JP3689570B2 - Image forming apparatus - Google Patents

Image forming apparatus Download PDF

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Publication number
JP3689570B2
JP3689570B2 JP29354398A JP29354398A JP3689570B2 JP 3689570 B2 JP3689570 B2 JP 3689570B2 JP 29354398 A JP29354398 A JP 29354398A JP 29354398 A JP29354398 A JP 29354398A JP 3689570 B2 JP3689570 B2 JP 3689570B2
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Japan
Prior art keywords
electrophotographic photosensitive
recording material
protective layer
image forming
forming apparatus
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JP29354398A
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JP2000122434A (en
Inventor
晴之 辻
淑之 吉原
陽介 森川
久美子 浅野
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Canon Inc
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Canon Inc
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、可視像が形成される電子写真感光体と、記録材を担持し搬送する記録材担持体と、記録材担持体を介して電子写真感光体に相対する転写帯電手段とを備えた画像形成装置に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
従来、図1に示すようなカラー電子写真装置は公知である。同装置の本体内には、第1、第2、第3及び第4画像形成部Pa、Pb、Pc及びPdが併設され、各々異なった色の画像が潜像、現像、転写のプロセスを経て形成される。
【0003】
画像形成部Pa、Pb、Pc及びPdは、それぞれ専用の電子写真感光体、本例では電子写真感光ドラム1a、1b、1c及び1dを備えており、また潜像形成部、現像部及び転写部をそれぞれ備えている。これらの画像形成部Pa、Pb、Pc及びPdにおいて、電子写真感光ドラム1a、1b、1c及び1d上に形成された画像は、各画像形成部に隣接して移動する記録材担持体8上に担持されて搬送される記録材6に転写され、さらに定着部7にて加熱及び加圧され、定着された記録画像として排出される。
【0004】
このような構成の電子写真装置において、電子写真感光ドラム1a、1b、1c及び1d上の可視像を記録材6上に良好に転写するため、転写時に電子写真感光ドラム1a、1b、1c及び1dと記録材6との接する圧がある範囲内であることが必要であった。すなわち圧が低すぎると転写帯電の電圧が精度よく印加されず電界が弱まるため、トナーが飛び散るなどして記録材6上に適切に転写されないなどのいわゆる転写不良が起こる。また圧が強すぎる場合には、トナーが電子写真感光ドラムに押圧され、記録材6上に転写されずに電子写真感光ドラム上に残留する現象が発生するなどの転写不良が起こる。
【0005】
しかしながら、転写時の電子写真感光ドラム1a、1b、1c及び1dと記録材6との接する圧を適正範囲内にしても電子写真感光ドラムの表面の表面粗さにより転写が適正でなくなることがあった。また耐久により電子写真感光ドラムの表面の表面粗さが変わると転写が適正でなくなることがあった。
【0006】
電子写真感光体には、当然ながら、適用される電子写真プロセスに応じた所要の感度、電気特性及び光学特性を有することが要求される。特に繰り返し使用される感光体にあっては、感光体の表面には帯電、画像露光、トナー現像、紙への転写及びクリーニング等の電気的、機械的外力が直接加えられるため、それらに対する耐久性が要求される。具体的には、転写やクリーニング等の際の感光体表面の摺擦によって生じる表面の摩耗や傷、帯電時に発生するオゾンや帯電生成物による感光体及び電位特性の劣化等に対する耐久性が要求される。
【0007】
上記のような感光体に要求される特性を満足するために、感光層上に樹脂を主成分とする表面保護層を設ける試みがなされている。例えば特開昭56−42863号公報及び特開昭53−103741号公報等には、硬化型樹脂を主成分とする保護層を用いることにより、感光体表面の硬度や耐摩耗性を向上させることが提案されている。
【0008】
また、より優れた画像を得るためには、感光体の保護層には高い硬度及び優れた耐摩耗性等の特性だけでなく、保護層自体の抵抗が適当であることが要求される。保護層の抵抗が高すぎる場合、帯電−露光といった電子写真プロセスを繰り返すことにより、保護層に電荷が蓄積されていく、所謂残留電位の増加が起こり、感光体の繰り返し使用時に電位が安定しないために、画質も不安定になる。また、抵抗が低すぎる場合には、静電潜像が保護層中を面方向に流れてしまい、画像のにじみやボケ等の問題が発生してしまう。この問題を解決するために、例えば特開昭57−30843号公報には保護層に導電性微粒子として金属酸化物を添加することによって層の抵抗を抑制することが提案されている。
【0009】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、この保護層においても、表面粗さが小さすぎたり、大きすぎたりすると電子写真感光ドラムとして用い画像形成装置に組み込んだ場合、転写不良の現象が発生するという問題があった。また、保護層の硬さが十分でない場合も耐久により表面粗さが変わり転写不良の現象が発生することがあった。
【0010】
近年の更なる高画質化、高耐久化に伴い、より優れた耐久性を有し、優れた画像を安定して提供できる電子写真感光体、画像形成装置が検討されている。
【0011】
本発明の目的は、高耐久、高寿命でかつ耐久を通じ転写不良による画像欠陥のない高画質の画像が得られる画像形成装置を提供することにある。
【0012】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は、可視像が形成される電子写真感光体と、記録材を担持し搬送する記録材担持体と、該記録材担持体を介して前記電子写真感光体に相対する転写帯電手段とを備えた画像形成装置において、
前記電子写真感光体が、導電性支持体上に少なくとも感光層及び表面保護層をこの順に有し、
前記転写帯電手段が少なくとも記録材担持体に接する転写帯電部材と、該転写帯電部材を記録材担持体及び電子写真感光体に押圧するための押圧部材とを有し、
前記電子写真感光体の表面保護層のユニバーサル硬さ値が180乃至250N/mm JIS B0601に定める十点平均粗さ(Rz)が0.04乃至10.00μmであり、かつ
前記押圧部材の押圧が0.3乃至7.0g/mmである
ことを特徴とする画像形成装置である。
【0013】
本発明において、転写帯電部材の形状は、例えばブレード状、ローラー状あるいはブラシ状である
【0014】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明に用いられる電子写真感光体の感光層は、少なくとも電荷発生材料および電荷輸送材料を含有する。
【0015】
電荷発生材料の例としては、フタロシアニン顔料、多環キノン顔料、アゾ系顔料、ペリレン顔料、インジゴ顔料、キナクリドン顔料、アズレニウム塩染料、スクワリリウム染料、シアニン染料、ピリリウム染料、チオピリリウム染料、キサンテン色素、キノンイミン色素、トリフェニルメタン色素、スチリル色素、セレン、セレン−テルル合金、アモルファスシリコン及び硫化カドミウムなどが挙げられる。
【0016】
電荷輸送材料の例としては、ピレン化合物、N−アルキルカルバゾール化合物、ヒドラゾン化合物、N,N−ジアルキルアニリン化合物、ジフェニルアミン化合物、トリフェニルアミン化合物、トリフェニルメタン化合物、ピラゾリン化合物、スチリル化合物、スチルベン化合物、ポリニトロ化合物及びポリシアノ化合物、さらにこれらの化合物をポリマー上に固定したペンダントポリマーなどが挙げられる。
【0017】
本発明においては、電荷発生材料及び電荷輸送材料などを、それぞれ成膜性を有する結着樹脂中に分散、あるいは溶解した溶液を塗布し、乾燥することにより、感光層を形成する。かかる結着樹脂としてはポリエステル、ポリウレタン、ポリアリレート、ポリエチレン、ポリスチレン、ポリブタジエン、ポリカーボネート、ポリアミド、ポリプロピレン、ポリイミド、フェノール樹脂、アクリル樹脂、シリコーン樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、ユリア樹脂、アリル樹脂、アルキッド樹脂、ポリアミド−イミド、ナイロン、ポリサルホン、ポリアリルエーテル、ポリアセタール及びブチラール樹脂などが挙げられる。
【0018】
感光層は単層構成であっても、積層構成であってもよい。積層構成の場合には、少なくとも電荷発生層と電荷輸送層により構成され、導電性支持体側に電荷発生層が設けられる場合と電荷輸送層が設けられる場合とでは帯電極性、使用するトナー極性などが異なる。電荷発生層の膜厚としては0.001〜6μm、好ましくは0.01〜2μmである。電荷発生層に含有される電荷発生材料の含有率は10〜100重量%であることが好ましく、より好ましくは50〜100重量%である。電荷輸送層の膜厚は5〜40μm、好ましくは15〜30μmである。電荷輸送層中に含有される電荷輸送材料の含有量は20〜80重量%であることが好ましく、より好ましくは30〜70重量%である。
【0019】
本発明に用いられる電子写真感光体の有する導電性支持体としては鉄、銅、金、銀、アルミニウム、亜鉛、チタン、鉛、ニッケル、錫、アンチモン及びインジウムなどの金属や合金あるいは前記金属の酸化物、カーボン、導電性ポリマーなどが使用可能であり、形状は円筒状、円柱状などのドラム状、ベルト状及びシート状のものなどがある。前記導電性材料はそのまま成型加工される場合、塗料として用いられる場合、蒸着される場合やエッチング、プラズマ処理により加工される場合もある。塗料の場合には支持体として前記の金属や合金、紙、プラスチックなども用いられる。
【0020】
本発明においては、導電性支持体と感光層の間に、界面での電荷注入制御や接着層として機能する下引き層を設けてもよい。下引き層は主に結着樹脂からなるが、前記金属や合金またはそれらの酸化物、塩類、界面活性剤などを含んでいてもよい。下引き層を形成する結着樹脂の例としてはポリエステル、ポリウレタン、ポリアリレート、ポリエチレン、ポリスチレン、ポリブタジエン、ポリカーボネート、ポリアミド、ポリプロピレン、ポリイミド、フェノール樹脂、アクリル樹脂、シリコーン樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、ユリア樹脂、アリル樹脂、アルキッド樹脂、ポリアミド−イミド、ナイロン、ポリサルホン、ポリアリールエーテル、ポリアセタール及びブチラール樹脂などが挙げられる。膜厚は0.05〜7μmが好ましく、より好ましくは0.1〜2μmである。
【0021】
本発明に用いられる電子写真感光体における表面保護層は、熱または光で硬化させることにより得られる樹脂を主成分とする。樹脂としては、例えばポリビニルアセタール、ポリスチレン、アクリル樹脂、セルロースエステル、セルロースエーテル、ポリエステル、ポリカーボネート、フェノキシ樹脂、ウレタン樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、ポリアリレート、スチレン樹脂及びシリコーン樹脂等の熱可塑性樹脂や硬化性の樹脂が挙げられる。より高い硬度及び優れた耐摩耗性を得るためには、光でモノマーまたはオリゴマーを硬化させることが好ましく、また、さらにモノマーやオリゴマーとしてはアクリロイル基やメタクリロイル基を有するものが好ましい。モノマーまたはオリゴマーを硬化させる際には光開始剤を用いてもよい。光開始剤の添加量はモノマーまたはオリゴマーの全重量に対し、0.1〜150重量%が好ましく、特には0.5〜100重量%であることが好ましい。
【0022】
本発明に用いられる電子写真感光体の表面保護層は、表面保護層の抵抗を調節するという観点から、金属酸化物粒子等の導電性粒子を分散含有することが好ましい。導電性金属酸化物としては、酸化亜鉛、酸化チタン、酸化スズ、酸化アンチモン、酸化インジウム、酸化ビスマス、インジウムをドープした酸化スズ、アンチモンをドープした酸化スズ及び酸化ジルコニウム等の粒子が挙げられる。これらの金属酸化物は一種類もしくは二種類以上を混合して用いる。二種類以上を混合した場合には固溶体または融着の形をとってもよい。金属酸化物粒子の含有量は表面保護層の全重量に対し、5〜90重量%が好ましい。5重量%未満では表面保護層としての抵抗値が高くなりすぎることがあり、90重量%より多いと感光体表面層として低抵抗となり易く、帯電能の低下やピンホールの原因となることがある。
【0023】
また、導電性金属酸化物の吸水性を下げ表面保護層の抵抗の環境変動を抑えるという観点から、金属酸化物表面を撥水処理することが好ましい。撥水処理に用いられる処理剤としてはチタネート系カップリング剤、フッ素含有シランカップリング剤、フッ素変性シリコーンオイル、フッ素系界面活性剤及びアセトアルコキシアルミニウムジイソプロピレート等の化合物が挙げられる。
【0024】
表面保護層に導電性粒子を分散する場合、分散粒子による入射光の散乱を防ぐためには、粒子径が入射光の波長よりも小さいことが好ましく、一般には数平均粒径で0.3μm以下が好ましい。
【0025】
また、本発明の画像形成装置は、残留トナーを除去するのにクリーニング装置を搭載してもよいが、クリーニング手段のなかで、もっとも一般的なブレードクリーニング方式はブレード反転の問題が常につきまとう。これは感光体表面とブレードの間の摩擦力が非常に高いために生じる問題であり、ある閾値を越えたときにブレード反転が生じる。そこで、本発明における表面保護層において、感光体表面の摩擦力を下げるために表面保護層にフッ素系原子含有樹脂微粒子のような潤滑剤を含有させてもよい。
【0026】
また、本発明においては、分散性、接着性及び耐環境性等もさらに向上させるため、表面保護層に各種カップリング剤や酸化防止剤を添加してもよい。
【0027】
本発明における表面保護層の膜厚は0.110μmが好ましく、特には0.5〜7μmであることが好ましい。
【0028】
上記各種層は、蒸着や塗布により形成することができる。特に塗布による方法は、薄膜から厚膜まで広い範囲で、しかも、様々な組成の膜の形成が可能であるので好ましい。塗布方法としては、浸漬コーティング法、スプレーコーティング法、ビームコーティング法、バーコーティング法、ブレードコーティング法及びローラーコーティング法等が挙げられる。
【0029】
本発明に用いられる電子写真感光体の表面保護層のユニバーサル硬さ値は次のように定められる。すなわち、四角錐で先端の対面角136度のダイヤモンド圧子を荷重をかけて表面保護層の膜に1μmまで押し込み、圧子の幾何学的形状から計算された圧痕の表面積とその時の荷重から次の式(1)のように求まる。
【0030】
ユニバーサル硬さ値HU(N/mm)=荷重(N)/荷重下での圧痕の表面積(mm) …(1)
【0030】
本発明に用いられる電子写真感光体の表面保護層のユニバーサル硬さ値は、180乃至250N/mm あり、特に215N/mm以上がより好ましい。
【0031】
本発明に用いられる電子写真感光体の表面の表面粗さは、JIS B0601に定める十点平均粗さ(Rz)で0.04乃至10.00μmであり、より好ましくは0.05乃至5μmである。
【0032】
本発明に転写手段として用いられる転写帯電部材の形状はいずれのものでもよく、例えば、ローラー状、ベルト状、ブレード状またはブラシ状のものが挙げられる。帯電器の向きは特にブレード状またはブラシ状の帯電器の場合は電子写真感光ドラムの中心に対し傾かせることができるが、その向きはどちらでもよい。また押圧部材は、帯電部材と兼ねてもよく一体になっていてもよい。さらに、押し当てる位置は帯電している位置でもその近傍でも構わない。押圧部材の個数は複数でもよい。
【0033】
本発明において、押圧部材の押圧は0.3乃至7.0g/mmである。
【0034】
【実施例】
(実施例1)
表面保護層のユニバーサル硬さ値が250N/mm、JIS B0601に定める十点平均粗さ(Rz)が0.2μmである電子写真感光体を作製した。次に図2に示すようなブレード状の転写帯電器を用い、押圧が3.0g/mmとなるようにし、前記電子写真感光体を組み込んだ画像形成装置で3万枚画出しを行い、初期及び耐久での画像を見た。結果を表1に示す。
【0035】
(実施例2〜3)
押圧がそれぞれ0.3g/mmまたは7.0g/mmである以外は実施例1と同様に評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
【0036】
(実施例4〜5)
表面保護層のユニバーサル硬さ値がそれぞれ180N/mmまたは220N/mmである電子写真感光体を用いた以外は実施例1と同様に評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
【0037】
(実施例6〜8)
表面保護層のJIS B0601に定める十点平均粗さ(Rz)がそれぞれ0.05μm、2.5μmまたは4.0μmである電子写真感光体を用いた以外は実施例1と同様に評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
【0038】
(実施例9〜16)
図3に示すようなローラー状の転写帯電器を用いた以外はそれぞれ実施例1〜8と同様に評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
【0039】
(比較例1〜2)
押圧がそれぞれ0.2g/mmまたは8.0g/mmである以外は実施例1と同様に評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
【0040】
(比較例3〜4)
表面保護層のユニバーサル硬さ値がそれぞれ140N/mmまたは170N/mmである電子写真感光体を用いた以外は実施例1と同様に評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
【0041】
(比較例5〜6)
表面保護層のJIS B0601に定める十点平均粗さ(Rz)がそれぞれ0.05μm、11.5μmまたは15.0μmである電子写真感光体を用いた以外は実施例1と同様に評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
【0042】
(比較例7〜12)
図3に示すようなローラー状の転写帯電器を用いた以外はそれぞれ比較例1〜6と同様に評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
【0043】
表1

Figure 0003689570
【0044】
【発明の効果】
以上のように本発明によれば、高耐久かつ高寿命で初期から耐久後まで転写不良による画像欠陥のない高画質の画像が得られる画像形成装置を提供することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】 従来のカラー電子写真記録装置(画像形成装置)の全体構成を示す断面図である。
【図2】 本発明におけるブレード状の転写帯電器を用いた場合の転写手段の例の概略断面図である。
【図3】 本発明におけるローラー状の転写帯電器を用いた場合の転写手段の例の概略断面図である
【符号の説明】
1 電子写真感光体(ドラム)
2 記録材
3 記録材担持体
4 転写帯電器(押圧部材 [0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention includes an electrophotographic photosensitive member on which a visible image is formed, a recording material carrier that supports and conveys a recording material, and a transfer charging unit that faces the electrophotographic photosensitive member via the recording material carrier. The present invention relates to an image forming apparatus.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Conventionally, a color electrophotographic apparatus as shown in FIG. 1 is known. In the main body of the apparatus, first, second, third and fourth image forming portions Pa, Pb, Pc and Pd are provided, and images of different colors are subjected to a latent image, development and transfer processes. It is formed.
[0003]
The image forming portions Pa, Pb, Pc, and Pd are respectively provided with dedicated electrophotographic photosensitive members, in this example, electrophotographic photosensitive drums 1a, 1b, 1c, and 1d, and also include latent image forming portions, developing portions, and transfer portions. Each is equipped. In these image forming portions Pa, Pb, Pc, and Pd, the images formed on the electrophotographic photosensitive drums 1a, 1b, 1c, and 1d are placed on the recording material carrier 8 that moves adjacent to each image forming portion. It is transferred to the recording material 6 that is carried and conveyed, and is further heated and pressurized by the fixing unit 7 and discharged as a fixed recorded image.
[0004]
In the electrophotographic apparatus having such a configuration, in order to transfer the visible images on the electrophotographic photosensitive drums 1a, 1b, 1c, and 1d onto the recording material 6, the electrophotographic photosensitive drums 1a, 1b, 1c, and It is necessary that the pressure at which 1d contacts the recording material 6 is within a certain range. That is, if the pressure is too low, the transfer charging voltage is not applied with high accuracy and the electric field is weakened, so that a so-called transfer failure such as toner being scattered and not being properly transferred onto the recording material 6 occurs. If the pressure is too high, the toner is pressed against the electrophotographic photosensitive drum, and a transfer defect such as a phenomenon in which the toner remains on the electrophotographic photosensitive drum without being transferred onto the recording material 6 occurs.
[0005]
However, even when the pressure at which the electrophotographic photosensitive drums 1a, 1b, 1c and 1d are in contact with the recording material 6 during the transfer is within an appropriate range, the transfer may not be appropriate due to the surface roughness of the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive drum. It was. Further, if the surface roughness of the electrophotographic photosensitive drum changes due to durability, the transfer may not be appropriate.
[0006]
The electrophotographic photosensitive member is naturally required to have required sensitivity, electrical characteristics, and optical characteristics according to the applied electrophotographic process. In particular, for photoreceptors that are used repeatedly, the surface of the photoreceptor is directly subjected to electrical and mechanical external forces such as charging, image exposure, toner development, transfer to paper, and cleaning, and therefore durability against them. Is required. Specifically, durability against surface wear and scratches caused by rubbing on the surface of the photoconductor during transfer and cleaning, degradation of the photoconductor and potential characteristics due to ozone and charged products generated during charging is required. The
[0007]
In order to satisfy the characteristics required for the photoreceptor as described above, attempts have been made to provide a surface protective layer mainly composed of a resin on the photosensitive layer. For example, JP-A-56-42863, JP-A-53-103741, etc. improve the hardness and abrasion resistance of the surface of a photoreceptor by using a protective layer mainly composed of a curable resin. Has been proposed.
[0008]
Further, in order to obtain a more excellent image, it is required that the protective layer of the photoreceptor not only has properties such as high hardness and excellent wear resistance, but also has an appropriate resistance of the protective layer itself. If the resistance of the protective layer is too high, by repeating an electrophotographic process such as charging-exposure, charges are accumulated in the protective layer, so-called residual potential increases, and the potential is not stable when the photoreceptor is used repeatedly. In addition, the image quality becomes unstable. On the other hand, when the resistance is too low, the electrostatic latent image flows in the surface direction through the protective layer, and problems such as image blurring and blurring occur. In order to solve this problem, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 57-30843 proposes to suppress the resistance of the layer by adding a metal oxide as conductive fine particles to the protective layer.
[0009]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, even if the surface roughness of this protective layer is too small or too large, when it is used as an electrophotographic photosensitive drum and incorporated in an image forming apparatus, there is a problem that a transfer failure phenomenon occurs. Further, even when the protective layer is not sufficiently hard, the surface roughness may change due to durability, and a transfer failure phenomenon may occur.
[0010]
In recent years, with further higher image quality and higher durability, an electrophotographic photosensitive member and an image forming apparatus that have higher durability and can stably provide excellent images have been studied.
[0011]
An object of the present invention is to provide an image forming apparatus capable of obtaining a high-quality image that has high durability, long life, and is free from image defects due to transfer defects through durability.
[0012]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member on which a visible image is formed, a recording material carrier that carries and conveys a recording material, and a transfer charging unit that faces the electrophotographic photosensitive member via the recording material carrier. In an image forming apparatus comprising:
The electrophotographic photoreceptor has at least a photosensitive layer and a surface protective layer in this order on a conductive support,
It said transfer charging means includes a transfer charging member in contact with at least a recording material bearing member, and a pressing member for pressing the transcription charging member to the recording material bearing member and an electrophotographic photosensitive member,
The surface protective layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member has a universal hardness value of 180 to 250 N / mm 2 , a ten-point average roughness (Rz) defined in JIS B0601 of 0.04 to 10.00 μm, and the pressing member The image forming apparatus is characterized in that the pressure is 0.3 to 7.0 g / mm 2 .
[0013]
In the present invention, the shape of the transfer charging member is, for example, a blade shape, a roller shape, or a brush shape .
[0014]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention contains at least a charge generation material and a charge transport material.
[0015]
Examples of charge generation materials include phthalocyanine pigments, polycyclic quinone pigments, azo pigments, perylene pigments, indigo pigments, quinacridone pigments, azulenium salt dyes, squarylium dyes, cyanine dyes, pyrylium dyes, thiopyrylium dyes, xanthene dyes, quinoneimine dyes , Triphenylmethane dye, styryl dye, selenium, selenium-tellurium alloy, amorphous silicon, and cadmium sulfide.
[0016]
Examples of charge transport materials include pyrene compounds, N-alkylcarbazole compounds, hydrazone compounds, N, N-dialkylaniline compounds, diphenylamine compounds, triphenylamine compounds, triphenylmethane compounds, pyrazoline compounds, styryl compounds, stilbene compounds, Examples thereof include polynitro compounds and polycyano compounds, and pendant polymers in which these compounds are fixed on the polymer.
[0017]
In the present invention, a photosensitive layer is formed by applying a solution in which a charge generating material and a charge transporting material are dispersed or dissolved in a binder resin having film-forming properties and drying. Examples of the binder resin include polyester, polyurethane, polyarylate, polyethylene, polystyrene, polybutadiene, polycarbonate, polyamide, polypropylene, polyimide, phenol resin, acrylic resin, silicone resin, epoxy resin, urea resin, allyl resin, alkyd resin, polyamide- Examples include imide, nylon, polysulfone, polyallyl ether, polyacetal, and butyral resin.
[0018]
The photosensitive layer may have a single layer structure or a laminated structure. In the case of a laminated structure, it is composed of at least a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer, and the charge polarity and the toner polarity to be used are different depending on whether the charge generation layer is provided on the conductive support side or the charge transport layer is provided. Different. The thickness of the charge generation layer is 0.001 to 6 μm, preferably 0.01 to 2 μm. The content of the charge generation material contained in the charge generation layer is preferably 10 to 100% by weight, more preferably 50 to 100% by weight. The film thickness of the charge transport layer is 5 to 40 μm, preferably 15 to 30 μm. The content of the charge transport material contained in the charge transport layer is preferably 20 to 80% by weight, more preferably 30 to 70% by weight.
[0019]
Examples of the conductive support of the electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention include metals, alloys such as iron, copper, gold, silver, aluminum, zinc, titanium, lead, nickel, tin, antimony and indium, and oxidation of the metals. Materials, carbon, conductive polymers, and the like can be used, and there are cylindrical shapes, cylindrical shapes such as drum shapes, belt shapes, and sheet shapes. The conductive material may be molded as it is, used as a paint, deposited, or processed by etching or plasma treatment. In the case of paint, the above-mentioned metal, alloy, paper, plastic, etc. are also used as a support.
[0020]
In the present invention, an undercoat layer that functions as a charge injection control at the interface or as an adhesive layer may be provided between the conductive support and the photosensitive layer. The undercoat layer is mainly composed of a binder resin, but may contain the metal or alloy, or oxides, salts, or surfactants thereof. Examples of the binder resin for forming the undercoat layer are polyester, polyurethane, polyarylate, polyethylene, polystyrene, polybutadiene, polycarbonate, polyamide, polypropylene, polyimide, phenol resin, acrylic resin, silicone resin, epoxy resin, urea resin, allyl. Examples thereof include resins, alkyd resins, polyamide-imides, nylons, polysulfones, polyaryl ethers, polyacetals and butyral resins. The film thickness is preferably 0.05 to 7 μm, more preferably 0.1 to 2 μm.
[0021]
The surface protective layer in the electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention contains, as a main component, a resin obtained by curing with heat or light. Examples of the resin include thermoplastic resins and curable resins such as polyvinyl acetal, polystyrene, acrylic resin, cellulose ester, cellulose ether, polyester, polycarbonate, phenoxy resin, urethane resin, epoxy resin, polyarylate, styrene resin, and silicone resin. Is mentioned. In order to obtain higher hardness and excellent abrasion resistance, it is preferable to cure the monomer or oligomer with light. Further, the monomer or oligomer preferably has an acryloyl group or a methacryloyl group. A photoinitiator may be used when the monomer or oligomer is cured. The addition amount of the photoinitiator is preferably from 0.1 to 150% by weight, particularly preferably from 0.5 to 100% by weight, based on the total weight of the monomer or oligomer.
[0022]
The surface protective layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor used in the present invention preferably contains dispersed conductive particles such as metal oxide particles from the viewpoint of adjusting the resistance of the surface protective layer. Examples of the conductive metal oxide include particles such as zinc oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, antimony oxide, indium oxide, bismuth oxide, tin oxide doped with indium, tin oxide doped with antimony, and zirconium oxide. These metal oxides are used alone or in combination of two or more. When two or more kinds are mixed, they may take the form of a solid solution or fusion. The content of the metal oxide particles is preferably 5 to 90% by weight with respect to the total weight of the surface protective layer. If the amount is less than 5% by weight, the resistance value as the surface protective layer may be too high, and if it exceeds 90% by weight, the surface layer of the photoreceptor tends to have low resistance, which may cause a decrease in charging ability or pinholes. .
[0023]
Further, from the viewpoint of reducing the water absorption of the conductive metal oxide and suppressing the environmental fluctuation of the resistance of the surface protective layer, it is preferable to subject the metal oxide surface to a water repellent treatment. Examples of the treatment agent used in the water repellent treatment include compounds such as titanate coupling agents, fluorine-containing silane coupling agents, fluorine-modified silicone oils, fluorine surfactants, and acetoalkoxyaluminum diisopropylate.
[0024]
When conductive particles are dispersed in the surface protective layer, in order to prevent scattering of incident light by the dispersed particles, the particle diameter is preferably smaller than the wavelength of incident light, and generally the number average particle diameter is 0.3 μm or less. preferable.
[0025]
In addition, the image forming apparatus of the present invention may be equipped with a cleaning device to remove residual toner. However, among the cleaning means, the most common blade cleaning method always has a problem of blade reversal. This is a problem caused by a very high frictional force between the photosensitive member surface and the blade, and blade reversal occurs when a certain threshold value is exceeded. Therefore, in the surface protective layer of the present invention, a lubricant such as fluorine atom-containing resin fine particles may be contained in the surface protective layer in order to reduce the frictional force on the surface of the photoreceptor.
[0026]
In the present invention, various coupling agents and antioxidants may be added to the surface protective layer in order to further improve dispersibility, adhesion, environmental resistance and the like.
[0027]
The film thickness of the surface protective layer in the present invention is preferably from 0.1 to 10 μm, particularly preferably from 0.5 to 7 μm.
[0028]
The various layers can be formed by vapor deposition or coating. In particular, the coating method is preferable because a film having various compositions can be formed in a wide range from a thin film to a thick film. Examples of the application method include dip coating, spray coating, beam coating, bar coating, blade coating, and roller coating.
[0029]
The universal hardness value of the surface protective layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention is determined as follows. That is, a diamond indenter with a face angle of 136 degrees at the tip of a quadrangular pyramid is loaded and pushed into the surface protective layer to 1 μm. It is obtained as in (1).
[0030]
Universal hardness value HU (N / mm 2 ) = load (N) / surface area of indentation under load (mm 2 ) (1)
[0030]
The universal hardness value of the surface protective layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention is 180 to 250 N / mm 2 , and more preferably 215 N / mm 2 or more.
[0031]
The surface roughness of the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention is 0.04 to 10.00 μm, more preferably 0.05 to 5 μm, as a ten-point average roughness (Rz) defined in JIS B0601. .
[0032]
The shape of the transfer charging member used as a transferring means in the present invention may be any, for example, B Ra-shaped, belt-shaped, those of the blade-like or brush-like. The direction of the charger can be inclined with respect to the center of the electrophotographic photosensitive drum, particularly in the case of a blade-shaped or brush-shaped charger, but either direction may be used. The pressing member may also serve as the charging member or may be integrated. Furthermore, the pressing position may be a charged position or its vicinity. A plurality of pressing members may be provided.
[0033]
In the present invention, the pressing force of the pressing member is 0.3 to 7.0 g / mm 2 .
[0034]
【Example】
(Example 1)
An electrophotographic photosensitive member having a universal hardness value of the surface protective layer of 250 N / mm 2 and a ten-point average roughness (Rz) defined in JIS B0601 of 0.2 μm was produced. Next, using a blade-shaped transfer charger as shown in FIG. 2, the pressure is 3.0 g / mm 2, and 30,000 sheets are printed by the image forming apparatus incorporating the electrophotographic photosensitive member. Saw images at initial and endurance. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0035]
(Examples 2-3)
Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the pressing was 0.3 g / mm 2 or 7.0 g / mm 2 , respectively. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0036]
(Examples 4 to 5)
Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a universal hardness value of the surface protective layer of 180 N / mm 2 or 220 N / mm 2 was used. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0037]
(Examples 6 to 8)
Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a 10-point average roughness (Rz) defined in JIS B0601 of the surface protective layer of 0.05 μm, 2.5 μm, or 4.0 μm was used. . The results are shown in Table 1.
[0038]
(Examples 9 to 16)
Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Examples 1 to 8, except that a roller-shaped transfer charger as shown in FIG. 3 was used. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0039]
(Comparative Examples 1-2)
Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the pressing was 0.2 g / mm 2 or 8.0 g / mm 2 , respectively. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0040]
(Comparative Examples 3-4)
Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a universal hardness value of 140 N / mm 2 or 170 N / mm 2 was used for the surface protective layer. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0041]
(Comparative Examples 5-6)
Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a 10-point average roughness (Rz) defined in JIS B0601 of the surface protective layer of 0.05 μm, 11.5 μm, or 15.0 μm was used. . The results are shown in Table 1.
[0042]
(Comparative Examples 7-12)
Evaluation was performed in the same manner as Comparative Examples 1 to 6 except that a roller-shaped transfer charger as shown in FIG. 3 was used. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0043]
[ Table 1 ]
Figure 0003689570
[0044]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the present invention, it is possible to provide an image forming apparatus capable of obtaining a high-quality image with high durability and long life and without an image defect due to transfer failure from the beginning to the end of the durability.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing an overall configuration of a conventional color electrophotographic recording apparatus (image forming apparatus).
FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an example of transfer means when a blade-shaped transfer charger according to the present invention is used.
FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an example of transfer means when a roller-type transfer charger according to the present invention is used .
[Explanation of symbols]
1 Electrophotographic photoreceptor (drum)
2 Recording material 3 Recording material carrier 4 Transfer charger (pressing member )

Claims (3)

可視像が形成される電子写真感光体と、記録材を担持し搬送する記録材担持体と、該記録材担持体を介して前記電子写真感光体に相対する転写帯電手段とを備えた画像形成装置において、
前記電子写真感光体が、導電性支持体上に少なくとも感光層及び表面保護層をこの順に有し、
前記転写帯電手段が少なくとも記録材担持体に接する転写帯電部材と、該転写帯電部材を記録材担持体及び電子写真感光体に押圧するための押圧部材とを有し、
前記電子写真感光体の表面保護層のユニバーサル硬さ値が180乃至250N/mm JIS B0601に定める十点平均粗さ(Rz)が0.04乃至10.00μmであり、かつ
前記押圧部材の押圧が0.3乃至7.0g/mmである
ことを特徴とする画像形成装置。
An image comprising an electrophotographic photosensitive member on which a visible image is formed, a recording material carrier that carries and conveys a recording material, and a transfer charging unit that faces the electrophotographic photosensitive member via the recording material carrier. In the forming device,
The electrophotographic photoreceptor has at least a photosensitive layer and a surface protective layer in this order on a conductive support,
It said transfer charging means includes a transfer charging member in contact with at least a recording material bearing member, and a pressing member for pressing the transcription charging member to the recording material bearing member and an electrophotographic photosensitive member,
The surface protective layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member has a universal hardness value of 180 to 250 N / mm 2 , a ten-point average roughness (Rz) defined in JIS B0601 of 0.04 to 10.00 μm, and the pressing member The image forming apparatus is characterized in that the pressure is 0.3 to 7.0 g / mm 2 .
前記転写帯電部材の形状がブレード状である請求項1に記載の画像形成装置。  The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the transfer charging member has a blade shape. 前記転写帯電部材の形状がローラー状である請求項1に記載の画像形成装置。  The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the transfer charging member has a roller shape.
JP29354398A 1998-10-15 1998-10-15 Image forming apparatus Expired - Fee Related JP3689570B2 (en)

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