JP2023519148A - 伝導性炭素骨格を有する硫化炭素カソード - Google Patents
伝導性炭素骨格を有する硫化炭素カソード Download PDFInfo
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- JP2023519148A JP2023519148A JP2022552655A JP2022552655A JP2023519148A JP 2023519148 A JP2023519148 A JP 2023519148A JP 2022552655 A JP2022552655 A JP 2022552655A JP 2022552655 A JP2022552655 A JP 2022552655A JP 2023519148 A JP2023519148 A JP 2023519148A
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Images
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- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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Abstract
Description
[0001] 電気バッテリーは1つ以上の電気セルを含む。各セルは、正極(カソード)と、イオン伝導体(電解質)により物理的に分離された負極(アノード)と、を含む。セルを放電して外部回路にパワー供給するとき、アノードは、外部回路を介して負電荷担体(電子)をカソードに、且つ内部電解質を介して正電荷担体(カチオン)をカソードに供給する。充電時、外部パワー源は、電子をカソードからアノードに駆動し、得られた電荷インバランスは、電解質を介してカチオンをカソードからアノードに引き寄せる。
[0004] 添付図面の図では、限定を目的としたものではなく例として本発明を例示する。その場合、同じ参照は類似の要素を意味する。
[0031] 図1は、電極100(エネルギー貯蔵デバイスでの使用のためのカソード)の活性表面の80,000×倍率でのSEM画像である。電極100の活性表面は、電解質とリチウムイオンを交換する(図示せず)。電極100は、絡み合いナノファイバー105(この例ではカーボンナノチューブ)の伝導性骨格を含むとともに、絡み合いナノファイバー内に分配されたアモルファス炭素-硫黄塊110を有する。アモルファス炭素-硫黄塊110は、炭素-硫黄化学結合を介して硫黄に、且つ化学結合を介してナノファイバー105に結合された炭素からなる。化学結合の強度により電極100内に硫黄原子が固定されるので、セル寿命を低減するおそれのある望ましくない多硫化物の形成が抑制される。絡み合いナノファイバー105は、活性層の熱及び電気伝導率を増強しつつ電極100内に活物質をバインドする。
1. 以下:
主に第1の濃度の銅からなるベース層と、
ベース層上の界面層であって、第2の濃度の銅とカーボンナノチューブ触媒とを含む、界面層と、
界面層からのカーボンナノチューブと、
を含む電極。
2. 界面層が第2の濃度の銅と鉄との合金を含む、項目1に記載の電極。
3. カーボンナノチューブ触媒が鉄の沈殿物を含む、項目2に記載の電極。
4. カーボンナノチューブが鉄の沈殿物から伸長する、項目3に記載の電極。
5. 第2の濃度が第1の濃度よりも低い、項目1に記載の電極。
6. 界面層がベース層に対向する触媒層を含む、項目1に記載の電極。
7. 触媒層が主に銅以外の金属からなる、項目6に記載の電極。
8. 銅以外の金属が鉄を含む、項目7に記載の電極。
9. 界面層が3~20ナノメートルの厚さである、項目1に記載の電極。
10. カーボンナノチューブが第2の金属をさらに含む、項目1に記載の電極。
11. 第2の金属がアルミニウムを含む、項目10に記載の電極。
12. 第2の金属が、界面層からの距離に応じて変動するカーボンナノチューブ中の濃度である、項目10に記載の電極。
14. カーボンナノチューブ触媒が、界面層中で、ある界面濃度を、且つベース層中でより低い濃度を有する金属からなる、項目1に記載の電極。
15. 界面層がベース層とオーミック接触する、項目1に記載の電極。
16. 界面層がカーボンナノチューブとオーミック接触する、項目4に記載の電極。
17. カーボンナノチューブのほとんどが、少なくとも1つの金属結合により界面層に結合される、項目1に記載の電極。
18. 界面層に対向するベース層を支持する基材をさらに含む、項目1に記載の電極。
19. 銅表面がネイティブ又は成長酸化銅層を含む、項目1に記載の電極。
20. 銅表面が、銅表面の20wt.%未満を構成する他の元素を含む、項目1に記載の電極。
21. 主に銅からなるベース層と、ベース層上のナノチューブ触媒の触媒層と、触媒層の上の保護層と、を含む電極上にナノチューブを形成する方法であって、
ナノチューブ原料ガスに保護層を暴露することと、
電極を加熱することであって、加熱することによりベース層上に界面層が生成され、界面層が銅とナノチューブ触媒との合金を含む、ことと、
界面層と保護層との間でナノチューブを成長させることと、
を含む、方法。
22. 成長させた結果としてナノチューブが界面層から保護層を持ち上げる、項目21に記載の方法。
23. ベース層の上に触媒層を形成することと、触媒層の上に保護層を形成することと、により電極を得ることをさらに含む、項目21に記載の方法。
24. 触媒層が鉄を含む、項目21に記載の方法。
25. 保護層がアルミニウムの酸化物を含む、項目21に記載の方法。
26. 成長させるときにナノチューブ中に保護層を吸収することをさらに含む、項目21に記載の方法。
27. ナノチューブがカーボンナノチューブである、項目21に記載の方法。
1. 以下:
アノード集電体と、アノード外表面とアノード内表面とを有する多孔性アノード層と、を有するアノードと、
カソード集電体と、カソード外表面とカソード内表面とを有する多孔性カソード層と、を有するカソードと、
アノードとカソードとの間の電解質と、
アノードとカソードとの間で電解質に接触するアルカリ金属層と、
を含む、エネルギー貯蔵デバイス。
2. 電解質が多孔性アノード層及び多孔性カソード層の少なくとも1つを介して延在する、項目1に記載のデバイス。
3. アルカリ金属層がカソードの多孔性カソード層とカソード集電体との間に配設される、項目1に記載のデバイス。
4. アルカリ金属層が本質的にリチウムからなる、項目1に記載のデバイス。
5. 電解質中且つアノードとカソードとの間にセパレーターをさらに含む、項目1に記載のデバイス。
6. アルカリ金属層がセパレーターと多孔性アノード層及び多孔性カソード層の1つとの間に配設される、項目5に記載のデバイス。
7. アルカリ金属層がカソード外表面及びアノード外表面から分離される、項目6に記載のデバイス。
8. アルカリ金属層とカソード外表面及びアノード外表面の1つとの間に結合層をさらに含む、項目7に記載のデバイス。
9. セパレーターがアルカリ金属層と多孔性アノード層及び多孔性カソード層の1つとの間に配設される、項目5に記載のデバイス。
10. 第2のアルカリ金属層をさらに含み、セパレーターが第2のアルカリ金属層と多孔性アノード層及び多孔性カソード層の他の1つとの間に配設される、項目9に記載のデバイス。
11. アルカリ金属層がメタリック粒子、ワイヤ、及びロッドの少なくとも1つを含む、項目1に記載のデバイス。
12. 多孔性アノード層が炭素を含む、項目1に記載のデバイス。
13. 多孔性アノード層が炭素ナノ材料を含む、項目12に記載のデバイス。
Claims (22)
- 絡み合いナノファイバーの伝導性骨格と、
前記絡み合いナノファイバー内に分布するアモルファス炭素-硫黄であって、炭素-硫黄化学結合を介して硫黄に、且つ化学結合を介して前記ナノファイバーに結合された炭素を含む、前記アモルファス炭素-硫黄と、
を含む電極。 - 前記伝導性骨格及び前記アモルファス炭素-硫黄が10wt%未満の酸素を含む、請求項1に記載の電極。
- 前記伝導性骨格及び前記アモルファス炭素-硫黄が30wt%よりも多い硫黄を含む、請求項1に記載の電極。
- 前記伝導性骨格及び前記アモルファス炭素-硫黄が約40wt%の硫黄を含む、請求項1に記載の電極。
- 前記伝導性骨格及び前記アモルファス炭素-硫黄が30wt%~80wt%の硫黄を含む、請求項1に記載の電極。
- 前記アモルファス炭素-硫黄がsp2炭素原子及びsp3炭素原子を含み、且つsp2炭素原子の、sp3炭素原子に対する比が、10~50%に対して50~90%のsp3炭素原子である、請求項1に記載の電極。
- 前記アモルファス炭素-硫黄が水素を含み、且つ前記水素が元素数基準で5~20%である、請求項6に記載の電極。
- 前記アモルファス炭素-硫黄が、sp3炭素原子のマトリックス内に分散された20nm未満の平均最大寸法を有するsp2芳香族炭素クラスターを含有する、請求項1に記載の電極。
- 前記伝導性骨格及びアモルファス炭素-硫黄の少なくとも1つがドーパントを含む、請求項1に記載の電極。
- 炭素以外の原子に結合された硫黄をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の電極。
- 前記炭素に結合されていない遊離硫黄をさらに含み、前記遊離硫黄が、前記炭素に結合された前記硫黄及び前記遊離硫黄の合計の20wt%未満である、請求項1に記載の電極。
- 前記アモルファス炭素-硫黄が芳香環を含む、請求項1に記載の電極。
- 前記芳香環が単環式環を含む、請求項12に記載の電極。
- 前記芳香環がヘテロ環式環を含む、請求項12に記載の電極。
- 前記ヘテロ環式環が酸素、窒素、及び硫黄の少なくとも1つを含む、請求項14に記載の電極。
- 前記絡み合いナノファイバーがナノチューブ、ナノリボン、グラフェン、及びカーボンファイバーの少なくとも1つを含む、請求項1に記載の電極。
- 前記アモルファス炭素-硫黄が主に共有結合を介して前記ナノファイバーに結合される、請求項16に記載の電極。
- 前記絡み合いナノファイバーがアルミニウムナノファイバー及びニッケルナノファイバーの少なくとも1つを含む、請求項16に記載の電極。
- ナノファイバーと硫黄及びポリマーとを混合して、ナノファイバーと硫黄と前記ポリマーとの混合物を生成することと、
ナノファイバーと硫黄と前記ポリマーとの前記混合物を加熱して前記ポリマーを熱分解するとともに、前記熱分解が行われたポリマーからの炭素を前記ナノファイバー及び前記硫黄に化学結合することと、
を含む方法。 - 前記加熱の前に、前記ナノファイバーで前記ポリマー鎖を架橋して凝集粉末混合物を形成することをさらに含む、請求項19に記載の方法。
- 前記ポリマーを熱分解するためにナノファイバーと硫黄と前記ポリマーとの前記混合物を加熱することにより、前記混合物が前記混合物のガラス転移温度超になり、且つ前記架橋が、ナノファイバーと硫黄と前記ポリマーとの前記混合物を、前記混合物の前記ガラス転移温度未満の、より低い温度にすることを含む、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 前記硫黄が蒸気として混合される、請求項19に記載の方法。
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