JP2022122881A - 誘導加熱されるマイクロチャネル反応器 - Google Patents
誘導加熱されるマイクロチャネル反応器 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、参照によって全体が本明細書に明示的に組み込まれる2017年11月29日に出願された米国特許非仮出願第15/826,590号のPCT出願であり、その優先権の利益を主張する。
誘導加熱は、渦電流によって物体内で発生された熱を通じて、電磁誘導によって導電性物体(通常は金属)を加熱するプロセスである。誘導加熱器は、電磁石と、電磁石を通じて高周波交流(AC)を流す電子発振器とから構成される。急速に交番する磁場が物体を貫通し、渦電流と呼ばれる導体内部に電流を発生させる。材料の抵抗を通じて流れる渦電流は、ジュール加熱によってそれを加熱する。鉄のような強磁性(およびフェリ磁性)材料において、熱が磁気ヒステリシス損失によって発生されてもよい。使用される電流の周波数は、物体サイズ、材料の種類、(ワークコイルと加熱される物体の間の)カップリング、および侵入深さに応じて異なる。誘導加熱は、短い相互作用時間が必要な温度に到達することを可能にする高い電力密度を生成することができる。これは、印加された磁場に非常に密接に従うパターンを用いる加熱パターンの厳密な制御をもたらし、熱による歪みおよび損傷を低減することを可能にする。
すべての金属は電気を伝導するが、様々な程度の抵抗をもたらす。電流の流れに対する抵抗は、熱として現れる電力の損失を引き起こす。これは、エネルギー保存の法則に従って、エネルギーは1つの形態から別の形態に変換されるが失われないからである。抵抗によってもたらされる損失は、基本的な電気式P=i2Rに基づいており、ここで、iはアンペア単位の電流の量であり、Rはオーム単位の抵抗であり、Pはワット単位の電力である。電力損失(加熱)の量は電流の2乗に比例し、このプロセスはジュール加熱としても知られている。
磁性材料は、ヒステリシスによって誘導加熱プロセスを改善する。鋼、ニッケル、および他のいくつかの金属のような高透磁率(100ないし500)を有する材料は、誘導加熱で加熱するのが容易である。ヒステリシス加熱は、材料がそれらの磁気特性を保持するキュリー温度未満で発生する。ワークのキュリー温度未満での高い透磁率は有用である。温度差、質量、および比熱は、ワーク加熱に影響する。
誘導加熱は、電気の弱い導体であるワークに電流(渦電流)が誘導されたときに発生する。誘導加熱プロセスが効率的かつ実用的であるためには、渦電流を生成する電磁場の周波数とワークの特性との特定の関係が満たされる必要がある。誘導加熱の基本的な性質は、渦電流がワークの外側で生成されることであり、これは「表皮効果」加熱と呼ばれる。熱のほぼすべてが表面で生成されるため、円筒形のワークを流れる渦電流は、外側面で最も強くなる一方、中央での電流は無視できる。加熱の深さは、交流場の周波数、電気抵抗率、およびワークの比透磁率に応じて異なる。実用上、皮膚加熱効果(基準深さ)は、電流の流れの抵抗による加熱の約86%が発生する深さと定義されている。
Q=cρ m dT
ここで、
Q=熱の量(kJ)
cρ=比熱(kJ/kgK)
m=質量(kg)
dT=高温側と低温側の温度差(K)
チャネル加熱要件
加熱要素の体積は、0.05mm×0.5mm×38.lmmまたは0.9525mm’または0.0009525ccである。
加熱要素あたりの炭素について、Q=0.71×1.41×10-6=1.0011×10-3J。
Q=125×4.084J=511ジュール
ワット単位の電力=ジュール/秒単位のエネルギー
P(w)=E(j)/t(s)
P=511J/1秒
P=511ワット
制御
図5は、フルブリッジ誘導加熱器を示す。
図7は、チャネルの典型的な構造を示す。要素702ないし703は、壁構造支持体、典型的には、セラミック、ガラス、またはポリマーなどの非導電性の材料を示す。要素704は、典型的には銅、ニッケル、アルミニウム、または金属合金などの電導体金属である加熱材料の端面図を示す。要素705は、反応器壁内で機能性触媒が支持される表面である。
図8は、支持構造804に巻き付けられた完成された誘導コイル802の端面図、およびコア806内のチャネルを示す。
図14は、加熱に使用される金属内の双極子の静的状態を示す。要素1402は、チャネル壁支持構造である。要素1404は、加熱に使用される壁の金属部材であり、要素1406は、金属バルク内の典型的な双極子である。
図16は、反応器および磁束線を示し、外側チャネルと最内側チャネルを加熱するために必要とされる様々な周波数での侵入深さを示す。計算例では、10mm(-4)の深さ、または加熱器金属にニッケルを使用したコアの直径の約1/2の深さに関して、チャネル長38mm、コア直径25.4mm、および発電機出力400ワットの場合、周波数は60Hzである必要があることを示す。最外側チャネル(-1)に関して、侵入深さ1.8mm、およびニッケルを使用する同じ駆動力の場合、周波数は2kHzである必要がある。外側チャネルは壁内に鉄を有してよく、内側に近いチャネルは加熱器金属として銅を有してよい。したがって、いくつかのチャネルは、単一コアのための加熱器として壁内に銅、ニッケル、および鉄がすべて埋め込まれてよい。
Claims (20)
- コアを通じて、外部から印加される振動磁場に対してそれぞれ異なる周波数依存誘導結合特性を有する複数の領域を有する複数のチャネルを備え、
それぞれ異なる誘導結合特性を有する前記複数の領域が異なる加熱領域を有するように、前記コアの壁組成又は構造が、前記複数の領域内において位置関数として変化することを特徴とする化学反応器。 - 前記コアは、位置の関数として不均質な組成を有する導電性金属を含むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の化学反応器。
- 前記コアの少なくとも1つの第1の部分は、ヒステリシス加熱ではないジュール加熱を受ける少なくとも1つの領域と、ヒステリシス加熱を受ける少なくとも1つの第2の部分とを含むことを特徴とする請求項2に記載の化学反応器。
- 共振結合周波数を有する少なくとも1つの導電性ループを備えたことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の化学反応器。
- 前記コアは鋼を含むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の化学反応器。
- 前記コアは銅を含むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の化学反応器。
- 前記コアは、主に鋼を含む少なくとも1つの第1の領域と、主に銅を含む少なくとも1つの第2の領域とを含むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の化学反応器。
- 対応する電気信号によって励起されたときに前記振動磁場を発生させることによって、前記コアを誘導加熱するように構成された誘導コイルと組み合わされたことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の化学反応器。
- 前記コアの少なくとも2つの対応する領域を表す少なくとも2つの異なる放出周波数を有する前記対応する電気信号、を発生させるように構成されたコントローラと組み合わされたことを特徴とする請求項8に記載の化学反応器。
- 前記コアの前記複数の領域の別々に制御された温度を制御するための複数の放出周波数を同時に表す直接シーケンススペクトラム拡散信号を含む前記対応する電気信号、を発生させるように構成されたコントローラと組み合わされたことを特徴とする請求項8に記載の化学反応器。
- 前記複数のチャネルの表面上に触媒コーティングをさらに備えたことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の化学反応器。
- 金属酸化物担体において触媒ナノ粒子を含む前記複数のチャネルの表面のコーティングをさらに備えたことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の化学反応器。
- 酸化アルミニウム担体においてコバルト触媒ナノ粒子を含む前記複数のチャネルの表面のコーティングをさらに備えたことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の化学反応器。
- 第1の周波数でヒステリシス加熱を受ける第1の領域と、前記第1の周波数でヒステリシス加熱を受けない第2の領域とを備え、前記第1の領域は、前記第1の周波数で、前記第2の領域よりも高い特定のエネルギー吸収を有し、前記第2の領域は、第2の周波数で、前記第1の周波数よりも大量のジュール加熱を受けるようにされることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の化学反応器。
- 前記第2の領域は、前記第2の周波数で、前記第1の領域よりも高い特定のエネルギー吸収を有することを特徴とする請求項14に記載の化学反応器。
- 400℃未満のピーク温度で有機水素担体を触媒的に脱水素化して、脱水素化された有機担体および水素を生成するように構成され、前記複数のチャネル内で前記脱水素化された有機担体の分解が無いことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の化学反応器
- 水素燃料電池と組み合わされたことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の化学反応器。
- それぞれ異なる誘導結合特性を有する前記複数の領域は、前記コア内の深さと前記チャネルに沿った距離との両方の関数として変化する誘導結合特性を有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の化学反応器。
- コアを通じて、外部から印加される振動磁場に対してそれぞれ異なる周波数依存誘導結合特性を有する複数の領域を有する複数のチャネルを備えた化学反応器を動作させる方法であって、
前記コアを囲んで、複数の異なる周波数を含む振動磁場を励起するステップと、
前記複数のチャネルを通じて、少なくとも1つの化学反応物を通過させるステップと
を含み、
それぞれ異なる誘導結合特性を有する前記複数の領域が異なる加熱領域を有するように、前記コアの壁組成又は構造が、前記複数の領域内において位置関数として変化することを特徴とする方法。 - 化学反応器であって、
複数の反応物チャネルを有するコアであって、前記複数のチャネルは、外部から印加される振動磁場に対してそれぞれ異なる周波数依存誘導結合特性を有する複数の領域を有する、該コアと、
前記コアの少なくとも2つの対応する領域を表す少なくとも2つの異なる制御可能な周波数を有する振動電気信号を生成するように構成されたコントローラと、
前記振動電気信号を受け取り、前記外部から印加される振動磁場を発生させるコイルと
を備え、
それぞれ異なる誘導結合特性を有する前記複数の領域が異なる加熱領域を有するように、前記コアの壁組成又は構造が、前記複数の領域内において位置関数として変化することを特徴とする化学反応器。
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US10207241B2 (en) * | 2016-11-29 | 2019-02-19 | Kontak LLC | Inductively heated microchannel reactor |
EP4205843A1 (en) | 2021-12-30 | 2023-07-05 | Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast-Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO | Inductive heating reactors |
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WO2019108254A1 (en) | 2019-06-06 |
KR20200083660A (ko) | 2020-07-08 |
JP2021504138A (ja) | 2021-02-15 |
KR102323396B1 (ko) | 2021-11-05 |
US20190374924A1 (en) | 2019-12-12 |
JP7076002B2 (ja) | 2022-05-26 |
AU2023278038A1 (en) | 2024-01-04 |
IL275006B (en) | 2021-12-01 |
EP3717114A4 (en) | 2021-09-15 |
AU2018375073A1 (en) | 2020-07-09 |
EP3717114A1 (en) | 2020-10-07 |
US20180290122A1 (en) | 2018-10-11 |
IL275006A (en) | 2020-07-30 |
US10207241B2 (en) | 2019-02-19 |
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