JP2023500671A - がんのt細胞治療のための細胞傷害性エフェクターメモリーt細胞の産生方法 - Google Patents
がんのt細胞治療のための細胞傷害性エフェクターメモリーt細胞の産生方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、2019年11月6日に出願された米国仮出願第62/931,670号の優先権の利益を主張し、その内容全体が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
本発明は、米国国立衛生研究所から授与された助成金番号AI127387の下で政府の支援を受けて行われた。米国政府は、本発明において一定の権利を有する。
本開示は、概して、医学、免疫学、細胞生物学、および分子生物学の分野に関する。ある特定の態様では、本開示の分野は、免疫療法に関する。より具体的には、本開示は、改善されたキメラ抗原受容体(CAR)T細胞の生成、およびそのような細胞を使用する治療方法に関する。
膵管腺がん(PDAC)は、積極的な手術、放射線、および高用量化学療法にもかかわらず、5年生存率が9%未満の非常に侵襲性の高い腫瘍である(Ansari et al.,2015)。近年、養子キメラ抗原受容体(CAR)T細胞療法は、がん、具体的には、選択されたCD19+悪性腫瘍のための治療法として大きな可能性を示している(Maude et al.,2018、Neelapu et al.,2017)。CAR構築物は、細胞表面腫瘍抗原を標的とする単鎖可変領域フラグメント(scFv)、膜貫通ドメイン、ヒンジ領域、および典型的には4-1BBまたはCD28共刺激分子のいずれかに融合されたCD3ζの細胞内シグナル伝達ドメインからなる(van der Stegen et al.,2015)。パイロット第I相臨床試験では、自己メソテリン特異的CAR-T細胞の養子細胞療法は、少数の患者において、化学療法不応性転移性ヒトPDACに対して安全で軽度の有効性が示された(Beatty et al.,2018)が、膵腫瘍に対するCAR T細胞療法は、依然として十分に発展していない。実際、現時点では、固形腫瘍の状態で、CARに基づく療法は、何らの有意な有効性も示されていない。
上述のように、CAR-T療法は、転移性マウス管腺がん(PDAC)などのがんの治療において有望性を示している。前回の研究では、本発明者らは、養子移入された抗原経験のあるCD8+NK1.1+細胞が、PDACのモデルにおいて耐久性のある保護を媒介することができることを実証した。興味深いことに、これらの細胞は、抗原への最初の曝露から9ヶ月後に存在し、その後、親PDAC細胞株でチャレンジされたナイーブマウスに養子移入されたときに高度に保護された(Konduri et al.,2016)。これらの結果をさらに発展させて、本発明者らは、PDACの治療のためのCAR T細胞療法のSCID異種移植片モデルを含む、様々なインビボモデルシステムにおいて、これらの細胞のさらなる生物学的特性および機能的特性を特徴付けることを試みた。結果は、CD8+CD161+T細胞がCAR T細胞療法のための優れたプラットフォームを含むことを実証したが、ただし、形質導入および増大中の出発細胞集団の分化を防止するように適応させることを条件とする。さらに、それらは、現在、そのような細胞をエクスビボで増大させることができ、それによって、CAR-T療法を、それを必要とする対象に提供することをより容易にする、改良された方法を開発した。本開示のこれらおよび他の特徴は、以下により詳細に記載される。
本明細書で使用される場合、「a」または「an」は、1つ以上を意味し得る。本明細書の請求項で使用されるとき、「含む(comprising)」という単語と併せて使用されるとき、「a」または「an」という単語は、1つまたは複数を意味し得る。
本明細書で使用される場合、「抗原」という用語は、抗体またはT細胞受容体によって結合されることができる分子である。抗原は、Bリンパ球および/もしくはTリンパ球の産生をもたらす体液性免疫応答および/もしくは細胞性免疫応答をさらに誘導することができる。
ある特定の態様では、本開示は、抗原特異的CD8+CD161+T細胞の作製および/または増大方法を含み、これは、T細胞を、hCARをコードするDNA構築物を含有する発現ベクターでトランスフェクトし、次いで、任意選択で、抗原陽性細胞、組換え抗原、または受容体に対する抗体で細胞を刺激して、細胞を増殖させることを含む。実施例に記載されるように、インターロイキン-IL-7、IL-15、およびIL-21の特定の組み合わせは、CD8+CD161+T細胞の実質的に改善された増大を提供する。
上述のように、本開示は、CD8+CD161+T細胞の培養および使用に関する。
成人および小児のB系統急性リンパ芽球性白血病(B-ALL)の化学療法的治療は、それぞれ、65%および20%の薬剤耐性残存病変に起因する疾患再発率を有する。B-ALL再発の高発生率、特に予後不良群では、同種造血幹細胞移植(HSCT)を使用した免疫ベースの療法の使用が促されている。この療法は、無病生存率を改善するために、残存する白血病細胞、または微小残存病変の根絶のためにドナー移植片に存在する同種反応性細胞に依存している。ドナーリンパ球注入は、生着T細胞が同種異系HSCT後に残存B-ALLを標的にする能力を向上させるために使用されてきたが、このような患者に対するこの治療アプローチは、10%未満の寛解率を達成するにすぎず、移植片対宿主病(GVHD)の頻度および重症度からの高い罹患率および死亡率と関連している。再発が一般的で致死的な問題であるこれらの難治性悪性腫瘍では、HSCT後に末梢血単核細胞(PBMC)由来T細胞を使用した養子療法を使用して、ドナーT細胞の腫瘍関連抗原(TAA)に対する特異性を再標的化することによって、抗腫瘍効果、または移植片対白血病(GVL)効果を増加させることができる。
膵臓がんは、胃の後ろにある腺器官である膵臓の細胞が、制御不能な状態で増殖し始め、腫瘤を形成する場合に生じる。これらのがん細胞は、身体の他の部分に侵入する能力を有している。膵臓がんには多数の種類がある。最も一般的な膵臓腺がんは、約85%の症例を占め、「膵臓がん」という用語は、その種類のみを指すために使用される場合がある。これらの腺がんは、消化酵素を作る膵臓の部分から始まる。非腺がんの大部分を総称するいくつかの他の種類のがんもまた、これらの細胞から生じ得る。膵臓がんの症例の1~2パーセントは神経内分泌腫瘍であり、これは膵臓のホルモン産生細胞から生じる。これらは一般に、膵臓腺がんよりも侵襲性が低い。
いくつかの実施形態では、医学的障害は、特定の免疫応答を誘発するリダイレクトT細胞の移入によって治療される。本開示の一実施形態では、B細胞系統悪性腫瘍または障害は、特異的免疫応答を誘発するリダイレクトT細胞の移入によって治療される。したがって、免疫応答の基本的な理解が必要である。
いくつかの実施形態では、aAPCは、実施形態の治療用組成物および細胞療法製品の調製に有用である。抗原提示系の調製および使用に関する一般的なガイダンスについては、例えば、米国特許第6,225,042号、同第6,355,479号、同第6,362,001号および同第6,790,662号、米国特許出願公開第2009/0017000号および同第2009/0004142号、ならびに国際公開第2007/103009号を参照されたい)。
本明細書に記載される組成物のいずれかは、キットに含まれ得る。いくつかの実施形態では、同種異系CAR T細胞がキットに提供され、これはまた、培地、aAPC、成長因子、抗体(例えば、CAR T細胞を選別または特徴付けるための)、および/またはCARもしくはトランスポザーゼをコードするプラスミドなどの細胞の増大に好適な試薬を含み得る。
マウスマイクロアレイ分析. CD8+NK1.1+細胞およびCD8+NK1.1neg細胞を、以前に膵臓腫瘍を受容したマウスから単離し、ゲムシタビン化学療法と併せて細胞ベースのワクチンで治療的に処置した(Konduri et al.,2016)。単離された細胞を、PDAC抗原装填自己DCで活性化し、総RNAを、製造業者の説明書に従って、RNeasy Mini Kit(Qiagen)を使用して単離した。CD8+NK1.1+およびCD8+NK1.1neg細胞の遺伝子発現プロファイリングを、Affymetrixマウストランスクリプトームアレイ1.0チップ(Affymetrix,Santa Clara,CA,USA)を用いて、テキサス大学MDアンダーソンがんセンター(Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center(Houston,TX))の配列決定およびマイクロアレイ施設によって行った。
PDACの化学免疫療法後のT細胞発現プロファイリングは、CD3+CD8+NK1.1+細胞の先天性様の細胞傷害性の特性を特定する。以前の研究は、同所性PDACの治療のための化学免疫療法の9ヶ月後に単離された脾臓CD8+NK1.1+細胞の非常に少ない数(マウスあたり1,500未満)が、転移性疾患のモデルにおいて依然として親PDAC細胞株に対して迅速かつ堅牢な抗腫瘍保護を提供することができることを実証した(Konduri et al.,2016)。本発明者らは、このNK1.1+CD3+CD8+T細胞の主要な機能的特徴に関する洞察を得るために、KrasG12D/p53-/-PDAC腫瘍を有するマウスのコホートを同所的に移植し、その後、以前に公開された(Konduri et al.,2016)免疫ベースの治療プロトコルによってそれらを治癒させた。治療および治癒の2ヶ月後、CD8+脾細胞を陰性選択し、NK1.1+およびNK1.1neg画分に細分化した。次いで、これらの画分を、PDACが装填された成熟DCと一晩別々に共培養し、PDAC抗原特異的細胞を特定し、上方調節されたCD69発現によって単離した。マイクロアレイは、抗原刺激時に、1642個の遺伝子が、CD8+NK1.1+とCD8+NK1.1neg細胞との間で、0.1の一変量有意水準で差異的に調節されたことを示した(図1)。多くの異なる経路が影響を受ける可能性はあった(表1)が、最も顕著な違いは、細胞溶解性グランザイムセリンプロテアーゼ、特に非古典的なグランザイムアイソフォームF、D、G、およびC、ならびに先天性様細胞傷害性受容体に見られた(表2)。これらの結果は、CD8+NK1.1+細胞が、著しく増強された細胞溶解能を有するCD8+T細胞の集団を表すことを示唆した。
表面分子および分泌サイトカインの発現に基づいて、リンパ球は、異なるサブセットおよび系統に分類される。しかしながら、この分類は、以前に特定された細胞サブセットおよび系統からのマーカーを時折発現する新しい細胞サブセットの特定に伴って常に変動する。1つのそのような表面分子は、NK細胞、NKT細胞、および他のT細胞系統上で発現されることが知られているCD161である(Fergusson et al.,2011)。CD161は、マウス対応物のNK1.1と47%の相同性を共有し、末梢T細胞の最大4分の1によって発現される(Neelapu et al.,1994)。NK-T細胞は末梢T細胞の1%未満を構成するため、CD3+CD161+細胞は、それらが循環T細胞の5%超を構成することを考慮して、T細胞の別個の系統を表す(Takahashi et al.,2006)。CD8+T細胞では、CD161の発現は中間または高いいずれかとして定義されるが、CD161を発現するCD4+T細胞間ではそのような区別ははっきりしない(Takahashi et al.,2006)。CD8+CD161high細胞は、MAIT細胞(Martin et al.,2009、Goldfinch et al.,2010)、Tc17細胞(Northfield et al.,2008、Billerbeck et al.,2010)またはメモリー幹細胞(Turtle et al.,2009)として以前に定義されている。異なるCD161発現細胞の転写プロファイル分析は、CD8+CD161+T細胞中で濃縮された保存されたCD161++/MAIT細胞転写シグネチャーを特定し、これはCD4+CD161+およびTCRγδ+CD161+T細胞に拡大することができる(Fergusson et al.,2014)。さらに、CD161T細胞発現集団は、インターロイキン(IL)-12+IL-18に対する先天性様のTCR非依存性応答を共有する。この応答は、T細胞受容体刺激との関連で共刺激分子として作用するCD161による調節とは無関係である。したがって、CD161の発現は、ヒトTリンパ球で共有され、T細胞受容体(TCR)発現および細胞系統の両方に依存しない、転写および機能表現型を特定する。CD8+CD161+およびCD4+CD161+細胞の役割は、ウイルス感染(Northfield et al.,2008、Billerbeck et al.,2010、Rowan et al.,2008)および自己免疫疾患(Annibali et al.,2011、Cosmi et al.,2008、Kleinschek et al.,2009)中で定義されてきたが、現在までに、がん生物学におけるCD8+CD161+細胞のいかなる役割も明確に定義されていない。本研究では、本発明者らは、CD8+CD161+細胞の生物学的および機能的特性を理解するために出発した。
以下の参考文献は、本明細書に記載されるものに補足する例示的な手続き的または他の詳細を提供する限りにおいて、参照により本明細書に具体的に組み込まれる。
米国特許第4,690,915号
米国特許第6,225,042号
米国特許第6,225,042号
米国特許第6,355,479号
米国特許第6,355,479号
米国特許第6,362,001号
米国特許第6,362,001号
米国特許第6,410,319号
米国特許第6,790,662号
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米国特許出願公開第2009/0004142号
米国特許出願公開第2009/0017000号
国際公開第2007/103009号
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Claims (55)
- (a)細胞の試料を得ることであって、前記試料がCD161+T細胞を含む、ことと、
(b)IL-7、IL-15およびIL-21の存在下で前記T細胞を培養し、
それによって、CD161+細胞の数が非CD161+細胞と比較して増大しているT細胞の集団を提供することと
を含む、インビトロまたはエクスビボ方法。 - (a)細胞の試料を得ることであって、前記試料がCD8+CD161+T細胞を含む、ことと、
(b)IL-7、IL-15、およびIL-21の存在下で前記T細胞を培養し、
それによって、CD8+CD161+T細胞の数が非CD8+CD161+細胞と比較して増大しているT細胞の集団を提供することと
を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。 - (a)細胞の試料を得ることであって、前記試料がCD4+CD161+T細胞を含む、ことと、
(b)IL-7、IL-15、およびIL-21の存在下で前記T細胞を培養し、
それによって、CD4+CD161+T細胞の数が非CD4+CD161+細胞と比較して増大しているT細胞の集団を提供することと
を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記細胞が、CD3および/またはCD28刺激剤を含む培地中でさらに培養される、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記CD3および/またはCD28刺激剤が、CD3および/またはCD28結合抗体を含む、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記細胞が、CD3結合抗体、CD28結合抗体、Clec2d、および/またはCD161結合抗体を含む培地中でさらに培養される、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記細胞が、約0.1~5.0、0.3~3.0、または0.5~2.0μg/mlのCD3結合抗体、CD28結合抗体、Clec2d、および/またはCD161結合抗体を含む培地中でさらに培養される、請求項6に記載の方法。
- (a1)細胞の試料を得ることであって、前記試料がCD161+T細胞を含む、ことと、
(a2)CD3および/またはCD28刺激剤の存在下、ならびにIL-7、IL-15、およびIL-21の存在下で、前記T細胞を培養することと、
(b)IL-7、IL-15、およびIL-21の存在下で前記T細胞を培養することと
を含む、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。 - (a1)細胞の試料を得ることであって、前記試料がCD161+T細胞を含む、ことと、
(a2)CD3結合抗体、CD28結合抗体、CD161結合抗体、および/またはClec2dの存在下、ならびにIL-7、IL-15、およびIL-21の存在下で、前記T細胞を培養することと、
(b)IL-7、IL-15、およびIL-21の存在下で前記T細胞を培養することと
を含む、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。 - ステップ(b)の前記培養が、CD3結合抗体、CD28結合抗体、Clec2d、および/またはCD161結合抗体を本質的に含まない、請求項9に記載の方法。
- ステップ(a2)の前記培養が、約12~72時間、24~58時間、または24~36時間にわたる、請求項10に記載の方法。
- ステップ(b)の前記培養が、少なくとも約12時間にわたる、請求項10に記載の方法。
- ステップ(b)の前記培養が、少なくとも約1、2、3、4、5、6、または7日間にわたる、請求項12に記載の方法。
- ステップ(b)の前記培養が、CD3結合抗体およびCD28結合抗体を本質的に含まない、請求項9に記載の方法。
- IL-7が、約5~20ng/mlで存在し、IL-15が、約2.5~10ng/mlで存在し、かつ/またはIL-21が、約20~40ng/mlで存在し、例えば、10ng/mlのIL-7、5ng/mlのIL-15、および/または30ng/mlのIL-21である、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- ステップ(b)の前に、前記試料中のCD8+CD161+細胞の存在についてT細胞を精製または濃縮することをさらに含む、請求項1または15に記載の方法。
- ステップ(b)の後に、前記試料中のCD8+CD161+細胞の存在についてT細胞を精製または濃縮することをさらに含む、請求項1または15に記載の方法。
- 前記試料中のT細胞を濃縮することが、蛍光細胞選別、磁気ビーズ分離、または常磁性ビーズ分離を含む、請求項16または17に記載の方法。
- 培養することが、最長で7、14、21、28、35、または42日間持続する、請求項1~18のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記培養することが、血清含有培地中である、請求項1~19のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記培養することが、無血清培地中である、請求項1~19のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 対象から前記細胞を得ることをさらに含む、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記試料が、アフェレーシスによって得られる、請求項22に記載の方法。
- 前記試料が、凍結保存された試料である、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記試料が、臍帯血由来である、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記試料が、前記対象からの末梢血試料である、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記試料が、アフェレーシスによって得られた、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記試料が、静脈穿刺によって得られた、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記試料が、前記対象から得られた同等の試料と比較して増加した割合のCD8+CD161+細胞を含むT細胞の亜集団を含む、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記試料を得ることが、前記試料を第三者機関から得ることを含む、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記試料中のT細胞に、キメラ抗原受容体(CAR)またはトランスジェニックT細胞受容体(TCR)をコードする核酸を導入することをさらに含む、請求項1~30のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 導入することが、前記T細胞をウイルスで感染させるかまたは形質導入することを必要としない、請求項31に記載の方法。
- 前記T細胞にCARまたはトランスジェニックTCRをコードする核酸を導入することが、ステップ(b)の前に行われる、請求項31または32に記載の方法。
- 前記T細胞にCARまたはトランスジェニックTCRをコードする核酸を導入することが、ステップ(b)の後に行われる、請求項31または32に記載の方法。
- 前記T細胞が、内因性T細胞受容体および/または内因性HLAの発現に関して不活性化される、請求項31に記載の方法。
- 膜結合Cγサイトカインをコードする核酸を、前記T細胞に導入することをさらに含む、請求項31に記載の方法。
- 前記膜結合Cγサイトカインが、膜結合IL-15である、請求項36に記載の方法。
- 前記膜結合Cγサイトカインが、IL-15-IL-15Rα融合タンパク質である、請求項36に記載の方法。
- 培養することが、前記T細胞を、樹状細胞または人工抗原提示細胞(aAPC)の存在下で培養することを含む、請求項31に記載の方法。
- 前記aAPCが、前記aAPCの表面上で発現するCAR結合抗体またはそのフラグメントを含む、請求項39に記載の方法。
- 前記aAPCが、T細胞を活性化または共刺激する追加の分子を含む、請求項39に記載の方法。
- 前記追加の分子が、膜結合Cγサイトカインを含む、請求項40に記載の方法。
- 前記T細胞をaAPCの存在下で培養することが、前記細胞を約10:1~約1:10(CAR細胞対aAPC)の比で培養することを含む、請求項39に記載の方法。
- 前記トランスジェニックCARまたはトランスジェニックTCR細胞の集団の試料を凍結保存することをさらに含む、請求項31に記載の方法。
- 前記CARまたは前記トランスジェニックTCRが、がん細胞抗原を標的とする、請求項31に記載の方法。
- 前記がん細胞抗原が、CD19、CD20、ROR1、CD22がん胎児性抗原、アルファフェトプロテイン、CA-125、5T4、MUC-1、上皮腫瘍抗原、前立腺特異的抗原、黒色腫関連抗原、変異型p53、変異型ras、HER2/Neu、葉酸結合タンパク質、HIV-1エンベロープ糖タンパク質gp120、HIV-1エンベロープ糖タンパク質gp41、GD2、CD123、CD33、CD138、CD23、CD30、CD56、c-Met、メオテリン、GD3、HERV-K、IL-11Rα、κ鎖、λ鎖、CSPG4、ERBB2、EGFRvIII、VEGFR2、HER2-HER3の組み合わせ、またはHER1-HER2の組み合わせである、請求項45に記載の方法。
- 前記CARまたは前記トランスジェニックTCRが、病原体抗原を標的とする、請求項31に記載の方法。
- 前記病原体が、真菌、ウイルス、または細菌病原体である、請求項47に記載の方法。
- 前記病原体が、プラスモディウム、トリパノソーマ、アスペルギルス、カンジダ、HSV、HIV、RSV、EBV、CMV、JCウイルス、BKウイルス、またはエボラ病原体である、請求項47に記載の方法。
- ステップ(b)の前、ステップ(b)の後、またはステップ(b)の前後両方で、例えば細胞計数/フローサイトメトリーによって、前記試料のCD161+T細胞の含有量を評価することをさらに含む、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 請求項1~50のいずれか一項に記載の方法によって作製されたT細胞組成物。
- 疾患を有するヒト対象においてT細胞応答を提供する方法であって、有効量の請求項31または32に記載のT細胞を前記対象に投与することを含む、前記方法。
- 前記疾患が、がんであり、前記CARまたは前記トランスジェニックTCRが、がん細胞抗原を標的とする、請求項52に記載の方法。
- 前記対象が、以前に抗がん療法を受けている、請求項53に記載の方法。
- 前記対象が、寛解状態であるか、または前記がんの症状を有しないが、検出可能ながん細胞を含む、請求項54に記載の方法。
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