JP3548578B2 - 人工関節 - Google Patents

人工関節 Download PDF

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Publication number
JP3548578B2
JP3548578B2 JP51645296A JP51645296A JP3548578B2 JP 3548578 B2 JP3548578 B2 JP 3548578B2 JP 51645296 A JP51645296 A JP 51645296A JP 51645296 A JP51645296 A JP 51645296A JP 3548578 B2 JP3548578 B2 JP 3548578B2
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Japan
Prior art keywords
hole
head
joint
shaft member
head member
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Expired - Fee Related
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JP51645296A
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English (en)
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JPH10508777A (ja
Inventor
ロープ ギュンター
フィッシャー ハンス−ヨアヒム
シュテュール ゲルト
クランツ クルト
Original Assignee
ビオメット メルク ドイチュラント ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフツング
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Publication of JPH10508777A publication Critical patent/JPH10508777A/ja
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/56Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
    • A61B17/58Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
    • A61B17/68Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
    • A61B17/74Devices for the head or neck or trochanter of the femur
    • A61B17/742Devices for the head or neck or trochanter of the femur having one or more longitudinal elements oriented along or parallel to the axis of the neck
    • A61B17/744Devices for the head or neck or trochanter of the femur having one or more longitudinal elements oriented along or parallel to the axis of the neck the longitudinal elements coupled to an intramedullary nail
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61B17/58Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
    • A61B17/68Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
    • A61B17/72Intramedullary pins, nails or other devices
    • A61B17/7233Intramedullary pins, nails or other devices with special means of locking the nail to the bone
    • A61B17/725Intramedullary pins, nails or other devices with special means of locking the nail to the bone with locking pins or screws of special form
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Description

本発明は、請求項1の上位概念に記載した形式のモジュール式人工関節に関するものである。
この形式の人工関節の軸部は、種々の形状および寸法で製造されて、各患者に最適供給されるようにされる。
世界知的所有権機構特許出願第85/05027号明細書により、人工関節システム、特に、セメントを用いずにインプラントするための人工股関節が公知である。この人工股関節は、患者の大腿内へ取付け可能な軸部部材と、この軸部部材と結合される関節接続部材とを有している。軸部部材の近位区域には、ねじスリーブが備えられ、このねじスリーブ内へ関節接続部材がねじ込まれ、しかも軸部部材の縦軸線と関節接続部材の縦軸線とが互いに傾斜している。これに応じて関節接続部材は、ねじピンを有しており、このネジピンの近位端部が、関節球を受容するための円錐形軸部部材と結合されている。ねじ込み過程は、関節接続部材の円錐形軸部部材が、インプラントのために準備された大腿骨近位区域に固く密接されると、完了する。
前述の解決策は、しかし、関節球を含めて関節全体を補装する場合にしか使用できないことが、欠点である。
従来技術のこれらの欠点を前提として、本発明の根底となる課題は、冒頭に述べた種類のモジュール式人工股関節の場合に、関節区域の個別部材を簡単に交換できる構造のものに構成し、それによって、種々の進行した病状に適合できるようにすることである。
この課題は、請求項1の特徴部に記載の特徴により解決された。
本発明の認識によれば、実物の関節球を保存するためには、モジュール式人工補装具の場合、選択的に使用可能な補助頭部部材が好適である。この頭部部材は、関節球の頸部方向に骨用ねじを備えており、この骨用ねじは、分離された実物の関節球内へねじ込み可能である。これにより、関節を、実際の関節の部分である関節球/関節窩と共に、場合によっては、なお比較的長期にわたって保存することができる。頭部部材は、この場合、後になって、必要とあれば、患者の骨の実質にほとんど負担を与えず、かつまた人工補装具の座着をゆるめることなく、僅かの手間で交換できる。
本発明の措置によって、前述の人工補装具は、先ず、大腿区域の骨折時にしばしば用いられる類の従来形式の大腿ねじ(Hueftschraube)の代わりに使用できる。これにより、後日行われる再手術が、次の場合には簡単化される。すなわち、モジュール式人工股関節軸部の頭部部材のみを、人工関節球を有する頭部部材と交換して、完全人工補装にする場合である。
本発明によるモジュール式股関節軸部は、関節接続部材と軸部部材として構成された個別部材を有し、これら個別部材は、有利には、それらの近位または遠位の端部を継ぎ合わせることで、相互結合されている。関節接続部材は、人工軸部と股関節とを確実に結合するために役立つ。
人工補装具をモジュール式に構成することによって、モジュール式股関節軸部を個別の解剖学的条件に適合させる場合に、関節接続部材の位置を特別に力を用いずに変更し、変更後、簡単に改めて確実に固定することができる。
実物の関節骨頭を保存しながら、インプラント過程中に、本発明による措置により患者の特殊な解剖学的条件に合わせるため、有利には、関節接続部材の位置を修正する(例えば、頸部方向へ比較的僅かだけ軸線方向にずらす)ことが可能である。
また有利には、本発明による人工補装具の場合、モジュール式の個別部材相互の結合を、インプラント期間を過ぎた後に、医学的観点から、例えば交換または関節接続部材の新たな調整のために、必要とあれば、再手術により僅かの手間で外すことができる。これに対し、従来式の結合部の場合には、堅く固着していることが多く、この結果、取外しを要する場合、患者にとって不都合なことに、大腿骨の損傷または少なくとも端部の、望ましくないゆるみが避けられない。
本発明の有利な実施例によれば、関節接続部材は、軸部部材の近位端部のところに、軸部部材の縦軸線に対して傾斜配置された貫通路内へ挿入可能な部材として、かつまた貫通路内で種々の位置に、固定手段によって固定可能に構成されている。このように、軸部のモジュール式構成によって、付加的な変更が可能であることにより、頸部区域においても、患者個々人の所与の状況に併せて微調整することが可能である。
前記固定手段は、軸部内へ挿入された関節接続部材区分の横断面の半径方向拡張をロックのための拡開手段として可能にし、したがって特別の力を用いることなしに操作可能であるように構成されている。
本発明の別の有利な構成によれば、貫通路として、円筒形の孔が、設けられている。この貫通路内へ挿入される関節接続部材の軸部区域は、縦軸線方向にスリットを有するスリーブ形状を有している。この結果、円錐形ねじボルトをねじ込むことによって、スリーブの拡開が達せられ、それによって、軸部と関節接続部材との確実な形状接続式かつ摩擦接続式の結合が実現する。
拡開度を縮小することによって、軸部と関節接続部材との結合を容易にゆるめることができ、関節接続部材の交換や位置修正が可能になる。このことによって、人工関節を、個々の患者固有の解剖学的条件に適合させる措置が、確実に簡単化される。後々に、固定手段の交換が必要となった場合には、大腿骨内に存在する人工股関節軸部の軸部部材に対し、特別な機械負荷を与えることなしに交換が可能である。機械負荷がかかれば、最悪の場合、軸部部材の不可逆的なゆるみが生じることがある。
本発明の有利な一実施例によれば、関節接続部材が、骨用ねじとして構成されている。この骨用ねじは、大腿が損傷したが、生体の関節球が保存する価値がある場合に、用いられる。
生体の関節球の損傷が更に進行している場合には、本発明の別の構成によれば、骨用ねじの代わりに、ピンを備えた球形頭部が、関節接続部材として利用される。その場合、ピンの自由端部は、スリットを備えたスリーブとして構成されている。この球形頭部は、骨用ねじの交換時に、存在する股関節臼内へ挿入されるが、この交換は、既にインプラントされた軸部部材の機械負荷が極めて僅かであるため、軸部部材の座着がゆるむ危険はない。
本発明の更に別の構成によれば、軸部は、人工関節球を保持する頭部部材と軸部部材とに分離可能であり、その場合、双方の部材は、円錐形差込み結合部を介して継ぎ合わされる。
相応の円錐形差込み結合部は、モジュール式に組み合わされた軸部の個別部材にも適用される。その場合、軸部は、縦方向にタイバーまたはねじ結合部を介して固定またははめ込み(gesetzt)できる。タイバーは、頭部部材内の付加的な軸線方向通路内を貫通案内され、同じ軸線上に位置する、軸部端部分内のねじ孔区間内へ、ねじ込み可能である。
既にインプラント済みの人工補装具を、患者の解剖学的条件の変化に適応させる措置を更に簡単化するために、関節接続部材を保持する頭部部材を、大腿骨内の軸部部材から分離し、しかも軸部部材が、インプラントのしっかりした座着を損なう付加的機械負荷を受けることがないようにするため、本発明の別の有利な構成によれば、モジュール式人工股関節の頭部部材内の円筒形の軸線方向通路をねじ孔として構成する。このねじ孔の直径は軸部部材内の、タイバーを受容するねじ孔の直径より大きい。
双方のねじ孔の直径比を1.5〜2.5とすることによって、軸部部材の円錐台形の近位端部上で、円錐台形部の頂面のほぼ円環形の部分が、ねじボルト用の対応受けとして利用できる。このねじボルトは、タイバーを除去した後、頭部部材内へねじ込み可能である。頭部部材内へねじ込まれたねじボルトは、対応受けに当付けられるが、更にねじ込み運動を行うと、軸線方向押圧力を生じ、この押圧力によって、頭部部材と軸部部材との間の(タイバーなしでも)固い円錐形差込み結合部がゆるめられ、それによって、頭部部材を、交換目的で取外したり、軸部部材近位端部の円錐台形ピン上で、軸部部材に対して旋回させることができる。
本発明の別の構成によれば、ねじボルト用のねじ山は、モジュール式人工関節の頭部部材内に設けられている円筒形通路の全長にわたって延びている。人工股関節軸部の頭部部材内のこのねじ孔と、軸部部材近位端部のねじ山区間とのいずれにも、メートルねじ山が設けられている。その場合、頭部部材内のねじ孔のねじ山は、軸部部材近位端部のねじ山より、ピッチが小さい。これによって、固い円錐形差込み結合部をゆるめるために要する押圧力を、より容易にねじボルトによって得ることができる。
本発明の別の構成によれば、軸部部材内のねじ孔区間の近位端部は、凹部を有している。この凹部は、有利には、ねじ孔区間縦軸線に対して対称的に形成された面取り部として構成されている。この構成によって、円錐形差込み結合部をゆるめるために用いられ、自由端が同じく等しい角度で面取りされたねじボルトは、軸部部材近位端部に当付けられた場合に、その区域のねじ孔のねじ山と作用接触しない利点が得られる。また、それによって、頭部部材と軸部部材との間の円錐形差込み結合部をゆるめるのに要する押圧力を発生させるさい、はじめの複数ねじ山の変形が防止される。ねじ山が変形すれば、頭部部材の適合後または交換後に、軸部部材近位端部内へタイバーを再度ねじ付けることが不可能となろう。
本発明の別の有利な構成は、請求項2以下の各項に記載されているか、もしくは、以下で、図面につき行う本発明の有利な構成の詳しい説明から明らかになろう。
図1は、本発明の有利な一実施例の部分断面図である。
図2は、図1に示した関節接続部材の略示側面図で、部分的に縦断面を示した図である。
図3は、図1の関節接続部材の別の有利な構成を示した側面図で、部分的に縦断面を示した図である。
図4は、図1の細部Eの拡大図である。
図1に示したモジュール式人工関節1は、軸部部材2と頭部部材3とからなっている。これらの部材は、それぞれ縦方向にプロファイリングを有している。頭部部材3は、骨用ねじとして構成された関節接続部材3.1を保持し、この関節接続部材を介して人工関節1と股関節とが結合される。関節接続部材3.1と人工関節1との縦軸線は、約135゜の角度をなしている。頭部部材3と関節接続部材3.1との結合は、形状接続式、摩擦接続式いずれによっても行われる。
人工関節1の個別部材2,3は、円錐形差込み結合部10を介して同じ軸線上に位置し、互いに旋回可能に結合されている。この結合部の軸線方向のゆるみを防止するために、タイバー(図示せず)が用いられる。このタイバーは、頭部部材3の、ねじ孔として構成された通路5ないを貫通案内され、軸部部材2内の孔4の、ねじ孔区間6として構成された近位区間内へねじ込まれる。タイバーは、タイバーの近位端部が凹部7に支えられるところまでねじ込まれ、その場合、人工関節1の個別部材2,3は、円錐形差込み結合部10が所望の固い結合度に達するまで、軸線方向に互いの方向へ移動する。
関節接続部材3.1と共に頭部部材3の位置を、軸部部材2に対して旋回によって変更するためには、または頭部部材3を交換するためには、円錐形差込み結合部10を改めてゆるめる必要がある。タイバー(図示せず)をゆるめて、ねじ外した後、ねじボルト(同じく図示せず)を頭部部材3のねじ孔5内へねじ込む。頭部部材3のねじ孔5の直径D1は、軸部部材2のねじ孔区間6の近位区間直径D2より大きいので、ねじボルトは、軸部部材2の、円錐台として構成された近位端部の頂面8上の、直径差D1−D2によって規定される平方積を有する円環部に当付けられ、それにより、軸線方向の押圧力を発生させることが可能となる。この押圧力により、タイバーの作用による極めて固い円錐形差込み結合部10がゆるめられ、人工関節1を患者の身体条件の変化に、容易に適応させることができる。
これと関連して、円錐形差込み結合部をゆるめるのに要する押圧力を発生させる手段を扱い易くする上で、好都合と判明したのは、孔4,5の直径比を1.5〜2.5とし、孔5の全長にわたってねじ山を設けることである。ねじ山は、メートルねじ山を用い、その場合、頭部部材3内のねじ孔5のねじ山が、軸部部材2の孔4の近位ねじ孔区間6のねじ山より、小さいピッチを有するようにする。
図2および図3には、関節接続部材3.1,3.2が部分断面図で示してある。関節接続部材、すなわち骨用ねじ3.1の、ねじ山18と反対側のスリーブ状端部と、球形頭部17を有する関節接続部材3.2の中空ピンとは、いずれもスリット13を有している。スリット13の壁部は、拡径されるように、ボルト(図示せず)により拡開可能である。ボルトは、ねじ孔15内へねじ込まれ、円錐形凹部14の壁部に当付けられる。拡径によって、頭部部材3内での関節接続部材の不動の座着が保証される。関節接続部材3.1,3.2の縦軸線12.1,12.2に対して傾斜配置された孔16によって、モジュール式構成の人工関節1と個別部材2,3の結合または分離のための、タイバー(図示せず)またはねじボルト(図示せず)の使用が可能になる。
図4に拡大して示した図1の細部Eは、本発明による別の有利な構成を示したものである。軸部部材2の近位端部頂面へのねじボルト(図示せず)の作用接触により、その区域のねじ孔区間6の損傷の危険を防止するために、ねじ孔区間6の近位端部に、面取り部として構成された凹部11が設けられている。凹部の側面12の傾斜は、縦軸線11に対して45゜であり、ねじボルト(図示せず)のねじ山区間端部の面取り部の傾斜角度に合致している。これによって、軸部部材2への最適な押圧力導入が可能になり、軸部部材2と頭部部材3との間の円錐形差込み結合部10をゆるめることが、比較的僅かな力で可能になる。ねじ孔区間6のねじ山が損傷すれば、タイバーによる円錐形差込み結合部の軸線方向固定による頭部部材の再取付けが不可能になる。
図示されていない別の実施例の場合、人工股関節システムによるモジュール形式が実現されたことにより、種々の個別に寸法付けされた人工補装具形式が得られ、種々の部材寸法を組合わせることが可能になった。本発明によるねじ孔直径の段階付けは、連続して取付けられる部材のそれぞれ異なる部材間でも、同様に可能である。これにより、例えば、所望とあれば、頭部部材と遠位方向に後続する軸部部材との分離だけでなく、軸部部材相互の分離も可能となる。ゆるめることが可能な結合部を目標に“選択”するには、頭部へ向かって段階的にねじ山直径が拡径される場合、次のようなボルトを選ぶ必要がある。すなわち、そのボルトの外ねじ山が、分離を意図する箇所の近位側に位置する軸部部材内の内ねじ山とかみ合うボルトである。その場合、そのボルトの端部縁が、遠位に隣接する部材のねじ孔縁に当付けられ、選択された結合部を分離する。
種々の曲度の軸部部材を有するモジュール式システムの場合、種々の相対的な角位置決めによって、軸部部材を個別的に形成でき、しかも、前記の意味でのゆるめやすさが、何らかの制限を受けることはない。
本発明の構成は、以上に述べた有利な実施例に限定されるものではない。むしろ、既述の解決策を、基本的に別の形式で利用する多くの変化形を考えることができる。

Claims (13)

  1. 管状骨内へ挿入可能でかつ縦孔(4)を備えた軸部部材(2)と、該軸部部材(2)に近位側で接続される頭部部材(3)とを備え、前記頭部部材(3)が該頭部部材(3)内にて長手方向に移動可能に支承された関節接続部材(3.1,3.2)を有しており、前記軸部部材(2)の軸線(11)と前記関節接続部材(3.1,3.2)の軸線とが鈍角、すなわちインバージョン角度(inverion winkel)を成しており、前記頭部部材(3)を前記軸部部材(2)に差込み結合するために前記頭部部材(3)がスリーブ領域を有し、該スリーブ領域が前記軸部部材(2)の軸線(11)に対し前記インバージョン角度で傾けられた貫通孔を有し、該貫通孔の横断面が該貫通孔に挿入可能な前記関節接続部材(3.1,3.2)の円筒形区域(20)の横断面に適合させられている形式の人工関節において、前記頭部部材(3)が前記軸部部材(2)に向かって軸方向に延びる孔(5)を有し、該孔(5)が前記頭部部材(3)に支承された前記関節接続部材(3.1,3.2)を横切っておりかつ該孔(5)に挿入された結合部材で前記軸部部材(2)と前記頭部部材(3)とが結合されると同時に前記関節接続部材(3.1,3.2)が位置固定されていることを特徴とする、人工関節。
  2. 前記軸部部材(2)と前記頭部部材(3)とを結合する前記結合部材がねじボルトとして構成され、前記頭部部材(3)と前記軸部部材(2)との間の前記差込み結合を解離するために、前記頭部部材(3)に設けられた、前記軸部部材(2)に向かって軸方向に延びる、ねじ山を備えた前記孔(5)の直径(D1)が、前記軸部部材(2)に設けられたねじ山を備えた前記孔(4)の直径よりも大きい、請求項1記載の人工関節。
  3. 前記頭部部材(3)における軸方向に延びる前記孔(5)の直径(D1)と前記軸部部材(2)における前記孔(4)の直径(D2)との比の値が1.5から2.5である、請求項2記載の人工関節。
  4. 前記頭部部材(3)の前記孔(5)のねじ山もしくは前記軸部部材(2)の前記孔(4)のねじ山が前記各孔(5)もしくは(4)の全長に亘って設けられている、請求項1から3までのいずれか1項記載の人工関節。
  5. 前記軸部部材(2)の前記孔(4)が近位側の端部(6)の領域だけにねじ山を備えている、請求項1から3までのいずれか1項記載の人工関節。
  6. 前記軸部部材(2)の前記孔(4)の近位側端部(6)に面取り部が設けられている、請求項1から5までのいずれか1項記載の人工関節。
  7. 前記関節接続部材(3.1,3.2)が前記円筒形区域(20)で前記頭部部材(3)の前記スリーブ領域に固定可能である、請求項1から6までのいずれか1項記載の人工関節。
  8. 前記頭部部材(3)に挿込まれた前記関節接続部材(3.1,3.2)の前記円筒形区域(20)が、前記関節接続部材(3.1,3.2)を固定するために拡開手段によって拡開可能である、請求項7記載の人工関節。
  9. 前記円筒形区域(20)が少なくとも部分的に、拡開可能で、長手方向にスリット(13)を備えたスリーブとして構成されている、請求項8記載の人工関節。
  10. 前記関節接続部材(3.1,3.2)のスリットの切られた前記スリーブを拡開するために端部に向かって先細になった領域を有するねじボルトが設けられている、請求項9記載の人工関節。
  11. 前記関節接続部材が骨用ねじ(3.1)として構成されているか又は人工関節球(3.2)を備えている、請求項1から10までのいずれか1項記載の人工関節。
  12. 前記頭部部材(3)の異なる長さ及び(又は)異なる直径が選択可能でかつ前記軸部部材(2)の異なる長さ、異なる直径及び(又は)異なる湾曲が選択可能である、請求項1から11までのいずれか1項記載の人工関節を製作するための組立てキット。
  13. 前記頭部部材(3)に対しては、12〜17mmの直径が設定され、前記軸部部材(2)に対しては200〜320mmの長さと10〜14mmの直径とが設定されている、請求項12記載の組立てキット。
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AU3922695A (en) 1996-06-17
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DE59509981D1 (de) 2002-02-07
DE4442206A1 (de) 1996-05-23
WO1996015737A1 (de) 1996-05-30
EP0792127A1 (de) 1997-09-03
JPH10508777A (ja) 1998-09-02
US5888206A (en) 1999-03-30
ATE211376T1 (de) 2002-01-15

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