JP2022529009A - 神経発生 - Google Patents
神経発生 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2022529009A JP2022529009A JP2021561645A JP2021561645A JP2022529009A JP 2022529009 A JP2022529009 A JP 2022529009A JP 2021561645 A JP2021561645 A JP 2021561645A JP 2021561645 A JP2021561645 A JP 2021561645A JP 2022529009 A JP2022529009 A JP 2022529009A
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、以下の資金:NIH助成金:T32賞5T32AG041688-07、およびU01助成金:NIH 1U01NS064295-04を用いて開発された。政府は、本発明におけるある特定の権利を有する。
機能的Ig3ドメインを欠如するMuSKポリペプチドのレベルもしくは活性を増加させ;および/または
BMP-MuSKポリペプチド複合体のレベルもしくは活性を低下させるステップを含み、前記MuSKは機能的Ig3ドメインを含む、対象を治療する方法。
機能的Ig3ドメインを欠如するMuSKポリペプチドのレベルもしくは活性を増加させるステップ;および/または
BMP-MuSKポリペプチド複合体のレベルもしくは活性を低下させるステップを含み、前記MuSKは機能的Ig3ドメインを含む、神経発生を増加させる方法。
MuSK-Ig3-BMP複合体形成を低下させる能力を査定するステップ(形成を再阻止する(re prevent))依存性、形成された分断、Ig3および/またはBMPへの直接結合を査定する、濃度依存性等);
一次MuSK転写産物のスプライシングパターンを変更する能力を査定するステップ;
転写産物(例えば、Ig3を含む)の発現を阻害する能力を査定するステップ(依存は、分解を誘導すること、翻訳を阻害すること等を含む);
前記Ig3ドメインをコードする配列を欠如するMuSK転写産物の発現を増加させる能力を査定するステップ;
機能的Ig3を欠如するMuSKポリペプチドのレベルを増加させる能力を査定するステップ;および
集団における細胞の特徴に影響を与える能力を査定するステップ
のうちの1つまたは複数を含む、MuSK NGアゴナイズ剤を特徴付けする方法。
定義
便宜上、本明細書、実施例、および添付の特許請求の範囲において使用される一部の用語および語句の意味が下で提供される。別様に記述されないまたは文脈から黙示的でない限り、以下の用語および語句は、下で提供される意味を含む。本発明の範囲は特許請求の範囲によってのみ限定されるため、定義は、特定の実施形態を記載するのを助けるために提供されるものであり、請求される発明を限定することを意図されるわけではない。別様に定義されない限り、本明細書において使用されるすべての技術的および科学的用語は、本発明が属する技術分野における当業者によって共通して理解されるものと同じ意味を有する。当技術分野における用語の使用法と本明細書に提供されるその定義との間に明らかな矛盾がある場合、本明細書内に提供される定義が優先するものとする。
a)Design of Prodrugs、H.Bundgaard編(Elsevier、1985)およびMethods in Enzymology、42:309~396、K.Widderら編(Academic Press、1985);
b)Prodrugs and Targeted Delivery、J.Rautio編(Wiley、2011);
c)A Textbook of Drug Design and Development、Krogsgaard-Larsen編;
d)Bundgaard、第5章、「Design and Application of Prodrugs」、H.Bundgaard、113~191ページ(1991);
e)Bundgaard、Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews、8:1~38(1992);
f)Bundgaardら、Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences、77:285(1988);ならびに
g)Kakeyaら、Chem.Pharm.Bull.、32:692(1984)
を参照されたい。本明細書に記載される他の化合物と同様に、プロドラッグは、多様な形態のいずれか、例えば結晶形態、塩形態等で提供され得る。一部の実施形態において、プロドラッグは、その薬学的に許容される塩として提供される。
神経発生
神経発生は、成体哺乳類脳の個別の領域において生じる。神経幹細胞(NSC)は、新たなニューロンの内因性供給源であり、ヒトを含めた事実上すべての哺乳類において一生を通じて活性である(Erikssonら、1998;Ernstら、2014;Moreno-Jimenezら、2019;Spaldingら、2013)。齧歯類モデルにおける広範な研究により、神経発生は、学習および記憶、感覚機能、ならびに気分調節を支持することが示されている(Enwereら、2004;Gage、2019;Imayoshiら、2008;Zhangら、2008b)。NSCは、2つの神経原性ニッチ:海馬の歯状回における顆粒細胞下帯(SGZ)および側脳室を裏打ちする脳室下帯(SVZ)に存在する。SVZにおけるNSCは、既存の回路、ならびに嗅覚弁別に不可欠である嗅球におけるニューロンを支持するアストロサイトおよびオリゴデンドロサイトを生成する。歯状回におけるNSCは、学習および記憶に重要な顆粒ニューロンを生じさせる。ヒト脳におけるNSCの大多数は海馬に位置する。ほとんどの海馬NSCは、静止と称される休眠の状態で存在する。生じる神経発生に関して、静止NSCは、外在性または内在性の合図に応答して活性化されるようになるはずである。新生ニューロンは、海馬内の局部回路に機能的に組み込まれ、認知機能に寄与する。静止NSCが活性化する能力は、健常および病的老化の間に衰退し、この喪失は認知の衰退に先行する(Enwereら、2004;Giachinoら、2014;Capilla-Gonzalezら、2014)。
成体海馬神経発生(AHN)は、正常な学習および記憶に不可欠である。AHNは、健常な高齢のヒトにおいて豊富であるが、アルツハイマー病(AD)の最初期段階から低下する。AHNはヒトにおいて一生を通じて生じ、ADにおいて劇的に低下する(Moreno-Jimenezら、2019;Steinerら、2019)。動物モデルにおける研究は、AD病理に直面した認知を向上させることにおけるAHNの役割を強調している。ゆえに、AHNを回復させることは、AD療法にとっての魅力的な標的であり得る。成体海馬神経発生を促進する介入は、認知機能を増強し得、神経変性と闘い得る。
海馬(すなわち、海馬の歯状回における顆粒細胞下帯(SGZ))に加えて、NSCは、側脳室を裏打ちする脳室下帯(SVZ)に存在する。SVZにおけるNSCは、既存の回路、ならびに嗅覚弁別に不可欠である嗅球におけるニューロンを支持するアストロサイトおよびオリゴデンドロサイトを生成する。最近の証拠により、SVZ NSCは、虚血性脳卒中または神経変性疾患に応答して、線条体において最終分化ニューロンを生じさせ得ることが示唆されている(Arvidssonら、2002;Parentら、2002;Thoredら、2006;Ernstら、2014)。
MuSKは、細胞外に3つのIgおよび1つのCRD/Fzドメイン、ならびに細胞内チロシンドメイン(TK;図1)から構成される受容体チロシンキナーゼである。MuSKの最も理解されている機能は、Ig1ドメインへのアグリン-LRP4結合が、MuSK TK活性およびシナプス分化を誘発する神経筋接合部(NMJ)においてである(Kimら、2008;Zhangら、2008a)。
MuSK ヒト_Ig3_ドメイン:
ARILRAPESHNVTFGSFVTLHCTATGIPVPTITWIENGNAVSSGSIQESVKDRVIDSRLQLFITKPGLYTCIATNKHGEKFSTAKAAATIS(配列番号1)
MuSK マウスIg3ドメイン
ARILRAPESHNVTFGSFVTLRCTAIGIPVPTISWIENGNAVSSGSIQESVKDRVIDSRLQLFITKPGLYTCIATNKHGEKFSTAKAAATVS(配列番号2)
本開示は、MuSK選択的スプライシングを調節することが、ADにおいてAHNを増加させるためのストラテジーであることを教示する。
一部の実施形態において、本開示は、その存在下でMuSK神経発生レベルおよび/または活性が増加する作用物質(すなわち、MuSK神経発生(MuSK NG)アゴナイズ剤)を投与することによって、対象における神経発生を達成する(例えば、誘導する、増強する等)ための技術を提供する。例えば、一部の実施形態において、MuSK NGアゴナイズ剤は、有効なIg3ドメインを欠如する1つまたは複数のMuSKポリペプチド(例えば、ΔIg3-MuSK)のレベルまたは活性を増加させる作用物質である、なぜなら、例えば、そのようなドメインは変異している、除去されている、または別様に不活性化されている(例えば、遮断する、改変等によって)ためである。代替的にまたは付加的に、一部の実施形態において、MuSK NGアゴナイズ剤は、MuSKからの機能的Ig3ドメインを遮断する、不活性化する、変異させる、もしくは除去する、またはそのような遮断、不活性化、変異、もしくは除去を達成する、支持する、もしくは寄与するものである。
一部の実施形態において、MuSK NGアゴナイズ剤は小分子化合物であり得るまたはそれを含み得る。
抗体剤
一部の実施形態において、MuSK NGアゴナイズ剤は抗体剤である。
オリゴヌクレオチド
一部の実施形態において、本明細書に記載されるMuSK NGアゴナイズ剤はオリゴヌクレオチドであるまたはそれを含む。
P*は、不斉リン原子であり、RpまたはSpであり;
Wは、O、S、またはSeであり;
X、Y、およびZのそれぞれは、独立して、-O-、-S-、-N(-L-R1)-、またはLであり;
Lは、共有結合または任意で置換された直鎖のまたは分岐したC1~C10アルキレンであり、Lの1つまたは複数のメチレン単位は、任意でおよび独立して、任意で置換されたC1~C6アルキレン、C1~C6アルケニレン、-C≡C-、-C(R’)2-、-Cy-、-O-、-S-、-S-S-、-N(R’)-、-C(O)-、-C(S)-、-C(NR’)-、-C(O)N(R’)-、-N(R’)C(O)N(R’)-、-N(R’)C(O)-、-N(R’)C(O)O-、-OC(O)N(R’)-、-S(O)-、-S(O)2-、-S(O)2N(R’)-、-N(R’)S(O)2-、-SC(O)-、-C(O)S-、-OC(O)-、または-C(O)O-によって置き換えられ;
R1は、ハロゲン、R、または任意で置換されたC1~C50脂肪族化合物であり、1つまたは複数のメチレン単位は、任意でおよび独立して、任意で置換されたC1~C6アルキレン、C1~C6アルケニレン、-C≡C-、-C(R’)2-、-Cy-、-O-、-S-、-S-S-、-N(R’)-、-C(O)-、-C(S)-、-C(NR’)-、-C(O)N(R’)-、-N(R’)C(O)N(R’)-、-N(R’)C(O)-、-N(R’)C(O)O-、-OC(O)N(R’)-、-S(O)-、-S(O)2-、-S(O)2N(R’)-、-N(R’)S(O)2-、-SC(O)-、-C(O)S-、-OC(O)-、または-C(O)O-によって置き換えられ;
各R’は、独立して、-R、-C(O)R、-CO2R、もしくは-SO2Rであり、または;
同じ窒素上の2つのR’は、それらの介在原子と一緒になって、任意で置換された複素環もしくはヘテロアリール環を形成し、または
同じ炭素上の2つのR’は、それらの介在原子と一緒になって、任意で置換されたアリール、炭素環、複素環、もしくはヘテロアリール環を形成し;
-Cy-は、フェニレン、カルボシクリレン(carbocyclylene)、アリレン、ヘテロアリレン、もしくはヘテロシクリレン(heterocyclylene)から選択される任意で置換された二価の環であり;
各Rは、独立して、水素、またはC1~C6脂肪族化合物、フェニル、カルボシクリル(carbocyclyl)、アリール、ヘテロアリール、もしくはヘテロシクリルから選択される任意で置換された基であり;かつ
各
本明細書に提供されるMuSK神経発生アゴナイズ剤は、1つまたは複数のそれらの物理的/化学的特性および/または生物学的活性について同定され得、査定され得、かつ/または特徴付けされ得る。当業者であれば、そのような同定、査定、および/または特徴付けに利用され得る特定のアッセイを含めた多様な手法を知っているであろう。
抗体
本発明の抗体および抗原結合フラグメントは、安定な抗体または抗体フラグメントの後続の形成を可能にする、当技術分野において公知の任意の技法によって調製され得かつ/または精製され得る。
アゴナイズ剤、例えば本明細書に記載されるアゴナイズオリゴヌクレオチドは、例えば自動合成装置の使用によって、当技術分野において公知の標準的方法によって合成され得る。化学合成(例えば、ホスホロアミダイト法を使用した固相合成)の後、アゴナイズオリゴヌクレオチド分子は、脱保護され得、ds分子にアニールされ得、精製され得る(例えば、ゲル電気泳動またはHPLCによって)。アゴナイズオリゴヌクレオチドの調製のためのプロトコールは、当技術分野において公知である。
本開示は、本明細書に記載されるアゴナイズ剤を含みかつ/または送達する薬学的組成物を提供する。本開示は、本明細書に記載されるアゴナイズ剤に曝露されている細胞集団であるまたはそれを含む薬学的組成物も提供する。
本発明の組成物から薬学的組成物を調製するために、薬学的に許容される担体は、固体または液体のいずれかであり得る。固体形態調製物には、粉末、錠剤、丸薬、カプセル、カシェー、坐薬、および分散性顆粒が含まれる。固体担体は、希釈剤、香味剤、結合剤、防腐剤、錠剤崩壊剤、または封入材料としても作用し得る1つまたは複数の物質であり得る。
一部の実施形態において、適当な患者または集団は、神経変性と関連した疾患、障害、または病状(例えば、アルツハイマー病(AD))または神経発生の増加により別様に利益を受けるであろうもの)に罹患しているおよび/またはなりやすい者である。
当業者であれば、一部の実施形態において、対象、特にヒトに投与される投薬量は、例えば採用される特定の治療薬および/または製剤、投与の方法、投薬レジメン、治療されている特定の対象の1つまたは複数の特徴等に応じて変動し得ることを解するであろう。一部の実施形態において、当技術分野における技能を有する臨床医であれば、特定の医学的状態を治療するまたは阻止するための、ヒトまたは他の対象に投与されるべき治療薬の治療有効量を判定するであろう。治療上有効であるために要される治療薬の正確な量は、当技術分野における技能の範囲内にある多くの対象特異的な検討事項に加えて、例えば治療薬の特異的活性および投与の経路等、数々の因子に依存するであろう。
ある特定の活性剤および/または送達システムは、BBBを横断することが公知である。最近の技術は、その点で特に困難であると歴史的に見なされてきた、オリゴヌクレオチド等の作用物質のCNSおよび/または脳送達さえ達成することが示されている。1つの例を与えるにすぎないが、参照により本明細書に組み入れられるMinら、Angew Chem Int Ed Engl doi:10.1002/anie.201914751、2020は、BBBを越えてオリゴヌクレオチドを輸送するグルコースコーティングされたポリマーナノ担体を記載する。
「2’-改変ホスホロチオエートオリゴヌクレオチド...は、単回注射後に最高6ヶ月続く脳における効果を有するそれらの長い半減期を考慮すると、CNS障害に特に適応可能であり得る。糖部分の改変の別のタイプであるロックド核酸(LNA)において、2’酸素と4’炭素を接続する架橋が導入される。この改変は、LNA-DNAおよびLNA-RNAハイブリッドの融解温度を実質的に高め、ゆえに生体利用性の増加および製造コストの低下を有する、より短いODNに基づく化合物の創出を可能にする。最近提唱された立体構造的に制約されたオリゴヌクレオチド類似体であるトリシクロ-DNAは、糖類のC(5’)とC(3’)との間に3つの付加的なC原子を有する(図2)。この改変は、安定性、疎水性、およびRNAアフィニティーを増加させ、組織取り込みおよびBBB透過性を向上させる。」
と記載している(引用省略)。
当業者であれば、生存運動ニューロン-2(SMN-2)に向けられた遺伝子転写産物を標的にし、小児および成人患者における脊髄性筋萎縮症(SMA)の治療に適応されるアンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチド治療薬であるヌシネルセン[Spinraza(商標)という商標名で販売]を熟知しているであろう。Spinrazaは髄腔内に投与される。特に、その推奨投薬量は、4回の負荷投薬;そのうちの最初の3回は14日間隔で投与され、そのうちの4回目は、3回目の投薬の30日後に投与され;維持投薬は、その後4ヶ月ごとに1回投与される、を伴うレジメン(resiment)に従って、投与あたり1回量バイアルで12mg/5mL(2.4mg/mL)である。ベースライン時および各投薬前に、血小板数、凝固実験室試験、および定量的スポット尿タンパク質試験を行うことが推奨される。
神経発生(例えば、神経前駆細胞であるまたはそれを含む細胞集団からの)を促進する、本明細書に記載されるMuSK NGアゴナイズ剤の能力を踏まえると、本開示を読んだ当業者であれば、数ある中でも、本開示は、細胞集団に存在する神経細胞のレベルを増強するための技術を提供することを解するであろう。つまり、元の細胞集団と本明細書に記載されるMuSK NGアゴナイズ剤とを接触させることは、元の集団におけるものと比較して、神経細胞のレベルおよび/またはパーセンテージの増加を有する結果として生じる集団を生成し得;本明細書に記載されるそのようなMuSK NGアゴナイズ剤の投与は、そのような増加を達成し得る。
一部の実施形態において、本明細書に記載されるMuSK NGアゴナイズ療法は、別の療法との組み合わせで投与され、すなわち、それにより対象は両療法に同時に曝露される。
インビトロ/インビボでのNSC静止および神経発生におけるMuSKの特徴付け
MuSK mRNAおよびタンパク質は神経幹細胞(NSC)において発現される
本実施例は、数ある中でも、MuSKがNSCにおいて発現されることを裏付ける。
NSC単離および培養:野生型およびMuSK-Ig3-/-同腹対照のSVZから単離された初代成体NSC。それぞれ個々のマウスは、単一培養物を生成すると考えられ、それゆえ生物学的複製物として働くと考えられる。単離後、Neurobasal A、2% 827(ビタミンAを含まない)、ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン/グルタミン、ならびに20ng/mlのEGFおよびFGF2それぞれを含有する成長培地中に、NSCを50,000個細胞/mlで播種する。これらの成長条件下で、NSCは活発に増殖しかつ培養下で増大し得る。下で記載される実験に関しては、NSCを、ポリ-D-リジンコーティングされたカバーガラス上に播種し、各節に記載されるように処理する。各実験に関して、本発明者らは3つの生物学的複製物を実施する予定であり、各生物学的複製物は3つの技術的複製物を含む予定である。実験者は、遺伝子型を知らされていない予定である。
Musk_sgRNAex7dw1: GCACTCCATGGCATCTGGAA(配列番号4)
Musk_sgRNAex6up2: GAGCATAAATGTTCTAGACT(配列番号5)
Musk_sgRNAex7dw2: CTCCATGGCATCTGGAAGGG(配列番号6)
MuSKΔIg3に関してホモ接合型であるマウスを遺伝子型判定によって選択し、DNAシーケンシングによって確認した。PCRによるWTおよびMuSKΔIg3アレルのゲノムDNAの増幅は、それぞれ436および400bpのアンプリコンを産生する。WTマウスは、WT MuSKアレルを有するが、MuSKΔIg3を有しない。ヘテロ接合型MuSKΔIg3マウスは、それぞれ436および400bpの産物によって証明されるWTおよびMuSKΔIg3アレルの両方を有し、一方でMuSKΔIg3ホモ接合体は、436bpのMuSKΔIg3アレルのみを増幅する(図4)。
インビトロでのNSC静止および分化におけるMuSKの機能
加えて、本実施例は、MuSKが、幹細胞が細胞周期から抜け出すのに不可欠である、マウスNSCにおけるBMP共受容体として機能することを裏付ける。細胞周期から抜け出す活発に増殖中のNSCは、静止状態に再び入る(自己再生)、またはニューロン、アストロサイト、もしくはオリゴデンドロサイトに最終分化する。ゆえに、NSCが周期状態から抜け出すとき、それらは自己再生と分化との間で重大な決定をしなければならない。決定は、幹細胞プールの維持と生涯にわたる神経発生のための新たな細胞の生成とのバランスを取るのに必須である。この重要な決定を支配するメカニズムは、依然として不明である。本実施例では、マウス脳室下帯(SVZ)由来の初代成体NCSを使用して2つのエクスビボアッセイを実施して、静止状態へのNSCの進入、ニューロン、オリゴデンドロサイト、およびアストロサイトへのそれらの分化におけるMuSK-BMPシグナル伝達の役割を精査した。
ΔIg3-MuSKおよびWT筋芽細胞から生成された初代筋管を使用した細胞培養実験を実施することによって、BMPシグナル伝達におけるMuSK Ig3ドメインの役割を調査した。ΔIg3-MuSKおよびWT筋管の両方とも、AChRクラスターを形成することによってアグリン処理に応答する(WT:4.15 0.24クラスター/筋管セグメント、ΔIg3-MuSK:4.72±0.22、平均±SEM;2回の実験にわたって、n=60筋管/遺伝子型)。しかしながら、図5に示されるように、BMP4処理に応答したMuSK-BMP依存的遺伝子の転写は、ΔIg3-MuSK筋管において低下した。定量的逆転写PCR(qRT-PCR)によって測定されるように、WTにおけるBMP4に応答したWnt11の転写は、ΔIg3-MuSK応答の大きさの2.2倍であり、Dok7に対する転写応答は、ΔIg3-MuSKにおいてよりもWTにおいて1.6倍大きかった。これらのデータは、インビボでのMuSK-BMPシグナル伝達を精査するためのモデルとしてのΔIg3-MuSKマウスの使用を支持する。
MuSK-BMPシグナル伝達を選択的にモジュレートするΔIg3-MuSKマウスモデル
本発明者らは、Δg3MuSK形態のみを発現するマウスモデルを開発した。Δg3MuSKマウスは、2つの顕著な表現型を有する:1)それらは、成体海馬神経発生の増加を示す;および2)それらは、海馬依存的記憶課題におけるパフォーマンスの増強を呈する。これらの結果は、脳内でのΔg3MuSKのレベルを高めることが、AD患者における成体海馬神経発生を促進し得かつ記憶を向上させ得ることを示唆する。
ΔIg3-MuSKマウスにおける成体海馬神経発生の増加および認知の向上
チミジン類似体EdUを使用して、ΔIg3-MuSKマウスの神経発生を査定する。次いで、本発明者らが以前に記載したように(Renaultら、2009)、切片をEdUおよび未成熟ニューロンマーカーのダブルコルチン(DCX)に対して二重標識して、新生ニューロンを同定した。図6は、劇的なAHN表現型を示しており:ΔIg3-MuSK動物は、成体海馬神経発生の2倍を上回る増加を呈する。
MuSK NGアゴナイズオリゴヌクレオチド
エクソンスキッピングASOの設計および合成。いかなる理論によっても拘束されることを望むことなく、本明細書に記載されるMuSK NGアゴナイズオリゴヌクレオチドは、以下の一般的ガイドラインに従って設計されるが、それに限定されるわけではない(Aartsma-Rusら、Humana Press、2012、117~129を参照されたい):
・RNAまたはDNAは、エンドヌクレアーゼまたはエキソヌクレアーゼに対する抵抗性のために改変される(例えば、2’MoE、2’OMe、PMO、ホスホロチオエート);
・標的配列に対して設計される;
・典型的には12~25ヌクレオチド、より最適には17~20;
・典型的には、48℃を上回る融解温度で最も有効である;
・典型的には、立体障害/二量体化、標的に接近する利用可能性を阻止するのに、40%~60%のGC含有量で最も有効である;
・典型的には、開かれた/接近可能なプレmRNA構造を最も有効に標的にする;
・典型的には、スプライス調節部位またはエクソン規定部位を最も有効に標的にする(例えば、イントロン性スプライスエンハンサー、イントロン性スプライスサイレンサー(例えば、SMN2エクソン7のISSを標的にしたSpinraza)、エクソン性スプライスエンハンサー、エクソン性スプライスサイレンサー);
・典型的には、直接の連なりで2個以下のグアニン(G)またはシトシン(C)ヌクレオチドを含有する配列組成で最も有効である(例えば、CCCまたはGGG)。
本発明者らは、以下の個別のMuSKスプライス形態:1)全長(FL)MuSK;2)ΔIg3-MuSKをコードする所望の産物であるΔエクソン6~7;および3)潜在的な「不完全」スキッピング」アイソフォームのΔエクソン6およびΔエクソン7、を特異的に定量するRT-qPCR TaqManアッセイを設計する予定である。本発明者らは、従来的RT-PCRを並行して実施して、任意の予想外の産物を検出する予定である。すべてのスクリーニングを、マウスC2C12筋芽細胞において実行する予定である。この細胞株は、MuSKを内因的に発現し、リポフェクタミン2000等の標準的方法を使用して効率的にトランスフェクトされる。細胞に、約0.1~10nMの域にわたるいくつかの濃度の候補ASOをトランスフェクトする予定である。処理の1日後、RNAを抽出する予定であり、スプライシングをRT-qPCRによって測定して、エクソンスキッピング効率を査定する予定である。本発明者らの目標は、エクソン6および7の≧80%の協調的スプライシングを誘導する少なくとも1種のASOを単離することである。
上で提示される本発明者らの研究は、ΔIg3-MuSKのみを構成的に発現するノックインマウスが、AHNの堅牢な増加および認知の向上を示し(図5~6)、これらの動物由来の細胞が、欠陥のあるMuSK強化BMPシグナル伝達を有することを示している(図4)。しかしながら、インビボでのスキッピングは、100%未満の効率である可能性があるであろうことから(Rigoら、2014)、達成されるスキッピングのレベルと生理学的影響との間の関係性を立証することが重要である。それゆえ、この目的で、本発明者らは、ASO処理細胞におけるMuSK-BMP依存的シグナル伝達のレベルを測定する予定である。
ある特定のアゴナイズ剤の例示的な特徴付け
パーキンソン病(PD)
一部の実施形態において、パーキンソン病に関して、本明細書に記載される1種または複数のアゴナイズ剤を特に査定することが望ましくあり得る場合、例えば、6-ヒドロキシドーパミン(6-OHDA)片側パーキンソン病様(Hemiparkinsonian)病変モデル、または例えばTieu K.2011(Perspect Med.;1(1):a009316)に記載される他のPDモデル等のアッセイ/モデルにおいて、そのようなアゴナイズ剤を試験し得る。他の例となるPDモデルには、1-メチル-4-フェニル-1,2,3,6-テトラヒドロピリジン(MPTP)、除草剤パラコート(N,N’-ジメチル-4-4’-ビピリジニウム(bipiridinium))、ロテノン、レセルピン、α-メチル-p-チロシン、p-クロロアンフェタミン(PCA)、メタンフェタミン、3,4-メチレンジオキシメタンフェタミン(MDMA)、およびフェンフルラミン等のアンフェタミン、イソキノリン、ならびにLPS(神経炎症を誘導する)が含まれる。
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Claims (52)
- 神経変性または損なわれた認知の1つまたは複数の特質に罹患している対象を治療する方法であって、
機能的Ig3ドメインを欠如するMuSKポリペプチドのレベルもしくは活性を増加させるステップ;および/または
BMP-MuSKポリペプチド複合体のレベルもしくは活性を低下させるステップを含み、前記MuSKは機能的Ig3ドメインを含む、対象を治療する方法。 - 神経発生を増加させる方法であって、
機能的Ig3ドメインを欠如するMuSKポリペプチドのレベルもしくは活性を増加させるステップ;および/または
BMP-MuSKポリペプチド複合体のレベルもしくは活性を低下させるステップを含み、前記MuSKは機能的Ig3ドメインを含む、神経発生を増加させる方法。 - MuSK NGアゴナイズ剤を含むまたは送達する薬学的組成物を投与するステップをさらに含む、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 前記MuSK NGアゴナイズ剤は小分子であるまたは小分子を含む、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記MuSK NGアゴナイズ剤は抗体剤であるまたは抗体剤を含む、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記MuSK NGアゴナイズ剤はオリゴヌクレオチドであるまたはオリゴヌクレオチドを含む、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記抗体剤はMuSKポリペプチドに特異的に結合する、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記抗体剤はMuSKを標的にし、MuSKポリペプチドの前記Ig3ドメインに特異的に結合する、請求項5に記載の方法。
- MuSKタンパク質の前記Ig3ドメインを標的にする前記抗体は、MuSKのIg1またはIg2ドメインと比べて前記Ig3ドメインに特異的に結合し得る、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記抗体剤は二価免疫グロブリン分子である、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記抗体剤はモノクローナル抗体であるまたはモノクローナル抗体を含む、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記抗体剤はポリクローナル抗体であり得るまたはポリクローナル抗体を含み得る、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記MuSK NGアゴナイズ剤はオリゴヌクレオチドである、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記ステップは、転写産物のスプライシングの変更を増加させることをさらに含む、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 転写産物のスプライシングの前記変更は、MuSKスプライシングを変更することであるまたは変更することを含む、請求項14に記載の方法。
- MuSKスプライシングの前記変更は、所望のおよび/もしくは向上した生物学的機能を有する産物の産生、ならびに/または非所望の生物学的機能が抑制され得るようにスプライシング産物を改変することによる非所望の産物のノックダウンを含む、請求項15に記載の方法。
- MuSKスプライシングの前記変更は、MuSK Ig3ドメインをコードする配列を欠如する転写産物の産物を含む、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 前記スプライシング産物はmRNAである、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 前記変更は、1つまたは複数のエクソンをスキップすることを含む、請求項15に記載の方法。
- エクソンスキッピングが、エクソンスキッピングの非存在と比較して、向上した有益な活性を有するmRNAおよびタンパク質のレベルを増加させるという点で、転写産物の前記スプライシングが増加する、請求項19に記載の方法。
- エクソンスキッピングが、エクソンスキッピングの非存在と比較して、非所望の活性を有するmRNAおよびタンパク質のレベルを下げるという点で、転写産物の前記スプライシングが増加する、請求項19に記載の方法。
- エクソンスキッピングが、MuSK Ig3ドメインのmRNAおよびタンパク質のレベルを下げるという点で、転写産物の前記スプライシングが増加する、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記スキップされた1つまたは複数のエクソンは前記MuSK Ig3ドメインにある、請求項19に記載の方法。
- 前記スキップされたエクソンはMuSK Ig3ドメインのエクソン6である、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 前記スキップされたエクソンはMuSK Ig3ドメインのエクソン7である、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 前記スキップされたエクソンはMuSK Ig3ドメインのエクソン6および7である、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物は、制御された構造エレメントを含むオリゴヌクレオチドを含む、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 前記オリゴヌクレオチドは化学修飾を含む、請求項27に記載の方法。
- 前記化学修飾は、塩基修飾、糖修飾、およびヌクレオチド間連結修飾のうちの1つまたは複数のタイプを含む、請求項28に記載の方法。
- 前記化学修飾は糖修飾を含む、請求項29に記載の方法。
- 前記糖修飾は2-MOE修飾である、請求項30に記載の方法。
- エクソン6および7の一方または両方のスキッピングが増加するように、MuSK一次転写産物の集団を含むシステムと、そのような一次転写産物に結合するオリゴヌクレオチドとを接触させることによって、MuSKエクソンスキッピングを誘導する方法。
- 前記オリゴヌクレオチドは、制御された構造エレメントを含む、請求項32に記載の方法。
- 前記オリゴヌクレオチドは化学修飾を含む、請求項33に記載の方法。
- 前記化学修飾は、塩基修飾、糖修飾、およびヌクレオチド間連結修飾のうちの1つまたは複数のタイプを含む、請求項34に記載の方法。
- 前記化学修飾は糖修飾を含む、請求項35に記載の方法。
- 前記糖修飾は2-MOE修飾である、請求項36に記載の方法。
- 前記オリゴヌクレオチドを含みかつ/または対象に送達する組成物の薬学的有効量を前記対象に投与するステップをさらに含む、請求項32に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物はCNSに送達される、請求項38に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物は脳脊髄液に送達される、請求項38に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物は脳実質に投与される、請求項38に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物は、全身性および局所性または限局性投与のために製剤化され得る、請求項38に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物は、静脈内注射、髄腔内投与、経口投与、口腔投与、吸入、経鼻投与、局所投与、眼科的投与、または耳性投与から選択される経路による送達のために製剤化される、請求項38に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物は、髄腔内投与による送達のために製剤化される、請求項43に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物は、静脈内投与による送達のために製剤化される、請求項43に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物は、経口投与による送達のために製剤化される、請求項43に記載の方法。
- MuSK NGアゴナイズ剤に曝露されており、それにより神経マーカーによって特徴付けられる細胞のレベルまたはパーセンテージが、前記曝露なしで観察されるものと比べて集団内で増加している、細胞の集団。
- 前記神経マーカーは、Dex、Map2、GFAP、CNPase、S100b、O4、Sox2、ネスチン、およびその組み合わせからなる群から選択される、請求項47に記載の集団。
- 結果として生じる集団を生成するために、神経前駆細胞であるまたはそれを含む元の細胞の集団とMuSK NGアゴナイズ剤とを接触させるステップを含む方法であって、前記接触させるステップは、神経マーカーによって特徴付けられる細胞のレベルまたはパーセンテージが、前記元の集団においてよりも前記結果として生じる集団において有意に高いような条件下でかつ十分な時間の間実施される、ステップを含む方法。
- MuSK NGアゴナイズ剤を特徴付けする方法であって、
MuSK-Ig3-BMP複合体形成を低下させる能力を査定するステップ;
一次MuSK転写産物のスプライシングパターンを変更する能力を査定するステップ;
転写産物の発現を阻害する能力を査定するステップ;
前記Ig3ドメインをコードする配列を欠如するMuSK転写産物の発現を増加させる能力を査定するステップ;
機能的Ig3を欠如するMuSKポリペプチドのレベルを増加させる能力を査定するステップ;および
集団における細胞の特徴に影響を与える能力を査定するステップ
のうちの1つまたは複数を含む、MuSK NGアゴナイズ剤を特徴付けする方法。 - MuSKをコードする配列をそのゲノムに含む遺伝子改変されたマウスであって、MuSKをコードする前記配列は、(5’から3’の順序に)エクソン6からエクソン7までのヌクレオチドの距離を含まず;前記遺伝子改変されたマウスは、全長MuSK転写産物を発現し得ないまたは全長MuSKタンパク質を産生し得ない、遺伝子改変されたマウス。
- 配列番号2におけるアミノ酸配列を含むMuSKタンパク質を発現し得ない、請求項51に記載の遺伝子改変されたマウス。
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