JP3559487B2 - Mineral-rich oyster extract and method for producing the same - Google Patents

Mineral-rich oyster extract and method for producing the same Download PDF

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JP3559487B2
JP3559487B2 JP37456499A JP37456499A JP3559487B2 JP 3559487 B2 JP3559487 B2 JP 3559487B2 JP 37456499 A JP37456499 A JP 37456499A JP 37456499 A JP37456499 A JP 37456499A JP 3559487 B2 JP3559487 B2 JP 3559487B2
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oyster
extract
mineral
aqueous solution
zinc
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JP2001149049A (en
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和義 松永
宏和 三宅
明宏 山下
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Bizen Chemical Co Ltd
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Bizen Chemical Co Ltd
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、ミネラルを高濃度で含有してなる牡蠣エキス、その製造方法および利用に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
牡蠣は二枚貝カキ類の総称で、世界中では約200種類見出され、日本産牡蠣は十数種類のものがあるといわれている。食用牡蠣として、卵生種ではケガキ、マガキ、スミノエガキ、アメリカガキ、ポルトガルガキ等が、卵胎生種ではイタボガキ、ヨーロッパガキ、オリンピアガキ等が知られている。とくにマガキは我が国においても全国各地で養殖され、生食、フライ、缶詰、燻製品、干し牡蠣等の形態で食用に供されている。また、牡蠣肉を原料としてオイスターソースを調製したり、グリコーゲンやタウリンを採取するために利用され、牡蠣殻からは石灰(カキ灰)やカルシウムが製造されている。
【0003】
牡蠣にはグリコーゲン、タウリン、アミノ酸、ビタミンB群(B、B、B12)、ミネラル(亜鉛、カルシウム、カリウム、マグネシウム、鉄、ヨウ素等)等が含まれており、これらの栄養素や特有の旨味を有効利用するために、牡蠣を原料として抽出エキスが製造、市販されている。牡蠣の抽出エキスは、通常、牡蠣肉を適宜に細断し、50〜90℃の温水に浸漬するか熱水中で煮沸した後、抽出されない固形分を分離して抽出液を得、該抽出液を濃縮、乾燥処理することによって製造される(特公昭60−18381号公報等)。しかしながら、かかる方法によって得られる牡蠣抽出エキスには、牡蠣に元来含まれているミネラルが効率的に抽出され含有されているものではない。また、亜鉛、カルシウム、マグネシウム等の栄養学的に重要なミネラルとともにカドミウムやヒ素といった好ましくない重金属類も含有される懸念がある。一方、牡蠣抽出エキスを採取する際に副生する固形物である抽出残渣は、廃棄処分されるか家畜用飼料に利用される程度のものであり、産業上有効活用されるものではなかった。
【0004】
近年、微量ミネラル類の栄養学的意義が解明されるにつれて、生活習慣病の発生や食事パターンの見直しとの関連でミネラルが注目されている。例えば、亜鉛やマグネシウム等は生理的貯蔵量が限られており、欠乏症が起こりやすい。ヒトでの摂取量は、亜鉛:15mg/日、マグネシウム:300mg/日とされているが、摂食する食品の偏り、調理済加工食品の多用等のためにこれらミネラルの摂取不足は著しく、日本人の平均摂取量は亜鉛:10〜11mg/日、マグネシウム:200〜250mg/日(女子では150mg/日)である。
【0005】
亜鉛が欠乏すると成長不全、蛋白同化不全、免疫機能低下、精線機能低下、味覚障害や食欲の低下等の症状がみられることはよく知られており、最近では骨粗鬆症の治療と予防に亜鉛の効能が認められている。また、マグネシウムの欠乏では高血圧、虚血性心疾患、動脈硬化症等の生活習慣病を誘発することが知られている。そして、亜鉛とともに糖尿病治療における有効性も検討されている。カルシウムは骨の形成、強化のために必要なミネラルとして周知のものである。
【0006】
このように、亜鉛やマグネシウム等はヒトの健康維持や疾病予防のうえで重要な役割を担うミネラルであり、これらを強化補強するねらいから種々の栄養補助食品、健康食品等が開発されている。これらの食品に配合される亜鉛供給源としては、前記の牡蠣抽出エキスや亜鉛含有酵母等が利用されているが、従来の牡蠣抽出エキスでは生牡蠣に含まれる亜鉛の量の約10重量%しか抽出されないため多量のエキスを用いなければならず、亜鉛含有酵母では風味が悪く、該酵母を培養する際に用いられる無機質亜鉛の残存懸念があった。また、マグネシウム供給源としてはドロマイトが上市されているが、食品原料としての妥当性の点で問題がある。
【0007】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
かかる現状に鑑み、本発明では、一般の食品原材料として長期間の食経験があり、安全な食材である牡蠣を原料として、健康の維持増進や疾病予防に有用な微量ミネラルを高濃度で含有し、安全性の点で懸念のない牡蠣エキスおよびその製造方法を提供し、さらには健康増進や疾病予防に有効利用され得る食用組成物を提供することを目的とした。
【0008】
【課題を解決するための手段】
前記課題のミネラル高含有牡蠣エキスは、牡蠣肉を酸性水溶液の共存下に加熱し抽出してなるものである。ここで、牡蠣肉は、牡蠣肉を少なくとも1回以上加圧下で熱水抽出し、その残渣として得られる固形物を用いるのがよい。酸性水溶液は有機酸を含有してなるものが望ましく、有機酸としては酢酸類であることがより好ましい。また、本発明でいうミネラルとは、栄養学的に有用な微量元素であり、好ましくは亜鉛、マグネシウムおよびカルシウムからなる群から選択される1種または2種以上のもので、さらに好ましくは亜鉛および/またはマグネシウムである。
【0009】
前記課題のミネラル高含有牡蠣エキスの製造方法は、牡蠣肉を、酢酸類を含み、pH6以下の酸性水溶液の共存下、加熱して加圧下で抽出して該抽出液を濃縮するか、あるいは、牡蠣肉を少なくとも1回以上加圧下で熱水抽出し、その残渣として得られる固形物を、酢酸類を含み、pH6以下の酸性水溶液の共存下、加熱して常圧下または加圧下で抽出して該抽出液を濃縮することによって達成される。この方法においては、牡蠣肉を酸性水溶液の共存下で抽出処理することが重要であり、該処理は大気圧を超えた加圧状態で行うか、あるいは該処理に先立って予め加圧状態で熱水抽出処理する場合には常圧または加圧状態で行うことが望ましい。酸性水溶液は有機酸を含み、pH6以下のものとすることがより好ましく、有機酸としては酢酸類であることがより好ましい。また、ミネラルとしては、栄養学的に有用な微量元素であり、好ましくは亜鉛、マグネシウムおよびカルシウムからなる群から選択される1種または2種以上のもので、さらに好ましくは亜鉛および/またはマグネシウムである。
【0010】
さらに、前記課題の食用組成物は、前述のミネラル高含有牡蠣エキスを配合してなる食用組成物によって達成される。
【0011】
【発明の実施の形態】
まず、本発明のミネラル高含有牡蠣エキスについて以下にさらに詳述する。本発明のミネラル高含有牡蠣エキスは、牡蠣肉を酸性水溶液の共存下に加熱し抽出してなるものである。この牡蠣エキスを得るための原料である牡蠣は、従来から食用に供されているものならばよく、あるいはこれ以外のものでも毒性物質や有害物質を含んでいないものならばさしつかえなく、その種類、産地、収穫時期によって制限されるものではない。具体例としてマガキ、アメリカガキ、ヨーロッパガキ、イタボガキ、ケガキ、ポルトガルガキ等をあげることができる。抽出処理を施す牡蠣の形態は任意であり、牡蠣肉を用いることが望ましいが、牡蠣殻をつけた牡蠣肉でもよい。牡蠣肉は生のむき身、凍結したむき身、干して乾燥したむき身のほか、中性水で既にエキスを抽出処理した残渣でもさしつかえない。このうち、生あるいは凍結の牡蠣肉や、該牡蠣肉を少なくとも1回以上加圧下で熱水抽出して副生する残渣である固形物を用いると、効率的に本発明の所望の効果を奏することができる。
【0012】
酸性水溶液はリン酸、塩酸等の無機酸を用いて調製してもよいが、本発明のミネラル高含有牡蠣エキスを食用に供する場合には有機酸を用いることが望ましい。有機酸としては乳酸、酢酸、酪酸、コハク酸、リンゴ酸、クエン酸、酒石酸等およびこれらの混合有機酸、前記有機酸をナトリウムやカリウムで部分塩にしたもの等を例示でき、このうち酢酸、クエン酸がより好ましく、さらには酢酸が最も好ましい。酢酸には合成酢、米酢、リンゴ酢、果実酢、ワインビネガー、昆布酢等の醸造酢を対象とすることができ、また、これらを任意割合で混合して利用できる。かかる有機酸類は0.1〜20重量%、より好ましくは1〜10重量%、最も好ましくは2〜5重量%の水溶液として用いる。pHは6以下、望ましくは5〜1である。
【0013】
本発明のミネラル高含有牡蠣エキスを効率的に製造するには次のように行うのがよい。すなわち、牡蠣肉を適宜に細断し、これに前記酸性水溶液を1〜100倍量(重量基準、以下同様)加え、約50℃以上に加熱して、望ましくは大気圧以上、より好適には1.1〜3kg/cmの圧力状態を保持しつつ、0.5〜6時間、必要に応じて撹拌しながら浸漬するか煮沸する。ここで、加圧状態が大気圧のままではミネラルの抽出効率が低く、一方、3kg/cmを超える高圧状態にしてもミネラルの抽出量はもはや増えない。ついで、これを室温程度まで冷却し、濾過、遠心分離等の適当な手段を用いて抽出液と固形分残渣とに分け、抽出液を適宜にpH調整し、フリーズドライやスプレードライ等の乾燥処理に供して本発明のミネラル高含有牡蠣エキスを得ることができる。
【0014】
また、適宜に細断した牡蠣肉に中性水1〜100倍量を加え、前記と同様に加熱かつ加圧状態で浸漬または煮沸した後、抽出液と残渣を分け、この残渣として得られる固形物に前記酸性水溶液を1〜100倍量加え、約50℃以上に加熱して、常圧下または加圧下、より好ましくは1.1〜3kg/cmの圧力状態を保持しつつ、0.5〜6時間、必要に応じて撹拌しながら浸漬するか煮沸する。ついで、これ以降は前記の酸性水溶液を用いた場合と同様に処理して、さらには適宜に前記中性水による抽出液とあわせて処理して、本発明のミネラル高含有牡蠣エキスを得ることができる。なお、前記の中性水を用いた抽出処理によって副生する残渣固形物は、少なくとも1回以上加圧下で抽出処理されたものが望ましいが、加圧下で抽出処理されていないものであっても、酸性水溶液を用いた抽出処理を加圧下で行うことによって同等の所望の効果を奏する本発明のエキスを調製できる。
【0015】
本発明のミネラル高含有牡蠣エキスは、従来の抽出法によって製造される通常の牡蠣エキスに含まれるタウリンやグリコーゲン等を同程度に含み、さらに種々のミネラルを高濃度に含有することを特徴とする。ミネラルの含有量は、牡蠣肉の種類や産地のほか抽出処理に用いる酸性水溶液の種類、pHおよび牡蠣肉に対する使用量によってバラつきはあるが、とりわけ、亜鉛、マグネシウムおよびカルシウムからなる群から選ばれる1種または2種以上のミネラルに富み、さらには亜鉛および/またはマグネシウムを多く含む牡蠣エキスである。これをより具体的に表現すれば、従来法によって得られる牡蠣エキス粉末中には、一般的に亜鉛:200〜500ppm、マグネシウム:1,500〜3,000ppmおよびカルシウム:500〜1,500ppmが含まれるが、本発明のミネラル高含有牡蠣エキス粉末では、それぞれ概ね1,000〜5,000ppm、2,000〜4,000ppmおよび1,000〜3,000ppmである。さらに、亜鉛およびカルシウムの大部分は有機態物として含有される。また、従来法による牡蠣エキス粉末にはカドミウム:0.1〜1ppm、ヒ素:10〜30ppmが含まれるが、本発明のミネラル高含有牡蠣エキスではカドミウムは約0.1ppm程度、ヒ素:0.1〜5ppmであり、有害な微量金属が少ない。なお、本発明のミネラル高含有牡蠣エキスは、これを適宜にpH調整して種々の用途に利用できる。
【0016】
本発明では、前述のようなミネラル高含有牡蠣エキスが得られ、これを産業的に有効利用する態様として該エキスを配合してなる食用組成物が好適である。すなわち、本発明のミネラル高含有牡蠣エキスは、従来の牡蠣エキスと同様に利用でき、これをそのまま液状、ゲル状あるいは固形状の食品、例えば清涼飲料、ジュース、茶、ドレッシング、スープ、ゼリー、プリン、ヨーグルト、ふりかけ、ガム、キャンディー、ケーキミックス、粉末状または液体状の乳製品、パン、クッキー等に添加したり、適宜に澱粉、デキストリン、乳糖等の賦型剤や色素、香料等とともに粉末、顆粒、錠剤等に加工したり、ゼラチン等の被覆材を用いてカプセルに成形加工して健康食品や栄養補助食品等として利用できる。なお、本発明の食用組成物はこれらの例示に限定されるものではない。また、食用組成物において、本発明のミネラル高含有牡蠣エキスの配合量は、当該食用組成物の種類や状態等により一律に規定しがたいが、概ね0.1〜50重量%、より好ましくは1〜30重量%である。配合量が0.1重量%未満では摂食によるミネラル補給、グリコーゲンやタウリンの摂取の効果が小さく、50重量%を超えると食用組成物の種類によっては風味を損なったり、当該食用組成物を調製できなくなる場合がある。なお、本発明のミネラル高含有牡蠣エキスそれ自体は、従来の牡蠣エキスとほぼ同じ色調および風味を有しており、苦味なく、牡蠣エキス特有の旨味があり、これをそのまま食用組成物として食用に供してもさしつかえない。
【0017】
【実施例】
実施例1〜9
ステンレス製の耐圧性抽出釜に、生牡蠣および酸性水溶液(実施例1〜5:3重量%酢酸水溶液、実施例6〜9:食用米酢(酢酸濃度:4.5重量%))を表1に示す割合で仕込み、1.3kg/cmの加圧下で約1時間煮沸した。ついで、内容物を室温になるまで冷却し、遠心分離(5,000rpm、10分間)して抽出液と残渣とに分け、この抽出液中のヒ素を除くミネラル含量を原子吸光法により、また、ヒ素含量は分光光度法によりそれぞれ測定してミネラル抽出量を調べた。この結果を表1にまとめて示す。なお、ミネラル抽出量の各数値は生牡蠣の単位重量(kg)あたりの各ミネラル重量(mg)で表示した。
【0018】
【表1】

Figure 0003559487
【0019】
表1から、前記酸性水溶液を用いて生牡蠣から亜鉛、マグネシウム、カルシウム等の栄養学的に重要なミネラルに富む牡蠣エキスを製造できることが明らかになった。生牡蠣に対して酸性水溶液の使用倍率が小さいほど亜鉛の抽出量が多くなり、亜鉛、マグネシウムおよびカルシウムの3種類のミネラル抽出総量に占める亜鉛の含有率が高くなること(例えば、実施例5では34%)、酸性水溶液の使用倍率が大きくなるにつれてマグネシウムおよびカルシウムの抽出量が増え、亜鉛の抽出量が減少し(例えば、実施例1および6)、これら3種類のミネラルの抽出総量が増加することが認められた。一方、生牡蠣から抽出されるカドミウムおよびヒ素はいずれも極めて微量であった。
【0020】
比較例1、2
実施例5において、3重量%酢酸水溶液100リットルを同量の中性水に代え、1.3kg/cmの加圧下(比較例1)または常圧下(比較例2)で抽出することを除いて、条件を同一にして処理し、ミネラル抽出量を分析した。この結果を表1に併記した。中性水を用いて抽出すると亜鉛、マグネシウムおよびカルシウムが抽出液中にわずかしか含まれていなかった。
【0021】
実施例10
ステンレス製耐圧性抽出釜に生牡蠣10kgおよび米酢(酢酸濃度:4.5重量%)10リットルを仕込み、3kg/cmの加圧下で1時間煮沸した。ついで、室温になるまで冷却し、濾別して透明な抽出液を得、これを減圧状態で濃縮した後、スプレードライ処理して本発明の牡蠣エキス粉末1.1kgを調製した。この牡蠣エキス粉末中のグリコーゲン、タウリンおよびミネラルの各含有量は表2に示すとおりであった。この結果から、酸性水溶液を用いて加圧抽出して得られる牡蠣エキス粉末には、中性水を用いる場合と同程度のグリコーゲンおよびタウリンが含まれ、かつ亜鉛、マグネシウムおよびカルシウムの含有量が増え、とりわけ亜鉛の抽出率が顕著に増し、一方、カドミウムやヒ素は微量であることが確認された。
【0022】
【表2】
Figure 0003559487
【0023】
比較例3
実施例10において、米酢10リットルを同量の中性水に代えることを除いて条件を同一にして処理し、牡蠣エキス粉末715gを得た。この牡蠣エキス粉末中のグリコーゲン、タウリンおよびミネラルの各含有量を表2に示した。
【0024】
実施例11、12
実施例4において、3重量%酢酸水溶液100リットルを同量の4重量%クエン酸水溶液(実施例11)または4重量%酒石酸水溶液(実施例12)におきかえ、その他の条件は同一にして処理して抽出液を得た。各抽出液中のミネラル含量を同様に測定したところ、生牡蠣1kgあたりのミネラル抽出量は、前記クエン酸水溶液を用いた場合に亜鉛:155mg、マグネシウム:215mgおよびカルシウム:206mgであり、前記酒石酸水溶液を用いた場合には亜鉛:137mg、マグネシウム:183mgおよびカルシウム:235mgであり、3重量%酢酸水溶液を用いる場合と比較して亜鉛およびマグネシウムの抽出率がやや低いものの、中性水を用いる場合に比べるとミネラルの抽出率は高いものであった。
【0025】
実施例13、14
牡蠣抽出残渣からのミネラル抽出量の差異について検討した。すなわち、生牡蠣に中性水を加え、加圧状態(1.3kg/cm)で煮沸して抽出処理することによって得た牡蠣残渣10kgに、5重量%酢酸水溶液100リットルを添加し、加圧(1.3kg/cm)下(実施例13)または常圧下(実施例14)で1時間煮沸した後、遠心分離(5,000rpm、15分間)して各抽出液を調製した。また、対照として、5重量%酢酸水溶液100リットルを同量の中性水におきかえ、同じ加圧状態で同様に処理して抽出液を得た。各抽出液中のミネラル含有量を測定した結果を表3に示す。同表において、各ミネラルの抽出量は原料とした牡蠣残渣1kgあたりの値で示した。
【0026】
【表3】
Figure 0003559487
【0027】
このデータから、牡蠣肉を中性水で煮沸、抽出処理して牡蠣エキス抽出液を採取したときに副生する残渣はミネラルを残存しており、これを酸性水溶液を用いて加圧下に煮沸あるいは単に煮沸することによって該残渣中の残存ミネラルが効率的に抽出されることが明らかになった。なお、この残渣中の残存ミネラルは中性水を用いて加圧下で煮沸処理してもほとんど抽出されない。
【0028】
実施例15、16
実施例3において生牡蠣を3重量%酢酸水溶液で抽出処理して得た抽出液と、実施例7において生牡蠣を食用米酢で抽出処理して得た抽出液とを用い、各抽出液中に含まれるミネラルの形態(有機態または無機態)を次の方法により判定した。すなわち、前記抽出液をフリーズドライ処理して牡蠣エキス粉末とした後、該粉末1gを蒸留水25mlに溶解させ、遠心分離(1,500rpm、5分間)して透明な水溶液とした。なお、本実施例では、いずれも遠心分離される不溶物は認められなかった。ついで、この水溶液をかきまぜながら、エタノール(99.5v/v%)を徐々に、白色沈殿物の生成が認められなくなるまで添加し、遠心分離(3,000rpm、5分間)して沈殿物と溶液部とを分別した。沈殿物は5%(v/v)含水エタノール10mlで分散させ、再度、同様に遠心分離処理して沈殿物と溶液部とを分別した。この溶液部は先の溶液部とあわせ、減圧下で溶媒を除去して固形物を得、重量を測定した。これを無機態ミネラル含有量とした。一方、沈殿物は、これを乾燥後、重量を測定し、有機態ミネラル含有量とした。この両者から算出される有機態ミネラルおよび無機態ミネラルの各含有比率を表4に示す。
【0029】
【表4】
Figure 0003559487
【0030】
表4のデータから、本発明の方法によって調製される牡蠣エキス中には、それに含まれる亜鉛の約80%以上が有機態物であり、同様にカルシウムの約75%以上も有機態物であり、これらに対してマグネシウムの場合には無機態物が多いことが明らかになった。なお、実施例15における牡蠣エキス粉末、すなわち生牡蠣を3重量%酢酸水溶液で抽出および乾燥処理して得られる牡蠣エキス粉末中の蛋白質含量(ケルダール法による。以下同様。)は24.3重量%であり、実施例16における牡蠣エキス粉末、すなわち生牡蠣を食用米酢で同様に処理して得られる牡蠣エキス粉末中の蛋白質含量は35.6重量%であった。この結果と前記のミネラル形態別比率とを併せ考えると、有機態ミネラルを多く抽出するには米酢を抽出溶液として用いることが望ましい。
【0031】
実施例17
実施例10で調製した牡蠣エキス粉末10kgに15重量%還元麦芽水飴(マルチトール)水溶液を噴霧し、高速撹拌造粒機(フカエパウレック社製、ハイスピードミキサー)に供して造粒化した後、乾燥、篩過(10〜80タイラー・メッシュ)して顆粒状の食用組成物を試作した。これは風味、食感ともに良好であり、エネルギー源や蛋白質の補給による滋養付与のための食品、前記ミネラルの補給用食品、前記ミネラル不足にともなって誘発される各種疾患の予防用食品等として好適に利用され得るものである。
【0032】
【発明の効果】
本発明によれば、生牡蠣または生牡蠣を少なくとも加圧下で熱水抽出して得られる残渣を原料として、簡便な操作により効率的に、亜鉛、マグネシウム、カルシウム等の栄養学的に重要なミネラルを高濃度に含有し、一方、カドミウムやヒ素を微量にしか含まない牡蠣エキスを製造することができる。本発明の牡蠣エキスは、従来のものに比べて同程度のグリコーゲンやタウリンを含むとともに、高濃度のミネラルとりわけ亜鉛、カルシウムおよびマグネシウムを含有し、亜鉛およびカルシウムのほとんどは生体に必須の微量金属で吸収性が優れているといわれる有機態物として存在することが特徴である。また、前記ミネラルの含有量および含有比率は原料と抽出溶液である酸性水溶液との比率によって容易に調整することが可能である。このため、本発明のミネラル高含有牡蠣エキスは、従来の牡蠣エキスの特徴に加えて前記ミネラルを補給することをねらい、健康食品や栄養補助食品をはじめ各種飲食物に適用できる。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an oyster extract containing a high concentration of minerals, a method for producing the same, and use thereof.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Oysters are a collective term for bivalve oysters, and about 200 types of oysters are found all over the world. As edible oysters, there are known egg oysters, oysters, Sminoe oysters, American oysters, Portuguese oysters, etc., and ovarian oysters such as Japanese oysters, European oysters, Olympia oysters, etc. In particular, oysters are cultivated in various parts of the country in Japan and are used for food in the form of raw food, fried food, canned foods, dried oysters, and dried oysters. In addition, oyster sauce is used as a raw material to prepare oyster sauce and to collect glycogen and taurine, and oyster shells produce lime (oyster ash) and calcium.
[0003]
Oysters contain glycogen, taurine, amino acids, vitamin B group (B 2 , B 6 , B 12 ), minerals (zinc, calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron, iodine, etc.), etc. In order to make effective use of umami, an extract is produced and marketed using oysters as a raw material. The oyster extract is usually obtained by chopping oyster meat appropriately and immersing it in hot water at 50 to 90 ° C. or boiling it in hot water, and then separating the solid matter not extracted to obtain an extract. It is produced by concentrating and drying the liquid (Japanese Patent Publication No. 60-18181). However, the oyster extract obtained by such a method does not efficiently extract and contain the mineral originally contained in the oyster. Moreover, there is a concern that undesirable heavy metals such as cadmium and arsenic are contained together with nutritionally important minerals such as zinc, calcium and magnesium. On the other hand, the extraction residue, which is a solid product produced as a by-product when collecting the oyster extract, has been discarded or used for livestock feed, and has not been effectively utilized industrially.
[0004]
In recent years, as the nutritional significance of trace minerals has been elucidated, minerals have attracted attention in relation to the occurrence of lifestyle-related diseases and the review of dietary patterns. For example, zinc and magnesium have a limited amount of physiological storage and are prone to deficiency. The intake in humans is zinc: 15 mg / day, magnesium: 300 mg / day, but due to the bias of foods to eat and the heavy use of cooked processed foods, the intake of these minerals is remarkable. The average human intake is zinc: 10-11 mg / day, magnesium: 200-250 mg / day (150 mg / day for girls).
[0005]
It is well known that lack of zinc causes symptoms such as growth failure, anabolic dysfunction, immune function decline, spermatic function decline, taste disorder and loss of appetite, and recently zinc has been used for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. Efficacy is recognized. Further, it is known that magnesium deficiency induces lifestyle-related diseases such as hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and arteriosclerosis. And the effectiveness in diabetes treatment is also examined with zinc. Calcium is a well-known mineral necessary for bone formation and strengthening.
[0006]
Thus, zinc, magnesium, and the like are minerals that play an important role in maintaining human health and preventing disease, and various dietary supplements, health foods, and the like have been developed with the aim of strengthening and reinforcing them. As the zinc source to be blended in these foods, the above-mentioned oyster extract or zinc-containing yeast is used, but in conventional oyster extract, only about 10% by weight of the amount of zinc contained in raw oysters is used. Since it was not extracted, a large amount of extract had to be used, and the zinc-containing yeast had a bad taste, and there was a concern that inorganic zinc used when culturing the yeast remained. Moreover, although dolomite is marketed as a magnesium supply source, there exists a problem in the point of the validity as a food raw material.
[0007]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
In view of the current situation, the present invention has a long-term dietary experience as a general food ingredient, and uses oysters, which are safe ingredients, as raw materials, and contains trace minerals that are useful for maintaining health and preventing diseases at high concentrations. The object of the present invention is to provide an oyster extract and a method for producing the oyster extract that are free from concern in terms of safety, and to provide an edible composition that can be effectively used for health promotion and disease prevention.
[0008]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The above-described high mineral content oyster extract is obtained by heating and extracting oyster meat in the presence of an acidic aqueous solution. Here, as the oyster meat, it is preferable to use a solid material obtained as a residue after hot water extraction of the oyster meat under pressure at least once. The acidic aqueous solution is preferably one containing an organic acid, and the organic acid is more preferably acetic acid. The mineral as used in the present invention is a nutritionally useful trace element, preferably one or more selected from the group consisting of zinc, magnesium and calcium, more preferably zinc and / Or magnesium.
[0009]
The method for producing an oyster extract containing a high amount of minerals according to the above-described problem is that the oyster meat is extracted under pressure by heating and coexisting with an acidic aqueous solution containing acetic acid and having a pH of 6 or lower, or the extract is concentrated, or The oyster meat is extracted with hot water at least once under pressure, and the solid obtained as the residue is extracted by heating in the presence of an acidic aqueous solution containing acetic acids and having a pH of 6 or less under normal pressure or pressure. This is accomplished by concentrating the extract. In this method, it is important to extract oyster meat in the presence of an acidic aqueous solution, and the treatment is performed in a pressurized state exceeding atmospheric pressure, or prior to the treatment, heat is applied in a pressurized state. In the case of water extraction treatment, it is desirable to carry out at normal pressure or a pressurized state. The acidic aqueous solution contains an organic acid and preferably has a pH of 6 or less, and the organic acid is more preferably acetic acid. Further, the mineral is a nutritionally useful trace element, preferably one or more selected from the group consisting of zinc, magnesium and calcium, more preferably zinc and / or magnesium. is there.
[0010]
Furthermore, the edible composition of the said subject is achieved by the edible composition formed by mix | blending the above-mentioned high mineral content oyster extract.
[0011]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
First, the high mineral content oyster extract of the present invention will be described in further detail below. The high mineral content oyster extract of the present invention is obtained by heating and extracting oyster meat in the presence of an acidic aqueous solution. The oyster that is the raw material for obtaining this oyster extract may be any oyster that has been conventionally used for food, or any other oyster extract that does not contain toxic or harmful substances. It is not limited by the production area or harvest time. Specific examples include oysters, American oysters, European oysters, Itabaki oysters, oysters, Portuguese oysters, and the like. The form of the oyster subjected to the extraction treatment is arbitrary, and it is desirable to use oyster meat, but oyster meat with an oyster shell may be used. Oyster meat can be raw or frozen, dried and dried, or even a residue that has already been extracted with neutral water. Among these, when using raw or frozen oyster meat, or a solid material that is a residue obtained by hot water extraction of the oyster meat under pressure at least once or more, the desired effect of the present invention is efficiently achieved. be able to.
[0012]
The acidic aqueous solution may be prepared using an inorganic acid such as phosphoric acid or hydrochloric acid, but it is desirable to use an organic acid when the high mineral content oyster extract of the present invention is used for food. Examples of the organic acid include lactic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid, succinic acid, malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid and the like, and mixed organic acids thereof, those obtained by partial salting of the organic acid with sodium or potassium, etc. Citric acid is more preferred, and acetic acid is most preferred. Acetic acid can be brewed vinegar such as synthetic vinegar, rice vinegar, apple vinegar, fruit vinegar, wine vinegar, kelp vinegar, etc., and these can be mixed and used in an arbitrary ratio. Such organic acids are used in an aqueous solution of 0.1 to 20% by weight, more preferably 1 to 10% by weight, and most preferably 2 to 5% by weight. The pH is 6 or less, desirably 5-1.
[0013]
In order to efficiently produce the high mineral content oyster extract of the present invention, it is preferable to carry out as follows. That is, the oyster meat is appropriately shredded, and the acidic aqueous solution is added 1 to 100 times (weight basis, the same applies hereinafter) to this, and heated to about 50 ° C. or higher, preferably above atmospheric pressure, more preferably While maintaining the pressure state of 1.1 to 3 kg / cm 2 , it is immersed or boiled with stirring as necessary for 0.5 to 6 hours. Here, if the pressurized state remains at atmospheric pressure, the extraction efficiency of minerals is low. On the other hand, even if the pressurized state exceeds 3 kg / cm 2 , the amount of extracted minerals no longer increases. Next, it is cooled to about room temperature, separated into an extract and a solid residue using appropriate means such as filtration and centrifugation, the pH of the extract is adjusted appropriately, and drying treatment such as freeze drying and spray drying is performed. Can be used to obtain the oyster extract with high mineral content of the present invention.
[0014]
Moreover, after adding 1 to 100 times the amount of neutral water to chopped oysters as appropriate, and immersing or boiling in a heated and pressurized state as described above, the extract and the residue are separated, and the solid obtained as this residue 1 to 100 times the amount of the acidic aqueous solution is added to the product and heated to about 50 ° C. or higher to maintain a pressure state of 1.1 to 3 kg / cm 2 under normal pressure or pressurization, more preferably Soak or boil with stirring as needed for ~ 6 hours. Then, after that, the same treatment as in the case of using the acidic aqueous solution described above is performed, and further, it is appropriately treated together with the extract with the neutral water to obtain the high mineral content oyster extract of the present invention. it can. The solid residue produced as a by-product of the extraction process using neutral water is preferably extracted at least once under pressure, but may not be extracted under pressure. The extract of the present invention having the same desired effect can be prepared by performing an extraction treatment using an acidic aqueous solution under pressure.
[0015]
The mineral-rich oyster extract of the present invention is characterized by containing taurine, glycogen and the like contained in a normal oyster extract produced by a conventional extraction method to the same extent, and further containing various minerals at high concentrations. . Mineral content varies depending on the type of oyster meat and the production area, as well as the type of acidic aqueous solution used for the extraction process, the pH, and the amount of oyster meat used, but in particular, it is selected from the group consisting of zinc, magnesium and calcium. It is an oyster extract rich in seeds or two or more minerals and further rich in zinc and / or magnesium. More specifically, the oyster extract powder obtained by the conventional method generally contains zinc: 200 to 500 ppm, magnesium: 1,500 to 3,000 ppm and calcium: 500 to 1,500 ppm. However, the high mineral content oyster extract powder of the present invention is approximately 1,000 to 5,000 ppm, 2,000 to 4,000 ppm, and 1,000 to 3,000 ppm, respectively. Furthermore, most of zinc and calcium are contained as organic substances. The oyster extract powder according to the conventional method contains cadmium: 0.1 to 1 ppm and arsenic: 10 to 30 ppm. In the oyster extract containing high mineral content of the present invention, cadmium is about 0.1 ppm and arsenic: 0.1 -5 ppm, and there are few harmful trace metals. In addition, the high mineral content oyster extract of this invention can adjust this pH suitably, and can utilize it for various uses.
[0016]
In the present invention, an oyster extract containing a high amount of mineral as described above is obtained, and an edible composition comprising the extract is suitable as an aspect of industrially effectively using the oyster extract. That is, the high mineral content oyster extract of the present invention can be used in the same manner as a conventional oyster extract, which is used as it is in a liquid, gel or solid food such as soft drink, juice, tea, dressing, soup, jelly, pudding. , Yogurt, sprinkle, gum, candy, cake mix, powdered or liquid dairy products, bread, cookies, etc., or powder with excipients, pigments, flavors, etc. as appropriate, starch, dextrin, lactose, It can be processed into granules, tablets, etc., or formed into capsules using a coating material such as gelatin, and can be used as a health food or nutritional supplement. In addition, the edible composition of this invention is not limited to these illustrations. Further, in the edible composition, the blending amount of the high mineral content oyster extract of the present invention is difficult to define uniformly depending on the type and state of the edible composition, but is generally 0.1 to 50% by weight, more preferably 1 to 30% by weight. If the blending amount is less than 0.1% by weight, the effect of mineral supplementation by intake and intake of glycogen and taurine is small, and if it exceeds 50% by weight, the flavor may be impaired depending on the type of edible composition, or the edible composition may be prepared. It may not be possible. In addition, the high mineral content oyster extract of the present invention itself has almost the same color tone and flavor as the conventional oyster extract, has no bitter taste, and has the umami peculiar to the oyster extract, and this is directly used as an edible composition. You can use it.
[0017]
【Example】
Examples 1-9
Table 1 shows raw oysters and acidic aqueous solutions (Examples 1 to 5: 3% by weight acetic acid aqueous solution, Examples 6 to 9: edible rice vinegar (acetic acid concentration: 4.5% by weight)) in a stainless steel pressure-resistant extraction kettle. And the mixture was boiled for about 1 hour under a pressure of 1.3 kg / cm 2 . Next, the contents are cooled to room temperature, centrifuged (5,000 rpm, 10 minutes) to separate the extract into residues, and the mineral content excluding arsenic in the extract is determined by atomic absorption, The arsenic content was measured by spectrophotometry, and the amount of mineral extraction was examined. The results are summarized in Table 1. In addition, each numerical value of mineral extraction amount was displayed by each mineral weight (mg) per unit weight (kg) of raw oyster.
[0018]
[Table 1]
Figure 0003559487
[0019]
From Table 1, it became clear that an oyster extract rich in nutritionally important minerals such as zinc, magnesium and calcium can be produced from raw oysters using the acidic aqueous solution. The smaller the use ratio of the acidic aqueous solution relative to the raw oyster, the greater the amount of zinc extracted, and the higher the zinc content in the total amount of three types of extracted minerals, zinc, magnesium and calcium (for example, in Example 5, 34%), the extraction amount of magnesium and calcium increases, the extraction amount of zinc decreases (for example, Examples 1 and 6), and the total extraction amount of these three types of minerals increases as the use ratio of the acidic aqueous solution increases. It was recognized that On the other hand, both cadmium and arsenic extracted from raw oysters were extremely small.
[0020]
Comparative Examples 1 and 2
In Example 5, except that 100 liters of a 3% by weight aqueous acetic acid solution was replaced with the same amount of neutral water and extracted under a pressure of 1.3 kg / cm 2 (Comparative Example 1) or normal pressure (Comparative Example 2). Then, the conditions were the same, and the amount of mineral extraction was analyzed. The results are also shown in Table 1. When extracted with neutral water, zinc, magnesium and calcium were only slightly contained in the extract.
[0021]
Example 10
A stainless steel pressure-resistant extraction kettle was charged with 10 kg of raw oysters and 10 liters of rice vinegar (acetic acid concentration: 4.5% by weight), and boiled for 1 hour under a pressure of 3 kg / cm 2 . Next, the mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered to obtain a transparent extract, which was concentrated under reduced pressure, and then spray-dried to prepare 1.1 kg of the oyster extract powder of the present invention. Table 2 shows the contents of glycogen, taurine and mineral in the oyster extract powder. From this result, the oyster extract powder obtained by pressure extraction using an acidic aqueous solution contains the same level of glycogen and taurine as in the case of using neutral water, and the content of zinc, magnesium and calcium is increased. In particular, the extraction rate of zinc was remarkably increased, while it was confirmed that cadmium and arsenic were very small.
[0022]
[Table 2]
Figure 0003559487
[0023]
Comparative Example 3
In Example 10, it processed by making the conditions the same except having replaced 10 liters of rice vinegar with the same amount of neutral water, and obtained 715g of oyster extract powders. Table 2 shows the contents of glycogen, taurine and mineral in the oyster extract powder.
[0024]
Examples 11 and 12
In Example 4, 100 liters of 3% by weight acetic acid aqueous solution was replaced with the same amount of 4% by weight citric acid aqueous solution (Example 11) or 4% by weight tartaric acid aqueous solution (Example 12), and the other conditions were the same. To obtain an extract. When the mineral content in each extract was measured in the same manner, the amount of mineral extract per kg of raw oysters was zinc: 155 mg, magnesium: 215 mg and calcium: 206 mg when the citric acid aqueous solution was used. When zinc is used, zinc is 137 mg, magnesium is 183 mg, and calcium is 235 mg. Although the extraction rate of zinc and magnesium is slightly lower than when 3% by weight acetic acid aqueous solution is used, neutral water is used. In comparison, the extraction rate of minerals was high.
[0025]
Examples 13 and 14
The difference in the amount of mineral extraction from oyster extraction residue was examined. That is, neutral water was added to raw oysters, boiled under pressure (1.3 kg / cm 2 ) and extracted by 10 kg of oyster residue obtained by adding 100 liters of a 5% by weight acetic acid aqueous solution. After boiling for 1 hour under pressure (1.3 kg / cm 2 ) (Example 13) or normal pressure (Example 14), each extract was prepared by centrifugation (5,000 rpm, 15 minutes). Further, as a control, 100 liters of a 5% by weight acetic acid aqueous solution was replaced with the same amount of neutral water, and the same treatment was performed in the same pressure state to obtain an extract. The results of measuring the mineral content in each extract are shown in Table 3. In the same table, the extraction amount of each mineral is shown as a value per 1 kg of oyster residue as a raw material.
[0026]
[Table 3]
Figure 0003559487
[0027]
From this data, when oyster meat is boiled with neutral water and extracted, and the oyster extract extract is collected, the by-product residue remains mineral, which can be boiled under pressure using an acidic aqueous solution. It became clear that the residual mineral in the residue was efficiently extracted by simply boiling. In addition, even if the residual mineral in this residue is boiled under pressure using neutral water, it is hardly extracted.
[0028]
Examples 15 and 16
In each extract, the extract obtained by extracting raw oysters with a 3% by weight acetic acid aqueous solution in Example 3 and the extract obtained by extracting raw oysters with edible rice vinegar in Example 7 were used. The form (organic or inorganic) of the mineral contained in was determined by the following method. That is, after the extract was freeze-dried to obtain oyster extract powder, 1 g of the powder was dissolved in 25 ml of distilled water and centrifuged (1,500 rpm, 5 minutes) to obtain a transparent aqueous solution. In this example, no insoluble matter that was centrifuged was observed. Next, while stirring this aqueous solution, ethanol (99.5 v / v%) was gradually added until no white precipitate was observed, and the mixture was centrifuged (3,000 rpm, 5 minutes). Separated the department. The precipitate was dispersed with 10 ml of 5% (v / v) water-containing ethanol, and centrifuged again in the same manner to separate the precipitate from the solution portion. This solution part was combined with the previous solution part, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to obtain a solid, and the weight was measured. This was made into inorganic mineral content. On the other hand, the precipitate was dried and then weighed to obtain the organic mineral content. Table 4 shows the content ratios of organic minerals and inorganic minerals calculated from both.
[0029]
[Table 4]
Figure 0003559487
[0030]
From the data in Table 4, in the oyster extract prepared by the method of the present invention, about 80% or more of zinc contained in the oyster extract is organic, and similarly, about 75% or more of calcium is organic. On the other hand, in the case of magnesium, it became clear that there are many inorganic substances. The protein content (according to the Kjeldahl method; the same shall apply hereinafter) in the oyster extract powder obtained in Example 15 by extracting and drying raw oysters with a 3% by weight acetic acid aqueous solution and 24.3% by weight. The protein content in the oyster extract powder obtained in the same manner as in Example 16 was obtained by treating raw oysters with edible rice vinegar in the same manner, and was 35.6% by weight. Considering this result and the ratio by mineral form, it is desirable to use rice vinegar as an extraction solution in order to extract a large amount of organic minerals.
[0031]
Example 17
A 10% oyster extract powder prepared in Example 10 was sprayed with 15% by weight reduced malt syrup (maltitol) aqueous solution, granulated by using a high-speed agitating granulator (manufactured by Fukae Pau Lec Co., Ltd., high speed mixer), and then dried. Then, a edible composition was produced by sieving (10-80 Tyler mesh). It has good flavor and texture, and is suitable as a food for nutritional supplementation by supplementing energy sources and proteins, a food for supplementing minerals, a food for preventing various diseases induced by mineral deficiencies, etc. It can be used.
[0032]
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention, raw oysters or a residue obtained by hot water extraction of raw oysters under pressure is used as a raw material, and nutritionally important minerals such as zinc, magnesium, calcium and the like are efficiently obtained by simple operations. Can be produced at a high concentration, while oyster extract containing only a small amount of cadmium and arsenic can be produced. The oyster extract of the present invention contains the same level of glycogen and taurine as compared with the conventional oyster extract, and also contains high concentrations of minerals, particularly zinc, calcium and magnesium. Most of zinc and calcium are trace metals essential for living organisms. It is characterized by existing as an organic material that is said to have excellent absorbability. Further, the content and content ratio of the mineral can be easily adjusted by the ratio between the raw material and the acidic aqueous solution that is the extraction solution. For this reason, the high mineral content oyster extract of the present invention can be applied to various foods and drinks including health foods and nutritional supplements, aiming to replenish the minerals in addition to the characteristics of the conventional oyster extract.

Claims (8)

牡蠣肉を酸性水溶液の共存下に加熱し抽出してなる有機態ミネラル高含有牡蠣エキス。An oyster extract rich in organic minerals, extracted by heating and extracting oyster meat in the presence of an acidic aqueous solution. 牡蠣肉が、牡蠣肉を少なくとも1回以上加圧下で熱水抽出し、その残渣として得られる固形分である請求項1に記載の牡蠣エキス。The oyster extract according to claim 1, wherein the oyster meat is a solid content obtained as a residue obtained by subjecting the oyster meat to hot water extraction under pressure at least once. 酸性水溶液が有機酸を含有してなるものである請求項1または2に記載の牡蠣エキス。The oyster extract according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the acidic aqueous solution contains an organic acid. 有機酸が酢酸類である請求項3に記載の牡蠣エキス。The oyster extract according to claim 3, wherein the organic acid is acetic acid. ミネラルが亜鉛、カルシウムおよびマグネシウムからなる群から選ばれる1種または2種以上である請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の牡蠣エキス。The oyster extract according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the mineral is one or more selected from the group consisting of zinc, calcium and magnesium. 牡蠣肉を、酢酸類を含み、pH6以下の酸性水溶液の共存下、加熱して加圧下で抽出するか、あるいは、牡蠣肉を少なくとも1回以上加圧下で熱水抽出し、その残渣として得られる固形分を、酢酸類を含み、pH6以下の酸性水溶液の共存下、加熱して常圧下または加圧下で抽出し、前記いずれかの抽出液を濃縮することを特徴とする有機態ミネラル高含有牡蠣エキスの製造方法。Oyster meat is extracted under pressure by heating in the presence of an acidic aqueous solution containing acetic acid and having a pH of 6 or lower, or it is extracted at least once with hot water under pressure and obtained as a residue. The solid content is extracted in a coexistence of an acidic aqueous solution containing acetic acids and having a pH of 6 or less under heating or extraction under normal pressure or pressure, and the extract is concentrated in any one of the above-mentioned organic mineral-rich oysters Extract manufacturing method. ミネラルが亜鉛、カルシウムおよびマグネシウムからなる群から選ばれる1種または2種以上である請求項6に記載の牡蠣エキスの製造方法。The method for producing an oyster extract according to claim 6, wherein the mineral is one or more selected from the group consisting of zinc, calcium and magnesium. 請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の有機態ミネラル高含有牡蠣エキスを配合してなる食用組成物。The edible composition formed by mix | blending the organic mineral high content oyster extract of any one of Claims 1-5.
JP37456499A 1999-11-22 1999-11-22 Mineral-rich oyster extract and method for producing the same Expired - Lifetime JP3559487B2 (en)

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US20060246206A1 (en) 2005-04-28 2006-11-02 Mitsugu Watanabe Preparation of oyster flesh extracts
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