JP3481409B2 - Hydroforming method of steel pipe - Google Patents
Hydroforming method of steel pipeInfo
- Publication number
- JP3481409B2 JP3481409B2 JP33648096A JP33648096A JP3481409B2 JP 3481409 B2 JP3481409 B2 JP 3481409B2 JP 33648096 A JP33648096 A JP 33648096A JP 33648096 A JP33648096 A JP 33648096A JP 3481409 B2 JP3481409 B2 JP 3481409B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- pipe
- tube
- steel
- value
- steel pipe
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/10—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of tubular bodies
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/08—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for tubular bodies or pipes
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Shaping Metal By Deep-Drawing, Or The Like (AREA)
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
【０００１】
【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は、鋼管を金型内に装
着し、管内に内圧をかけ管軸方向に押込みつつ所定の形
状に加工するハイドロフォーム加工方法に関するもので
ある。
【０００２】
【従来の技術】自動車部品等において、鋼管等の金属管
をハイドロフォーム加工により成形した製品が採用され
始めている。その加工法は、図１のＴ字管の成形例に示
すように、金属管１を金型４，５に入れ、液導入孔８か
ら金属管１内に液を導入して内圧をかけ、両側から押し
込み用のシリンダー６，７で管軸方向に圧縮荷重を負荷
して押込みつつ所定の形状に加工する方法である。得ら
れた成形品３は軽量で、しかも複雑な形状のものまで成
形可能である。金属管１は、図２に示すように金属板２
を管状に成形し、突合せ部を溶接して製造されるほか、
シームレス管も使用される。
【０００３】管軸方向に押込まず内圧のみで加工するバ
ルジ加工に関しては、素材の鋼管として、軟質材料、ｎ
値の高い材料、ｒ値の高い材料を選択すべきであること
が知られている。しかし、上記のように管内に内圧をか
け管軸方向に押込みつつ加工するハイドロフォーム加工
に関しては、鋼管の材質面について、軟質の材料がよい
ことが知られている程度である。
【０００４】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】本発明は、鋼管を金型
内に装着し、管内に内圧をかけ管軸方向に押込みつつ所
定の形状に加工するハイドロフォーム加工において、加
工性に優れた鋼管の加工方法を提供することを目的とす
る。
【０００５】
【課題を解決するための手段】上記目的を達成するため
の本発明は、管軸方向のｒ値が管周方向のｒ値よりも
０．４１以上大きい鋼管を金型内に装着し、管内に内圧
をかけ管軸方向に押込みつつ所定の形状に加工すること
を特徴とする鋼管のハイドロフォーム加工方法である。
【０００６】
【発明の実施の形態】本発明におけるハイドロフォーム
加工は、図１に示すＴ字管の成形例のように、鋼管１を
金型４，５に入れ、液導入孔８から鋼管１内に液を導入
して内圧をかけ、両側から押し込み用のシリンダー６，
７で管軸方向に圧縮荷重を負荷して押込みつつ加工して
成形品３とするものである。対象とする鋼管１は、図２
に示すように鋼板２を管状に成形し、突合せ部を溶接し
て製造されるほか、シームレス管でもよい。
【０００７】本発明は、このような鋼管のハイドロフォ
ーム加工方法であって、図２の鋼管１に示すような管軸
方向のｒ値（ｒφ）が、管周方向のｒ値（ｒθ）よりも
０．４１以上大きい鋼管を用いる。鋼板２を管状に成形
し、突合せ部を溶接して鋼管１とする場合は、ｒφは鋼
板２の長さ方向のｒ値、ｒθは鋼板２の幅方向のｒ値と
なる。ここでｒ値は、板の引張り試験において、（板幅
方向の歪）／（板厚方向の歪）の比として得られるもの
である。
【０００８】冷延鋼板は、熱延板を冷延したのち焼鈍し
て製造され、通常、圧延方向（Ｌ方向）のｒ値よりも圧
延方向に対し直角方向（Ｃ方向）のｒ値の方か高い。し
たがって、このような冷延鋼板を図２のように管状に成
形する場合、本発明の鋼管１用の鋼板２としては、圧延
方向（Ｌ方向）が管周方向（ｒθの方向）となるように
板取りをして製造することができる。
【０００９】本発明のハイドロフォーム加工用鋼管は、
管軸方向のｒ値（ｒφ）が、管周方向のｒ値（ｒθ）よ
りも０．４１以上大きいので、図１に示す例のような成
形において、Ｔ成形高さｈの高い加工が行え、かつＴ成
形頂点部の肉厚減少を抑えることができる。したがっ
て、ハイドロフォーム加工において優れた加工性を有し
ている。
【００１０】
【実施例】板厚１．６mmの鋼板（ＪＩＳ Ｇ３１４１に
規定されるＳＴＣＥ）を図２のように管状に成形し溶接
して外径６０．５mmの鋼管を製造し、長さ３００mmに切
り出して金属管１とし、図１に示すようなＴ成形試験を
行った。鋼板としては、平均ｒ値がほぼ同等で、Ｌ方向
のｒ値（ｒL）およびＣ方向のｒ値（ｒC）の異なる種々
のものを使用し、Ｌ方向を管軸方向とした場合およびＣ
方向を管軸方向とした場合について管を製造した。ここ
で平均ｒ値は（ｒL＋２ｒ45＋ｒC）／４である。Ｔ成形
試験は、Ｔ張出し部のダイス穴直径を６０．５mm、肩ア
ールを２０mmとした割り型を使用し、最大内圧３３MP
a、シリンダーストローク片側５０mmの条件で加工し、
Ｔ成形高さｈを測定した。
【００１１】結果は、図３に示すように、管軸方向のｒ
値（ｒφ）が管周方向のｒ値（ｒθ）よりも０．４１以
上大きい場合は、Ｔ成形高さｈ大であり、優れた加工性
を示している。なお、ｒφおよびｒθは、鋼管に成形す
る前の鋼板の状態で測定したものであり、その値を表１
に示す。
【００１２】
【表１】
【００１３】
【発明の効果】本発明のハイドロフォーム加工方法は、
管軸方向のｒ値（ｒφ）が、管周方向のｒ値（ｒθ）よ
りも０．４１以上大きいので、図１の例に示すＴ成形
等、管内に内圧をかけ管軸方向に押込みつつ所定の形状
に加工するハイドロフォーム加工において、優れた加工
性を有している。したがって、従来よりも厳しい加工を
要する成形品まで製造可能である。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] [Technical Field of the Invention The present invention is, hydroforming a steel tube is mounted in a mold, processed while pushing pressure on the over tube axis direction to the tube to a predetermined shape It relates to a processing method . 2. Description of the Related Art In automobile parts and the like, products in which a metal pipe such as a steel pipe is formed by hydroforming have begun to be adopted. In the processing method, as shown in the example of forming a T-shaped tube in FIG. 1, the metal tube 1 is placed in the dies 4 and 5, a liquid is introduced into the metal tube 1 from the liquid introduction hole 8, and an internal pressure is applied. This is a method in which a compressive load is applied in the tube axis direction by the pushing cylinders 6 and 7 from both sides to push the cylinder into a predetermined shape. The obtained molded article 3 is lightweight and can be molded into a complicated shape. The metal tube 1 is, as shown in FIG.
In addition to being formed into a tube and welding the butt,
Seamless tubes are also used. [0003] With respect to the bulging of processing in the axial direction of the tube pushing first pressure only, as the steel pipe material, soft material, n
It is known that a high value material and a high r value material should be selected. However, for hydroforming of processing while pushing pressure on the over tube axis direction to the tube as described above, the material surface of the steel pipe is the degree to which it is known that a material soft is. [0004] [0008] The present invention, a steel tube is mounted in a mold, in hydroforming for processing internal pressure over tube axis direction in the tube into a predetermined shape while pushing, processability and to provide an excellent method for processing a steel tube. In order to achieve the above-mentioned object, the present invention provides a method for producing a fuel cell, wherein the r value in the pipe axis direction is larger than the r value in the pipe circumferential direction.
A hydroforming method for a steel pipe , comprising mounting a steel pipe having a size of 0.41 or more in a mold, applying internal pressure to the pipe, and pressing the pipe in a pipe axial direction to form the pipe into a predetermined shape. [0006] hydroforming in the present invention DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION As the molded example of the T-tube shown in FIG. 1, placed in the steel tube 1 in the mold 4, 5, the steel from the liquid introducing hole 8 The liquid is introduced into the tube 1 to apply internal pressure, and the cylinders 6 for pushing from both sides are pushed.
At 7, a molded product 3 is formed by applying a compressive load in the pipe axis direction and working while pushing it. Steel pipe 1 of interest, FIG. 2
Steel plate 2 formed into a tubular, in addition to being produced by welding butt portion may be a seamless tube, as shown in. [0007] The present invention provides a hydroforming method of the steel tube, the tube axis direction of the r values as shown in the steel tube 1 in FIG. 2 (r [phi]) is the circumferential direction of the pipe of the r value (R.theta) than
0.41 or more large listening steel pipe used. Steel plate 2 formed into a tubular case of the steel pipe 1 by welding butt portion, r [phi] is the lengthwise direction of the r value of the steel <br/> plate 2, R.theta the width direction of the steel plate 2 r Value. Here, the r value is obtained as a ratio of (strain in the sheet width direction) / (strain in the sheet thickness direction) in a sheet tensile test. A cold-rolled steel sheet is manufactured by cold-rolling a hot-rolled sheet and then annealing. Usually, the r-value in the direction perpendicular to the rolling direction (C direction) is smaller than the r value in the rolling direction (L direction). Or high. Therefore, when molding such cold rolled steel sheet into a tube as shown in FIG. 2, as the steel plate 2 for steel pipe 1 of the present invention, the rolling direction (L direction) the tube circumferential direction (direction of R.theta) It can be manufactured by stripping. [0009] hydroforming for the steel tube of the present invention,
Since the r value (rφ) in the pipe axis direction is 0.41 or more larger than the r value (rθ) in the pipe circumferential direction, in the forming as in the example shown in FIG. In addition, it is possible to suppress a decrease in the thickness of the T-shaped top portion. Therefore, it has excellent workability in hydroforming. [0010] A steel plate having a thickness of 1.6 mm (STCE specified in JIS G3141) is formed into a tube as shown in Fig. 2 and welded to produce a steel pipe having an outer diameter of 60.5 mm and a length of 300 mm. The metal tube 1 was cut out and subjected to a T-forming test as shown in FIG. As the steel plate, various steel plates having substantially the same average r value and different r values (r L ) in the L direction and r values (r C ) in the C direction are used. C
A pipe was manufactured when the direction was the pipe axis direction. Here, the average r value is (r L + 2r 45 + r C ) / 4. The T forming test uses a split mold with the die hole diameter of the T overhang part being 60.5 mm and the shoulder radius being 20 mm, and the maximum internal pressure is 33MP.
a, processed under the condition of 50mm on one side of the cylinder stroke,
The T molding height h was measured. The result is, as shown in FIG.
The value (rφ) is 0.41 or more than the r value (rθ) in the pipe circumferential direction.
When it is larger, the T molding height h is large, indicating excellent workability. Note that rφ and rθ were measured in a state of a steel sheet before being formed into a steel pipe.
Shown in [Table 1] According to the hydroforming method of the present invention,
Since the r-value (rφ) in the pipe axis direction is 0.41 or more larger than the r-value (rθ) in the pipe circumferential direction, internal pressure is applied to the inside of the pipe and pushed in the pipe axis direction, such as T forming shown in the example of FIG. It has excellent workability in hydroform processing for processing into a predetermined shape. Therefore, it is possible to manufacture a molded product that requires more severe processing than before.
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図１】本発明の対象とするハイドロフォーム加工法の
例を示す断面図である。
【図２】本発明の対象とする鋼管の製造例を示す斜視図
である。
【図３】実施例におけるｒφ−ｒθとＴ成形高さとの関
係を示すグラフである。
【符号の説明】
１…鋼管 ２…鋼板
３…成形品 ４，５…金型
６，７…シリンダー ８…液導入孔BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a hydroforming method according to the present invention. 2 is a perspective view showing an example of producing a steel pipe to which the present invention. FIG. 3 is a graph showing a relationship between rφ−rθ and T molding height in the example. [Description of Reference Numerals] 1 ... steel pipe 2 ... steel plate 3 ... moldings 4,5 ... mold 6,7 ... Cylinder 8 ... liquid introducing hole
───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (56)参考文献 特開 平６−41689（ＪＰ，Ａ) 特開 平８−71637（ＪＰ，Ａ) 特開 平９−216004（ＪＰ，Ａ) 特公 昭38−18966（ＪＰ，Ｂ１) 「チューブフォーミング −管材の二 次加工と製品設計−」，株式会社コロナ 社発行，1992年10月30日，第65−80頁 社団法人日本塑性加工学会、チューブ フォーミング分科会編，「チューブフォ ーミング技術資料集」，社団法人日本塑 性加工学会，1986年 ８月，第11−34頁 「第36回塑性加工連合講演会、講演論 文集」，1985年 ９月18日，第205−208 頁 (58)調査した分野(Int.Cl.7，ＤＢ名) B21D 26/02 B21C 37/08 ────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continuation of the front page (56) References JP-A-6-41689 (JP, A) JP-A-8-71637 (JP, A) JP-A-9-216004 (JP, A) 18966 (JP, B1) "Tube forming-secondary processing of tube material and product design-", published by Corona Co., Ltd., Oct. 30, 1992, pp. 65-80 Tube forming subcommittee, Japan Society for Technology of Plasticity Ed., “Tube Forming Technical Documents”, Japan Society for Technology of Plasticity, August 1986, pp. 11-34, “The 36th Joint Lecture on Plastic Working, Proceedings”, September 18, 1985 Pp. 205-208 (58) Fields investigated (Int. Cl. 7 , DB name) B21D 26/02 B21C 37/08
Claims (1)
０．４１以上大きい鋼管を金型内に装着し、管内に内圧
をかけ管軸方向に押込みつつ所定の形状に加工すること
を特徴とする鋼管のハイドロフォーム加工方法。(57) [Claims 1] The r value in the pipe axis direction is larger than the r value in the pipe circumferential direction.
A method for hydroforming steel pipes , comprising mounting a steel pipe having a size of 0.41 or more in a mold, applying internal pressure to the pipe, and pressing the pipe in a pipe axial direction to form the pipe into a predetermined shape.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP33648096A JP3481409B2 (en) | 1996-12-17 | 1996-12-17 | Hydroforming method of steel pipe |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP33648096A JP3481409B2 (en) | 1996-12-17 | 1996-12-17 | Hydroforming method of steel pipe |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH10175027A JPH10175027A (en) | 1998-06-30 |
| JP3481409B2 true JP3481409B2 (en) | 2003-12-22 |
Family
ID=18299575
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP33648096A Expired - Fee Related JP3481409B2 (en) | 1996-12-17 | 1996-12-17 | Hydroforming method of steel pipe |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP3481409B2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP3794230B2 (en) * | 2000-01-28 | 2006-07-05 | Ｊｆｅスチール株式会社 | Manufacturing method of high workability steel pipe |
| EP1264910B1 (en) * | 2000-02-28 | 2008-05-21 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Steel pipe having excellent formability and method for production thereof |
| EP1231289B1 (en) * | 2000-06-07 | 2005-10-19 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Steel pipe having high formability and method for producing the same |
| JP2001355047A (en) * | 2000-06-14 | 2001-12-25 | Kawasaki Steel Corp | High carbon steel tube excellent in cold workability and induction hardenability and its production method |
| JP4529307B2 (en) * | 2001-03-29 | 2010-08-25 | Ｊｆｅスチール株式会社 | High-strength and high-workability steel pipe and method for producing the same |
| KR100878731B1 (en) * | 2001-05-31 | 2009-01-14 | 제이에프이 스틸 가부시키가이샤 | Welded steel pipe having excellent hydroformability and method for making the same |
| WO2002103070A1 (en) * | 2001-06-14 | 2002-12-27 | Kawasaki Steel Corporation | Method for producing steel pipe having high ductility |
| CN1234896C (en) * | 2001-06-14 | 2006-01-04 | 杰富意钢铁株式会社 | Steelpipe having high formability and method for production thereof |
| KR20030082111A (en) * | 2002-04-16 | 2003-10-22 | 주식회사 성우하이텍 | The manufacturing method of auto-body parts hydroforming process |
| JP4788302B2 (en) * | 2005-11-14 | 2011-10-05 | Ｊｆｅスチール株式会社 | Highly workable steel pipe and manufacturing method thereof |
| DE112009004763T5 (en) | 2009-05-08 | 2012-10-04 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | ADJUSTED ROHLING AND METHOD FOR MAKING IT A COMPONENT |
-
1996
- 1996-12-17 JP JP33648096A patent/JP3481409B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Non-Patent Citations (3)
| Title |
|---|
| 「チューブフォーミング −管材の二次加工と製品設計−」，株式会社コロナ社発行，１９９２年１０月３０日，第６５−８０頁 |
| 「第３６回塑性加工連合講演会、講演論文集」，１９８５年 ９月１８日，第２０５−２０８頁 |
| 社団法人日本塑性加工学会、チューブフォーミング分科会編，「チューブフォーミング技術資料集」，社団法人日本塑性加工学会，１９８６年 ８月，第１１−３４頁 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH10175027A (en) | 1998-06-30 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| JP3481409B2 (en) | Hydroforming method of steel pipe | |
| CA2684299C (en) | Hydroforming method | |
| JP2776796B2 (en) | Metal tube thickening processing method | |
| WO2017145856A1 (en) | Molding material production method and molding material thereof | |
| JP4819305B2 (en) | Method for manufacturing reinforcing member | |
| WO2008130056A1 (en) | Hydroformed article | |
| GB2289234A (en) | Internal high-pressure forming process and apparatus | |
| JPH08168814A (en) | Production of hollow member for automobile stracture made of aluminum alloy | |
| JPH10175028A (en) | Highly accurate forming method of metallic tube by hydro-forming method | |
| JP4009129B2 (en) | Hydroform processing method | |
| JP3007883B1 (en) | Hydroform processing equipment | |
| JP4248788B2 (en) | Forming roll and forming method | |
| Ohashi et al. | The lateral extrusion of copper pipes with a lost core of low temperature melting alloy | |
| JP4133465B2 (en) | Hydroform processing method | |
| JP2003290844A (en) | Hydroforming method superior in formability | |
| JP2001009529A (en) | Method and device for fluid pressure molding, and member for vehicle | |
| JP2003154407A (en) | Aluminum extruded material for hydroforming and method of manufacturing the same | |
| Vaidyanathan et al. | Deep Drawing of constrained groove pressed EDD steel sheets | |
| JP3450076B2 (en) | Method for manufacturing tubular member for vehicle body structure | |
| JP2007185697A (en) | Machining method and machining device for metallic tube | |
| JP2001096316A (en) | Hydroforming method for steel pipe | |
| JPH08174047A (en) | Method for forming structural member for automobile using hollow extruded profile | |
| JP2001239329A (en) | Fluid pressure forming method and fluid pressure forming die | |
| JP3450744B2 (en) | Method for producing steel pipe with excellent hydroforming workability | |
| JP2002011530A (en) | Hydroforming for aluminum extruded material |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20030909 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20071010 Year of fee payment: 4 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20081010 Year of fee payment: 5 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20091010 Year of fee payment: 6 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20101010 Year of fee payment: 7 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20101010 Year of fee payment: 7 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20111010 Year of fee payment: 8 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20111010 Year of fee payment: 8 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20121010 Year of fee payment: 9 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20121010 Year of fee payment: 9 |
|
| S531 | Written request for registration of change of domicile |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R313531 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20131010 Year of fee payment: 10 |
|
| R350 | Written notification of registration of transfer |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R350 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20131010 Year of fee payment: 10 |
|
| S533 | Written request for registration of change of name |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R313533 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20131010 Year of fee payment: 10 |
|
| R350 | Written notification of registration of transfer |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R350 |
|
| LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |