JP2022517226A - がん免疫療法のためのcd200arリガンド - Google Patents
がん免疫療法のためのcd200arリガンド Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、2019年1月14日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/792,311号に対する優先権を主張する。上で参照される出願の全体の内容は、参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
本明細書に記載される場合、がんワクチンは、腫瘍抗原ワクチンであり得る。腫瘍抗原ワクチンは、がん細胞(例えば、腫瘍溶解物)、がん細胞の一部、または純粋な腫瘍抗原(腫瘍細胞から単離された物質)から作製されるワクチンである。腫瘍抗原ワクチンは、身体の免疫系を刺激して、がん細胞を発見し、死滅させることができる。例えば、がんワクチンは、神経膠腫癌細胞、乳癌細胞、または他の固形腫瘍癌細胞、またはこれらの細胞の一部もしくはこれらの細胞に由来する抗原を含み得る。特定の実施形態において、がんワクチンは、ワクチン抗原を含み、ここで、培養した腫瘍細胞由来溶解物は、抗原の供給源である。
特定の実施形態において、CD200AR-Lは、12~15アミノ酸長を有するペプチドである。例えば、特定の実施形態において、ペプチドは、12、13、14、または15アミノ酸長である。
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P4:CLFNTFGSGKISGTA(配列番号5)
P1:VTWQKKKAVSPENM(配列番号17)
本明細書に記載される場合、CD200AR-LまたはCD200AR-Lを含む本明細書に記載の組成物は、免疫抑制を逆転させるか、または調節するために使用され得る。CD200は、CD200Rを有する免疫細胞を負に制御する(例えば、抗原特異的CD8+T細胞応答を抑制する)免疫抑制タンパク質である。本明細書に記載される場合、「免疫抑制を逆転または調節すること」は、CD200タンパク質及び/または腫瘍の免疫抑制特性を変化させ、妨害し、減少させることを指す。特定の実施形態において、CD200タンパク質活性は、哺乳動物において、CD200タンパク質が存在しない状態での腫瘍に対する活性と比較して、1%、2%、3%、4%、5%、10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%、100%減少する。例えば、骨髄由来抑制細胞及び制御性T細胞などの免疫抑制細胞は、増加した活性を示し、一方で、樹状細胞(DC)は、がん患者の腫瘍及びセンチネルリンパ節において障害されているようである。したがって、特定の実施形態において、CD200AR-LまたはCD200AR-Lを含む本明細書に記載の組成物の投与により、骨髄由来抑制細胞及び制御性T細胞などの免疫抑制細胞の活性を低下させることができ、及び/または腫瘍微小環境及び/またはセンチネルリンパ節においてDCの活性を増加させることができる。特定の実施形態において、逆転または調節は、本明細書に記載のサイトカインプロファイルを評価することによって確認することができる。(例えば、サイトカインプロファイルは、CD200AR-Lの投与の前及び後に決定し、比較することができる。実施例も参照されたい。)
本発明はまた、特定の実施形態において、薬学的に許容される担体または希釈剤と、活性成分として、本明細書に記載の組成物と、を含む、薬学的組成物を提供する。特定の実施形態において、組成物は、経口投与または注射のために製剤化される。
「アジュバント」は、体液及び/または細胞の免疫応答を非特異的に刺激する任意の分子または化合物である。これらは、抗原の存在下でのみ免疫応答を産生するため、非特異的であると考えられる。アジュバントは、かなり少ない用量の抗原を使用することを可能にし、可溶性抗原に対する強力な抗体応答を誘導するために不可欠である。例えば、治療薬剤がアジュバントと併せて投与される場合、治療薬剤は、アジュバントの前、後、及び/または同時に投与され得る。アジュバントは、当該技術分野において知られており、限定されないが、CpGオリゴヌクレオチド、ポリ:ICLC、及びイミキモドが挙げられ得る。
腫瘍溶解物は、治療される腫瘍の試料を対象から抽出することによって作製される。次いで、腫瘍細胞を溶解させる。有効な腫瘍溶解物を作製する方法としては、限定されないが、凍結解凍法、超音波処理、マイクロ波、沸騰、高熱、洗剤または化学系細胞溶解、電気または電流に基づく溶解、ならびに極限力などの他の物理的方法が挙げられる。
本発明のワクチン及び組成物は、薬学的組成物として製剤化され、選択された投与経路、すなわち、経口、鼻腔内、皮内、または非経口、静脈内、筋肉内、局所、または皮下経路によって適合される様々な形態で、ヒト患者などの哺乳動物宿主に投与され得る。
「結合した」とは、例えば、化学的に結合することによって共有結合性であり得るか、または非共有結合性(例えば、イオン性相互作用、疎水性相互作用、水素結合)であり得る結合または接続を指す。共有結合は、例えば、エステル、エーテル、ホスホエステル、アミド、ペプチド、イミド、炭素-硫黄結合、炭素-リン結合などであり得る。「結合した」という用語は、「共役した」、「カップリングした」、「融合した」及び「接続した」などの用語よりも広く、これらを含む。
膠芽腫免疫療法のための自家腫瘍ワクチン接種と組み合わせた、CD200免疫チェックポイントの逆転。
免疫療法の最近の進歩は、腫瘍微小環境における免疫チェックポイントタンパク質の阻害と、腫瘍溶解物に基づくワクチン接種戦略を含んでいる。ここでは、本願発明者らは、膠芽腫モデルにおいて、これらのアプローチを組み合わせた。免疫チェックポイントタンパク質CD200を標的とする合成ペプチドの投与は、T細胞媒介性抗膠芽腫効果を誘導するための抗原提示細胞の能力を向上させた。本願発明者らは、イヌ自然発生神経膠腫において、自家腫瘍溶解物ワクチンの皮下送達前にイヌ特異的CD200指向性ペプチドを局所注射すると、自家腫瘍溶解物単独で治療された過去の対照と比較して、生存期間が延びることを見出した(生存期間中央値は、それぞれ12.7ヶ月及び6.36ヶ月)。このペプチドでプライミングされた抗原提示細胞及びTリンパ球は、阻害性CD200受容体のそれらの発現を抑制し、それにより、免疫抑制性CD200タンパク質が豊富な膠芽腫微小環境において、それらが免疫反応を開始させる能力を高めた。これらの結果は、新規の膠芽腫免疫療法剤としてのCD200リガンドの使用を裏付ける。
ペプチド合成。ペプチドを、1)CD200ARと相互作用することが以前に示されたCD200タンパク質の領域と、2)マウス、イヌ、及びヒトCD200の間の相同性を示す配列とに基づいて設計した。3つの15アミノ酸ペプチド(P1、P3、及びP4)及び1つの14アミノ酸ペプチド(P2)を合成した(Thermo Fisher Scientific、ロックフォード、IL)。
P1:IVTWQKKKAVSPENM(配列番号1)
P2:NITLEDEGCYMCLFN(配列番号2)
P3:VTFSENHGVVIQPAY(配列番号3)
P4:CLFNTFGFGKISGTA(配列番号4)
P4:CLFNTFGSGKISGTA(配列番号5)
P1:VTWQKKKAVSPENM(配列番号17)
CD200AR-Lに対する阻害性ペプチドの設計及び同定。CD200AR-Lと相互作用するCD200の領域の以前の分析により、ヒト、イヌ、及びマウスの間で有意な相同性を共有する4つの領域を明らかにした(図2a)。ヒトCD200中のこれらの4つの領域に対応する、P1~4と呼ばれる4つのCD200AR-Lペプチドを生成した。これらのペプチドがAPCを活性化するかどうかを判定するために、マウスCD200模倣ペプチドについて以前に観察されたように、精製されたヒトCD14+細胞を、4つの異なるCD200AR-Lペプチドでパルスし、上清を免疫刺激性サイトカインについて分析した(図2b、c)。パルスされていない対照と比較して、それぞれ、P1、P2、P3、及びP4でパルスされたCD14+細胞において、IL-1β p=0.0126、p=0.364、p=0.0022、p=0.0008)及びTNFα(p=0.0146、p=0.0007、p=0.0022、及びp=0.0082)の統計的に有意な増加が観察された。これらのペプチドが抗原特異的応答を生成するかどうかを判定するために、CMV陽性ドナー由来のT細胞がCMV抗原pp65でプライミングされたCMVモデルを使用した。未成熟樹状細胞をCMV抗原pp65+CD200AR-Lペプチドでパルスすると、pp65単独と比較して、有意な抗原特異的応答、すなわち、IFNγの産生を誘発した(P1:p=0.034、P2:p=0.033、P3:p=0.0042、及びP4:p=0.0202、図2d)。
ほとんどの免疫チェックポイント阻害剤は、腫瘍微小環境における免疫抑制を逆転させることを目的として開発される。ここで、本願発明者らは、自家腫瘍ワクチン接種の部位における免疫チェックポイント逆転の有効性を探る代替のパラダイムを探索した。本願発明者らの以前の研究は、腫瘍溶解物中のCD200免疫チェックポイントタンパク質の存在が、局所APCが動員されたT細胞を活性化し、効果的な抗腫瘍免疫応答を引き起こす能力を抑制するという、注目せずにはいられないデータを提供した。この観察に基づいて、CD200媒介性免疫抑制を標的とするペプチドであるP4A10が、CD200の免疫抑制効果を逆転させることができるかどうかを調べた。本願発明者らの結果は、P4A10が、ヒトT細胞から抗原特異的応答を誘導するAPCの能力を高めることを示した。注目すべきことに、T細胞に対する抗原提示前のCD200AR-Lプライミングが、阻害性CD200R1の発現を抑制し、それによって、膠芽腫腫瘍微小環境におけるCD200の効果に対するこれらの細胞の耐性を生じさせる。これらの免疫刺激分子の皮内注射は、免疫調節因子の全身投与に関連する全身毒性の可能性を最小限にする。
CD200AR-Lは、PD-L1阻害性シグナルを征服する。
これらの実験において、マウスCD11b細胞をPMAで刺激し、マウスCD200AR-Lを加えるか、または加えずに、PD-L1でパルスした。これらの実験は、PD-L1がCD11b細胞の活性化を抑制するが、CD200AR-LがPD-L1の阻害効果を征服することを示した(図8A~8C)。
T細胞阻害に対する抑制分子(CD200及びPD-L1)の効果
本願発明者らは、可溶性CD200及びPD-L1が、複数のチェックポイントを介したT細胞活性化を阻害することを提案する(図10)。したがって、複数の抑制分子(CD200及びPD-L1)がT細胞阻害に及ぼす効果を調査した。これを達成するために、全脾細胞をCD200またはPD-L1でパルスし、CD200治療後のCD4細胞上のCTLA4の上方制御を明らかにした。加えて、PD-L1治療後、CD11b上のPD-L1の上方制御及びT細胞上のCTLA4の上方制御が観察された。CTLA4及びPD-L1は別個の阻害性シグナルを伝播するため、PD-L1は、1)T細胞上の直接的なCD200及びPD-L1、ならびに2)CTLA4を上方制御するサイトカインを産生する直接的なPD-L1(APC上)/PD-I(APC上)を介して、T細胞活性化を阻害し、α-PD-1及びα-CTLA4治療の組み合わせでみられる高められた応答を説明するという仮説を立てた。しかし、いずれもT細胞に対するCD200効果を阻害するものではない。
Claims (32)
- 細胞においてPD-1を阻害する方法であって、前記細胞にCD200活性化受容体リガンド(CD200AR-L)を投与することを含むか、またはそれからなる、前記方法。
- 前記CD200AR-Lが、ヒト特異的ペプチド(hCD200AR-L)である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記CD200AR-Lが、イヌ特異的ペプチド(cCD200AR-L)である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記細胞が、がん細胞である、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記がん細胞が、膠芽腫細胞である、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記CD200AR-Lが、ペプチドP1A8、P2A0、P2A5、P3A12、またはP4A10である、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記CD200AR-Lが、ペプチドヒトP1A8である、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記CD200AR-Lが、ペプチドヒトP2A0である、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記CD200AR-Lが、ペプチドヒトP4A10である、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記細胞が、がん細胞である、請求項1~9のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記がん細胞が、膠芽腫細胞である、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 哺乳動物において腫瘍溶解物ワクチンの有効性を高める方法であって、前記腫瘍溶解物ワクチンの投与前に前記哺乳動物にCD200活性化受容体リガンド(CD200AR-L)を投与することを含むか、またはそれからなる、前記方法。
- 前記CD200AR-Lが、ヒト特異的ペプチド(hCD200AR-L)である、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記CD200AR-Lが、イヌ特異的ペプチド(cCD200AR-L)である、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記細胞が、がん細胞である、請求項12~14のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記がん細胞が、膠芽腫細胞である、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記CD200AR-Lが、ペプチドP1A8、P2A0、P2A5、P3A12、またはP4A10である、請求項12~16のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記CD200AR-Lが、ペプチドヒトP1A8である、請求項12~16のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記CD200AR-Lが、ペプチドヒトP2A0である、請求項12~16のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記CD200AR-Lが、ペプチドヒトP4A10である、請求項12~16のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記細胞が、がん細胞である、請求項12~20のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記CD200AR-Lが、局所注射によって投与される、請求項12~21のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記腫瘍溶解物ワクチンが、皮下投与される、請求項12~22のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記腫瘍溶解物ワクチンが、自家腫瘍溶解物ワクチンである、請求項12~23のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記哺乳動物が、腫瘍を外科的に除去してから5~14日後に前記CD200AR-Lを投与される、請求項12~24のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記哺乳動物が、腫瘍を外科的に除去してから約10日後に前記CD200AR-Lを投与される、請求項12~24のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- (a)種特異的CD200AR-Lペプチドを皮内(ID)注射し、(b)24時間後、イミキモドを皮膚に局所的に適用し、10~15分間吸収させ、(c)CD200AR-Lと混合した自家腫瘍溶解物を皮内注射する、請求項12~23のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記種特異的CD200AR-Lペプチドが、約5μg/kgの投薬量で皮内(ID)注射される、請求項27に記載の方法。
- 前記イミキモド(1パケット)が、5%クリーム/12.5gの投薬量で前記皮膚に局所的に適用される、請求項27または28に記載の方法。
- 前記自家腫瘍溶解物の約500μgのタンパク質を、約5μg/kgのCD200AR-Lと混合し、皮内注射する、請求項27~29のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 治療レジメンが、3週間にわたって毎週繰り返される、請求項27~30のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記治療レジメンが、3週間にわたって毎週、次いで3ヶ月間にわたって4週間毎に1回、次いで、必要に応じて6~8週間毎に繰り返される、請求項31に記載の方法。
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