JP3129413U - Handle structure - Google Patents

Abstract

An object of the present invention is to provide a handle structure that uses simple components, is easy to assemble, can be variously changed in design, and can reduce manufacturing costs.
A grip portion 10 and a support portion 20 supported at both ends thereof are provided. The grip portion 10 is made of a tubular body formed by aluminum extrusion, and an engagement receiving portion 12 and a fixed receiving portion 14 are provided on both end surface portions 11 thereof. The support portion 20 is formed from a stainless steel plate-like body, and has a bent portion 22 at the tip thereof, and can be engaged with the engagement receiving portion 12. An insertion hole 14 is formed below the bent portion 22, and is fixed to the fixed receiving portion 14 with a tapping screw. The leg portion 25 of the support portion 20 is screwed to the attached member. After the support portion 20 is screwed to the attached member, the bent portions 22 at both ends are engaged with the engagement receiving portions 12 at both end faces of the grip portion 10, and tapped through the insertion holes 24 of the support portion 20. Can be fixed with screws.
[Selection] Figure 1

Description

  The present invention was developed as a handle for an industrial electric hot air blower, and relates to a handle structure used when lifting, using, fixing, or carrying various mechanical devices.

FIG. 6 is an explanatory diagram illustrating a conventional handle.
The handle 50 illustrated in FIG. 6A includes a grip 51 made of a metal tube, and support portions 52 and 52 that support both ends thereof.
A fitting receiving portion at the upper end of the support portion 52 fixed to the attachment member of various devices or the like through a screw insertion hole 54, 54 formed in the leg portion 53 of the one support portion 52. 55, the end of the grip 51 is fitted and coupled, and the other end of the grip 51 is then fitted and coupled to the fitting receiving portion 55 at the upper end of the other support 52. It can be screwed through the screw insertion holes 54 and 54 formed in the portion 53 and can be fixed to the attached member.

The handle 60 illustrated in FIG. 6B is formed of a substantially U-shape having a grip portion 61 and support portions 62 and 62 combined. A screw hole is formed in the lower end surface of the support parts 62 on both sides, and it is of a type that can be fixed by a screw from the inside of a housing such as a device to be attached.
The handle 70 illustrated in FIG. 6C includes a grip portion 71 and support portions 72 and 72 formed integrally therewith. The grip portion 71 and the support portions 72 and 72 are the same as those in the above example. Similarly, although it has a substantially U shape, attachment portions 73 and 73 are integrally formed at the lower end portions of both support portions 72 and 72. Each of the attachment portions 73 is formed with screw insertion holes 74 and 74, which can be fixed to a member to be attached by screws.

Furthermore, as a conventional example, there is a handle handle described in Patent Document 1 below. This handle handle is similar to the type shown in FIG. 6B, and means for preventing idling is taken. Is. Further, the handle described in Patent Document 1 has been developed to be used for joinery and the like.
JP 2002-235463 A

In the case shown in FIG. 6A, if the support portions 52 and 52 are first fixed to the attached member, the grip portion 51 cannot be attached later.
Since the grip part 51 is only fitted and supported by the support parts at both ends, the grip part rotates.
In order to stop this rotation, it is necessary to fix from the outside of the support portion by a fixing means such as a screw, or to add a stopper mechanism for preventing any rotation.
In the case shown in FIG. 6B, although the number of parts is small, it must be screwed from the inside of the housing of a device or the like that is a member to be attached.

In the case shown in FIG. 6 (C), it is integrally formed and has a small number of parts, but its design is limited to this shape, and although it is formed integrally, it is a component member of the handle. Compared to the above, the shape is somewhat complicated, the range of the purpose of attachment is narrow, and therefore it is necessary to prepare handles of various shapes, resulting in an increase in cost.
In view of the above problems, the present invention has an object to provide a handle structure that is extremely inexpensive, uses simple components, is easy to assemble, and can be variously modified in design. It is.

  1st thing of this invention is handles, such as various machine apparatuses, Comprising: A handle structure which consists of a grip part and the support part supported by the both ends, A grip part consists of a rod-shaped body or a tubular body, The both ends The end surface portion is provided with an engagement receiving portion that engages with the distal end portion of the support portion, and a fixing receiving portion that can be engaged with a fixing means such as a screw. Each of the support portions is formed of a belt-like plate-like body. The distal end portion of the grip portion is engaged with the engagement receiving portion of the grip portion, and an insertion hole for a fixing means such as a screw is formed at a position corresponding to the fixed receiving portion. Can be fixed to a member to be attached such as a mechanical device by a fixing means such as a screw, and after fixing both support parts to the member to be attached, these tip portions are engaged with engagement receiving parts on both end faces of the grip part. It is formed by engaging and fixing fixing means such as screws to the fixed receiving part through the insertion hole of the support part. A handle structure characterized by Rukoto.

  According to a second aspect of the present invention, in the first invention, the tapping screw or the like is used as a fixing means, the grip portion is made of an aluminum rod-like body or tubular body manufactured by extrusion molding, and the fixed receiving portion is the above-described one. It is formed from a hole having an inner diameter smaller than a crest diameter or outer diameter of a tapping screw, etc., and the gripping part is fixed to the support part by forcibly screwing or forcibly fitting the tapping screw etc. to the fixed receiving part. This is a characteristic handle structure.

According to a third aspect of the present invention, in the first or second aspect, the grip portion is made of an aluminum tubular body manufactured by extrusion molding, and the engagement receiving portion and the fixed receiving portion can be manufactured simultaneously with the extrusion molding. It is a handle structure characterized by.
According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, in the above first aspect, a bottomed cylindrical cap is attached to both ends of the grip portion, and an engagement receiving portion and a fixed receiving portion are provided on an end surface portion which is a bottom surface of the cap. Thus, the handle structure is characterized in that the grip portion is fixed to the support portion via caps at both ends of the grip portion.

According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, in the first to fourth aspects described above, the legs on the base end side of both support portions fixed to the attached member are connected to each other and formed integrally. It is a handle structure characterized by.
According to a sixth aspect of the present invention, in the first to fifth aspects of the present invention, the distal end portions of both support portions are bent to the grip portion side to form bent portions, and these bent portions are gripped portions. The handle structure is characterized by being fitted into an engagement receiving portion formed on the end surface portion or the cap end surface portion.

In the first device of the present invention, since the engagement receiving portions are provided on both end surface portions of the grip portion, the grip portion can be assembled and fixed after the both support portions are first attached.
Assembling the two by the engagement structure of the end face portions can be easily performed after fixing both support portions.
The grip portion is made of a rod-like body or a tubular body, and the support portion is also made of a belt-like plate-like body, and each of the grip portions is composed of extremely simple components, so that the manufacturing cost is low.
In the present invention, a fixing means such as a screw is used to fix and fix both the grip part and the support part, but this fixing can also be easily performed after the assembly is completed.
Since the grip part and the support part are composed of extremely simple components as described above, their designs can be freely selected. That is, the cross-sectional shape of the grip portion can also be freely adopted, and the belt-like plate-like body of the support portion can be appropriately shaped in a front view by being appropriately bent.
Furthermore, since the support portion is formed by appropriately bending the belt-like plate-like body, the height of the grip portion can be easily changed and can be easily set to a desired height.

In the second one of the present invention, since the grip portion which is one of the components is formed from a rod-like body or tubular body manufactured by extrusion molding of aluminum, the rod-like body or tubular body is simply used. Simply cut to the desired length.
In addition, a tapping screw or the like is used as the fixing means, and the fixed receiving portion provided on the end surface of the grip portion is formed by a hole portion having an inner diameter slightly smaller than the mountain diameter or the outer diameter of the tapping screw or the like. Female threading is not required and can be easily formed. Forced screwing, forced fitting, etc. are easy, and strong fixation can be realized.

In the third device of the present invention, the grip portion can be manufactured by extrusion molding of aluminum, and at the time of manufacturing the grip portion, the engagement receiving portion and the fixed receiving portion of the end surface portion of the grip portion can be completed simultaneously. It is possible to manufacture the grip part very easily.
In the fourth one of the present invention, a grip is provided by interposing a bottomed cylindrical cap at both ends of the grip portion and providing an engagement receiving portion and a fixed receiving portion on the end surface portion which is the bottom surface of the cap. The material and shape of the part can be changed to various desired ones. For example, the grip portion can be made of wood or synthetic resin, and its cross-sectional shape can be freely designed. Further, the shape of the front view is not necessarily linear, and can be designed in a curved shape or other desired shapes. Of course, even a metallic tubular body or rod-shaped body can be freely designed and implemented.

In the fifth aspect of the present invention, since the leg portions on the base end side of both the support portions can be integrally formed with each other, the number of parts can be reduced.
The reason why the leg portions can be integrally formed is that, in the present invention, the grip portion can be assembled after the support portion is fixed to the attached member.
That is, if the grip part cannot be assembled later, the fixing of the leg part to the attached member is made by a screw, so that the screwing position of the screw is located just below the grip part, This is because the grip portion is obstructive and it is difficult to screw with a tool having a normal linear driver bit or the like.

In the sixth aspect of the present invention, since the bent portion at the front end portion of the support portion is structured to be fitted into the engagement receiving portion of the grip end surface portion or the cap end surface portion, the support portion is attached as described above. After fixing to the member, it can be easily assembled to the grip part, and a solid structure is formed with a simple structure by both the fitting structure of the bent part and the fixing structure by fixing means such as screws, and assembling. It is easy and the weight bearing capacity is sufficient.
In addition, by the structure of the bent part and the engagement receiving part of this front-end | tip part, after a grip part is assembled | attached to a support part, there is no possibility that a grip part will rotate in the circumferential direction.

Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a first embodiment according to the handle structure of the present invention.
A handle structure 1 according to the present invention includes a grip portion 10 and a support portion 20.
The grip 10 is made of a tubular body made from aluminum extrusion. The cross-sectional shape is the same as the left side shape.
Reference numeral 12 denotes an engagement receiving portion formed on the end surface portion 11 of the grip portion 10. The engagement receiving portion 12 is formed from a rectangular hole that is long in the side.

Reference numeral 14 denotes a fixed receiving portion formed on the end surface portion 11 and is formed from a hole portion.
The grip portion 10 has a through-hole 18 including an engagement receiving portion 12 and a fixed receiving portion 14 formed in the end surface portion 11 formed over the entire length of the grip portion 10 by extrusion molding. It is. Therefore, the end surface portion on the far side in the figure of the grip portion 10 has the same configuration as the end surface portion on the near side.
In the present embodiment, the length of the grip portion in the longitudinal direction is about 160 mm.
On the other hand, the support portion 20 is integrally formed including support arm portions 21 and 21 that support both ends of the grip portion 10. This support part 20 uses a stainless steel belt-like plate-like body, and is formed by appropriately bending. Of course, the support portion 20 may be formed as a separate member separated at the central portion.

Both support arm portions 21 and 21 are bent inward at the intermediate portions thereof, and are continuous at the substantially horizontal leg portions 25. An intermediate portion of the leg portion 25 is formed to be slightly narrow.
Two screw insertion holes 26 and 26 for screwing onto a member to be attached (not shown) are provided in the leg portion 25 at a predetermined interval, and are fixed to various devices and the like as attachment members by screws.
Bending portions 22 and 22 are respectively formed in the upper end portions of the support arm portions 21 and 21 in a substantially horizontal direction facing inward (direction of the grip portion), and the bending portion 22 is formed in the grip portion 10. It fits in the engagement receiving part 12 provided in the end surface part 11.
A screw insertion hole 24 is provided at a position corresponding to the fixed receiving portion 14 formed on the end surface portion 11 of the grip portion 10 slightly below the bent portion 22.

The assembly procedure is as follows.
The support portion 20 is fixed by screws through screw insertion holes 26 and 26 provided in the leg portions 25 of the support portion 20 at appropriate positions of the attached members such as various mechanical devices.
Thereafter, the bent portions 22 are respectively placed in the engagement receiving portions 12 and 12 formed on both end surface portions 11 and 11 of the grip portion 10 so as to slightly widen the gap between the bent portions 22 at the upper end of the support portion 20. Insert.
Finally, it can be forcibly screwed to the fixed receiving portion 14 formed on the end surface portion 11 of the grip portion 10 using a tapping screw through the screw insertion hole 24 formed in the support arm portion 21.
Here, the fixed receiving part 14 is formed from a hole having an inner diameter slightly smaller than the crest diameter of the tapping screw. As a result, the tapping screw is fixed while engraving the female screw on the inner wall of the fixed receiving portion 14.
As described above, the handle structure according to the present invention is fixed to a member to be attached such as various devices and the assembly is completed and the handle is attached.

FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of the grip 10 according to the first embodiment, in which (A) is a plan view, (B) is a front view, and (C) is a side view.
As can be seen from these drawings, the upper surface portion 13 of the grip portion 10 is formed in a substantially horizontal plane, and screw holes 17 are formed on the plane.
A device or the like to which the handle structure is attached is screwed to another device or screwed to another fixing bracket by the point that the upper surface portion 13 of the grip portion 10 is formed from a plane and the screw holes 17 and 17. By doing so, it becomes possible to install the apparatus in various ways.

  As can be seen from the side view of FIG. 2 (C), the end surface portion 11 has an engagement receiving portion 12 into which a bent portion at the upper end portion of the support portion can be fitted, and a fixed receiving portion 14 positioned below the engagement receiving portion 12. , Formed as a part of the outline of one through-hole 18. By adopting such a shape, the grip portion 10 of the present invention can be manufactured simultaneously from the extrusion of aluminum. Therefore, the grip part 10 is completed only by cutting the aluminum tubular body manufactured by extrusion molding into a desired length.

FIG. 3 illustrates a state in which the handle structure 1 according to the first embodiment is attached to a portable dryer 5 which is an industrial electric hot air blower. FIG. 3A is a plan view and FIG. The front view and (C) are right side views.
The portable dryer 5 is an industrial hot air generator that has a built-in electric heater and blower inside, and can discharge hot air from room temperature to about 650 ° C. It can also be used by being fixed to.
As described above, screw holes are formed in the flat portion on the upper surface of the gripping portion in order to be screwed to the fixing bracket or the like. However, these screw holes are not shown in this drawing.

As shown in the drawing, the handle structure 1 according to the present invention has the leg portion 25 of the support portion 20 screwed to the upper surface portion of the portable dryer 5. After the support portion 20 is screwed, the grip portion 10 can be assembled, and then the support arm portion 21 is forcibly screwed at both end surface portions of the grip portion 10 with the tapping screw 29 to complete the handle.
In the present invention, the number of parts is only two, that is, the grip portion 10 and the support portion 20, and can be easily attached and fixed to the attached member by screws.

FIG. 4 illustrates a mounting structure according to a second embodiment of the present invention, in which (A) is a plan view, (B) is a front view, and (C) is a side view.
In the handle structure 2 according to this embodiment, the configuration of the grip portion 10 is the same as that of the grip portion of the above embodiment, but the support portion 30 is slightly different from the support portion 20 of the above embodiment.
That is, the support arm portion 31 extends vertically downward, does not have a bent portion, and is gradually formed wider from the upper side to the lower side, and the leg portion 35 also has a certain lateral width. It does not have a narrow part like the leg part 25 of the support part which concerns on the said embodiment.
The reason why the supporting arm portion is formed wider in the downward direction is that the case where the attached member is slightly heavy is considered. This is because it is necessary to increase the strength of the support portion of the handle in order to attach to the heavy attached member. Further, in order to arrange the grip portion at a higher position, the intermediate bent portion of the support arm portion is eliminated.
Other configurations are the same as those in the above embodiment.

In this way, the shape of the support portion in the front view uses a stainless steel plate as the material, and can be freely bent to adopt a desired design, and the design can be easily changed. The width can be set wide or narrow considering the strength.
The one shown in FIG. 4 has a very basic rectangular shape when viewed from the front. However, as in the first embodiment, the support arm portion may be bent inward, and conversely the support arm portion. It can also be formed by bending outward.
Further, the support arm portion can be curved, and can be formed in a curved shape that is recessed inward or bulged outwardly when viewed from the front.

FIG. 5 is an exploded perspective view illustrating a third embodiment of the present invention.
In the handle structure 3 according to this embodiment, the grip portion is composed of a metal tube body 40 and bottomed cylindrical caps 42 and 42 that can be fitted to both ends of the tube body 40.
The support portion 41 is also formed by appropriately bending a metal belt-like plate-like body, and has basically the same configuration as the above embodiment.
Engagement receiving portions 12 are formed on the end surface portions that are the bottom surfaces of the caps 42, 42, and the engagement receiving portions 12 are formed by rectangular holes that are long horizontally.

Further, a fixed receiving portion 14 formed of a screw hole is formed on each end face portion of the caps 42 and 42 slightly below the engagement receiving portion 12.
Both ends of the tubular body 40 constituting the grip portion are formed to have a small diameter, and the entire grip portion is configured to have the same outer diameter when the cap 42 is fitted, so that the appearance is smart. .
The caps 42 and 42 may be fixed to both ends of the tube body 40 by forced press-fitting or forced fitting. Alternatively, the cap 42 may be fitted and fixed by firing staking while the cap 42 is heated. It can also be fixed by using an adhesive or an adhesive.

On the other hand, the support part 41 consists of what formed integrally the support arm parts 43 and 43 which support the both ends of the pipe body 40 via the cap 42, and the leg part 45 similarly to said embodiment.
Both support arm portions 43, 43 are bent outward at the intermediate portions thereof, and are continuous at the portions of the substantially horizontal leg portions 45. The middle part of the leg part 45 is formed to be slightly narrow.
Three screw insertion holes 46 for screwing onto a member to be attached (not shown) are provided in the leg portion 45 at predetermined intervals, and are fixed to various devices and the like as attachment members by screws.

Bending portions 48, 48 are formed at the upper tip portions of the both supporting arm portions 43, 43 in a substantially horizontal direction facing inward (grip portion direction), and this bending portion 48 is an end surface portion of the cap 42. It fits in the engagement receiving part 12 provided in.
A screw insertion hole 44 is provided at a position corresponding to the fixed receiving portion 14 formed on the end surface portion of the cap 42 slightly below the bent portion 48.
The support arm portion 43 in this embodiment is different from the first embodiment in that the lower side of the bent portion is gradually formed wider and the bent portion is bent outward.

  In addition, a feature of this embodiment is that the grip portion is composed of the tube body 40 and caps 42 and 42 at both ends thereof. By adopting such a configuration, the tube body of the grip portion is used. This part can also be composed of a solid rod-like body, and the material of this part can be made of wood or synthetic resin other than metal, and the shape is not only linear Various types of tubular bodies and rod-like bodies such as an upward curved shape can be used, and the design can be easily changed in various ways.

As mentioned above, although embodiment of this invention was described, in this invention, various design changes are possible as follows.
First, in the above-described embodiment, the grip portion is a tubular body related to extrusion molding of aluminum. However, the grip portion may be a rod-shaped body, a material other than aluminum, or It can also be formed from a manufacturing method other than extrusion. That is, the material and the manufacturing method can be adopted freely.
When a rod-shaped body is adopted, it is necessary to provide an engagement receiving portion and a fixed receiving portion on both end surface portions by cutting or the like later. However, in consideration of the weight and the like, it is preferable to use a tubular body.

On the other hand, as shown in the third embodiment, the grip portion can be formed from a cap fixed at both ends thereof. The cross-sectional shape of this cap is also the cross-sectional shape of the end surface portion of the grip portion. Any one that matches can be used, and various shapes can be adopted. Moreover, the material can also be selected freely as appropriate.
The positional relationship between the engagement receiving portion and the fixed receiving portion provided on the grip end surface portion or the cap end surface portion is also completely free, and any positional relationship may be used as long as it is provided on these end surface portions.
In that case, it is necessary to form the tip portion of the support portion so as to fit the engagement receiving portion as appropriate.
The shape of the engagement receiving portion in a side view is not limited to an elongated rectangle, but can be freely adopted as appropriate so as to match the shape of the support portion distal end portion.
In the first and second embodiments, the fixed receiving portion is formed from a hole. However, as in the third embodiment, a female screw may be engraved in advance on the inner peripheral surface of the hole. Of course.

On the other hand, the structure of the support portion can also be freely designed as appropriate.
The bent portion of the tip portion is not only formed by being bent, but any projection or ridge portion may be formed inside the tip portion, and this projection or the like may be engaged with the end face portion of the grip portion. It can also be configured to match the part.
The fixing means such as a screw for fixing using an insertion hole formed in the support arm portion of the support portion may not be a screw or a tapping screw. Any thing can be used as long as the part can be fixed to the grip part.

The number of screw insertion holes provided in the leg portion of the support portion, the width of the leg portion, and the like can be freely set as appropriate.
Similarly, the width of the support arm can be freely set.
In the above embodiment, the support portion is formed from an integrally molded one. However, the two support arms are formed separately from each other, and the two support portions are used to form the legs of each support portion. The grip portion can be assembled after being screwed onto the member to be attached.
As described above, the present invention has a simple structure, can be changed in various designs, can adopt various designs, and can be easily assembled and can realize a robust handle structure.
Finally, the handle structure according to the present invention was developed as a portable dryer as described above, but can be applied to any device or other various types.

1 is an exploded perspective view of a first embodiment of the present invention. It is an enlarged view of a grip part concerning a 1st embodiment of the present invention, (A) is a top view, (B) is a front view, (C) It is a side view. The state which attached the handle structure concerning the 1st Embodiment of this invention to the portable dryer is shown in figure, The (A) is a top view, The (B) is a front view, The (C) is a right view. is there. The attachment structure which concerns on the 2nd Embodiment of this invention is illustrated, The (A) is a top view, The (B) is a front view, The (C) is a side view. It is a disassembled perspective view of the 3rd Embodiment of this invention. It is explanatory drawing which illustrates the conventional handle structure, The (A) shows what consists of the grip part which consists of metal pipe bodies, and the support part which supports the both ends, The (B) is a grip part and a support part Shows an integrated one, and (C) shows one having an attachment portion at the lower end of both support portions formed integrally with the grip portion.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 Grip part 11 End surface part 12 Engagement receiving part 14 Fixed receiving part 18 Through-hole 20, 30, 41 Support part 21, 31, 43 Support arm part 22, 32, 48 Bending part 24, 44 Insertion hole 25, 35, 45 Leg 26, 46 Screw insertion hole 42 Cap

Claims (6)

In a handle structure of various mechanical devices, etc., comprising a grip portion and a support portion supported at both ends thereof,
The grip portion (10) is formed of a rod-like body or a tubular body, and an engagement receiving portion (12) that engages with a tip portion of the support portion (20) and a fixing means such as a screw are attached to the end surface portions of both ends. A fixed receiving part (14) capable of being provided,
Each of the support portions (20, 20) is formed of a belt-like plate-like body, and the tip portion thereof engages with the engagement receiving portion (12) of the end surface portion of the grip portion, and the fixed receiving portion ( 14) is formed with an insertion hole (24) of a fixing means such as a screw, and the base end portion thereof can be fixed to a member to be attached such as a mechanical device by a fixing means such as a screw,
After fixing both support parts (20, 20) to the member to be attached, these tip parts are engaged with the engagement receiving parts (12, 12) on both end faces of the grip part, and the insertion holes of the support part (20) A handle structure formed by fixing a fixing means such as a screw to the fixed receiving portion (14) via (24). Use tapping screws (29) etc. as fixing means,
The grip portion (10) is made of an aluminum rod-like body or tubular body manufactured by extrusion molding, and the fixed receiving portion (14) has a bore having an inner diameter smaller than the mountain diameter or the outer diameter of the tapping screw (29) etc. Formed from
The gripping part (10) is fixed to the support part (20) by forcibly screwing or forcibly fitting the tapping screw (29) or the like to the fixed receiving part (14). Handle structure.   The grip portion (10) is made of an aluminum tubular body manufactured by extrusion molding, and the engagement receiving portion (12) and the fixed receiving portion (14) can be manufactured simultaneously with the extrusion molding. Described handle structure.   By attaching bottomed cylindrical caps (42, 42) to both ends of the grip part, and providing an engagement receiving part (12) and a fixed receiving part (14) on the end face part which is the bottom surface of this cap (42) The handle structure according to claim 1, wherein the grip portion is fixed to the support portion (41) via caps (42, 42) at both ends of the grip portion.   The handle structure according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the legs (25) on the base end side of both supporting parts fixed to the mounted member are connected to each other and formed integrally.   The front ends of both support portions are bent to the grip portion side to form bent portions (22), and these bent portions (22) are engaged receiving portions formed on the grip portion end surface portion or the cap end surface portion. The handle structure according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the handle structure is fitted into the portion (12).