JP2023041743A - 有機化合物および発光素子 - Google Patents
有機化合物および発光素子 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2023041743A JP2023041743A JP2023006519A JP2023006519A JP2023041743A JP 2023041743 A JP2023041743 A JP 2023041743A JP 2023006519 A JP2023006519 A JP 2023006519A JP 2023006519 A JP2023006519 A JP 2023006519A JP 2023041743 A JP2023041743 A JP 2023041743A
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- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 188
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 110
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 68
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 29
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 28
- 125000000609 carbazolyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3NC12)* 0.000 claims description 28
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 24
- TXCDCPKCNAJMEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibenzofuran Chemical group C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3OC2=C1 TXCDCPKCNAJMEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical group [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 125000000732 arylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 21
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910052717 sulfur Chemical group 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000011593 sulfur Chemical group 0.000 claims description 21
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical group [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- IYYZUPMFVPLQIF-ALWQSETLSA-N dibenzothiophene Chemical group C1=CC=CC=2[34S]C3=C(C=21)C=CC=C3 IYYZUPMFVPLQIF-ALWQSETLSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
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- XDGTWWIUDGYOPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N [1]benzothiolo[2,3-b]pyridine Chemical group C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3SC2=N1 XDGTWWIUDGYOPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 27
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 abstract description 20
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 20
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- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 125000000168 pyrrolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 description 7
- VQGHOUODWALEFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phenylpyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=N1 VQGHOUODWALEFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- AZFHXIBNMPIGOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-hydroxypent-3-en-2-one iridium Chemical compound [Ir].CC(O)=CC(C)=O.CC(O)=CC(C)=O.CC(O)=CC(C)=O AZFHXIBNMPIGOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- 150000004982 aromatic amines Chemical group 0.000 description 6
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Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
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Abstract
Description
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様の有機化合物について、以下説明する。
一般式(G0)乃至(G3)において、Ar1及びAr2で表される置換もしくは無置換の炭素数6乃至25のアリーレン基としては、例えば、フェニレン基、ナフチレン基、ビフェニル基、フルオレニル基、ビフェニルジイル基、スピロフルオレニル基などが挙げられる。具体的には、下記構造式(Ar-1)乃至(Ar-27)で表される基を適用することができる。なお、Ar1及びAr2で表される基はこれらに限定されず、置換基を有していても良い。
一般式(G0)乃至(G5)として表される化合物の具体的な構造としては、下記構造式(100)乃至(141)及び構造式(200)乃至(241)で表される有機化合物等を挙げることができる。なお、一般式(G0)乃至(G5)として表される有機化合物は、下記例示に限られない。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様である一般式(G0)で表されるベンゾフロ[2,3-b]ピリジン骨格またはベンゾチエノ[2,3-b]ピリジン骨格を有する有機化合物の合成方法の一例について説明する。該有機化合物の合成方法としては、種々の反応を適用することができる。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様である有機化合物を有する発光素子について、図1を用いて以下に説明する。
まず、本発明の一態様の発光素子の構成について、図1(A)(B)(C)を用いて、以下説明する。
次に、発光層140の発光機構について、以下説明を行う。
・Host(141_1):有機化合物141_1(ホスト材料)
・Host(141_2):有機化合物141_2(ホスト材料)
・Guest(142):ゲスト材料142(燐光性化合物)
・SPH1:有機化合物141_1(ホスト材料)のS1準位
・TPH1:有機化合物141_1(ホスト材料)のT1準位
・SPH2:有機化合物141_2(ホスト材料)のS1準位
・TPH2:有機化合物141_2(ホスト材料)のT1準位
・SPG:ゲスト材料142(燐光性化合物)のS1準位
・TPG:ゲスト材料142(燐光性化合物)のT1準位
・SPE:励起錯体のS1準位
・TPE:励起錯体のT1準位
次に、本発明の一態様に係る発光素子の構成要素の詳細について、以下説明を行う。
発光層140中では、ホスト材料141が重量比で最も多く存在し、ゲスト材料142は、ホスト材料141中に分散される。ゲスト材料142が蛍光性化合物の場合、発光層140のホスト材料141(有機化合物141_1及び有機化合物141_2)のS1準位は、発光層140のゲスト材料(ゲスト材料142)のS1準位よりも高いことが好ましい。また、ゲスト材料142が燐光性化合物の場合、発光層140のホスト材料141(有機化合物141_1及び有機化合物141_2)のT1準位は、発光層140のゲスト材料(ゲスト材料142)のT1準位よりも高いことが好ましい。
正孔注入層111は、一対の電極の一方(電極101または電極102)からのホール注入障壁を低減することでホール注入を促進する機能を有し、例えば遷移金属酸化物、フタロシアニン誘導体、あるいは芳香族アミンなどによって形成される。遷移金属酸化物としては、モリブデン酸化物やバナジウム酸化物、ルテニウム酸化物、タングステン酸化物、マンガン酸化物などが挙げられる。フタロシアニン誘導体としては、フタロシアニンや金属フタロシアニンなどが挙げられる。芳香族アミンとしてはベンジジン誘導体やフェニレンジアミン誘導体などが挙げられる。ポリチオフェンやポリアニリンなどの高分子化合物を用いることもでき、例えば自己ドープされたポリチオフェンであるポリ(エチレンジオキシチオフェン)/ポリ(スチレンスルホン酸)などがその代表例である。
正孔輸送層112は正孔輸送性材料を含む層であり、正孔注入層111の材料として例示した正孔輸送性材料を使用することができる。正孔輸送層112は正孔注入層111に注入された正孔を発光層140へ輸送する機能を有するため、正孔注入層111のHOMO(Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital、最高被占軌道ともいう)準位と同じ、あるいは近いHOMO準位を有することが好ましい。
電子輸送層118は、電子注入層119を経て一対の電極の他方(電極101または電極102)から注入された電子を発光層140へ輸送する機能を有する。電子輸送性材料としては、正孔よりも電子の輸送性の高い材料を用いることができ、1×10-6cm2/Vs以上の電子移動度を有する材料であることが好ましい。電子を受け取りやすい化合物(電子輸送性を有する材料)としては、含窒素複素芳香族化合物のようなπ電子不足型複素芳香族化合物や金属錯体などを用いることができ、本発明の一態様に係る有機化合物はピリジン骨格を有するため、好適に用いることができる。他の具体例としては、発光層140に用いることができる電子輸送性材料として挙げたピリジン誘導体、ビピリジン誘導体、ピリミジン誘導体、トリアジン誘導体、キノキサリン誘導体、ジベンゾキノキサリン誘導体、フェナントロリン誘導体、トリアゾール誘導体、ベンゾイミダゾール誘導体、オキサジアゾール誘導体などが挙げられる。また、1×10-6cm2/Vs以上の電子移動度を有する物質であることが好ましい。なお、正孔よりも電子の輸送性の高い物質であれば、上記以外の物質を電子輸送層として用いても構わない。また、電子輸送層118は、単層だけでなく、上記物質からなる層が二層以上積層してもよい。
電子注入層119と電極102の界面における電子注入障壁を低減することで電子注入を促進する機能を有し、例えば第1族金属、第2族金属、あるいはこれらの酸化物、ハロゲン化物、炭酸塩などを用いることができる。また、先に示す電子輸送性材料と、これに対して電子供与性を示す材料の複合材料を用いることもできる。電子供与性を示す材料としては、第1族金属、第2族金属、あるいはこれらの酸化物などを挙げることができる。具体的には、フッ化リチウム(LiF)、フッ化ナトリウム(NaF)、フッ化セシウム(CsF)、フッ化カルシウム(CaF2)、リチウム酸化物(LiOx)等のようなアルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、またはそれらの化合物を用いることができる。また、フッ化エルビウム(ErF3)のような希土類金属化合物を用いることができる。また、電子注入層119にエレクトライドを用いてもよい。該エレクトライドとしては、例えば、カルシウムとアルミニウムの混合酸化物に電子を高濃度添加した物質等が挙げられる。また、電子注入層119に、電子輸送層118で用いることが出来る物質を用いても良い。
量子ドットは、数nmから数十nmサイズの半導体ナノ結晶であり、1×103個から1×106個程度の原子から構成されている。量子ドットはサイズに依存してエネルギーシフトするため、同じ物質から構成される量子ドットであっても、サイズによって発光波長が異なる。そのため、用いる量子ドットのサイズを変更することによって、容易に発光波長を変更することができる。
電極101及び電極102は、発光素子の陽極または陰極としての機能を有する。電極101及び電極102は、金属、合金、導電性化合物、およびこれらの混合物や積層体などを用いて形成することができる。
また、本発明の一態様に係る発光素子は、ガラス、プラスチックなどからなる基板上に作製すればよい。基板上に作製する順番としては、電極101側から順に積層しても、電極102側から順に積層しても良い。
本実施の形態においては、実施の形態3に示す発光素子の構成と異なる構成の発光素子、について、図2を用いて、以下説明を行う。なお、図2において、図1(A)に示す符号と同様の機能を有する箇所には、同様のハッチパターンとし、符号を省略する場合がある。また、同様の機能を有する箇所には、同様の符号を付し、その詳細な説明は省略する場合がある。
図2は、発光素子250の断面模式図である。
本実施の形態では実施の形態3及び実施の形態4で説明した発光素子を用いた発光装置について、図3(A)及び図3(B)を用いて説明する。
図4には発光装置の一例として、白色発光を呈する発光素子を形成し、着色層(カラーフィルタ)を形成した発光装置の例を示す。
トップエミッション型の発光装置の断面図を図6に示す。この場合、基板1001は光を通さない基板を用いることができる。TFTと発光素子の陽極とを接続する接続電極を作製するまでは、ボトムエミッション型の発光装置と同様に形成する。その後、第3の層間絶縁膜1037を電極1022を覆って形成する。この絶縁膜は平坦化の役割を担っていても良い。第3の層間絶縁膜1037は第2の層間絶縁膜1021と同様の材料の他、他の様々な材料を用いて形成することができる。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様の電子機器について説明する。
ゴーグル型ディスプレイは、例えば、筐体5000、表示部5001、スピーカ5003、LEDランプ5004、操作キー5005(電源スイッチ、又は操作スイッチを含む)、接続端子5006、センサ5007(力、変位、位置、速度、加速度、角速度、回転数、距離、光、液、磁気、温度、化学物質、音声、時間、硬度、電場、電流、電圧、電力、放射線、流量、湿度、傾度、振動、におい、又は赤外線を測定する機能を含むもの)、マイクロフォン5008、第2の表示部5002、支持部5012、イヤホン5013等を有する。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様の発光素子を様々な照明装置に適用する一例について、図10及び図11を用いて説明する。本発明の一態様である発光素子を用いることで、発光効率が良好な、信頼性の高い照明装置を作製できる。
<ステップ1: 5-クロロ-3-(5-クロロ-2-メトキシフェニル)ピリジン-2-アミンの合成>
5-クロロ-3-ヨードピリジン-2-アミン6.04gと5-クロロ-2-メトキシフェニルボロン酸4.5g、炭酸カリウム6.6g、エチレングリコールジメチルエーテル(略称:DME)110mL、水72mLを、還流管を付けた三口フラスコに入れ、フラスコ内を窒素置換した。フラスコ内を減圧下で撹拌することで脱気した後、テトラキス(トリフェニルホスフィン)パラジウム(0)(略称:Pd(PPh3)4)0.84gを加え、90℃で15時間撹拌することで反応させた。所定時間経過後、トルエンによる抽出を行った。その後、ヘキサン:酢酸エチル=2:1を展開溶媒とするシリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィーにより精製することで、目的物の白色固体を4.7g、収率74%で得た。ステップ1の合成スキームを下式(A-1)に示す。
上記ステップ1で得た5-クロロ-3-(5-クロロ-2-メトキシフェニル)ピリジン-2-アミン2.4gと脱水テトラヒドロフラン48mL、氷酢酸96mLを三口フラスコに入れ、フラスコ内を窒素置換した。三口フラスコを-10℃に冷却した後、亜硝酸tert-ブチル3.2mLを滴下し、-10℃で1時間、0℃で17時間半攪拌した。所定時間経過後、得られた懸濁液に水300mLを加え、吸引ろ過することにより、目的物の白色固体を1.5g、収率71%で得た。ステップ2の合成スキームを下式(A-2)に示す。
上記ステップ2で得た、3,6-ジクロロベンゾフロ[2,3-b]ピリジン0.9g、3-(4-ジベンゾチオフェン)フェニルボロン酸2.6g、リン酸三カリウム4.9g、ジグリム30mL、tert-ブタノール2.2mLを三口フラスコに入れ、フラスコ内を窒素置換した。フラスコ内を減圧下で撹拌することで脱気した後、酢酸パラジウム(II)(略称:Pd(OAc)2)34mg、ジ(1-アダマンチル)-n-ブチルホスフィン(略称:CataCXiumA)0.11gを加え、140℃で18時間半撹拌し、反応させた。所定時間経過後、得られた懸濁液を吸引ろ過し、水、エタノールで洗浄した。得られた固体を、トルエンを展開溶媒とするシリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィーで精製した後、トルエンとヘキサンの混合溶媒にて再結晶することにより、目的物の白色固体を1.9g、収率77%で得た。ステップ3の合成スキームを下式(A-3)に示す。
1H-NMR.δ(CD2Cl2):7.47-7.53(m,4H),7.61-7.63(m,3H),7.66-7.73(m,2H),7.77-7.84(m,6H),7.87-7.88(m,2H),7.93(dd,1H),8.11(s,2H),8.22-8.25(m,4H),8.37(d,1H),8.65(d,1H),8.79(d,1H).
次に、3,6mDBtP2Bfpy(III)のトルエン溶液の吸収スペクトルと発光スペクトルを図20に示す。また、3,6mDBtP2Bfpy(III)の薄膜の吸収スペクトルと発光スペクトルを図21に示す。固体薄膜は石英基板上に真空蒸着法にて作成した。トルエン溶液の吸収スペクトルの測定には、紫外可視分光光度計((株)日本分光製 V550型)を用いた。トルエンのみを石英セルに入れて測定したトルエンの吸収スペクトルを、3,6mDBtP2Bfpy(III)のトルエン溶液の吸収スペクトルから差し引くことで、図13に示す3,6mDBtP2Bfpy(III)溶液の吸収スペクトルを得た。また、薄膜の吸収スペクトルの測定には、分光光度計((株)日立ハイテクノロジーズ製 分光光度計U4100)を用いた。発光スペクトルの測定には、蛍光光度計((株)浜松ホトニクス製 FS920)を用いた。
ガラス基板上に電極101として、ITSO膜をスパッタリング法にて厚さが70nmになるように形成した。なお、電極101の電極面積は、4mm2(2mm×2mm)とした。次に基板上に発光素子を形成するための前処理として、基板表面を水で洗浄し、200℃で1時間乾燥させた後、UVオゾン処理を370秒行った。その後、1×10-4Pa程度の真空度に保たれた真空蒸着装置に基板を入れ、170℃で30分間のベークを行った。その後、基板を30分程度放冷した。
次に、上記作製した発光素子1の特性を測定した。輝度およびCIE色度の測定には色彩輝度計(トプコン社製、BM-5A)を用い、電界発光スペクトルの測定にはマルチチャンネル分光器(浜松ホトニクス社製、PMA-11)を用いた。
比較発光素子2において、発光層140中のホスト材料としてPCCP及び3,5-ビス[3-(9H-カルバゾール-9-イル)フェニル]ピリジン(略称:35DCzPPy)を用い、ゲスト材料としてトリス{2-[4-(4-シアノ-2,6-ジイソブチルフェニル)-5-(2-メチルフェニル)-4H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル-κN2]フェニル-κC}イリジウム(III)(略称:Ir(mpptz-diBuCNp)3)を用いた。また、比較発光素子2の電子輸送層118(1)として35DCzPPyを用いた。
次に、上記作製した比較発光素子2、比較発光素子3及び発光素子4の特性を測定した。測定方法は実施例1と同様に行った。
次に、比較発光素子2、比較発光素子3及び発光素子4の0.1mAにおける定電流駆動試験を行った。その結果を図23に示す。図23より、発光素子4は比較発光素子2及び比較発光素子3よりも良好な信頼性を有していることが分かった。よって、ベンゾフロ[2,3-b]ピリジン骨格中のベンゼン側及びピリジン側両方に置換基を有する有機化合物は単環のピリジン環を有する有機化合物よりも良好な信頼性を有することが分かった。
Claims (7)
- 下記一般式(G3)で表される有機化合物。
(式中、Xは酸素または硫黄を表し、Ar1及びAr2はそれぞれ独立に、置換もしくは無置換の炭素数6乃至25のアリーレン基を表し、R1乃至R5はそれぞれ独立に水素、炭素数1乃至6のアルキル基、置換もしくは無置換の炭素数3乃至7のシクロアルキル基、置換もしくは無置換の炭素数6乃至25のアリール基のいずれかを表し、nは1乃至4の整数を表し、lは0乃至4の整数を表し、Ht1及びHt2はそれぞれ独立に、置換もしくは無置換の縮合複素芳香環を表し、
前記縮合複素芳香環は、カルバゾール骨格、ジベンゾフラン骨格、及びジベンゾチオフェン骨格のいずれか一または複数を含み、
前記縮合複素芳香環の炭素数が12乃至30である。) - 請求項1乃至請求項6のいずれか一に記載の有機化合物を有する発光素子。
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