JP3336173B2 - Photographic support - Google Patents

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a photographic support having a base paper coated on both sides with a polyolefin resin. More specifically, the present invention relates to a photographic support which prevents the penetration of a developing solution and has high strength and excellent formation, and furthermore, a photographic support which prevents a decrease in resistance to the developing solution over time. It is about.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, as a photographic support, the appearance,
Although base paper that is excellent in terms of waist, strength, and price is used,
The disadvantage of these base papers is that the absorption of the developing solution is large. From the viewpoints of rapid development processing and preservation of print quality, it is not preferable that the processing liquid is absorbed into the support.

As a countermeasure, it has been widely practiced to coat both sides of a base paper with a water-resistant resin such as polyolefin. However, according to this method, although the infiltration of the developing solution from the front and back surfaces can be prevented, the infiltration of the developing solution from the edge of the support cannot be prevented. Further, in the recent water-saving type water-washing treatment, it is impossible to completely wash the treatment liquid that has entered from the end.

In order to prevent the processing liquid from entering from the edge,
It has been practiced to add a sizing agent to base paper. At this time, from the viewpoint of the storability of photographic printing paper, the use of neutral sizing agents exhibiting an effect in a neutral to weakly alkaline region is increasing, reflecting the preference of neutral paper.

[0005] The neutral sizing agent used for the base paper of the photographic support must satisfy the following conditions. That is, it has a sufficient size effect on the developing solution, does not cause coloring by absorbing the developing solution, and does not adversely affect photographic properties such as fog. In addition, a sizing agent that does not reduce the strength of the base paper is more preferable, and generally an alkyl ketene dimer (hereinafter, AKD) or alkenyl succinic anhydride is used.

For the above sizing agents used in a neutral to weakly alkaline atmosphere, a size fixing agent is used for the purpose of enhancing the sizing effect. However, conventionally, a polyamide-polyamine-epichlorohydrin condensate, polyethyleneimine or the like has been used. It was common to add a cationic substance. However, simply adding these size fixing agents was not sufficient to enhance the size effect.

Japanese Patent Publication No. 23119/1987 discloses a method of adding an anionic polyacrylamide, an aluminum salt and an alkaline substance, and JP-A-5-173287 discloses a method of adding a cationic polyacrylamide or an anionic polyacrylamide and an alkaline substance. A method for achieving both size and smoothness is disclosed.

However, in these methods, since the yield and expression of the sizing agent are insufficient, the amounts of the sizing agent and the fixing agent are excessive, and the chemical cost and the effect are not always obtained under the optimum conditions. Is the current situation.

[0009]

As described above, base paper using singly or several types of cationized starch, polyamide-polyamine-epichlorohydrin resin, cationic polyacrylamide, and anionic polyacrylamide as the size fixing agent has a large size. Is sufficient, but the cost is high. At the present time, the sizing properties are not always satisfactory with respect to the added amount.

According to the present invention, the incorporation of AKD as a sizing agent and a polyamine-epichlorohydrin resin as a sizing agent effectively prevents the intrusion of a developing solution from an edge portion, and furthermore, an anion as a dry paper strengthening agent. It is an object of the present invention to provide a photographic support having excellent internal strength by using a hydrophilic polyacrylamide in combination.

Further, by adding an epoxidized higher fatty acid amide as an alkali-resistant sizing agent in addition to the AKD and the polyamine-epichlorohydrin resin, the effect of preventing the infiltration of the developing solution can be further enhanced, and the effect of this effect over time can be improved. By using an anionic polyacrylamide in combination as a dry paper strengthening agent, and a high prevention effect against infiltration of a developing solution,
It is an object of the present invention to provide a photographic support having high internal strength.

[0012]

The present inventors have made intensive studies in view of the above, and as a result, by using the polyamine-epichlorohydrin resin used in the present invention as a size fixing agent, the yield of the sizing agent and the expression of the size have been improved. , Which can prevent the infiltration of the developing solution, and that the combined use of the epoxidized higher fatty acid amide as an alkali-resistant sizing agent can provide a more excellent effect of preventing the infiltration of the developing solution, and furthermore, anionic as a dry paper strength agent When polyacrylamide was used in combination, it was found that the strength could be further improved, and the present invention was completed.

The photographic support of the present invention is a photographic support in which the surface of a base paper is coated with a polyolefin resin. In the base paper, an alkyl ketene dimer as a sizing agent, and a fixing agent for the sizing agent (hereinafter, a size fixing agent) PH 3.0
Characterized by containing a cationic polyamine-epichlorohydrin resin having a degree of cationization of 4.0 meq / g or more.

Preferably, the amount of the sizing agent (A) and the amount of the size fixing agent (B) added are each 0.2% by weight or more per pulp solid content, and the weight ratio (B
/ A) is from 1.0 to 2.5.

Further, an anionic polyacrylamide is contained as the dry paper strength agent (C), and the weight ratio (B / B) of the size fixing agent (B) and the amount of the dry paper strength agent (C) added.
C) is preferably from 2.0 to 5.0.

The photographic support of the present invention is a photographic support having a base paper surface coated with a polyolefin resin, wherein the base paper has an alkyl ketene dimer as a sizing agent and an epoxidized higher fatty acid amide as an alkali-resistant sizing agent. And a cationic polyamine-epichlorohydrin resin having a degree of cationization at pH 3.0 of 4.0 meq / g or more as a size fixing agent.

Preferably, the amount of each of the sizing agent (A) and the size fixing agent (B) is 0.2% by weight or more per pulp solid content, and the weight ratio (B
/ A) is 1.0 to 2.5, and the amount of the alkali-resistant sizing agent (D) added to the pulp solids is 0.1 to 0.2.
1 to 0.5% by weight.

Further, an anionic polyacrylamide is contained as a dry paper strengthening agent, and the weight ratio (B / C) of the size fixing agent (B) and the amount of the dry paper strengthening agent (C) is as follows:
It is preferably from 2.0 to 5.0.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.
In the photographic support of the present invention, AKD used as a sizing agent is a ketene dimer starch having an unsaturated or branched olefin or an α-olefin as a hydrophobic group, a water-soluble polymer and the like as a protective colloid. It is an aqueous dispersion. The sizing agent is excellent in that an effective sizing degree can be obtained with a small amount of addition and the sizing degree with respect to an alkaline solution or a solvent. Recently, a rosin-modified sizing agent that exhibits a size even in a neutral region has been developed, but its sizing property with respect to an alkaline solution such as a developer is insufficient.

The size fixing agent used in the present invention has a pH of
It is a polyamine-epichlorohydrin resin having a degree of cationization of 3.0 meq / g or more at 3.0, and has a remarkable effect of fixing a sizing agent and remarkable expression of sizing properties, thereby more effectively preventing infiltration of a developer. be able to.

The polyamine-epichlorohydrin resin is
JP-B-63-43520, obtained by reacting epichlorohydrin with dialkylamine, or obtained by reacting epichlorohydrin, dialkylamine and polyalkylenepolyamine, or obtained by reacting epichlorohydrin, dialkylamine and polyalkylenepolyamine, or epichlorohydrin, trialkylamine and polyalkylene It is obtained by reaction with an amine.

The starting di- or tri-alkylamine preferably has an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms. In order to obtain water solubility, those having an alkyl group having 1 to 2 carbon atoms, That is, dimethylamine, diethylamine, trimethylamine or triethylamine is preferred. In order to improve the emulsifying effect on AKD, a di- or trialkylamine having a long-chain alkyl group having 16 to 18 carbon atoms is mixed and used.

The polyalkylene polyamine which is another raw material has two primary amino groups and at least one secondary amino group in the molecule, and these groups have --C
nH2n- (where n is an integer of 2 or more) is preferable, and examples thereof include polyethylene polyamine, polypropylene polyamine and polybutylene polyamine. Of these, polyethylene polyamine is preferable, and diethylene triamine is particularly preferable. , Triethylenetetramine or tetraethylenepentamine are excellent, and mixtures thereof are also used. Aliphatic diamines can also be used as a mixture with these polyalkylene polyamines, and ethylenediamine, propylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, and the like are suitable.

In the present invention, the sizing agent (A) and the size fixing agent (B) may be added in an amount of 0.2% by weight or more based on the solid content of pulp to obtain sufficient sizing properties.
By using the weight ratio (B / A) of 1.0 to 2.5, the intrusion of the developer can be more effectively prevented. on the other hand,
If the weight ratio is less than 1.0, the amount of the size fixing agent with respect to the sizing agent is insufficient, and if it exceeds 2.5, the amount of the size fixing agent with respect to the sizing agent becomes excessive, which is economically meaningless.

Further, by using anionic polyacrylamide in combination with a sizing agent and a size fixing agent as a dry paper strength agent, a more excellent paper strength enhancing effect can be obtained.

The anionic polyacrylamide is a partial hydrolyzate of a homopolymer of acrylamide, a copolymer of acrylamide and a vinyl monomer copolymerizable with acrylamide, or a copolymer of acrylamide with acrylic acid or methacrylic acid. Polymers and anionic polyacrylamide or acrylamide or acrylamide or methacrylamide obtained by partially substituting a part of acrylamide with acrylonitrile or acrylate, a water-soluble cationic monomer,
It is a water-soluble polymer having acrylamide or methacrylamide obtained by copolymerizing a mixture of α, β-unsaturated mono- and dicarboxylic acids as a main monomer component and having an anionic group. Also. The water-soluble polymer may be a generally marketed polymer,
The colloid titration value measured at pH 9.0 is -0.5me
q / g or less is more preferable.

The weight ratio (B / C) of the added amount of the size fixing agent (B) and the dry paper strength agent (C) is 2.0 to 5.0.
In this case, the strength of the base paper can be further improved. Meanwhile, 2.
If it is smaller than 0, the amount of the dry paper strength agent relative to the size fixing agent becomes excessive, so that not only sufficient strength improvement cannot be measured, but also the formation deteriorates, and the addition becomes economically meaningless.
If the amount exceeds 0, the amount of the dry paper strength agent added to the size fixing agent decreases, so that improvement in strength cannot be expected.

Further, in the photographic support of the present invention, by using an epoxidized higher fatty acid amide as an alkali-resistant sizing agent in combination with a sizing agent and a size fixing agent, a more excellent sizing effect on a developing solution can be obtained. And the intrusion of the developing solution from the edge can be effectively prevented.

By using the alkali-resistant sizing agent in an amount of 0.1 to 0.5% by weight with respect to the pulp, more excellent sizing properties can be obtained while maintaining the strength of the support sufficiently. On the other hand, if the content is less than 0.1% by weight, the sizing degree is not improved, and if it is more than 0.5% by weight, the strength of the support decreases.

The pulp used for the base paper of the photographic support of the present invention includes NBKP, LBKP, NBSP and LB.
SP, TMP, waste paper, etc. are mentioned.
These are mixed and used in proportions depending on the purpose. In addition, fillers such as kaolin, talc, calcium carbonate and titanium oxide which are usually used in papermaking, dyes, sizing agents, size fixing agents, wet strength agents, dry strength agents, and the like can be contained as necessary. it can.

[0031]

Although the detailed mechanism is not clear, when AKD is used as a sizing agent and polyamine-epichlorohydrin resin is used as a size fixing agent, a high cationic property is obtained by directly cross-linking the polyamine with epichlorohydrin. It is believed that the sizing agent can be adsorbed and settled on the pulp fibers. On the other hand, when a polyamide-polyamine-epichlorohydrin resin is used as the size fixing agent, it is considered that since the polyamide is produced by adding and cross-linking epichlorohydrin to the polyamide, the amino group is converted to amide and a highly cationic resin cannot be obtained. Can be

[0032]

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to embodiments. The present invention is not limited to the embodiments. In the following, all parts and percentages are by weight.

Example 1 LB beaten with a PFI mill to a freeness of 380 mlcsf
0.5% of AKD (trade name: AS24A, manufactured by Nippon PMC) as a sizing agent, based on the pulp solid content obtained by mixing KP and NBKP beaten to 450 mlcsf in a weight ratio of 7: 3, and a size fixing agent After adding 1.0% of a polyamine-epichlorohydrin resin having a cationization degree of 11.0 meq / g at pH 3.0 and adding an appropriate amount of sodium carbonate to adjust the pH to 7.6, the basis weight was 180 g / m ^2. Base paper was made.

After the obtained base paper was calendered to a density of 1.0 g / cm ³ , low-density polyethylene was extruded to a thickness of 30 μm on each of the front surface and the back surface to apply a coating to the photographic support of Example 1. did.

Example 2 Example 2 was repeated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the size fixing agent used in Example 1 was changed to a polyamine-epichlorohydrin resin having a cationization degree of 10.1 meq / g at pH 3.0. A photographic support was obtained.

Example 3 Example 3 was repeated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the sizing agent used in Example 1 was replaced with a polyamine-epichlorohydrin resin having a cationization degree of 6.4 meq / g at pH 3.0. A photographic support of 3 was obtained.

Comparative Example 1 Comparative Example 1 was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the size fixing agent used in Example 1 was changed to a polyamine-epichlorohydrin resin having a degree of cationization of 3.5 meq / g at pH 3.0. A photographic support was obtained.

Comparative Example 2 Example 1 was repeated except that the size fixing agent used in Example 1 was changed to a polyamide-polyamine-epichlorohydrin resin having a degree of cationization of 6.4 meq / g at pH 3.0.
A photographic support of Comparative Example 2 was obtained in the same manner as described above.

The photographic supports obtained in Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 were evaluated by the following evaluation methods, and the results are shown in Table 1.

<Penetration Depth> The penetration depth is determined by developing a photographic support with an automatic developing machine (a color roll processor manufactured by FC Seisakusho) and penetrating the processing solution from the end of the photographic support after processing. The depth was measured and judged. 0.55 mm or less, more preferably 0.45 mm or less, in order to maintain excellent appearance.
mm or less is required.

<Internal Bond Strength> The internal strength considered to be necessary when developing the photographic paper with a color roll processor or the like was measured using an internal bond tester (manufactured by Kumagai Riki Kogyo Co., Ltd.). The unit was expressed in g · cm / in ² . The internal strength required for the photographic support is 350 g
m / in ² or more, more preferably 380 g · cm / in ² or more is required.

<Formation> Soft X-ray generator (SOFTEX-
CMR: 12 × 17c using the format JLX-101)
An X-ray film was pressed against a photographic support of m, a tube voltage of 5 kV, an emission current of 6 mA, and an irradiation time of 3 mm.
An X-ray film obtained by irradiating X-rays at 0 minutes was developed, and a density variation coefficient was determined from an image on the film using an image analyzer (LUSEX 50X). The density variation coefficient was input at five points from one film, and evaluated by the average value calculated by the following equation (1). Generally, in order to maintain excellent appearance, the coefficient of density variation is preferably 10% or less.

[0043]

## EQU1 ## Density variation coefficient (%) = (standard deviation / average density) × 100

[0044]

[Table 1]

Evaluation: When a polyamine-epichlorohydrin resin having a degree of cationization of 4.0 meq / g or more was used as a size fixing agent, as in Examples 1 to 3, the developer from the end of the photographic support was used. Infiltration can be suppressed, and from Comparative Examples 1 and 2, the degree of cationization is out of the range of the present invention, and the size of the polyamine-epichlorohydrin resin and the commonly used polyamide-polyamine-epichlorohydrin resin is sufficient for the fixing agent. It can be seen that the property cannot be obtained.

Examples 4 to 15 The size fixing agent used in Example 1 and the amount of the sizing agent added were
Photographic supports of Examples 4 to 15 were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that each was changed as shown in Table 2.

The photographic supports obtained in Examples 4 to 15 were evaluated by the above-described evaluation methods. The results are shown in Table 2.

[0048]

[Table 2]

Evaluation: Comparing Examples 4 to 5 with Examples 6 to 15, sufficient sizing was obtained when 0.2% by weight or more of the size fixing agent and the sizing agent were added, respectively. It is understood that it is possible. Examples 6 to 8,
By comparing Examples 9 to 11 and Examples 12 to 15, a high sizing effect can be obtained when the amounts of the size fixing agent and the sizing agent are 0.2% by weight or more, respectively. It can be seen that when the weight ratio (B / A) is 2.5 or less, a higher size effect is obtained. When the weight ratio is lower than 1.0, the amount of the sizing agent becomes excessive, and the sizing effect tends to decrease due to a decrease in the yield of the sizing agent, which is not economically efficient.

Examples 16 to 19 In Example 1, anionic polyacrylamide (trade name: Star Gum A15, manufactured by Seiko Chemical Co., Ltd., colloid titration value -1.35 meq / g) was further used as a dry paper strength agent.
The photographic supports of Examples 16 to 19 were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that they were added as shown in Table 3.

The photographic supports obtained in Examples 16 to 19 were evaluated by the above-described evaluation methods. The results are shown in Table 4.

[0052]

[Table 3]

[0053]

[Table 4]

Evaluation: Examples 16 to 19 show that when the size fixing agent and the dry paper strength agent are used in combination, further improvement in strength can be achieved. Further, the effect of improving the strength is attributable to the weight ratio of the size fixing agent to the dry paper strength agent (B /
C) is particularly high when C) is 5.0 or less, but the weight ratio is 2.0.
If it exceeds 0, the formation tends to decrease, indicating that the preferred weight ratio is between 2.0 and 5.0.

Examples 20 to 22 In Examples 1 to 3, epoxidized higher fatty acid amides (trade name: NS71) were further used as alkali-resistant sizing agents.
5, manufactured by Hyundai Chemical Co.) was added in the same manner as in Examples 1 to 3, except that 0.5% was added to the solid content of the pulp to obtain photographic supports of Examples 20 to 22.

Comparative Examples 3 and 4 Comparative Examples 1 and 2 were repeated in the same manner as in Comparative Examples 1 and 2, except that an alkali-resistant sizing agent was further added in an amount of 0.5% based on the pulp solid content. Photographic supports 3 and 4 were obtained.

Examples 20 to 22 and Comparative Examples 3 to
Table 5 shows the amount of each chemical added in No. 4. Further, the photographic supports obtained in Examples 20 to 22 and Comparative Examples 3 and 4 were evaluated by adding the following evaluation method to the penetration depth over time in addition to the evaluation method described above. The results are shown in Table 6.

<Depth with time> With respect to the degree of decrease in the effect of preventing the infiltration of the developing solution due to the aging of the photographic support, the photographic support was heated at 60 ° C. and 90% RH in an environment of 7%.
After leaving it for 2 hours, it was developed with an automatic developing machine (manufactured by FC Seisakusho, color roll processor), and the depth of penetration of the processing solution from the edge of the processed photographic support was measured and judged. In order to maintain excellent appearance, the thickness needs to be 0.55 mm or less, more preferably 0.45 mm or less.

[0059]

[Table 5]

[0060]

[Table 6]

Evaluation: By comparing Examples 1 to 3 with Examples 20 to 22, the degree of cationization was 4.0 meq / g.
When the above polyamine-epichlorohydrin resin is used as a size fixing agent, and epoxidized higher fatty acid amide is added as an alkali-resistant sizing agent, penetration of the developer from the edge of the photographic support is further suppressed. It is understood that it is done. In addition, since the value of the penetration depth with time does not change from the value of the penetration depth, it can be seen that the decrease in the effect of preventing the penetration of the developing solution due to the temporal change of the photographic support is improved. Further, from Comparative Examples 3 and 4, when using a fixing agent of a polyamine-epichlorohydrin resin having a degree of cationization out of the range of the present invention and a commonly used polyamide-polyamine-epichlorohydrin resin,
It can be seen that sufficient sizing properties cannot be obtained even when an alkali-resistant sizing agent is added.

Examples 23 to 29 Examples 23 to 29 were carried out in the same manner as in Example 22 except that the amounts of the sizing agent and the alkali-resistant sizing agent used in Example 22 were changed as shown in Table 7. 29 photographic supports were obtained.

The photographic supports obtained in Examples 23 to 29 were evaluated by the above-described evaluation methods. The results are shown in Table 8.

[0064]

[Table 7]

[0065]

[Table 8]

Evaluation: It can be seen from Examples 23 to 29 that the sizing effect is improved by the addition of the alkali-resistant sizing agent. From the comparison of Examples 23 to 26, a sufficient size effect can be obtained even when the weight ratio (B / A) of the size fixing agent to the sizing agent exceeds 2.5, but the weight ratio is 2.
When it is 5 or less, it can be seen that a higher size effect is obtained. When the weight ratio is lower than 1.0, the amount of the sizing agent becomes excessive, and the sizing effect tends to decrease due to a decrease in the yield of the sizing agent, which is not economically efficient. Further, by comparing Examples 27 to 29 and Example 23, when the addition amount of the alkali-resistant sizing agent exceeds 0.5%, strength and formation tend to be reduced, so that preferable addition is performed. The amount is 0.5
%.

Examples 30 to 33 Examples 30 to 33 were carried out in the same manner as in Examples 16 to 19, except that an alkali sizing agent was further added in an amount of 0.5% based on the pulp solid content.
33 photographic supports were obtained.

Table 9 shows the amount of each chemical added in Examples 30 to 33. Examples 30 to 3
The photographic support obtained in 3 was evaluated by the above-mentioned evaluation method, and the results are shown in Table 10.

[0069]

[Table 9]

[0070]

[Table 10]

Evaluation: From Examples 31 to 32, when a size fixing agent, an alkali-resistant type sizing agent, and a dry paper strength agent are used in combination, an excellent effect of preventing the penetration of a developing solution and a sufficient strength are compatible. It is understood that it is done. Further, the effect of improving the strength is attributable to the weight ratio of the size fixing agent to the dry paper strength agent (B /
C) is particularly high when C) is 5.0 or less, but the weight ratio is 2.0.
If it exceeds 0, the formation tends to decrease, indicating that the preferred weight ratio is between 2.0 and 5.0.

[0072]

According to the photographic support of the present invention, AKD is used as a sizing agent and a polyamine-epichlorohydrin resin is used as a fixing agent. Since the development of the sizing property is improved in the body and the infiltration of the developing solution can be prevented with a small amount of the sizing agent added, the production cost is reduced and the strength is not reduced by the excessive addition of the sizing agent. In addition, the strength can be further improved by using anionic polyacrylamide as a dry paper strength agent. Furthermore, by using together with the epoxidized higher fatty acid amide as an alkali-resistant type sizing agent, it is possible to prevent a decrease in the resistance of the base paper to the developing solution over time, and in addition, by using a dry paper strength agent together with the developing solution, It has both high prevention effect and sufficient strength.

Claims (6)

(57) [Claims] In a photographic support having a base paper surface coated with a polyolefin resin, an alkyl ketene dimer is used as a sizing agent in the base paper, and a cationization at pH 3.0 is used as a fixing agent for the sizing agent (hereinafter referred to as a size fixing agent). A photographic support comprising a cationic polyamine-epichlorohydrin resin having a degree of 4.0 meq / g or more. 2. The amount of the sizing agent (A) and the amount of the size fixing agent (B) added to the pulp solids is 0.2
% By weight and the weight ratio of the added amount (B / A)
2. The photographic support according to claim 1, wherein the number is from 1.0 to 2.5. 3. An anionic polyacrylamide is contained as the dry paper strength agent (C), and the weight ratio (B / C) of the size fixing agent (B) and the amount of the dry paper strength agent (C) added is ,
3. The photographic support according to claim 1, wherein the photographic support is 2.0 to 5.0. 4. In a photographic support having a base paper surface coated with a polyolefin resin, an alkyl ketene dimer as a sizing agent, an epoxidized higher fatty acid amide as an alkali-resistant sizing agent, and a pH of 3.0 as a size fixing agent in the base paper. Is 4.0 meq / g
A photographic support comprising the cationic polyamine-epichlorohydrin resin described above. 5. An amount of the sizing agent (A) and the size fixing agent (B) added to the pulp solid content of 0.2
% By weight and the weight ratio of the added amount (B / A)
Is 1.0 to 2.5, and the addition amount of the alkali-resistant sizing agent (D) is 0.1 to
The photographic support according to claim 4, wherein the amount is 0.5% by weight. 6. An anionic polyacrylamide is contained as a dry paper strength agent, and the weight ratio (B / C) of the amount of the size fixing agent (B) to the dry paper strength agent (C) is 2. 0
The photographic support according to claim 4 or 5, wherein the ratio is from 5.0 to 5.0.