JP2956472B2 - Apparatus and method for molding fiber-reinforced plastic pipe - Google Patents

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an apparatus and a method for forming a fiber reinforced plastic pipe (hereinafter referred to as FRP pipe), and more particularly to a molding apparatus and a method suitable for forming a large diameter FRP pipe having an opening. It is.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art A conventional FRP tube is formed by a filament winding method (F.R.
W method), and conversely, a centrifugal molding method using centrifugal force for molding inside the mold, and a low-speed rotation molding method in which the mold is rotated at a lower speed than the centrifugal molding method are known. The FW method is a method that has been widely used since ancient times, in which a reinforcing fiber is impregnated in a resin in advance, and a continuous fiber reinforcing fiber is wound and hardened while applying tension to the outside of a rotating mold. Since the fiber is wound in the circumferential direction, there is a difference in strength between the axial direction and the circumferential direction of the molded product, and the wound around the outside of the mold, which has a drawback such as poor finished appearance of the outer surface of the molded product.

[0003] In the centrifugal molding method, the reinforced fiber and the resin that have been cut are mixed uniformly while rotating the mold at a high speed at which a centrifugal force of about four times or more of gravity is generated. It is a method of supplying and curing. This molding method is impregnated and defoamed by centrifugal force generated by the rotation of the mold, so the molded product has few voids and its appearance is beautiful, but it requires a lot of energy to rotate the mold at high speed, and The accuracy and strength of the mold itself must be increased, and the larger the diameter of the mold, the more the weight and cost are disadvantageously increased. In addition, the reinforcing fibers are arranged in the circumferential direction during the molding, and a mechanical strength difference is likely to occur in the axial direction and the circumferential direction of the molded product as in the FW method.

In order to improve such disadvantages of the centrifugal molding method, for example, as in Japanese Patent Publication No. 3-17664, the molding material is supplied inside the mold while rotating the mold at a lower speed than in centrifugal molding. However, there is a low-speed rotation molding method in which the impregnation defoaming is performed not by centrifugal force but by the weight of the circular roller or the pressing pressure. However, even in the low-speed rotation molding method, since the rotation is low-speed rotation but continuous rotation, the reinforcing fibers are easily arranged in the circumferential direction similarly to the centrifugal molding method, and there is a difference in mechanical strength between the circumferential direction and the axial direction. .

A critical defect common to the FW method, the centrifugal molding method and the low-speed rotation molding method is that when molding a large-diameter tube such as a large septic tank, the molding material is formed at the opening (manhole) of the tube. It is difficult to perform molding while avoiding supply. The centrifugal molding method and the low-speed rotation molding method are for the continuous rotation of the mold, and the FW method is for winding the reinforcing fiber with the continuous fiber. In the centrifugal molding method and the low-speed rotation molding method, since the mold is continuously rotating, even if the material supply device is stopped, the material supply device must be stopped and the actual material supply stop position on the inner surface of the mold must be kept. There is a gap, and it is impossible to accurately avoid material supply to a part of the mold that does not need to be supplied. Conventionally, therefore, it has been necessary to form the opening integrally, and then cut and trim the opening using a robot or a pipe processing machine after molding. This requires a lot of time and effort and causes an increase in cost.

[0006]

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to eliminate the drawbacks of these conventional molding methods and molded articles, and to provide molded articles having a small difference in mechanical strength between the axial direction and the circumferential direction.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and a method for forming a fiber reinforced plastic tube which can temporarily stop material supply to an unnecessary portion such as an opening of a molded product.

[0007]

As a result of intensive studies to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present inventor has reduced the difference in mechanical strength between the axial direction and the circumferential direction of the molded product, and has reduced the size of the opening. It has been found that it is only necessary to supply the molding material in the direction of the rotation axis without continuously rotating the mold in order to temporarily stop the supply of the material to the necessary portions, and the present invention has been completed.

That is, the fiber reinforced plastic pipe forming apparatus of the present invention comprises a forming cylindrical form which rotates intermittently at an arbitrary pitch, a movable carriage on which the cylindrical form is mounted, and a reinforcing fiber on the inner surface of the form. And a material supply device for mixing and supplying the resin composition, and impregnated with the supplied mixture of the reinforcing fiber and the resin composition,
A defoaming roller for defoaming a fiber-reinforced plastic tube, the defoaming roller being disposed in front of or behind the material supply device in the direction of the rotation axis of the inner surface of the cylindrical form. Features.

Further, according to the method of molding a fiber-reinforced plastic tube of the present invention, a reinforcing fiber and a resin composition are mixed and supplied by a material supply device to an inner surface of a molding cylindrical form which rotates intermittently at an arbitrary pitch. and, molding method der fiber reinforced plastics pipe impregnating degassing the mixture feed by defoaming roller
It, the tubular formwork, rotated at any pitch is stopped
Then, while moving in the direction of the rotation axis, the reinforcing fiber and the resin composition are supplied in a belt shape in the direction of the rotation axis of the inner surface of the cylindrical form, and the supply is impregnated and defoamed. At any pitch
It is characterized in that a series of operations for rotating and moving is repeatedly performed.

By allowing the material supply device and the defoaming roller to move back and forth in the direction of the rotation axis of the cylindrical form, instead of moving the cylindrical form in the direction of the rotation axis, the material supply device is It can also be moved in the direction of the rotation axis of the cylindrical form.

In the resin composition, the mixture of the reinforcing fiber and the resin composition supplied to the inner surface of the cylindrical form is formed by intermittently connecting the cylindrical form.
It is preferable that the gelation is adjusted so as to start gelation at least at a position where the cylindrical form is rotated half a turn from the supply position of the mixture in the cylindrical form by a rotational movement at an arbitrary arbitrary pitch .

[0012]

[Action] In the molding apparatus of a fiber reinforced plastics pipe of the present invention is the material supply apparatus, material supply device and the defoaming rollers arranged back and forth in the rotation axis direction of the cylindrical mold inner surface, formed form material supply is positioned around the rotation axis direction of the cylindrical mold inner surface, the supply of the formed shape material, by the movement of the moving or material supply up Reel tubular formwork, the rotation axis direction of the cylindrical mold inner surface Then, the impregnation and defoaming are performed by a defoaming roller, so that the inner surface of the form is formed in a belt shape in the direction of the rotation axis. After then intermittently rotates the rotatable tubular formwork with any pitch in any pitch fiber reinforced Purasutchikusu pipe is molded by repeating the molding of the same strip.

The rotation of the cylindrical form in the method of molding a fiber-reinforced plastic tube of the present invention is not continuous rotation as in the conventional centrifugal molding method or low-speed rotation method, but is discontinuous rotation at an arbitrary pitch. . In the conventional continuous rotation, when the cut reinforcing fiber and the molding material of the resin composition are supplied to the inner surface of the mold in a rotating state, the direction of the reinforcing fiber is random immediately after the supply, but the subsequent continuation of the mold is performed. By centrifugal force by rotation,
The direction of the reinforcing fibers is aligned in the circumferential direction of the mold. Since the molding method of the present invention is a discontinuous rotation and no centrifugal force acts, the direction of the reinforcing fibers does not align in the circumferential direction of the mold. Therefore, there is no difference in mechanical strength between the axial direction and the circumferential direction of the molded product, and a molded product excellent in strength balance can be obtained.

Further, in the molding method of the present invention, the molding material is supplied in a state where the mold is not rotating, instead of a conventional case where the molding material is supplied in a state where the mold is continuously rotated.
In a place where supply is temporarily stopped, such as an opening, supply can be accurately and easily avoided by stopping the operation of the material supply device.

[0015]

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS One embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention will be specifically described with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is a partial cross-sectional front view of the molding apparatus of the present invention, and FIG. 2 is a side view of FIG. In FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, the inside of the cylindrical form A placed on the movable carriage B
A material supply device C that supplies the reinforcing fiber 5 and the resin composition 15 in a mixed manner, and a defoaming process in which the resin composition 16 is impregnated and defoamed into the reinforcing fiber 5 in the supplied mixture adjacent to the material supply device C. The roller D is disposed, and the material supply device C and the defoaming roller D are disposed before and after in the rotation axis direction s of the inner surface of the cylindrical form A.

The cylindrical form A is rotatably supported at an arbitrary pitch via a plurality of rotary drive rollers 1.
The rotation is performed by the mold rotating motor 2 via the rollers 1. The rotation pitch is determined in consideration of the thickness and size of the molded product, the supply speed of the molding material, and the like. After being rotated at a predetermined pitch and stopped, the tubular form A is fixed, but intermittent rotation is also possible so as to rotate at an arbitrary pitch from that position. Further, the movable carriage B on which the tubular form A is placed is freely moved back and forth along the rail 4 by the carriage moving motor 3 in the rotation axis direction s of the tubular form A.

As the cylindrical form A of the present invention, a known form can be used. The cross-sectional shape may be a circle, an ellipse, an ellipse, a polygon having a shape of a triangle or more, or any shape partially missing these. The material of the cylindrical form A is metal, wood, plastics, stone, or the like. Particularly, metal is preferably used because it has good workability and durability. The size is not particularly limited, but molded on the inner surface of the mold,
Usually 1 to 3 m in diameter and 1 to 2 length in consideration of transportation of molded products
Use about 0 m.

FIG. 3 shows an example of the material supply device C of the present invention. The material supply device C that mixes the reinforcing fiber 5 and the resin composition 15 and supplies the mixed fiber to the inner surface of the formwork includes a continuous fibrous reinforcing fiber 5
And a receiving roller 7 for cutting the resin composition, and a resin composition supply nozzle 8 for spraying and discharging the resin composition. In order to supply the molding material to the inner surface of the mold, the reinforcing fibers 5 of continuous fibers are first supplied to the ring-shaped guide 1.
0, is then supplied between the bladed roller 6 and the receiving roller 7 of the material supply device C, and is cut into a predetermined length by driving the bladed roller 6 and discharged. On the other hand, the unsaturated polyester resin is guided from the resin tank 10 and the curing agent is guided from the curing agent tank 11 to the material supply device C, and the resin and the curing agent are mixed to form the resin composition 15 from the resin composition supply nozzle 8 into fine particles. And discharged. The discharged resin composition 15 is mixed with the reinforcing fibers 5 at a point where the discharging direction and the discharging direction of the reinforcing fibers 5 overlap, and the resin composition 15 is supplied to the inner surface of the mold.

The cylindrical form A is moved in the rotation axis direction s,
Instead of supplying the molding material in the form of a belt in the direction of the rotation axis to the inner surface of the form, the material supply device C is rotated in the direction of the rotation axis s of the cylindrical form A.
The cylindrical form A can be moved in the rotational axis direction s.

The material supply device C may be any spray-up chopper gun capable of remotely controlling the stop and operation of the material supply, but may be an automatic control gun. Actuation,
The automatic control gun in which the stop position and the stop time can be set in advance has a short time constant, and the operation and stop at the opening and the like can be set in a short time, so that the cut reinforcing fiber 5 and the resin composition 1
5 is more preferable because the supply operation can be accurately controlled.

The defoaming roller D of the present invention comprises a material feeding device C
In contrast, the cylindrical form A is disposed on the inner surface of the cylindrical form A in the direction of the rotation axis. The defoaming roller D is a device for impregnating and defoaming the cut reinforcing fibers 5 and the resin composition 15 supplied from the material supply device C. The defoaming is performed by contacting the inner surface of the cylindrical form A and defoaming. This is performed while the foam roller D rotates. The defoaming roller D is shown in FIG.
As shown in FIG. 7, the support rod 14 supports the rotary plate 13 so as to freely rotate. The rotating plate 13 rotates the rotating bar 1 by rotating the rotating bar 12 rotatable in the horizontal direction.
2 and rotate in the horizontal direction. Therefore, the rotating bar 1
2 rotates half a turn in the horizontal direction, the defoaming roller D supported by the support rod 14 also changes its position, and its position is
Move to a point-symmetric position with the rotation bar 12 as a rotation axis. The material supply device C is not supported by the rotating plate 13,
Its position is fixed. Therefore, in FIG. 3, the supply direction of the reinforcing fibers 5 and the resin composition 15 can be changed by the half rotation of the rotation bar 12 in the horizontal direction to the rotation axis direction opposite to the arrow indicated by t.

The shape of the defoaming roller D is cylindrical or FIG.
As shown in Fig. 2, a cylinder having a bulged central portion is used. It is more preferable to use a cylinder in which the center portion is expanded and the curvature of the expanded portion is similar to the curvature of the cylindrical form A because it is convenient for impregnation and defoaming. A plurality of defoaming rollers D may be provided instead of one. The surface of the defoaming roller D may or may not have a groove, but is preferably provided. A brush for brushing may be attached to the periphery.
The material of the defoaming roller D of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as a pressing force can be generated by the defoaming roller, and examples thereof include known materials such as iron, aluminum, stainless steel, copper, wood, and plastic. Can be used.

Next, one embodiment of a method of forming a fiber reinforced plastic pipe by the apparatus of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. (1) First, in FIG. 5 (a), the cylindrical form A is placed inside the cylindrical form A as indicated by an arrow in the material supply device C and the defoaming roller D.
Is inserted, and the material supply device C and the defoaming roller D are arranged at one end u of the cylindrical form A.

(2) Next, as shown in FIG. 5 (b), the reinforcing fiber 5 is cut while moving the cylindrical form A along the rotation axis direction, and the cut reinforcing fiber 5 and the resin composition 15 are cut. And supply it to the lower part of the inner surface of the mold. The supplied reinforcing fiber 5 and the resin composition 15 are impregnated and defoamed by the defoaming roller D.
At this time, the reinforcing fibers 5 and the resin composition 15 are supplied in a direction from one end u to the other end v of the cylindrical form A.

(3) When the material supply device C and the defoaming roller D reach the other end v of the cylindrical form A as shown in FIG.
The movement of the cylindrical form A in the rotation axis direction is stopped.

(4) The cylindrical form A is rotated at a predetermined angle as shown in FIG.
As shown in (d), the positions of the defoaming roller D and the material supply device C are exchanged by half-turning the defoaming roller D and the material supply device C in the horizontal direction.

(5) As shown in FIG. 5 (e), the reinforcing fiber 5 and the resin composition are moved to the lower part of the inner surface of the mold while moving the cylindrical mold A in the direction of the rotation axis and in the opposite direction. The supplied reinforcing fiber 5 and the supplied resin composition are impregnated and defoamed by a defoaming roller D. The reinforcing fibers 5 and the resin composition are supplied to the lower part of the inner surface of the mold in the direction from v to u.

(6) The material supply device C as shown in FIG.
When the defoaming roller D reaches the other end of the cylindrical form A, the movement of the cylindrical form A in the rotation axis direction is stopped. The supplied reinforcing fiber 5 and resin composition are as shown in FIG. 5 (i) when viewed in a cross section of the cylindrical form A.

(7) Thereafter, the same operations as in (4) to (6) are repeated, and the reinforcing fiber 5 and the resin composition are supplied and impregnated and defoamed over the entire inner surface of the mold, and the fiber reinforced plastic pipe is formed. Molding.

In the above embodiment, the cylindrical cylindrical form A is moved in the direction of the rotation axis, and the material supply device C is fixed.
Although the reinforcing fibers 5 and the resin composition 15 are supplied in the rotation axis direction of the cylindrical form A, the cylindrical form A may be fixed and the material supply device C may be moved to supply the reinforcing fiber 5 and the resin composition 15. Good.
Further, in the above embodiment, the reinforcing fibers 5 and the resin composition 15 are supplied by reciprocation between one end and the other end of the cylindrical form A, but may be supplied in one direction from one end to the other end of the form A. .

In the molding method of the present invention, the resin composition 1
Although there is no particular limitation on the characteristics of 5, the mixture of the reinforcing fibers 5 and the resin composition 15 supplied to the bottom of the inner surface of the cylindrical form A reaches the upper position by the intermittent rotation of the cylindrical form A. If necessary, in order to prevent falling from the inner surface of the cylindrical form A and peeling, if necessary, at least a half-turn from the position where the mixture of the reinforcing fiber 5 and the resin composition 15 was supplied, the gel It is also possible to obtain the resin composition 15 which is set to start the conversion. For example, it can be obtained by changing the concentration of a curing agent, a curing accelerator and the like in the resin composition.

The viscosity of the resin composition 15 is not particularly limited. However, in order to prevent the mixture from dropping and peeling from the inner surface of the mold,
The viscosity of the resin composition 15 may be increased. In that case, the viscosity of the resin composition 15 is preferably 5 to 30 poise at 25 ° C. More preferably, it is 15 to 20 poise.

The reinforcing fiber 5 used in the present invention is optional. Examples of the type of the reinforcing fiber 5 include known ones such as glass fiber, carbon fiber, and aramid fiber, and particularly, continuous glass fiber. Glass roving is preferred. The content of the reinforcing fibers 5 in the molded product of the present invention is usually 15 to 60% by weight, preferably 20 to 60% by weight.
A suitable amount is 50% by weight. If the amount is less than 15% by weight, the mechanical strength of the molded article is insufficient, and if it exceeds 60% by weight, impregnation and defoaming by the defoaming roller D may be difficult.

The resin composition 15 used in the present invention comprises a thermosetting resin and a curing agent, and may further contain, if necessary, a curing accelerator and a filler. The type of the thermosetting resin is arbitrary, and includes known thermosetting resins such as an unsaturated polyester resin, an epoxy resin, a phenol resin, and a vinyl ester resin, and an unsaturated polyester resin is particularly preferable. When an unsaturated polyester resin is used, a peroxide is used as a curing agent, and a metal salt, an amine or the like is used as a curing accelerator. Further, the curing agent and the curing accelerator may be supplied to the inner surface of the mold separately from or in advance of mixing with the resin composition 15. Known fillers such as calcium carbonate, talc, aluminum hydroxide, clay, glass balloon, and milled fiber can be used as the filler, and may be mixed in advance with the resin.

(Experimental Example) An experimental example in which a fiber-reinforced plastic pipe was molded by the process shown in FIG. 5 using the apparatus shown in FIG. (1) Forming device Form of mold: 2.5 m outside diameter, 11 m long cylinder Feeding device: Uses an automatic control gun for spray up (start and stop of material can be controlled with a time constant of 3 seconds). Roller: As shown in FIG. 4, a cylindrical shape having a maximum diameter of 20 cm, a minimum diameter of 15 cm, a length of 50 cm, and a weight of 8 kg with a bulging central portion.

(2) Materials used Reinforcing fiber: glass fiber (RS240L-954AN, manufactured by Nitto Boseki Co., Ltd.), cut length: 25 mm Resin composition: composition comprising the following (gelling time,
20 minutes) Unsaturated polyester resin Ester RK-1000C, Calcium carbonate NS-100 # manufactured by Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Inc., manufactured by Nitto Powder Chemical Co., Ltd., 50 wt% of unsaturated polyter resin, curing agent Permec N, 1.25 wt% based on unsaturated polyester resin manufactured by NOF Corporation

(3) Molding conditions Glass fiber cutting speed: 5.7 kg / min Resin composition discharge speed: 13.2 kg / min Material supply: Material is supplied along a supply shaft of 30 cm along the rotating shaft of the mold. The reciprocating feed was formed with one pitch. Moving speed of the mold in the direction of the rotation axis: 10 m / min. Rotation of the mold: The mold was rotated every one pitch of material supply. The rotation pitch is 210 mm on the circumferential surface. Molding time: 1 hour Shape of molded product: cylindrical shape having an opening (area of 3.1 m ² ), outer diameter 2.5 m, length 8 m, thickness 8 mm, glass content of molded product : 28-32 wt%

(4) Under the above conditions, the material can be supplied to form the fiber reinforced plastic tube avoiding the opening, and the molding can be performed without causing molding defects such as dropping of the supply material from the mold. did it. Further, test pieces in the axial direction and the circumferential direction were cut out from the obtained molded product, and the strength was measured. Table 1 shows the results.

(Comparative Example) The shape of the cylindrical mold, the material supply device, the defoaming roller, the reinforcing fiber, and the resin composition were the same as those in the experimental example, and the cylindrical mold was continuously rotated (12 rpm). Meanwhile, the same fiber-reinforced plastic tube as in the experimental example was molded by a low-speed rotation molding method. This method did not cause molding failure, but it was not possible to form the material while avoiding the opening by supplying the material. From the obtained molded product, test pieces were cut out in the axial direction and the circumferential direction, and the strength was measured. Table 1 shows the results.

[0040]

[Table 1]

[0041]

The fiber reinforced plastic pipe formed by using the apparatus and method of the present invention is formed by spraying along the rotation axis direction of the cylindrical form, so that the difference in strength between the rotation axis direction and the circumferential direction is obtained. There is no. In the apparatus and method of the present invention, material supply to unnecessary parts such as openings can be controlled, so that cutting and trimming of openings in post-processes which are necessary in the conventional molding method are performed. There is little need, which allows for significant savings in material costs and minimization of waste material that could not be achieved with conventional molding methods. In the fiber reinforced plastic tube of the experimental example, the method of the present invention was able to significantly reduce by about 30% compared with the conventional low-speed rotation molding method.

[0042]

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a partial sectional front view showing one embodiment of a molding apparatus of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a side view of FIG.

FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing one embodiment of a material supply device and a defoaming roller.

FIG. 4 is a front view showing another embodiment of the defoaming roller usable in the present invention.

FIGS. 5 (a) to 5 (f) show one embodiment of the molding method of the present invention in the order of steps, and FIGS. 5 (g) to 5 (i) are views for explaining the rotation of the cylindrical mold at that time.

[Explanation of symbols]

 Reference Signs List A cylindrical form B movable carriage C material supply device D defoaming roller 1 rotation drive roller 2 form rotation motor 3 carriage moving motor 4 rail 5 reinforcing fiber 6 bladed roller 7 receiving roller 8 resin composition supply nozzle 9 Guide 10 Resin tank 11 Hardener tank 12 Rotating bar 13 Rotating plate 14 Support rod 15 Resin composition 16 Molding material mixture

──────────────────────────────────────────────────続 き Continued on the front page (58) Fields surveyed (Int. Cl. ⁶ , DB name) B29C 70/00-70/88 B29D 23/00

Claims (5)

(57) [Claims] 1. A molding cylindrical form (A) intermittently rotating at an arbitrary pitch, a movable carriage (B) on which the cylindrical form (A) is placed, and a reinforcing fiber (5) on the inner surface of the form. A material supply device (C) for mixing and supplying the resin composition fiber (15) and
A defoaming roller (D) for impregnating and defoaming a mixture of a supplied reinforcing fiber (5) and a resin composition (15), comprising a defoaming roller (D). ) Is a fiber-reinforced plastic pipe forming apparatus, which is disposed in front of or behind a material supply device (C) in the rotation axis direction of the inner surface of the cylindrical formwork (A). 2. The fiber reinforced plastics according to claim 1, wherein the material supply device (C) and the defoaming roller (D) are movable back and forth in the rotation axis direction of the cylindrical formwork (A). Tube forming equipment. 3. A reinforcing fiber (5) and a resin composition (15) are mixed by means of a material supply device (C) on the inner surface of a cylindrical molding form (A) intermittently rotating at an arbitrary pitch. Supply,
A method for forming a fiber reinforced plastic tube in which the mixed supply is impregnated and defoamed by a defoaming roller (D), wherein the cylindrical form (A) is rotated while rotation at an arbitrary pitch is stopped. While moving in the axial direction, the reinforcing fiber (5) and the resin composition (15) are supplied in a belt shape in the direction of the rotation axis on the inner surface of the cylindrical form (A), and the supplied material is impregnated and defoamed. A method for forming a fiber-reinforced plastic tube, comprising repeating a series of operations for rotating the tubular form (A) at an arbitrary pitch. 4. The material supply device (C) is moved in the direction of the rotation axis of the cylindrical form (A) instead of moving the cylindrical form (A) in the direction of the rotation axis. Method of forming fiber reinforced plastic tube. 5. The resin composition (15) is a mixture of a reinforcing fiber (5) and a resin composition (15) supplied to the inner surface of a cylindrical form (A). At an arbitrary rotation pitch, at least at a position where the cylindrical form (A) has rotated half a turn from the supply position of the mixture in the cylindrical form (A),
4. The method of molding a fiber reinforced plastic tube according to claim 3, wherein the tube is prepared so as to start gelation.