540, French Patent No. 1,546,478, JP-A-62-230652, U.S. Pat.No. 3,904,682, U.S. Pat.No. 4,009,197, US Pat. No. 3,755,427, French Patent M5737, Masmoto et al. (Bioscience Biotechnology & Biochemistry, 59, 720 (1995)), etc.].
The racemization reaction can be carried out as follows. That is, a mixture of optically active carboxylic acid, inorganic base and water is heated and stirred. If desired, an appropriate solvent may be added to the mixture to react. After completion of the reaction, the reaction solution is cooled and acidified to pH 1 or less with an appropriate acid (hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, etc.). Next, extraction is performed with an organic solvent immiscible with water (toluene, ethyl acetate, etc.), the organic layer is washed with water and dried, and then the solvent is distilled off under reduced pressure to obtain a racemized carboxylic acid.
The amount of water used in this method is within the range of 0.5 to 9.0 equivalents based on the optically active carboxylic acid, preferably 0.5 to 6.0 equivalents, based on the results of Examples described later. Preferably it is 1.0-4.5 equivalent.
Examples of inorganic bases include alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxides. Preferred bases are sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide, especially sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide.
The amount of the inorganic base used is 0.5 equivalents or more, preferably 1.0 to 2.0 equivalents, more preferably 1.5 to 2.0 equivalents with respect to the optically active carboxylic acid.
If desired, a suitable solvent can be added to the reaction mixture. The addition of a solvent is preferable from the viewpoint of operability, such as improving the fluidity of the entire reaction system.
The solvent to be added is not particularly limited as long as it is inert to the reaction mixture, but alcohols such as methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, methyl t-butyl ether, diisopropyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, etc. Ethers, aliphatic hydrocarbons such as hexane, heptane and octane, aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene and xylene, or a mixed solvent thereof.
Preferred solvents are nonpolar solvents and are selected from aliphatic hydrocarbons or aromatic hydrocarbons. Preferred aliphatic hydrocarbons are selected from the group consisting of hexane, heptane and octane, and preferred aromatic hydrocarbons are selected from the group consisting of benzene, toluene and xylene.
It is also preferable to use a polar solvent such as a lower alcohol. A particularly preferred alcohol in the present invention is methyl alcohol.
The reaction temperature may be 40 to 99 ° C., and the racemization reaction is usually completed within several tens of minutes to 8 hours at this reaction temperature.
Examples Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to examples. However, the present invention is not limited to these examples.
In these examples, w / w% represents weight / weight%, w / v% represents weight / volume%, and% ee represents enantiomeric excess.
The optical purity of the optically active carboxylic acid was measured by a high performance liquid chromatography method (hereinafter abbreviated as HPLC) under the following analysis conditions.
Optical purity measurement of ketoprofen
Figure 0003784411
Optical purity measurement of ibuprofen
Figure 0003784411
Optical purity measurement of naproxen
Figure 0003784411
Measurement of optical purity of flurbiprofen
Figure 0003784411
Example 1 Racemization of (−)-2- (3-benzoylphenyl) propionic acid [ketoprofen] 95% ee (−)-2- (3-benzoylphenyl) propionic acid (hereinafter abbreviated as KET) 5.0 g, 19.7 mmol), sodium hydroxide (purity 96%) (1.64 g, 39.4 mmol), water (1.25 g, 69.4 mmol, water / KET = 25 w / w%, 3 0.52 mol / mole) and toluene (4.3 ml) were placed in a SUS304 reaction vessel and heated at 95 ° C. for 30 minutes. Then, ice water (40 ml) was added to the reaction mixture and cooled to terminate the reaction. Next, the pH was adjusted to 1 or less with 35 (w / v)% hydrochloric acid, and toluene (11.5 ml) was added for extraction. The extract was washed with water and dried over anhydrous sodium acetate, and then toluene was distilled off under reduced pressure to obtain white crystals (5.0 g). The optical purity of this crystal was measured by HPLC and found to be 0% ee. NMR and IR were consistent with the starting compound. That is, it was found that complete racemization was achieved at a recovery rate of 100%.
Table 1 below shows the results of an experiment conducted by changing the equivalent of water to KET under the same reaction conditions as described above.
Figure 0003784411
From this table it can be seen that when water is added in an amount of 0.5 to 9.0 equivalents, preferably 0.5 to 6.0, more preferably 1.0 to 4.5 equivalents relative to KET, a very short reaction time. It is clear that can be achieved.
Example 2 Racemization of (−)-2- (4-Isobutylphenyl) propionic acid [ibuprofen]
Implemented except that 95% ee (-)-2- (4-isobutylphenyl) propionic acid (hereinafter abbreviated as IBU) was used instead of (-)-2- (3-benzoyl) phenylpropionic acid. The racemization reaction was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 2 below.
Figure 0003784411
From this table, it can be seen that the reaction is very short when water is added at 0.5 to 9.0 equivalents, preferably 0.5 to 6.0 equivalents, more preferably 1.0 to 4.5 equivalents relative to IBU. It is clear that time can be achieved.
Example 3 Racemic water of (−)-2- (3-benzoylphenyl) propionic acid (KET) (1.5 g, 83.3 mmol, water / KET = 30 w / w%, 4.23 mol / mole ratio) Was racemized in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the mixture was heated at 80 ° C. for 60 minutes. The optical purity of the obtained white crystals (5.0 g) was measured and found to be 0% ee. NMR and IR were consistent with the starting compound. That is, it was found that complete racemization was achieved at a recovery rate of 100%.
Example 4 Racemic water of (−)-2- (4-isobutylphenyl) propionic acid (IBU) (1.5 g, 83.3 mmol, water / IBU = 30 w / w%, 3.43 mol / mole ratio) And racemization was conducted in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the mixture was heated at 80 ° C. for 50 minutes. The optical purity of the obtained white crystals (5.0 g) was measured and found to be 0% ee. NMR and IR were consistent with the starting compound. That is, it was found that complete racemization was achieved at a recovery rate of 100%.
Example 5 Racemization of (−)-2- (3-benzoylphenyl) propionic acid (KET) (toluene-free system)
Under the same reaction conditions as in Example 1, water (1.5 g, 83.3 mmol, water / KET = 30 w / w%, 4.23 mol / mol ratio) was used, and toluene was not used. Racemization was performed by heating for 50 minutes. The optical purity of the obtained white crystals (5.0 g) was measured and found to be 0% ee. NMR and IR were consistent with the starting compound. That is, it was found that complete racemization was achieved at a recovery rate of 100%.
Example 6 Racemization of (−)-2- (4-isobutylphenyl) propionic acid (IBU) (NaOH 0.5-2.0 equivalents)
Racemization was carried out under the same reaction conditions as in Example 2 but changing the equivalent of alkali to IBU. The results of this experiment are as shown in Table 3 below.
Figure 0003784411
Example 7 Racemization of (−)-2- (4-isobutylphenyl) propionic acid (IBU) (MeOH / water system)
95% ee (−)-2- (4-isobutylphenyl) propionic acid (5.0 g, 24.2 mmol), sodium hydroxide (purity 96%) (2.0 g, 48.4 mmol), water ( 1.5 g, 83.3 mmol, water / KET = 30 w / w%, 4.23 mol / mol ratio) and methyl alcohol (1.5 ml) were placed in a reaction vessel made of SUS304 and heated at 95 ° C. for 9 hours. Then, ice water (40 ml) was added to the reaction mixture and cooled to complete the reaction. Next, the pH was adjusted to 1 or less with 35 (w / v)% hydrochloric acid, and toluene (11.5 ml) was added for extraction. The extract was washed with water and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and then toluene was distilled off under reduced pressure to obtain white crystals (5.0 g). The optical purity of this crystal was measured by HPLC and found to be 0% ee. NMR and IR were consistent with the starting compound. That is, it was found that complete racemization was achieved at a recovery rate of 100%.
Example 8 Racemization of (-)-2-phenyl-3-methylbutanoic acid 95% ee (-)-2-phenyl instead of (-)-2- (3-benzoylphenyl) propionic acid of Example 1 Using -3-methylbutanoic acid, the mixture was heated at 95 ° C. for 8 hours, and a racemization reaction was similarly performed. The optical purity of the obtained white crystals (5.0 g) was measured and found to be 0% ee. NMR and IR were consistent with the starting compound. That is, it was found that complete racemization was achieved at a recovery rate of 100%.
Example 9 Racemization of 2- (6-methoxy-2-naphthyl) propionic acid [naproxen] 95% ee 2- (6-methoxy-2-naphthyl) propionic acid (5.0 g, 21.7 mmol), Sodium hydroxide (purity 96%) (1.81 g, 43.4 mmol), water (1.0 g, 55.5 mmol, water / naproxen = 20 w / w%, 4.23 mol / mol ratio) manufactured by SUS304 Placed in a reaction vessel and heated at 95 ° C. for 6 hours. Then, ice water (40 ml) was added to the reaction mixture and cooled to terminate the reaction. Next, it was adjusted to pH 1 or less with 35 (w / v)% hydrochloric acid, and toluene (11.5 ml) was added for extraction. The extract was washed with water and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and then toluene was distilled off under reduced pressure to obtain white crystals (5.0 g). The optical purity of this crystal was measured by HPLC and found to be 0% ee. NMR and IR were consistent with the starting compound. That is, it was found that complete racemization was achieved at a recovery rate of 100%.
Example 10 Racemization of 2- (2-fluoro-4-biphenylyl) propionic acid [flurbiprofen] 95% ee 2- (2-fluoro-4-biphenylyl) propionic acid (0.4 g, 1.64 m Mol), sodium hydroxide (purity 96%) (0.135 g, 3.24 mmol), water (0.08 g, 4.44 mmol, water / flurbiprofen = 20 w / w%, 2.71 mol / mol) Molar ratio) and toluene (1.7 ml) were placed in a SUS304 reaction vessel and heated at 95 ° C. for 5 hours. Then, ice water (40 ml) was added to the reaction mixture and cooled to terminate the reaction. Next, it was adjusted to pH 1 or less with 35 (w / v)% hydrochloric acid, and toluene (11.5 ml) was added for extraction. The extract was washed with water and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and then toluene was distilled off under reduced pressure to obtain white crystals (0.4 g). The optical purity of this crystal was measured by HPLC and found to be 0% ee. NMR and IR were consistent with the starting compound. That is, it was found that complete racemization was achieved at a recovery rate of 100%.
Industrial applicability By the method of the present invention, an optically active carboxylic acid can be racemized at a low temperature and in a short time. That is, the present method is a practical and efficient racemization method applicable to industrial production processes that does not require harsh reaction conditions and thus allows the use of general purpose reactors.

Claims (14)

以下の式(1):
1−CH(R2)−COOH (1)
[式中、R1は、以下の式(2):
Figure 0003784411
(式中、R3は水素原子、低級アルキル、フェニルまたはベンゾイルであり、R4は水素原子またはハロゲン原子である)
で示される未置換もしくは置換フェニル、または、以下の式(3):
Figure 0003784411
(式中、R5は水素原子または低級アルコキシである)
で示される未置換ナフチルもしくは置換ナフチルであり、そして
2は低級アルキルである]
で示される光学活性なカルボン酸のラセミ化法であって、該カルボン酸を、無機塩基の存在下、該カルボン酸に対して0.5〜9.0当量の水を添加して40〜99℃で加熱することを特徴とする方法。
The following formula (1):
R 1 —CH (R 2 ) —COOH (1)
[Wherein R 1 represents the following formula (2):
Figure 0003784411
(Wherein R 3 is a hydrogen atom, lower alkyl, phenyl or benzoyl, and R 4 is a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom)
Or an unsubstituted or substituted phenyl represented by the following formula (3):
Figure 0003784411
(Wherein R 5 is a hydrogen atom or lower alkoxy)
An unsubstituted naphthyl or a substituted naphthyl, and R 2 is lower alkyl]
Wherein the carboxylic acid is added in an amount of 0.5 to 9.0 equivalents of water with respect to the carboxylic acid in the presence of an inorganic base. A method characterized by heating at ° C.
2がメチルである式(1)の光学活性なカルボン酸をラセミ化する請求項1に記載の方法。The process according to claim 1, wherein the optically active carboxylic acid of formula (1) wherein R 2 is methyl is racemized. 1が3−ベンゾイルフェニル、4−イソブチルフェニル、2−フルオロ−4−ビフェニリルまたは6−メトキシ−2−ナフチルであり、R2がメチルである式(1)の光学活性なカルボン酸をラセミ化する請求項1に記載の方法。Racemizing the optically active carboxylic acid of formula (1), wherein R 1 is 3-benzoylphenyl, 4-isobutylphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-biphenylyl or 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl and R 2 is methyl The method of claim 1. 2がイソプロピルである式(1)の光学活性なカルボン酸をラセミ化する請求項1に記載の方法。The process according to claim 1, wherein the optically active carboxylic acid of formula (1) wherein R 2 is isopropyl is racemized. 該カルボン酸に対して0.5〜6.0当量の水を添加する請求項1に記載の方法。The process according to claim 1, wherein 0.5 to 6.0 equivalents of water are added to the carboxylic acid. 該カルボン酸に対して1.0〜4.5当量の水を添加する請求項1に記載の方法。The process according to claim 1, wherein 1.0 to 4.5 equivalents of water are added to the carboxylic acid. 無機塩基が、水酸化ナトリウムおよび/または水酸化カリウムである請求項1に記載の方法。The process according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic base is sodium hydroxide and / or potassium hydroxide. 該カルボン酸に対して1.0〜2.0当量の無機塩基を用いる請求項1に記載の方法。The process according to claim 1, wherein 1.0 to 2.0 equivalents of an inorganic base is used with respect to the carboxylic acid. 該カルボン酸に対して1.5〜2.0当量の無機塩基を用いる請求項1に記載の方法。The process according to claim 1, wherein 1.5 to 2.0 equivalents of an inorganic base is used with respect to the carboxylic acid. 反応混合物に溶媒をさらに加えて反応させる請求項1に記載の方法。The method according to claim 1, wherein the reaction mixture is further reacted with a solvent. 溶媒が非極性溶媒である請求項10に記載の方法。The method according to claim 10, wherein the solvent is a nonpolar solvent. 非極性溶媒が脂肪族炭化水素または芳香族炭化水素である請求項11に記載の方法。The method according to claim 11, wherein the nonpolar solvent is an aliphatic hydrocarbon or an aromatic hydrocarbon. 脂肪族炭化水素が、ヘキサン、ヘプタンおよびオクタンからなる群から選ばれる請求項12に記載の方法。The process according to claim 12, wherein the aliphatic hydrocarbon is selected from the group consisting of hexane, heptane and octane. 芳香族炭化水素が、ベンゼン、トルエンおよびキシレンからなる群から選ばれる請求項12に記載の方法。The process according to claim 12, wherein the aromatic hydrocarbon is selected from the group consisting of benzene, toluene and xylene.
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