JP2022003100A - 神経学的及び神経変性疾患及び障害を処置するための鼻腔投与組成物 - Google Patents
神経学的及び神経変性疾患及び障害を処置するための鼻腔投与組成物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
・ 記憶機能障害、及び実行機能における失語症、失行症、失認症、又は撹乱のうちの少なくとも1つを含めた多重認知障害;並びに
・ 社会的又は職業的機能の機能障害
の存在により認知症と特徴付けられる。
・ 健忘、特に家族の一員の名前、毎日の対象の約束又は事象の健忘;
・ 物品又は所持品の置き忘れ;
・ 空間的関係の見当識障害及び誤解;
・ 会話及び書き方の機能障害;
・ 思考、集中又は/及び推理の困難;
・ 日常の判断及び決定を行うことの困難;
・ 馴染みのある仕事の立案及び実行することの困難;並びに
・ うつ病、不安、社会的引きこもり、気分変動、不信、易刺激性及び攻撃性、睡眠習慣における変化、徘徊、抑制の喪失並びに妄想を含めた人格及び行動における変化
が挙げられる。
囲にあるpHに調節又は維持する。
のばらつきが存在しうることを認識するであろう。したがって、いくつかの実施形態では、本発明による鼻腔投与製剤は、特に、生物学的利用能におけるばらつきでの程度が観察されるか、又は要求される場合、有効な投薬範囲の範囲内、それ未満及びそれを超える範囲に改善された個々の投薬調節を有利に提供しうる。例えば、リバスチグミンの固有クリアランス(CL)が、アルツハイマー病患者で4倍までに変動することが認識されている(Hossainら、2002)。したがって、本明細書に記載される鼻腔投与製剤が、要求される場合、柔軟な個々の投薬調節を有利に可能にする。
新たに切除した全厚みの成体ウシ鼻粘膜を、1.0cm2の拡散面積を有する水平なフロースルー拡散セル(Permegear社、US)に載せた。製剤1から4についての拡散実験で使用した切除鼻粘膜の平均厚さは、760±40μm(平均±SE、n=32)であった。切除に続いて、ウシ鼻粘膜を、拡散セルに載せるまでの間、室温にてPBS中に浮遊させた。拡散セルに載せた後、鼻粘膜の表面を、微細グレードの吸収性ワイプで穏やかに吸い取って、鼻粘膜の表面から過剰のPBSを除去した。12から24時間の期間にわたって拡散実験を行った。受容溶液はPBSからなり、拡散実験の前に真空下で脱気された。0.38mm i.d.チューブで操作するマイクロカセット蠕動ポンプ(O/G Marpreneマニホールド管を用いたWatson Marlow 205S、UK)(保証シンク状態が維持された)により、8個の拡散セルを、1.3ml/hの流速に維持した。循環水加熱装置(Thermoline TU1、Australia)に繋げたヒーター棒(Permegear社、US)で、セルを31℃に維持した。サンプルを、自動フラクションコレクター(Teledyne Isco Retriever 500、US)に収納した6.5mlのPPバイアル(Simport snaptwist社、US)に収集した。RP-HPLCによる分析の前に、各バイアルを、パーソナルコンピュータに繋げた分析用天秤(Shimazdu AUW220D)で秤量し、その後、体積を、約1.0g/cm3である受容溶液の密度から各バイアルにおいて計算した。別段の記載のない限り、5μL/cm2の用量体積で、0.5から10μLに調節可能なピペット(Mettler Toledo L-10XLS)で、鼻用スプレー溶液を、各拡散セルの鼻粘膜に適用した。
インビトロでウシ鼻粘膜を横切って拡散していたリバスチグミンの平均累積量(Q Riv)は、対照製剤4(四角記号;図2を参照されたい)と比較して、製剤1(丸記号)について12時間後についても評価した。拡散プロファイルの有限用量消失(finite dose depletion)が12時間後に観察され、製剤1については12時間でのQ Riv(60±9μg/cm2、n=4)は、対照製剤4(52±6μg/cm2、n=8)と比較した場合、有意に大きかった(p<0.04)。添加12時間後に、製剤1の製剤は、Q Rivで統計学的に有意な16%増加(p<0.04)をもたらし、透過した適用用量の平均百分率は、製剤1及び対照製剤4についてそれぞれ約77%及び66%であった(p<0.04)。
0及び6時間における製剤1の反復添加(t=0及び6時間の各々で5μL用量)は、実質的にはゼロ次元である拡散プロファイルを生じた(図3を参照されたい)。個々の拡散プロファイル(n=4)は、ゼロから12時間プロットした場合、各々、統計学的に有意な線形回帰を生じた(r2範囲=0.962から0.987;F範囲=178から539;全てのp値<0.001)。反復添加で12時間にわたる製剤1についての平均流量は、11±1μg/cm2.hであった(平均±SE、n=4)。図3は、反復添加スケジュールでの製剤1(丸記号、n=4)及び製剤2(四角記号、n=4)についてのQ Rivの結果を詳しく記載している。透過した適用用量の平均百分率は、製剤1及び製剤2についてそれぞれ約91%及び82%であった(p<0.04)。
製剤3の各拡散セルへの単回20μL/cm2用量(丸記号)に続いて、拡散プロファイルの有限用量消失が24時間後に観察された(図4を参照されたい)。製剤3についての6時間、12時間、及び24時間でのQ Rivは、それぞれ、222±22、286±14、及び307±9μg/cm2(n=4)であるか、又はそれぞれ、適用用量の71%、91%、及び98%であった。新たに切除したウシ鼻粘膜は、鼻の上皮の薬物透過性を研究するための、一般に認められたインビトロモデルであり(Schmidtら、2000)、鼻腔内に投与された化合物の、ヒトにおける全身性の生物学的利用能を見積るために用いることができる(Chemuturiら、2005)。フロースルー拡散セルの図面は、図5に示されている。インビトロのウシ鼻粘膜モデルの用量比率の信頼性はTable 3(表3)に示され、ここで製剤1及び3の各々について適用用量の倍増は、Q Rivにおける類似した比例増加をもたらした。理論に結び付けられることを希望しないで、先の実施例について得た拡散プロファイルは、鼻膜の先端表面への有限用量の添加後の、拡散のフィックの第二法則と一致している。
Table 4(表4)に詳しく記載されているのは、同じ鼻腔投与スプレー組成物中に酒石酸リバスチグミン及び臭化水素酸デキストロメトルファンを含む鼻腔投与製剤の例である。
Table 5(表5)に詳しく記載されているのは、製剤1に記載されるもの等のリバスチグミン鼻腔投与スプレー組成物と組み合わせて同時投与されうる臭化水素酸デキストロメトルファンを含む鼻腔投与製剤の例である。
Table 6(表6)に詳しく記載されているのは、同じ鼻腔投与スプレー組成物中に酒石酸リバスチグミン、臭化水素酸デキストロメトルファン、及び塩酸イフェンプロジルを含む鼻腔投与製剤の例である。
Table 7(表7)に詳しく記載されているのは、製剤1に記載されるもの等のリバスチグミン鼻腔投与スプレー組成物と組み合わせて同時投与されうる塩酸イフェンプロジルを含む鼻腔投与製剤の例である。
Table 8(表8)に詳しく記載されているのは、同じ鼻腔投与スプレー組成物中に酒石酸リバスチグミン及び塩酸エンセニクリンを含む鼻腔投与製剤の例である。
Table 9(表9)に詳しく記載されているのは、製剤1に記載されるもの等のリバスチグミン鼻腔投与スプレー組成物と組み合わせて同時投与されうる塩酸エンセニクリンを含む鼻腔投与製剤の例である。
Table 10(表10)に詳しく記載されているのは、高濃度で酒石酸リバスチグミンを含む鼻腔投与製剤の例である。
方法
本発明による鼻腔投与製剤の安全性及び絶対的生物学的利用能を、臨床試験によって試験をした。この試験は、The Alfred Hospital Human Research and Ethics Committee、Melbourne、Australiaにより承認され、オーストラリア国及びニュージランド国の臨床試験当局(ANZCTR)で治験ID ACTRN12614001313628で予め登録された。試験は、Nucleus Network Limited社(Melbourne、Australia)の臨床試験ユニットで行われ、独立に、医薬品の臨床試験の実施基準(Good Clinical Practice)(GCP)及びヘルシンキ宣言の原則に従ってCommercial Eyes Pty Ltd社(Melbourne、Australia)により監視された。
試験は、全員、この試験に参加することに書面のインフォームドコンセントを示した8名の健康な高齢者女性及び男性の白人志願者で非盲検逐次クロスオーバーデザイン(open label, sequential, crossover design)のものであった。1日目に、静脈内リバスチグミン(1mg)を、30分にわたる一定の静脈内注入として各参加者に投与し、2日の期間の洗い流し期間(2日目及び3日目)が続いた。4日目に、リバスチグミン鼻腔投与スプレー(3.126mg)を、各鼻孔中に1回スプレーを含む単回用量として各参加者に投与した。
・ 55から85歳(包括的)の年齢の健康な白人男性及び女性;
・ 臨床的に有意な神経学的、腎臓、心臓血管、呼吸器(喘息)、内分泌、胃腸、造血疾患、新生物、又は主任治験医師の判断で、試験介入の投与を禁忌するいずれかの他の臨床的に有意な医療上の障害の既往症なし;
・ 体重(kg)/身長(m2)として計算されたBMI18〜32(包括的)
・ 少なくとも6か月の期間喫煙していない(宣誓により)
を含んでいた。
・ 薬物、成分(ベンジルアルコール、安息香酸類)又は他のカルバメートに対する既知過敏性;
・ 現在の症候性アレルギー性鼻炎;
・ 小児喘息を除く、現在の活動性喘息若しくは慢性梗塞性肺疾患又はその病歴;
・ 徐脈及び洞不全症候群等の現在の活動性心不整脈又はその病歴;
・ 尿路閉塞の病歴;
・ 消化性潰瘍、GERD、出血等の現在の活動性GI疾患若しくはその病歴、又は虫垂切除術若しくはヘルニア切開術以外のいずれかのGI手術の病歴、又は薬物吸収に影響しそうないずれかの胃腸障害を有すること、又は病因論にかかわらず、食欲不振、頻繁な吐気若しくは嘔吐の任意の病歴を有すること;
・ いずれかのベータ-ブロッカー分類の処方薬、アトロピン、三環抗うつ薬及び抗ヒスタミンを含めたコリン様及び抗コリン作用性薬物の使用
を含んでいた。
Table 11(表11)に詳しく記載されているのは、臨床試験の間に投与される本発明による鼻腔投与スプレー製剤である。
・ バイタルサイン(血圧、心拍、呼吸数及び温度)及びECGを含めた身体検査;
・ 全般的健康についての検尿(尿pH、血液、タンパク質、ケトン、白血球エラスターゼ、硝酸塩、グルコース、比重、ウロビリノーゲン及びピリルビン)及びいずれかの薬物の中毒*
を含んでいた。血液を、臨床検査室分析(血清化学及び血液学)、及びHIV*のための分析、B型肝炎*及びC型肝炎*分析のために収集した。臨床検査室パラメーターについての正常な範囲は、その場の検査室の定義(local laboratory definitions)(*予備試験)によるものとなる。
リバスチグミン及びその一次代謝物、3-[(1S)-1-(ジメチルアミノ)エチル]フェノール(以降、「NAP226-90」)の分析を、Anapharm Europe社(Barcelona、SP)の生物分析化学部門により行った。リバスチグミン、NAP226-90、及び内部標準は、酢酸エチルを用いた液体-液体抽出手段を使用してアリコート量のヒトEDTA血漿から抽出し、その後、タンデム型マススペクトル検出装置(LC/MS/MS)を備えた液体クロマトグラフに注入した。逆相カラム(Zorbax SB-C18、4.6×50mm、5μm、Agilent Technologies社から得た)で分離を行った。移動相Aは、水中で調製されたpH5での酢酸アンモニウム10mMであり、移動相Bは、メタノール中で調製された酢酸アンモニウム10mMであった。クロマトグラフィー分離は、流速1.00から1.10mL/分で室温にて段階的に行われた。このアッセイに使用される較正範囲は、リバスチグミンについては0.05から20ng/mL、NAP226-90については0.05から10ng/mLであった。このアッセイは、試験した較正範囲の各々にわたってリバスチグミン(r>0.997)及びNAP226-90(r>0.997)についての線形性に合格した。リバスチグミンについてのLLOQ(0.05ng/mL)での正確度及び精密度は、それぞれ、5.65%及び±2.72%であった。NAP226-90についてのLLOQ(0.05ng/mL)での正確度及び精密度は、それぞれ、5.79%及び±2.72%であった。各較正範囲での残りの濃度全てについての正確度及び精密度は、それらの許容限度内でもあった。
曲線下面積(AUC)は、血液血漿中濃度時間プロファイルから取った。最後の測定濃度に対するAUC(AUC0-l)、時間間隔にわたるAUC(AUC0-6h)及びAUCゼロから無限大(AUC0-∞)は、Sigmaplot(バージョン12.5;Systat Software, Inc.社、San Jose、USA)を使用して線形台形則(linear trapezoidal rule)によって計算した。最大血漿中濃度(Cmax)及び最大血漿中濃度に対する時間(Tmax)は、データの目視検査によって決定された。絶対的生物学的利用能(F)は、AUC0-∞鼻/鼻用量をAUC0-∞i.v./i.v.用量で割ることにより計算した。消失半減期(terminal elimination half-life)(t1/2)は、0.693/λ(ここで、λは、消失速度定数(terminal elimination rate constatnt)である)として定義された(これは、濃度対時間の自然対数の終末相の回帰線のスロープから計算された)。平均血漿中濃度(Cavg)は、時間間隔にわたるAUC(AUC0-6h)を予測投薬間隔(prospective dosage interval)(6h)で割ることにより計算した。ゆらぎ指数(FI)は、(Cmax-Cmin)をCavg0-lで割ったものに等しかった。Cavg0-lは、AUC0-lを最後に測定した濃度に対する時間で割ることによって計算した。代謝物(NAP226-90)対親化合物の比は、NAP-226-90のAUC0-∞をリバスチグミンのAUC0-∞で割ることにより計算した。全身クリアランス(CL=IV用量/AUC0-∞i.v.)及び分布容積(Vz=i.v.用量/λ・AUC0-∞i.v.)は、i.v.用量について計算した。
絶対的生物学的利用能(F)が>0である主要仮説を満たすために、平均(SD)F=0.5(0.25)及びn=4を用いた1サンプルのスチューデントt検定は、Sigmaplot分析(バージョン12.5;Systat Software, Inc.社、San Jose、CA、USA)を使用してアルファ=0.050で片側検定(one-tailed test)として行われた場合、0.908の検出力を提供する。Fについてのこの保存的(平均及び変動)見積は、リバスチグミン鼻腔投与スプレー製剤について既存のインビトロ拡散データ、並びに同等の物理化学的特性を有する他の薬物についてのヒトにおける鼻の吸収の範囲及びばらつきの配慮に基づいた。統計学的有意性は、1サンプルのスチューデントt検定により決定され、又は例えば、生のFデータが、正常に分配されない場合、ノンパラメトリック・1サンプルのウィルコクソンの符号付き順位検定(non-parametric one-sample Wilcoxon signed-rank test)により決定された。薬物動態パラメーターは、標準偏差を付した平均値及び変動のパーセント係数(CV%)として表にした。
鼻腔投与スプレー組成物の粘度
実施例12に記載したリバスチグミン鼻腔投与スプレー組成物の粘度を、ガラス球を用いた落球型粘度計(Gilmont、Thermo Scientific社、USA)を使用して測定した。粘度を計算するために、粘度計常数(K) = 粘度(センチポイズ(cP))/[(ガラス球の密度;2.53g/cm3−試験される液体の密度;0.9991g/cm3の水又は0.9932g/cm3の実施例11の組成物)×落下時間(分)]。室温(15℃)にて粘度実験を行い、15℃で1.1375cPの水の既知粘度を使用して粘度計常数(K)を検証するために超純水を使用した(IAPWS 2008)。落下時間の2つの一致した測定値に基づくと、実施例11のリバスチグミン鼻腔投与組成物の平均粘度は15℃にて1.5cPであった(又は25℃において推定1.2cP)。
2 膜表面上の製剤
3 受容溶液入口
4 受容溶液チャンバー
5 受容溶液入口
6 透明覗き窓
Claims (24)
- リバスチグミン又は薬学的に許容されるその塩、pH調節剤、及び増粘剤を含む徐放性鼻腔投与水性製剤であって、製剤のpHが、約3から6の範囲にある徐放性鼻腔投与水性製剤。
- リバスチグミンが、リバスチグミン遊離塩基又は酒石酸リバスチグミンである、請求項1に記載の水性製剤。
- リバスチグミンが、製剤全体の約0.5質量%から約15質量%を構成する、請求項1又は2に記載の水性製剤。
- pH調節剤が、クエン酸緩衝剤、クエン酸から選択される、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の水性製剤。
- pH調節剤が、組成物全体の約0.01質量%から約2質量%の量である、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の水性製剤。
- 増粘剤が、メチルセルロース、エチルセルロース、ヒドロキシエチルセルロース、ヒドロキシルプロピルセルロース、ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロース、カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム;ポリアクリル酸ポリマー、ポリヒドロキシエチルメチルアクリレート;ポリエチレンオキシド;ポリビニルピロリドン;ポリビニルアルコール、トラガント、アルギン酸ナトリウム、アラヤガム(araya gum)、グアーガム、キサンタンガム、レクチン、水溶性デンプン、ゼラチン、ペクチン、及びキトサンから選択される、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の水性製剤。
- 増粘剤が、組成物全体の約0.1質量%から約2質量%を構成する、請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載の水性製剤。
- 少なくとも60%と等価なリバスチグミンの絶対的生物学的利用能(F)をもたらす、請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の水性製剤。
- 感覚剤を更に含む、請求項1〜8のいずれか一項に記載の水性製剤。
- 感覚剤が、C2〜C4のアルコール、メントール、テルペン、チモール、カンファー、トウガラシ、フェノール、カルベオール(carveol)、メントールグルクロニド、ユーカリ油、ベンジルアルコール、サリチルアルコール(salicyl alcohol)、エタノール、イソプロパノール、クローブ花蕾油(clove bud oil)、ミント、スペアミント、ペパーミント、ユーカリ、ラベンダー、シトラス、レモン、ライム、ヘキシルレゾルシノール、ケタール、ジオール、及びそれらの混合物から選択される、請求項9に記載の水性製剤。
- 感覚剤が、組成物全体の約1質量%から約15質量%の量である、請求項9又は10に記載の水性製剤。
- シグマ-1受容体アゴニスト、NMDAアンタゴニスト、ニコチン性アセチルコリン受容体アゴニスト、及びそれらの組合せから選択される追加の治療剤を更に含む、請求項1〜11のいずれか一項に記載の水性製剤。
- 追加の治療剤が、デキストロメトルファン、メマンチン、イフェンプロジル、エンセニクリン、又は薬学的に許容されるそれらの誘導体から選択される、請求項12に記載の水性製剤。
- 哺乳動物において神経変性疾患を治療する方法であって、それを必要とする哺乳動物に、請求項1〜13のいずれか一項に記載の鼻腔投与製剤を投与する工程を含む、方法。
- それを必要とする哺乳動物において神経変性疾患を治療する方法であって、リバスチグミン又は薬学的に許容されるその塩、pH調節剤、及び増粘剤を含む鼻腔投与製剤を投与する工程を含み、投与のための製剤が、約3から約6の範囲にあるpHを有する、方法。
- 神経変性疾患が、アルツハイマー病、パーキンソン病、及び認知機能障害症候群から選択される、請求項14又は15に記載の方法。
- リバスチグミンの絶対的生物利用能(F)が、少なくとも60%と等価である、請求項14〜16のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 哺乳動物のリバスチグミン血漿中濃度(Cmax)が、少なくとも約5000pg/mLである、請求項14〜17のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 哺乳動物の治療的リバスチグミン血漿中濃度(Cther)が、約2000pg/mLから約20,000pg/mLの範囲にある、請求項14〜17のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記治療的リバスチグミン血漿中濃度が、少なくとも4時間のあいだ維持される(Tmaint)、請求項18に記載の方法。
- 鼻腔内投与が、副作用の発生が減少されることに関連する、請求項14〜19のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- それを必要とする哺乳動物において神経変性疾患の治療をするための鼻腔投与製剤の調製におけるリバスチグミン又は薬学的に許容されるその塩、pH調節剤、及び増粘剤の使用であって、前記鼻腔投与製剤が約3から約6の範囲にあるpHを有する、使用。
- 前記製剤が、少なくとも60%と等価なリバスチグミンの絶対的生物学的利用能(F)をもたらす、請求項22に記載の使用。
- 神経変性疾患が、アルツハイマー病、パーキンソン病、及び認知機能障害症候群から選択される、請求項22又は23に記載の使用。
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