JP2965095B2 - Low nitrogen organic matter containing fertilizer - Google Patents

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention makes effective use of low-nitrogen organic substances in which the total content of nitrogen, the content of crude fat, and the total content of crude fiber and crude fat are within a specific range. For fertilizers that meet nitrogen requirements.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Organic substances used in the agricultural field include animal meals such as fish meal, blood meal, and leather powder, various plant meals, peat, peat, rice straw, rice husk, and other crop residues, livestock and livestock. There are many natural or industrial wastes such as poultry dung, sludge and bark. However, in addition to these organic substances, there are many unused organic substance resources. In particular, biomaterial industrial waste discharged from agricultural and forestry-related crop processing processes contains large amounts of organic substances that are easily biodegraded, such as sugars, starch, pectin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lipids. There are many. The recycling of these industrial wastes is extremely limited, many of which are treated microbiologically by dumping soil, which wastes the energy contained in organic matter without making effective use of it. . In addition, dumping of these industrial wastes into soil has sometimes caused environmental pollution problems such as the generation of odors and pests.

On the other hand, the problem of environmental pollution originating from agricultural lands includes water pollution of groundwater, rivers, lakes, and marshes caused by excessive application of chemical fertilizers. This is due to the fact that the components of the chemical fertilizer are easily dissolved by rainwater or irrigation water, and the dissolved components are not retained in the soil. In particular, in recent years, the creation of soil by applying organic matter such as compost has been neglected, and as a result, the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil have deteriorated, leading to a decrease in fertilizer holding capacity and a decrease in soil fertility. The decline is concerned. In order to avoid such situations, the frequency and amount of fertilizer application tend to increase,
In addition, since a fast-acting fertilizer that is easily soluble in water is used, the amount of fertilizer components flowing out of the soil increases, which contributes to water pollution.

[0004] In order to solve these problems, development of fertilizers for the purpose of controlling elution of fertilizer components has been studied. In particular, with regard to nitrogen components, a slow-release nitrogen fertilizer using a hardly decomposable or hardly water-soluble nitrogen compound. Also, a so-called coated fertilizer in which a water-soluble nitrogen compound is coated with a water-insoluble film material has been developed.

[0005]

[Problems to be Solved by the Invention] Regarding the reuse of industrial waste, in recent years, from the viewpoint of effective utilization of resources and environmental problems,
The recognition of its importance is growing. In particular, industrial waste discharged from the agro-forestry-related food processing industry is degraded by soil microorganisms when dumped into soil, and most of the organic matter contained in the waste is offensive odors such as carbon dioxide, water, and ammonia. The gas is generated and disappears. Therefore, the problem of reusing industrial waste containing organic matter is an important problem to be solved from the viewpoint of effective use of resources and prevention of environmental pollution.

[0006] On the other hand, in agriculture, slow-release nitrogen fertilizers and coated fertilizers have been actively developed from the viewpoint of labor saving of fertilization and environmental problems. However, these fertilizers are expensive in terms of raw material costs and processing costs, and are more expensive than general chemical fertilizers. Further, there are often cases where the nitrogen demand and the demand time of the crop are not compatible with the fertilizing properties of the slow-release fertilizer, and the initial growth of the crop is suppressed.

[0007] Under such circumstances, on the one hand, the development of effective utilization technology of unused biomaterial industrial wastes, and on the other hand, the development of inexpensive fertilizers that combine the fast and effective fertilization effects. Is what is desired today.

As is well known, when organic matter is applied to soil, soil microorganisms multiply using carbon in the organic matter as an energy source. At this time, the microorganism takes in ammonium nitrogen or nitrate nitrogen from outside the cell to synthesize nitrogen-containing compounds constituting the cell, for example, amino acids, nucleic acids, proteins, etc., and organizes the cell. The source of nitrogen taken in is:
Nitrogen in soil, ammoniacal nitrogen produced by the decomposition of nitrogen-containing organic matter, and nitrogen applied as fertilizer.

[0009] The proliferating microorganisms undergo self-decomposition at the end of their generation, and the nitrogen-containing compound in the cells is released into the soil, decomposes, and changes back to ammonia nitrogen. This remineralized nitrogen is reused by living microorganisms. Thereafter, this process is repeated, and as the organic matter is consumed, the number of microorganisms gradually decreases, the amount of ammonia nitrogen produced by cell decomposition is reduced, and ammonia nitrogen accumulates in the soil.

[0010] The change in the form of nitrogen in soil is referred to as a process of organizing and mineralizing nitrogen. When the amount of organic matter is greater than the amount of mineralization, the amount of inorganic nitrogen in the soil decreases. Increases inorganic nitrogen in soil. Therefore, in the application of a fertilizer containing inorganic nitrogen, if the process of organizing and mineralizing this nitrogen can be controlled, the concentration of inorganic nitrogen in soil can be controlled, and as a result, it can meet the nitrogen requirements of crops. It is thought that it will be possible to perform fertilizer management that was successful.

[0011]

[Means for Solving the Problems] Based on such an idea, the present inventors investigated changes in the amount of inorganic nitrogen in soil due to the application of a fertilizer in which inorganic nitrogen and organic matter coexisted.
Furthermore, the cultivation test of the crops to which the fertilizer was applied examined the composition and amount of organic matter to be coexisted. As a result, the present inventors have found that low nitrogenous organic substances having a total of crude fat content and crude fiber and crude fat as organic substances having a predetermined value or more exhibit excellent fertilizing properties and completed the present invention. Was. That is, the crude fiber and crude fat contained in the low nitrogenous organic matter act as a fertilizer controlling agent for the nitrogen fertilizer, and about 10 to 20% of the applied inorganic nitrogen accompanying the decomposition of the crude fiber and crude fat. Crop cultivation tests confirmed that the process of slow nitrogen release due to organic and remineralization had a beneficial effect on crop growth and yield.

The present invention completed as described above,
The total content of crude fiber and crude fat is 15% per dry matter weight
A low-nitrogen organic substance having a crude fat content of not less than 3% per dry matter weight and a total nitrogen content of not more than 2.5% per dry matter weight, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, urea One or two selected from nitrogen and compound fertilizer
The total carbon content with respect to the total weight is 10 to 40%, and the ratio of each carbon content to the total weight of nitrogen derived from the nitrogenous fertilizer raw material is 0.5
The low-nitrogen organic matter-containing fertilizer comprises a composition of a low-nitrogen organic material and a nitrogenous fertilizer raw material that is applied directly to the soil without being deposited and degraded outside the soil system.

[0013]

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION When an organic substance having a low ratio of the total carbon content to the total nitrogen content, that is, a so-called C / N ratio, undergoes decomposition, carbon is incorporated into microbial cells that grow by the decomposition of the organic substance. Since the amount of inorganic nitrogen derived from organic matter is excessive compared to the amount, nitrogen other than nitrogen taken into the cells is released into the soil as ammonia nitrogen. Conversely, C / N
In the case of organic matter having a high ratio, the amount of inorganic nitrogen derived from organic matter is smaller than the amount of carbon taken up by the cells, so that the inorganic nitrogen in the soil and the inorganic nitrogen applied as fertilizer multiply the cells. Will be used. Therefore, it is necessary to use a low nitrogen organic material having a high C / N ratio in order to organically convert the inorganic nitrogen applied as a fertilizer into microbial cells.

The decomposition of low nitrogen organic matter in soil is
It progresses in the order of sugar in the early stage, crude fiber and fat in the middle stage, and lignin in the late stage. Therefore, the process of organizing and mineralizing nitrogen that occurs with the decomposition of organic matter is affected not only by the C / N ratio of the organic matter, but also by the type and amount of the organic matter.

[0015] The saccharide rapidly promotes the organicization of inorganic nitrogen from the initial stage, but the decomposition of the saccharide is rapidly terminated, so that the self-decomposition of the grown microorganisms also proceeds from an early stage. Therefore, re-release of inorganic nitrogen into soil is also started early, and is not suitable for the purpose of controlling the concentration of inorganic nitrogen in soil to meet the nitrogen demand of crops. On the other hand, the decomposition of lignin is very slow, and under normal conditions,
It will start three months later. At this time, the growth of the crop is often progressing to some extent, and it is unsuitable as a substance for controlling the process of organizing and mineralizing nitrogen.

Compared to these substances, crude fiber and crude fat exhibit a moderate decomposition rate, and the process of organizing inorganic nitrogen gradually proceeds, and the amount of organizing becomes maximum 1-2 weeks after application. . Of these, crude fat has a slightly slower decomposition rate than crude fiber, so that inorganic nitrogen is slowly organized and the organic nitrogen has a high holding power. That is, a low nitrogen organic substance having a crude fat content of 3% or more per dry matter weight and a total content of crude fiber and crude fat of 15% or more per dry matter weight has a total carbon content of the total weight. 1 for
In the fertilizer composition blended so as to be 0% or more, the maximum amount of organic nitrogen applied is about 10 to 20%. When the decomposition of crude fiber and fat ends, the nitrogen that has been organized into microbial cells gradually remineralizes, is released as ammoniacal nitrogen into the soil, and is absorbed and used as nitrogen during the late growth stage of the crop. You. Therefore, since the process of organizing and mineralizing nitrogen is effectively controlled, a high yield increase effect is achieved in various crop cultivations.

In the present invention, the term “low-nitrogen organic substance” refers to an organic substance having a total nitrogen content of not more than 2.5% based on the weight of dry matter. 15% or more, of which the crude fat content per dry matter weight must be 3% or more. As such low-nitrogen organic substances, vegetable industrial wastes or by-products are usually used, and coffee lees, glucose production lees, candy production lees, camellia oil lees, oil palm squeezed lees, vegetable oils and fat waste oils and the like are used alone. This condition is satisfied. But,
Even when the organic substances alone do not satisfy the above conditions, two or more of them are mixed or one or more of the organic substances satisfying the above conditions and one or more of the organic substances not satisfying the above conditions are mixed at an appropriate ratio to obtain a total nitrogen content and a crude fat content. It is also possible to use those in which the ratio and the total content of crude fiber and crude fat are adjusted. For example, rice bran alone does not satisfy the above conditions and the fertilizing effect is not good,
A mixture of rice bran 2 and coffee grounds at a ratio of 3 satisfies the above conditions and has good crop cultivation results. Within the above-mentioned conditions, the lower the total nitrogen content, and the higher the crude fat content and the sum of the crude fiber and crude fat contents, the higher the organic nitrogenization rate of the applied inorganic nitrogen.

The nitrogenous fertilizer raw material selected from ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, urea nitrogen and composite fertilizer includes:
Examples thereof include ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, lime nitrate, urea, ammonium phosphate, and potassium nitrate. Phosphate fertilizer raw materials include lime perphosphate and heavy superphosphate, and potassium fertilizer raw materials include potassium sulfate, potassium chloride, and potassium bicarbonate. Further, a mixture of these fertilizer raw materials and a compound fertilizer can also be used. The amount of each of these nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash fertilizer materials is appropriately set according to the type of crop to be cultivated.

The lower the amount of the low nitrogen organic compound, the more
The organic ratio of applied inorganic nitrogen increases. Since the total carbon content of plant organic matter is generally at most about 50% at the highest, the compounding amount of low nitrogenous organic matter is substantially limited to about 40% as the carbon content based on the total weight. The total carbon content by weight is in the practical range of 10 to 40%.

Further, according to the present invention, when the total carbon content relative to the total weight is in the range of 10 to 40%, the ratio of each content to the total weight of total carbon and nitrogen derived from the nitrogenous fertilizer raw material (here, simply referred to as the total content). "The ratio of each content ratio") is 0.5 to
It is necessary to mix the low nitrogenous organic matter and the nitrogenous fertilizer raw material so as to be in the range of 10: 1. Each content ratio is 10
If it is larger than twice, the maximum amount of applied inorganic nitrogen is much larger than 20%, and the initial growth of the crop is suppressed. Further, in order to mix the nitrogenous fertilizer raw material so that the ratio of each content exceeds 10 times, the nitrogen content derived from the raw material must be less than 4% of the total weight, which is not practical as a fertilizer. On the other hand, when the ratio of each content is smaller than 0.5 times, the maximum amount of inorganic nitrogen applied is 10%.
%, The purpose of slowing down nitrogen fertilizer is not achieved.

As a technique for effectively utilizing organic matter having a low nitrogen content, it has been conventionally practiced to add a nitrogen source to the organic matter before application to the soil, deposit and ripen the soil outside the soil system, compost it, and apply it to the soil. . However, this composting method requires a lot of time, labor and special deposition facilities to deposit, ripen or ferment organic matter. In addition, environmental problems such as foul odors have also occurred with composting. Furthermore, in the composted fertilizer, the effect of nitrogen fertilization is not constant due to the difference in maturity. On the other hand, the fertilizer of the present invention does not require time, labor and facilities for composting, so it is economical and does not cause environmental problems. In addition, when low nitrogenous organic matter is applied to soil in the presence of nitrogenous fertilizer raw materials, it starts to be decomposed by microorganisms.Therefore, after application, a part of the inorganic nitrogen is made organic, and the fertilizer effect is reduced by remineralization. The effect of exhibiting it effectively is stable.

If the composition of the low nitrogenous organic matter and the nitrogenous fertilizer raw material is mixed or preliminarily formed into an appropriate shape and size, a carbon source and a bacterium which are energy sources for the growth of soil microorganisms can be obtained. The nitrogen source required for body synthesis coexists, and the applied inorganic nitrogen is efficiently organized in or near the fertilizer after application. The fertilizer according to the present invention, when applied alone, has the effect of organizing inorganic nitrogen-mineralizing process has a favorable effect on the growth of crops, but does not prevent the fertilizer from being used in combination with other fertilizers or blending various additives. .

[0023]

EXAMPLES Hereinafter, the present invention will be described more specifically with reference to examples. Example 1 A fertilizer composition having a total carbon content of 25% and an ammonia nitrogen content of 6% by blending coffee grounds as a low nitrogenous organic substance, ammonium sulfate as a raw material for nitrogenous fertilizer, and calcium sulfate as a component regulator. Was prepared. This fertilizer composition was mixed and granulated to obtain a fertilizer having a particle size of 2 to 4 mm. Ingredients Amount (parts by weight) Coffee grounds 473 Ammonium sulfate 286 Calcium sulfate dihydrate 241 In addition, the above calcium sulfate may be replaced with clay such as bentonite as a component adjuster.

In soil on which the fertilizer was applied in an amount equivalent to 60 mg of ammoniacal nitrogen per 100 g of dry soil, 1
After incubating for a week, the rate of organizing inorganic nitrogen applied as a fertilizer was determined. Similarly, for several kinds of organic substances, the organic conversion rates of the fertilizers whose total carbon content and ammonia nitrogen content were adjusted to 25% and 6%, respectively, were determined. Table 1 below shows the relationship between the carbon composition of the organic matter, the total carbon content, the total nitrogen content, and the organic conversion rate of the applied inorganic nitrogen (after one week). No. Nos. 1 to 3 are low nitrogenous organic substances of the present invention. 4 to 7 are shown as comparative examples.

[0025]

[Table 1]

In Table 1, the relationship between the percentage of organic nitrogen applied and the total nitrogen content, crude fat content, and the sum of the content of crude fiber and crude fat is as follows. Organic materials having a high organic nitrogenization rate of the applied inorganic nitrogen are Nos. 1 to 3 coffee grounds, glucose manufacturing grounds, candy manufacturing grounds, compared to those with a low organic content, the total nitrogen content is low, the crude fat content is high, and the crude fiber and crude fat content The sum of the rates tends to be high. Organic substances having a lower organic conversion rate of applied inorganic nitrogen with respect to these low-nitrogen organic substances are the same as those of No. 1 shown as Comparative Examples. 4 to 7 rice bran, defatted rice bran, corn meal, and corn husk. No. Rice bran No. 4 has a total nitrogen content of 2.5
%taller than. No. 5, 6 defatted rice bran and corn meal
Total nitrogen content higher than 2.5% and crude fat content of 3
% And the total content of crude fiber and crude fat is 1
Less than 5%. And No. The corn hull of No. 7 has a crude fat content of less than 3% and a total content of crude fiber and crude fat of less than 15%. That is, No. 4-7
In the organic substances described above, the low organic organizing ability of the applied inorganic nitrogen is caused by not satisfying the above-mentioned conditions such as the total nitrogen content.

Example 2 Coffee grounds was blended as a low-nitrogen organic substance, so that the total carbon content per weight was 10%, and the content of ammonia nitrogen, soluble phosphoric acid, and water-soluble potassium was 5% each. Thus, the following fertilizer composition was prepared. A fertilizer having a particle size of 2 to 4 mm was obtained from this fertilizer composition in the same manner as in Example 1. Ingredients Amount (parts by weight) Coffee grounds 189 Ammonium sulfate 238 Lime perphosphate 294 Potassium chloride 83 Calcium sulfate dihydrate 196

The above fertilizer was incubated at 26 ° C. for 1 week and 4 weeks, respectively, in a soil fertilized in an amount equivalent to 60 mg of ammoniacal nitrogen per 100 g of dry soil, and the rate of organic nitrogen application was determined. In the same manner, for the fertilizer prepared to have a total carbon content of 5% and 15% by blending coffee grounds, the organic nitrogenization rate of applied inorganic nitrogen was determined. Table 2 below shows the total carbon content of the fertilizer and the percentage of organic nitrogen applied.

[0029]

[Table 2] As is clear from Table 2, the higher the total carbon content of the fertilizer, the higher the organic nitrogenization rate of the applied inorganic nitrogen. In order to organize 10% or more of the applied inorganic nitrogen, the total carbon content must be 1%.
It is necessary to be 0% or more.

Example 3 Four fertilizers having the following composition were prepared in order to investigate the effect of the organic nitrogen application on the yield of tomatoes on the fertilizer of the present invention in which coffee grounds was made of low nitrogen organic matter. . Control fertilizer (1) containing no organic matter, fertilizer A containing coffee grounds as a low-nitrogen organic matter, fertilizer B containing coffee grounds and rice bran in a ratio of 3: 2, and rice bran as an organic matter for comparison. The comparative fertilizer (1) was granulated to a particle size of 2 to 4 mm. The total nitrogen content per dry matter in the blended organic matter is 2.1%, 2.4%, 2.9% in the order of fertilizer A, fertilizer B, and comparative fertilizer (1). They are 16.8%, 18.0% and 19.7% in the same order, and the total content of crude fiber and crude fat is 31.5% in the same order.
%, 28.9% and 25.0%. Except for the control fertilizer (1), the total carbon content per total weight of each fertilizer was 25%, and the content of ammonia nitrogen, soluble phosphoric acid, and soluble potassium was 6% each. The control fertilizer (1) contained 12% each of ammonia nitrogen, soluble phosphoric acid and water-soluble potassium.

Composition (parts by weight ) of each fertilizer Component Control fertilizer (1) Fertilizer A Fertilizer B Comparative fertilizer (1) Coffee cake ── 473 291 ── Rice bran ── 194 501 Ammonium sulfate 382 191 191 191 191 Phosphate Ammonium 222 111 111 111 Lime perphosphate 110 55 55 55 Potassium chloride 200 100 100 100 Calcium sulfate dihydrate 86 70 58 42

Cultivation test of tomato Control plot (1), plot A, plot B each divided into 12 m ²
The control fertilizer (1), the fertilizer A, the fertilizer B, and the comparative fertilizer (1) were applied to four test plots, a plot and a comparative plot (1), in an amount equivalent to 15 kg of ammonia nitrogen per 10a as a base fertilizer. 1990
24 tomato plants were planted in each test plot on June 24, and
The amount of 5 kg of ammonia nitrogen per 10 a per day was top-fertilized, and thereafter the top-fertilization was applied three times in total every 15 days, and the tomato was cultivated in the rain. Harvesting of the tomatoes started on July 10 and continued until the sixth stage fruit bunch and ended on August 21. Table 3 shows the results of the cultivation test.

[0033]

[Table 3]

Example 4 Three fertilizers having the following composition were prepared in order to investigate the effect of the application of inorganic nitrogen on the growth of strawberries in the fertilizer of the present invention using coffee grounds as a low-nitrogen organic substance. . Fertilizer C containing the entire amount of coffee grounds as a low nitrogen organic substance was granulated to a particle size of 2 to 4 mm. The total nitrogen content per dry matter in the blended organic matter is 2.1%, the crude fat content is 16.8%, and the total content of crude fiber and crude fat is 31.5%. . Total carbon content per total weight is 2
5%, and the contents of ammonia nitrogen, soluble phosphoric acid and water-soluble potassium were each 6%. As a control fertilizer (2) and a comparative fertilizer (2), an inorganic chemical fertilizer and an organic chemical fertilizer were granulated to a particle size of 2 to 4 mm. The control fertilizer (2) contained 10% each of ammonia nitrogen, soluble phosphoric acid, and soluble potassium. In addition, the total amount of nitrogen in the comparative fertilizer (2) was 8%, the internal ammonia nitrogen was 6%, and the amounts of soluble phosphoric acid and water-soluble potassium were 8% each.

Composition (parts by weight) of each fertilizer Component Control fertilizer (2) Fertilizer C Comparative fertilizer (2) Coffee cake ─ 473 ─ Rapeseed oil cake ─ ─ 228 Steamed leather powder ─ ─ 72 Ammonium sulfate 399 215 222 Ammonium phosphate 91 83 75 Lime superphosphate 343 129 269 Potassium chloride 167 100 134

Strawberry Cultivation Test The control fertilizer (2) and fertilizer C were applied to the control plot (2) and the plot C, each of which was divided into 20 m ² , and the fertilizer C was used as a base fertilizer in an amount equivalent to 20 kg of ammonia nitrogen per 10 a. The comparative plot (2) was applied in an amount equivalent to 20 kg of the total amount of nitrogen per 10a using the comparative fertilizer (2) as a base fertilizer. On October 18, 1990, 200 strawberries were planted in each test plot, and strawberry house forcing cultivation was performed. Top fertilizer is common to all plots, and depending on the growth of strawberries, liquid nitrogen fertilizer can be used for ammonia nitrogen 1 per 10a.
Three kilogram equivalents were applied. Strawberry harvest in 1991
It started on March 15 and ended on June 3. Table 4 shows the results of the cultivation test.

[0037]

[Table 4]

[0038]

As is evident from the above, the fertilizer of the present invention is significantly different from ordinary organic fertilizers made from resources having a higher total nitrogen content. This will pave the way for effective use of low nitrogen organic matter. In addition, since the fertilizer of the present invention is applied directly to the soil without being deposited and ripened outside the soil system, no facility is required for composting, there is no environmental problem, and the fertilizing effect is stably exhibited. can do. Furthermore, the application of the fertilizer of the present invention is characterized in that the soil microorganisms are grown using low nitrogenous organic matter as an energy source,
By organizing about 0%, compared to conventional fast-acting chemical fertilizers, the fertilizer can maintain the fertilizer effect until the late stage of growth of the crop, and unlike the slow-acting fertilizer, does not inhibit the initial growth of the crop. Shows fertilizer properties that meet nitrogen requirements. Therefore, for example, as shown in Examples 3 and 4, a large increase in the yield can be expected for various crops.

Claims (3)

(57) [Claims] 1. The total content of crude fiber and crude fat is 15% or more per dry matter weight, wherein the crude fat content is 3% or more per dry matter weight and the total nitrogen content is 2% or more per dry matter weight. 0.5% or less of low nitrogenous organic matter and one or more nitrogenous fertilizer raw materials selected from ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, urea nitrogen and composite fertilizer,
The ratio of the total carbon content to the total weight is 10 to 40%, and the ratio of the total carbon to the total weight of nitrogen derived from the nitrogenous fertilizer raw material is 0.5 to 10: 1. Accumulation
A low nitrogenous organic matter-containing fertilizer comprising a composition of a low nitrogenous organic material and a nitrogenous fertilizer raw material that is directly applied to soil without aging. 2. The low-nitrogen organic matter-containing fertilizer according to claim 1, further comprising one or both of a phosphate fertilizer raw material and a potassium fertilizer raw material added to the composition. 3. The fertilizer containing low-nitrogen organic matter according to claim 1, wherein the low-nitrogen organic matter is coffee grounds.