JP3567231B2 - Animal repellent - Google Patents

Animal repellent Download PDF

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Publication number
JP3567231B2
JP3567231B2 JP37616099A JP37616099A JP3567231B2 JP 3567231 B2 JP3567231 B2 JP 3567231B2 JP 37616099 A JP37616099 A JP 37616099A JP 37616099 A JP37616099 A JP 37616099A JP 3567231 B2 JP3567231 B2 JP 3567231B2
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Japan
Prior art keywords
repellent
effect
urushi
trees
active ingredient
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JP37616099A
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JP2001158712A (en
Inventor
圭亮 中田
明 雲野
一人 関
直人 斎藤
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Hokkaido Prefecture
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Hokkaido Prefecture
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、野鼠や野兎などの野生動物によって引き起こされる造林木、果樹、街路樹など植栽木の食害防除に関するものである。具体的には、ウルシ科植物の樹液、樹皮、果実などに含有される成分、またはその誘導体の忌避効果を利用した、安全性が高く、持続性の高い動物忌避剤を提供するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
従来、野鼠や野兎などの野生動物による果樹や林木の被害に対して、その臭いや味などを嫌う動物忌避剤が使用されてきた。例えば、β−ナフトールを有効成分とする2−ナフトール乳剤、クレオソートおよびβ−ナフトールを有効成分とするクレオソート・2−ナフトール液剤、ビス(ジメチルチオカルバミル)ジスルフィドを有効成分とするチウラム水和剤などが実用化されている。しかし、これらは、周囲への刺激臭が強い、対象とする有害動物のみならずその他の動物にも影響を及ぼす、施用対象となる樹木自身または近隣植物に薬害を発生させる恐れがある、魚毒性が高く河川、湖沼、海域及び養殖池等などへの流出が危惧される場所では使用できない、などの問題点があり、施用方法に極めて制約が多かった。
【0003】
また、従来の忌避剤は、忌避効果の持続性が十分ではないといった欠点をもっていた。これを改善するため、展着剤を添加混合して使用する方法が知られている。例えば、ポリオキシエチレンアルキルフェニルエーテル、ポリオキシエチレンアルキルエーテルなどの非イオン界面活性剤、アルキルベンゼンスルホン酸塩、リグニンスルホン酸塩などの陰イオン界面活性剤などの界面活性剤系の展着剤、D−ソルビット展着剤、カゼイン石灰展着剤、パラフィン展着剤などが挙げられる。これら自体は薬効を持たず、薬剤の物理性を増強し、薬効の持続性を図る補助剤として用いられている。しかし、これらは農作物用の一時的な病害虫駆除の補助剤としての特徴が優先されており、野生動物のように1年中害を及ぼす場合、その薬効を持続させるには不十分である。とりわけ多雪地域では、樹木の地際部は長期に渡って雪面下となり、後日散布することが困難なことから、忌避効果の長い薬剤が不可欠である。これを改善する目的で、アスファルト乳剤(特開昭56−53604公報)などが試みられているが、周辺環境に対する配慮は十分とはいえない。
【0004】
ウルシは、古くから塗料として使用される天然高分子材料である。現在では美術工芸品的要素が強くなっているが、地球環境の点から天然素材であるウルシが注目されている。漆液の組成は、樹齢、採取時期、産地によっても異なるが、ウルシオール、ゴム質(多糖類)、含窒素物、酵素、水を含む複合体である。その塗膜は耐水性、耐腐食性にすぐれ、また粘弾性が高く割れや亀裂が生じ難い。これらの性質から、塗料(美装、防錆剤、防腐剤)や接着剤が主な用途となっている。ウルシの大きな欠点として「かぶれ」がある。ウルシオールが皮膚の蛋白質と反応して炎症をおこすとされている。このこともあり、漆器類はネズミによる被害が受けにくいと言われている。しかし、ウルシの野生動物に対する影響については未知の部分が多く、これを忌避剤とした利用には至っていない。
【0005】
植物性繊維材料の炭化等の熱処理時に生成する熱分解液は、例えば木材では木酢液と木タールに分けられ、木酢液にはアセトン、メタノールのほか、酢酸を始めとする有機酸が含まれ果樹や樹木等に対する雑草防除、消臭効果が知られる。木タールにはクレゾールやグアイアコールなどの芳香族炭化水素が含まれ、防腐効果、粘結効果を持つことが知られている。しかし、熱分解液を化学原料とするには精製、コストに問題があり、生産量も多くないことなどから、大半が廃棄されている。これまでに、熱分解液特有の煙臭を利用し、シカなどの動物忌避剤として試みられたが、その単独使用による効果は十分とはいえない。
【0006】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
野生動物に対する忌避剤は、農林業上の有害動物に対して選択的に、高い忌避作用を発揮し、その他の動植物、河川など周辺環境には影響が少ないことが望まれる。また、忌避効果は、半年以上のような長期にわたって発揮されるものが求められる。
【0007】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は上記のような問題点に鑑み、下記のようになるものである。第1発明は、農林業上の有害動物に対して忌避作用を持つ飽和または不飽和直鎖炭化水素類を有したフェノール類、カテコール類、または、その誘導体を有効成分として、環境に優しい高い忌避効果を有する新規な動物忌避剤を提供するものである。第2発明は、植物性繊維材料の熱処理時に生成する熱分解液の展着性、溶解性を利用して、ウルシ科植物の有効成分または誘導体の雨水などによる溶脱防止と、忌避効果の持続性を改善した、作業性の良好な動物忌避剤を提供するものである。
【0008】
【発明の実施の形態】
ウルシ科植物としては、ウルシ、ヤマウルシ、ツタウルシ、ハゼ、ヌルデやカシューツリーなどが挙げられる。これらウルシ科植物の樹皮、樹葉、材部または果実などを不定形に粉砕圧搾した搾汁液、水、アルコール、アセトンやエーテルなどの溶媒で抽出した抽出液、一般的にウルシから採取される漆液やカシューツリーから得られるカシュー樹脂、これらを精製してフェノール類、カテコール類またはその誘導体の組成比を高めたものなどが忌避剤となる。主に天然物由来であることから、環境に優しい、有害動物に対して選択的な効果を持つ忌避剤として使用することができる。また、市販のウルシオールやカルダノール、その誘導体である3−n−ペンタデシルフェノールを忌避成分として添加すると、安定性の高い、均一、調合の容易な忌避剤となる。
【0009】
ウルシ科植物の樹液、抽出物、または誘導体などはそのままでの使用も可能であるが、その粘性および施用方法を考慮して、水やアルコールなどの溶媒を添加して用いることも良好である。通常の場合、その混合比は有効成分:溶媒を0.1〜1000:100の重量比、好ましくは1〜20:100の重量比となるように調製する。この調剤を樹木の樹幹等に、刷毛等を用いて塗布、またはスプレーで散布する。調剤に含まれる溶媒等は気化蒸散し、残された忌避成分が塗膜を形成する。なお、ウルシ科植物の樹液、抽出物、または誘導体の展着性を改善するため、塗膜形成能の高い従来の補助剤を添加することも良好である。
【0010】
本発明で展着剤として用いる熱分解液は、木材、木粉、チップ、パルプ、古紙、タケ、ササなどの林産物および稲藁、籾殻、麦藁などの穀類副産物を熱処理して得られるもので、木酢液、木タール、竹酢液、籾酢液、籾タールなどが挙げられる。これら植物性繊維材料の熱分解液そのものも有害動物などに対して忌避効果を持つことから、これをウルシ科植物の樹液、抽出物または誘導体などの有効成分と適量混合することで相乗的な効果が発揮される。また、混合物の粘性および施用方法を考慮して、水やアルコールなどの溶媒を添加して用いることも良好である。その混合比は、有効成分:熱分解液:溶媒を0.1〜1000:0.1〜1000:100の重量比、好ましくは1〜20:1〜20:100の重量比が良好な展着性を与える。適度の粘着性により、乾燥後は保護対象樹木に均一な薄膜を形成し、雨水などに流されることが少なく、長期間にわたって忌避効果が発揮される。
【0012】
【実施例】
以下、実施例を挙げて本発明を具体的に説明するが、本発明の要旨をそれらが限定するものではない。なお、以下に記す%は重量%である。
【0013】
実施例1
ヤマウルシの内皮を風乾し、ウィレーミルで1mm以下に粉砕した。これを70%アセトン−水で抽出し、減圧濃縮して抽出液を得た。これを固形分量が8%となるようにエタノールで希釈した。また、カシューツリーから得られるカシュー樹脂および市販の3−n−ペンタデシルフェノールをそれぞれ固形分量8%のエタノール溶液とした。これらと、エタノール溶液(無処理)および固形分量8%のチウラム水和剤を比較した。生物試験には、林地で捕獲したエゾヤチネズミを用い、冬期間の屋内で実施した。室内温度は−3〜5℃として、積雪下の条件に近似させた。試験に用いた枝は、直径6〜10mmのニセアカシア1年生枝で、長さ5cmに調製した。上記のエタノール溶液に5分間浸せきした後、24時間風乾した。各々の溶液に浸せきした枝を、ベニヤ板に10cm間隔の碁盤目状に打ちつけた釘に挿し付けて、金網箱(たて×よこ×高さ:53×84×46cm)の底に置いた。挿し付け順番はラテン方格に基づいた。金網箱にエゾヤチネズミ5頭を入れて、24時間摂食させた。なお、ネズミには他の餌は与えず、水は給水器を使用し自由飲水とした。試験は6回反復し、摂食程度を枝の重量減少量で評価した。その結果、ヤマウルシ、3−n−ペンタデシルフェノールは、チウラム8%水和剤と同様に高い摂食抑制効果を示した。また、カシュー樹脂にも、無処理と比較して十分な忌避効果が認められた。
【0014】
【表1】

Figure 0003567231
【0015】
実施例2
展着剤として熱分解液を用いて実施例1と同様の生物試験を行った。熱分解液は油吸着材の製造方法およびその連続製造装置(特許第2594507号公報)によって、トドマツ材チップから得られた熱分解液を使用した。すなわち、ヤマウルシの抽出液および熱分解液を、固形分量がそれぞれ4%となるようにエタノールで希釈した。これらと、エタノール溶液(無処理)およびチウラム8%水和剤を比較した。その結果、熱分解液の添加区は無処理よりも極めて高く、かつ安定的な摂食抑制効果が認められた。さらに、抽出物に植物性繊維材料の熱分解液を添加したことで、忌避効果の増加が見られ、チウラムと同等の効果が見られた。熱分解液を添加したことで、展着性が改善され、持続性の高い調剤と認められた。
【0016】
【表2】
Figure 0003567231
【0017】
【発明の効果】
本発明の動物忌避剤は、ウルシ科植物の樹液、抽出物、またはその誘導体など、天然物を主な有効成分としている。自然の仕組みを生かした防除技術を用いることで、人間と自然が共生する豊かな緑環境の形成が可能となる。
【0018】
一般的な漆器用としては不適当な品質の漆液、付加価値の低いカシュー樹脂の新たな用途となる。また、木タールような植物性繊維材料の熱分解物は焼却処分が多く、これらの新たな用途となりうる。ウルシ科植物の樹液、抽出物などは無色または褐色、黒色で、熱分解液も褐色であることから、これらを原料とした本発明の動物忌避剤は、環境や植物との色彩的にも適当な調剤となりうる。[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the control of planted trees, such as afforested trees, fruit trees, and street trees, caused by wild animals such as wild rats and rabbits. Specifically, the present invention provides a highly safe and long-lasting animal repellent utilizing the repellent effect of a component contained in sap, bark, fruit, etc. of a plant belonging to the family Urushi or a derivative thereof.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Conventionally, animal repellents that dislike the smell and taste of damage to fruit trees and forest trees by wild animals such as wild rats and rabbits have been used. For example, 2-naphthol emulsion containing β-naphthol as an active ingredient, creosote, creosote 2-naphthol solution containing β-naphthol as an active ingredient, and thiuram hydrate containing bis (dimethylthiocarbamyl) disulfide as an active ingredient. Agents have been put to practical use. However, they have a strong irritating odor to the surroundings, affect not only the target pests but also other animals, may cause harm to the target trees themselves or neighboring plants, However, the method cannot be used in places where there is a risk of outflow to rivers, lakes, marshes, sea areas, culture ponds, etc., and the method of application has been extremely restricted.
[0003]
In addition, the conventional repellents have a drawback that the repellency is not sufficiently maintained. In order to improve this, there is known a method of adding and mixing a spreading agent. For example, surfactant-based spreading agents such as nonionic surfactants such as polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl ether and polyoxyethylene alkyl ether; anionic surfactants such as alkylbenzene sulfonate and lignin sulfonate; -Sorbitol spreading agents, casein lime spreading agents, paraffin spreading agents and the like. They have no medicinal properties themselves, and are used as adjuvants to enhance the physical properties of the drug and maintain the medicinal properties. However, they are given priority as temporary supplements for pest control for crops, and when they cause harm throughout the year like wildlife, they are not sufficient to maintain their medicinal effects. Particularly in a snowy area, the edge of the tree is under the snow surface for a long time, and it is difficult to spray it at a later date. Therefore, a chemical having a long repellent effect is indispensable. For the purpose of improving this, asphalt emulsions (JP-A-56-53604) and the like have been tried, but the consideration for the surrounding environment is not sufficient.
[0004]
Urushi is a natural polymer material that has long been used as a paint. Nowadays arts and crafts elements are becoming stronger, but natural materials such as urushi are attracting attention in terms of the global environment. Although the composition of the lacquer liquor varies depending on the age of the tree, the time of collection, and the place of production, it is a complex containing urushiol, rubber (polysaccharide), nitrogen-containing substances, enzymes, and water. The coating film is excellent in water resistance and corrosion resistance, and has high viscoelasticity and hardly causes cracks and cracks. Due to these properties, paints (beautiful products, rust preventives, preservatives) and adhesives are mainly used. A major drawback of Urushi is "rash". Urushiol is said to react with skin proteins to cause inflammation. For this reason, lacquerware is said to be less susceptible to damage by rats. However, there are many unknowns about the effect of urushi on wildlife, and it has not been used as a repellent.
[0005]
The pyrolysis liquid generated during heat treatment, such as carbonization of vegetable fiber materials, is divided into wood vinegar and wood tar, for example, in wood, and the wood vinegar contains acetone, methanol, and organic acids such as acetic acid. It is known for its weed control and deodorizing effects on trees and trees. It is known that wood tar contains aromatic hydrocarbons such as cresol and guaiacol, and has an antiseptic effect and a caking effect. However, since the pyrolysis solution is used as a chemical raw material, there is a problem in purification and cost, and the production amount is not large. Until now, it has been tried as an animal repellent for deer and the like by utilizing the smoke odor peculiar to the pyrolysis solution, but the effect of using it alone is not sufficient.
[0006]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
It is desired that a repellent for wild animals selectively exerts a high repellent effect on pests in agriculture and forestry, and has little effect on the surrounding environment such as other animals, plants and rivers. Further, it is required that the repellent effect be exerted for a long period of time such as six months or more.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present invention has the following problems in view of the above problems. The first invention is an environment-friendly high repellent using phenols, catechols or derivatives thereof having saturated or unsaturated linear hydrocarbons having a repellent effect on harmful animals in agriculture and forestry as an active ingredient. It is intended to provide a novel animal repellent having an effect. The second invention utilizes the spreadability and solubility of a thermal decomposition liquid generated during heat treatment of a vegetable fiber material to prevent leaching of an active ingredient or derivative of a plant belonging to the family Urushiaceae by rainwater, and to maintain the repellent effect. The object of the present invention is to provide an animal repellent with improved workability and good workability.
[0008]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Examples of the urushi family include urushi, yamaurushi, poison ivy, goby, nurde, cashew tree, and the like. Juice obtained by crushing and squeezing the bark, leaves, timber, or fruit of these sorghum plants into irregular shapes, an extract extracted with water, alcohol, a solvent such as acetone or ether, lacquer liquor generally collected from sorghum And cashew resins obtained from cashew trees, and those obtained by purifying these and increasing the composition ratio of phenols, catechols or derivatives thereof, etc., can be used as repellents. Since it is mainly derived from natural products, it can be used as an environmentally friendly repellent having a selective effect on pests. In addition, when commercially available urushiol, cardanol, or 3-n-pentadecylphenol, a derivative thereof, is added as a repellent component, the repellent becomes highly stable, uniform, and easily mixed.
[0009]
The sap, extract, or derivative of the plant of the family Urushi can be used as it is, but it is also preferable to add a solvent such as water or alcohol in consideration of its viscosity and application method. Usually, the mixing ratio is such that the active ingredient: solvent is in a weight ratio of 0.1 to 1000: 100, preferably 1 to 20: 100. This preparation is applied to a tree trunk or the like using a brush or the like, or sprayed by spraying. The solvent and the like contained in the preparation evaporate and evaporate, and the remaining repellent components form a coating film. In addition, in order to improve the spreadability of the sap, extract, or derivative of the plant of the family Urushi, it is also preferable to add a conventional auxiliary having a high ability to form a coating film.
[0010]
The pyrolysis liquid used as a spreading agent in the present invention is obtained by heat treatment of wood, wood flour, chips, pulp, waste paper, bamboo, forest products such as bamboo and rice straw, rice hulls, and cereal by-products such as wheat straw, Wood vinegar, wood tar, bamboo vinegar, rice vinegar, rice tar and the like. Since the pyrolyzed liquid itself of these plant fiber materials itself has a repellent effect against harmful animals, etc., synergistic effects can be obtained by mixing this with the active ingredient such as sap, extract or derivative of urushi plant Is exhibited. It is also preferable to add a solvent such as water or alcohol in consideration of the viscosity of the mixture and the application method. The mixing ratio is such that the active ingredient: the pyrolysis solution: the solvent has a good weight ratio of 0.1 to 1000: 0.1 to 1000: 100, preferably a weight ratio of 1 to 20: 1 to 20: 100. Give sex. Due to the appropriate tackiness, after drying, a uniform thin film is formed on the tree to be protected, the water is not easily washed away by rainwater, etc., and the repellent effect is exhibited for a long period of time.
[0012]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described specifically with reference to Examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto. The percentages described below are percentages by weight.
[0013]
Example 1
The endosperm of yamasushi was air-dried and pulverized to 1 mm or less with a wheelie mill. This was extracted with 70% acetone-water and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain an extract. This was diluted with ethanol to a solid content of 8%. A cashew resin obtained from a cashew tree and a commercially available 3-n-pentadecylphenol were each used as an ethanol solution having a solid content of 8%. These were compared with an ethanol solution (untreated) and a thiuram wettable powder having a solid content of 8%. Biological tests were carried out indoors during the winter period using Ezo voles captured in forest land. The room temperature was set to -3 to 5 [deg.] C. to approximate the condition under snow. The branch used for the test was an annual branch of pseudocacia having a diameter of 6 to 10 mm, and was adjusted to 5 cm in length. After immersion in the above-mentioned ethanol solution for 5 minutes, it was air-dried for 24 hours. The branches soaked in each solution were inserted into nails struck in a grid pattern at 10 cm intervals on a plywood board, and placed on the bottom of a wire mesh box (vertical × horizontal × height: 53 × 84 × 46 cm). The insertion order was based on the Latin square. Five shrews were placed in a wire mesh box and fed for 24 hours. No other food was given to the rats, and water was supplied freely using a water supply device. The test was repeated six times, and the degree of eating was evaluated by the weight loss of the branches. As a result, porpoise and 3-n-pentadecyl phenol exhibited a high antifeeding effect as in the case of thiuram 8% wettable powder. In addition, the cashew resin also exhibited a sufficient repellent effect as compared with no treatment.
[0014]
[Table 1]
Figure 0003567231
[0015]
Example 2
The same biological test as in Example 1 was performed using a pyrolysis solution as a spreading agent. As the thermal decomposition liquid, a thermal decomposition liquid obtained from a fir tree chip by a method for producing an oil adsorbent and a continuous production apparatus thereof (Japanese Patent No. 2594507) was used. That is, the extract and the pyrolyzed liquid of yamasushi were diluted with ethanol so that the solid content was 4% each. These were compared with an ethanol solution (untreated) and thiuram 8% wettable powder. As a result, the addition of the pyrolysis solution was much higher than that of the untreated group, and a stable feeding-suppressing effect was observed. Furthermore, by adding the pyrolyzed liquid of the vegetable fiber material to the extract, the repellent effect was increased, and an effect equivalent to that of thiuram was observed. By adding the pyrolysis solution, spreadability was improved, and the preparation was recognized as having high durability.
[0016]
[Table 2]
Figure 0003567231
[0017]
【The invention's effect】
The animal repellent of the present invention contains a natural product such as a sap of a plant of the family Urushi, an extract thereof, or a derivative thereof as a main active ingredient. By using the control technology that makes use of the mechanism of nature, it is possible to create a rich green environment where humans and nature coexist.
[0018]
For general lacquerware, this is a new use of lacquer liquid of inappropriate quality and cashew resin with low added value. Further, thermal decomposition products of plant fiber materials such as wood tar are often incinerated, and can be used for these new applications. Since the sap and extract of urushi plants are colorless or brown and black, and the pyrolyzed liquid is also brown, the animal repellent of the present invention using these as raw materials is suitable for the environment and color with plants. It can be a perfect preparation.

Claims (1)

3−n−ペンタデシルフェノールを有効成分とすることを特徴とする動物忌避剤。An animal repellent comprising 3-n-pentadecylphenol as an active ingredient.
JP37616099A 1999-11-30 1999-11-30 Animal repellent Expired - Fee Related JP3567231B2 (en)

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KR101039093B1 (en) 2008-07-02 2011-06-03 농업회사법인 (주) 참옻들 Natural vermin exterminator using extract of rhus vemiciflua, process for preparing the same and method for scattering thereof
BR112012019689B1 (en) 2010-02-08 2018-01-30 Scent Science International Inc USE OF A COMPOUND AS AN ANIMAL REPELLENT FOR A MAMMALIAN AND METHOD FOR REPELING A MAMMALIAN
KR101224104B1 (en) * 2010-11-16 2013-02-06 청산화학(주) A preventive compound of disease in plants contain extracts from lacquer tree
KR101152343B1 (en) * 2011-05-27 2012-06-15 (주)이지플렉스 Composition for Repelling Wild Birds
JP5917611B2 (en) * 2014-06-27 2016-05-18 フタワ株式会社 Animal repellent
JP7061155B2 (en) * 2020-05-29 2022-04-27 あらい有限会社 3-Methylbutanoic acid (isovaleric acid) adsorption lacquer film and deodorant tool

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