JP2023065521A - 癌の診断および治療 - Google Patents
癌の診断および治療 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、その全体が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる、2017年6月23日に出願された米国仮出願第62/524,116号の優先権および利益を主張する。
本発明は癌マーカーを含むがこれに限定されない、癌診断、研究および治療のための組成物および方法に関する。特に、本発明は、癌治療に対する対象の応答を予測するための組成物および方法に関する。
個人用医薬品への注目が増加していることは、癌生物学に関する我々の知識の増加と共に、癌治療におけるバイオマーカーの高い可能性を明らかにしている。異なるバイオマーカーのスペクトルは患者の生存を予測するため、治療効果を評価するため、または疾患の進行をモニターするために、臨床実務に既に組み込まれている(Bailey et al, Discovery medicine,2014,17:101-114)。高コストの標的癌治療薬は、治療から利益を得る可能性が最も高い患者を選択するためのバイオマーカーの開発にとって強力な推進力である。この目的のために、規制当局は、臨床評価中の新しい治療のための予測バイオマーカーの組み込みをますます必要とする(Marton & Weiner,Biomed Res Int. 2013; 2013:891391.)。
Harbeck et al, Breast care,2013,8,49-55)。HER2が受容体仲介エンドサイトーシスを受ける能力はまた、この膜貫通タンパク質を、癌細胞への細胞毒素物質の送達のための候補にする。これは、実際に、2013年に転移性乳癌の治療のためのFDA承認を受けた抗体-薬物結合体(ADC)トラスツズマブエムタシン(T-DM1)(Lewis Phillips et al, cancer research,2008,68,9280-9290; Verma et al, The New England journal of medicine,2012,367,1783-1791; Barok et al, Breast Cancer research,2011,13,R46)によって例示されている。
ーシスによって細胞内に取り込まれる。エンド/リソソーム経路内のトラスツズマブ構成要素のタンパク質分解は続いて微小管不安定化および細胞死を誘導するDM1の細胞質ゾル放出のメカニズムとして仮定される(Erickson et al, Cancer research,2006,66,4426-4433; Martinez et al, Critical reviews in oncology/hematology,2016,97,96-106)。従って、T-DM1は、そのトラスツズマブ構成要素によって生じる薬理学的効果に加えて、細胞内での作用の細胞毒性メカニズムを誘導する。
reviews.Molecular cell biology,2009,10,513-525)ならびにHER2エンドサイトーシスに特異的に関与するタンパク質を、HER2標的ADCおよび免疫毒素の治療効果のための可能性のあるバイオマーカーとして評価することを目的とした。
本発明は、癌バイオマーカーを利用する治療を含むがこれに限定されない癌治療のための組成物および方法に関する。特に、本発明は、癌治療に対する対象の応答を予測するための組成物および方法に関する。
図1のAは、SK-BR-3、SKOV-3、HCC1954、AU-565、MDA-MB-435およびMDA-MB-231細胞におけるHER2およびγ-チューブリンの発現のウエスタンブロットの結果である。図1のBは、SK-BR-3、SKOV-3、AU-565、HCC1954およびMDA-MB-435の、各薬物による72時間の治療後の相対的生存率(MTT)を示す。T-DM1にはS字曲線適合モデルa/(1+exp(-(x-x0)/b))を用いた。データの値(%)は、3つの独立した実験(トラスツズマブ、エラーバー:SE)の平均、または少なくとも3つの別々の実験(T-DM1およびMH3-B1/rGel、エラーバー:SD)のうち1つの結果を代表して表している。
本発明の理解を容易にするために、いくつかの用語および表現を下記とおり定義する。
本発明は、癌バイオマーカーを利用する治療を含むがこれに限定されない、癌治療のための組成物および方法に関する。特に、本発明は、癌治療に対する対象の反応を予測するための組成物および方法に関する。
以下の実施例は本発明の特定の実施形態を実証し、さらに例示するために提供され、その範囲を限定するものとして解釈されるべきではない。
(材料及び方法)
細胞および培養:
本研究では、乳癌細胞株SK-BR-3、AU-565(CRL-2351)、HCC1954(CRL-2338)およびMDA-MB-453(HTB-131)および卵巣がん細胞株SKOV-3(HTB-77)という5つのHER2発現性ヒト細胞株を用いた。HER2陰性のヒト乳癌細胞株MDA-MB-231を、HER2発現のネガティブコントロールとして使用した。すべての細胞株は、ノルウェー、オスロの癌研究所の生化学部門ノルウェーラジウム病院、オスロ大学病院から提供されたSK-BR-3を除き、アメリカ合衆国培養細胞系統保存機関(American Type Culture Collection)(Manassas、VA、USA)から入手した。時間経過による細胞株の特性の変化を回避するために、全ての細胞株を継代数3~25の間で使用し、細胞をマイコプラズマ感染について常時にチェックした。SK-BR-3およびSKOV-3細胞を、McCoy 5A培地中で、AU-565、HCC1954およびMDA-MB-231細胞をRPMI-1640培地中(両方とも、Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis、MO、USAから入手)で培養し、一方、MDA-MB-453を、Leibovitz’s L-15培地(Lonza, Verviers, Belgium)中で培養した。全ての培地は、文献19にしたがって補給した。
96ウェルプレート(Nunc、ロスキルデ、デンマーク)に8×103(SK-BR-3)、1.8×103(SKOV-3)、6×103(AU-565)、4×103(HCC1954)または1×104細胞/ウェル(MDA-MB-453)で細胞を播種し、一晩付着させた。次いで、細胞を、72時間、濃度を増加させながらトラスツズマブ(ハーセプチン(登録商標)、ロシュ、バーゼル、スイス)、T-DM1(ado-トラスツズマブエムタンシン、カドサイラ(登録商標)、ジェネンテック、カリフォルニア州サンフランシスコ、米国カリフォルニア州サンフランシスコ)、MH3-B1/rGelまたはrGel(文献13、20に従って発現および精製)とインキュベートし、その後、文献21に従い、MTTアッセイにより細胞生存率を評価した。IC50値をS字曲線から計算した(適合モデル:a/(1+exp(-(x-x0)/b)。
全細胞抽出物を得て、文献19に記載したようにウエスタンブロットにより分析した。タンパク質のブロット転写は、Trans-Blot(登録商標)Turbo(商標)Transfer System(Bio-Rad Laboratories、CA、USA)を用いて行った。細胞タンパク質発現を、Cell Signaling Technology(Danvers, MA, USA)から得たEGFR(#4267)、HER2(#2165)、HER3(#12708)、HSP90(#4877)抗体、BD Biosciences(San Jose, CA, USA)から得たRab5(610281)およびRab11(610656)抗体、ならびにRab4(R5780)抗体(Sigma-Aldrich)を使用して検出した。タンパク質の発現は、抗原(#T6557)(Sigma-Aldrich)によって検出されたγ-チューブリンと相関していた。Supersignal West Dura Extended duration Substrate(Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL,
USA)およびChemiDoc(商標)デンシトメーター(Bio-Rad)を膜上のタンパク質バンドの検出に使用した。ImageLab 4.1(Bio-Radのソフトウェア)を、タンパク質発現の定量のために使用した。各タンパク質の発現を、最高発現細胞株に対して計算した。
細胞株におけるHER2、HER3、EGFR、Rab4、Rab5、Rab11およびHSP90の相対的発現を、1/IC50(T-DM1)またはターゲティング指数(TI)(MH3-B1/rGel)によって測定した2つのHER2標的治療薬に対する細胞株感受性に対してプロットし、線形回帰を評価した。いくつかのタンパク質は、HER2と共にT-DM1またはMH3-B1/rGelに毒性に影響を及ぼし得る。しかしながら、HER2と比較した場合の影響のレベルは変化し得る。ここでは、HER2と線形相関する1/IC50(T-DM1)またはTI(MH3-B1/rGel)によって得られたR2値が他のタンパク質(HER3、EGFR、Rab4、Rab5、Rab11およびHSP90)の相対的発現を回帰に組み込むことによって増加し得るかどうかを計算した。これらの回帰曲線は、以下の式を用いて、HER2と共に各タンパク質について1~0の範囲の寄与係数を減少させて確立した;
正の勾配を有する曲線についてはHER2×(1-(1-タンパク質)×F)、および
負の勾配を有する曲線についてはHER2/(1-(1-タンパク質)×F)であり、ここで、HER2はHER2の相対的発現であり、タンパク質は目的のタンパク質の相対的発現であり、Fは1~0の寄与係数である。
T-DM1およびMH3-B1/rGelの有効性はトラスツズマブ感受性と相関していなかった。HER2陰性として報告されているMDA-MB-231における低発現と比較して、本研究で使用した5つのHER2発現細胞株において、強いHER2発現が立証された(図1のA)(文献22)。HER2を標的としたmAbトラスツズマブおよび細胞内作用性HER2を標的とした治療薬T-DM1およびMH3-B1/rGelの抗増殖効果は、5つのHER2陽性細胞株において確立された(図1のB)。細胞をトラスツズマブ、T-DM1またはMH3-B1/rGelで72時間処理すると、SK-BR-3およびAU-565細胞は3つの治療薬すべてに高感受性であることが明らかになったが、逆に、SKOV-3細胞はトラスツズマブに非応答性であることが見出され、T-DM1およびMH3-B1/rGelに対して低感受性であったことが、それぞれ1.2μg/mLという比較的高いIC50および2.4という低いTI50によって実証された(図1および図2のB)。HCC1954およびMDA-MB-453細胞はいずれもトラスツズマブ治療に対して低感受性から中感受性であることが見出されたが、細胞内作用性HER2標的治療薬に対しては異なる反応を示し、HCC1954細胞はT-DM1およびMH3-B1/rGelの両方に対して高感受性を示したが、MDA-MB-453細胞はこれら2つの薬物に対して低感受性を示した(図1および図2のB)。したがって、トラスツズマブ感受性とT-DM1およびMH3-B1/rGelに対する感受性との間には、5つの細胞株間で明確な関連性は認められなかった(図1および図2のB)。T-DM1およびMH3-B1/rGelは細胞内で明確に異なる作用点を有するが、細胞株の間でこれらの2つの治療薬に対する感受性の間に一貫性が明らかにされ、ここで、2つの治療薬の一方に対する高/低応答は他方に対する同様の高/低応答を予測させるように思われた。
相対的HER2発現×
(1-(1-Rab5発現)×0.3)×
(1-(1-Rab4発現)×0.6)×
(1-(1-相対的HSP90発現)×0.8)/
(1-(1-(1/相対的Rab11発現))×0.4)
バイオマーカー主導の個人用癌治療の分野は、臨床的に承認された標的化抗癌治療剤の数が増加することにつれて急速に成長している。全体として、薬物ベースの個別化された癌治療の効力は、予後、応答および/または耐性を予測するための選択されたバイオマーカーの信頼性に依存する。HER2標的mAbトラスツズマブの開発は、HER2陽性(全乳癌の約20%)に分類される乳癌患者としてのバイオマーカー主導の個別化がん治療の分野で、治療の一環としてトラスツズマブをルーチン投与することに成功した話である(文献26)。他の例としては、イマチニブの使用のための慢性骨髄性白血病(CML)におけるBCR-ABL融合、または大腸癌の治療におけるセツキシマブの使用のためのEGFRおよびRAS野生型発現の評価がある(文献27)。
患者集団:
治療前発現および病理学的完全奏効(pCR)データはT-DM1+ペルツズマブ(TDM1+P)群の52人の患者について利用可能であり、トラスツズマブ制御(TH)群の31人の患者について分析のために利用可能であった。進行した患者、同意を撤回した患者、治療施設を離れた患者、または手術前に非プロトコール療法を受けた患者は、この分析のために非pCRとみなされる。以下の表は、各アーム内のHRサブタイプによるpCR速度を示す;
すべてのI-SPY2サンプルは、Agilentの2つのカスタムアレイ(15746および32627デザイン)のいずれかに分析される。TDM1+Pアーム中の全てのサンプルを32627アレイ上でアッセイし、一方、THアームをプラットフォーム間で分割し、古い15746プラットフォーム上の22サンプルおよび32627アレイ上の9サンプルを用いた。2つの設計にわたるデータを組み合わせるために、15746プラットフォームのプローブアノテーションを更新し(2016年9月)、各プラットフォームについて、複数のプローブによって表される遺伝子がプローブにわたる平均として計算されるように、平均化することによって正規化された発現データを崩壊させた。次に、ComBatアルゴリズムを適用して、プラットフォームバイアスを調整し、2つのプラットフォームからのデータを組み合わせた。この手順は、実験群にかかわらず、最初の880人のI-SPY 2患者の治療前データについて行われた。THおよびTDM1+Pアームからの組み合わされたプラットフォーム調整されたデータは32627および更新された15746アレイ設計のためのアノテーションファイルとともに、この送達に含まれる。
RAB5A、RAB4A、RAB11A、およびHSP90AA1の正規化され、プラットフォーム補正された治療前発現レベルを、最初に、適格バイオマーカー評価(QBE)計画に従って、TDM1+Pに対する応答の特定バイオマーカーとして個別に試験した。
・モデル1A:TDM1+PアームにおけるpCR~バイオマーカー
・モデル1B:THアームにおけるpCR~バイオマーカー
・モデル1C:pCR~治療+バイオマーカー+治療xバイオマーカー
・モデル1D:pCR~治療+バイオマーカー+治療xバイオマーカー+HRステータス
評価されたバイオマーカーのうち、RAB5Aのみが、TDM1+pアーム(尤度比(LR)試験p=0.012)での応答と関連しているが、対照アーム(LR試験p=0.242)では関連していない。
本発明者らはバイオマーカーx処置相互作用のp値を最小化する閾値を同定するために、モンテカルロ2倍交差検定手順を使用した。具体的には100回の反復について、本発明者らは本発明者らの訓練セットとして、治療群とpCR状態とのバランスをとって、症例の半分を無作為に選択した。我々は10パーセンタイルと90パーセンタイルとの間のあらゆる値を、トレーニングセットを「高」対「低」RAB5A発現群に二分するための潜在的閾値として考慮し、一連のロジスティック回帰モデルに適合させて、バイオマーカーx処置相互作用を評価した(モデル1C)。本発明者らはトレーニングセット中の相互作用項についてのLR試験p値を最小にする閾値を選択し、それを使用して試験セットを二分し、試験セット中のバイオマーカーx処置相互作用の有意性を評価した。次に、ロジット方法を用いて100個の試験セットにわたってLRp値結合し、最小結合LR試験p値生じる閾値を選択した。
・モデル2:pCR~HR+RAB5A+治療+HRx処置+RAB5Ax処置
患者をRAB5A-高(>=9.76)群とRAB5A-低(<9.76)群に二分するために同定した最適閾値(9.76)を適用した場合、ベイズ推定pCR確率は、RAB5A-高の患者の対照群の24%に対してTDM1+P群で68%であった。対照的に、推定pCR確率はTDM1+PアームにおけるRAB5A-低サブセットにおいて28%であり、THアームにおいて42%である。比較のために、同じモデルを用いて、HER2+群全体の推定pCR確率は、TDM1+P群で61%、TH群で27%である。ベイズpCR確率曲線を図10に示す。
本実施例は、1-SPY2試験におけるTH-およびT-DM1+P群のHSP90、Rab11a、Rab4AおよびRab5a発現プロファイルと治療成績との相関の評価を示す。1-SPY-2データからのRNA発現プロファイルを、T-トラスツズマブ+化学療法(TH)またはトラスツズマブ-エムタシン+ペルツズマブ+化学療法(TDM1+P)を受けた2つの治療群において、pCRとHSP90、Rab11A、Rab4AおよびRab5aの発現レベルとの間の相関について評価した。T-DM1+Pアームにおいて、pCR0群とpCR1群との間でRab5Aの発現レベルに有意差がある。2つのアームのいずれにおいても、他のタンパク質のいずれについても有意差は見出されなかった。
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上記明細書に記載された全ての刊行物、特許、特許出願およびアクセッション番号は、その全体が参照により本明細書に援用される。本発明は、特定の実施形態に関して開示されているが、特許請求の範囲に記載された本発明がそのような特定の実施形態に過度に限定されるべきではないことは、理解されるべきである。実際、本発明に記載された組成物および方法の種々の改変および変形は当業者にとって明らかであり、以下の特許請求の範囲に示した範囲に含まれることが意図される。
Claims (3)
- RAB5の発現レベルを検出するための試薬を含むキットであって、
RAB5が、任意に、RAB5A、RAB5BおよびRAB5Cからなる群より選択される、キット。 - (a)前記試薬が、プローブ、増幅オリゴヌクレオチド、および抗体からなる群より選択される、
(b)検出するための前記試薬が、癌細胞においてRAB5タンパク質の前記レベルを測定する、
(c)RAB5の発現レベルを検出するための前記試薬が抗体であり、任意に、前記抗体がモノクローナル抗体である、
(d)前記キットが、免疫分析によって前記RAB5の発現レベルを検出するためのものである、および/または
(e)前記キットが、免疫組織化学によって前記RAB5の発現レベルを検出するためのものであり、任意に、1以上の可視化試薬をさらに含む、請求項1に記載のキット。 - 前記キットが、
(a)検出試薬、
(b)適切なコントロール試薬、
(c)少なくとも1つの細胞表面マーカーのタンパク質の発現レベルを検出する試薬であり、任意に、前記細胞表面マーカーが、HER2、HER3、EGFR、CD3ε、CD19、CD22、CD25、CD30、CD33、CD56、CEA(CD66e)、CD74、CD79a、CD138、NaPi2b、gpNMB、TROP-2、GUCY2C、Nectin-4、SC-16、STEAP1、FRα、IL-2R、EpCAMおよびMSLNからなる群より選択される、試薬、
(d)RAB4、RAB11および/またはHSP90から選択されるマーカーを検出するための試薬、および/または
(e)検出するための前記試薬の使用によって生成された生データを臨床医の予測値のデータに翻訳するためのコンピュータベースの分析プログラムをさらに含む、請求項1または2に記載のキット。
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