JP2020511531A - 免疫調節機能を有するFasL操作を受けた生体材料 - Google Patents
免疫調節機能を有するFasL操作を受けた生体材料 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2020511531A JP2020511531A JP2019570350A JP2019570350A JP2020511531A JP 2020511531 A JP2020511531 A JP 2020511531A JP 2019570350 A JP2019570350 A JP 2019570350A JP 2019570350 A JP2019570350 A JP 2019570350A JP 2020511531 A JP2020511531 A JP 2020511531A
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、国立衛生研究所助成金R21EB020107、R21AI113348、R56AI121281、およびF30AR069472、ならびに英国小児糖尿病財団(Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation)助成金2−SRA−2014−287−Q−Rの下で政府の支援を受けて行われた。政府は本発明に一定の権利を有する。
2017年3月10日に出願された米国仮出願62/469,802からの優先権を主張し、その全体が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
別に定義されない限り、本明細書で使用される全ての技術用語および科学用語は、現在開示されている主題が属する当業者によって一般に理解されているのと同じ意味を有する。
本明細書に記載のFasL操作を受けた生体材料は、FasL部分を提示するように操作を受けた生体材料である。本明細書で使用される場合、「FasL」はFasリガンドを指す。本明細書で使用される場合、「FasL部分」とは、少なくともFasLのアポトーシス誘導部分を意味する。いくつかの実施形態では、FasL部分は、FasLの細胞外ドメインを含むか、またはそれからなる。いくつかの実施形態では、FasL部分は、マトリックスメタロプロテイナーゼ(MMP)耐性FasLタンパク質を含むか、またはそれからなる。本明細書で使用される場合、マトリックスメタロプロテイナーゼ(MMP)耐性FasLタンパク質は、FasLの細胞外ドメインがMMP感受性部位を欠くFasLの形態である。Yolcu et al.,Immunity17:795−808(2002)を参照されたい。
いくつかの実施形態によれば、本明細書に記載のFasL操作を受けた生体材料をそれを必要とする対象に投与することを含む、免疫調節をもたらす方法が提供される。いくつかの実施形態によれば、この方法は、細胞移植片もしくは組織移植片の拒絶および/または1型糖尿病の治療のリスクを予防もしくは低減するためのものである。
1型糖尿病(T1D)は、CD4+T細胞を必要とするβ細胞特異的抗原に対する協調免疫応答により、インスリン産生β細胞量の損失、およびそれによる血糖コントロールを特徴とする自己免疫疾患である。同種膵島移植によるβ細胞塊の修復は、現在、重度の血糖不安定性を有する患者の血糖コントロールを改善するための好ましい臨床的介入である。しかしながら、同種移植片の寿命は、宿主の免疫応答だけでなく、拒絶反応を制御するために必要な慢性免疫抑制の毒性効果による二次移植片の障害によっても制限される。病原性Tエフェクター(Teff)細胞は、膵島同種移植片破壊の主な原因である。したがって、長期の免疫抑制を必要とせずに膵島同種移植片の機能的寿命を延ばす有望な戦略は、Teff細胞を排除のために標的とし、それらの病原性機能を軽減する新規治療法を含む。
ビオチン化マイクロゲルは、ビオチン−(ポリエチレン−グリコール(PEG))−チオールをマレイミド末端4アームポリエチレングリコール(PEG−4MAL)マクロマーと反応させ、マイクロフルイディクス重合を介してジチオトレイトール(DTT)と架橋された直径150μmのミクロゲルを生成することによって製造することができる(図1A)。得られたミクロゲルは、ストレプトアビジン(SA)を高親和性で捕捉することができる共有結合で繋がれたビオチンを提示する(図1B)。ミクロゲル上のSAのビオチン特異的捕捉は、テザリング溶液中のSAの濃度が150μg/mLの飽和濃度まで直線的に変化し(図1C)、ミクロゲル表面のSA提示の用量依存的制御を実証した。予想どおり、ビオチン化ミクロゲル上でのSA−FasLの捕捉は、同様の用量依存的関係に従った(図7)。重要なことに、ミクロゲル上でのSA−FasLの提示は、FasL媒介アポトーシスに感受性である、A20細胞における用量依存性アポトーシスを誘導した(図1D)。対照的に、PEG−4MALマクロマーへのSA−FasLの直接共有結合は、SA−FasLアポトーシス活性を除去し(図8)、生物活性SA−FasLの提示のためのビオチン固定化の重要性を実証した。これらの結果は、ビオチン化ミクロゲルに繋がれたSA−FasLが強力なアポトーシス活性を保持し、このアプローチを使用して、送達される生物活性SA−FasLの量を容易に制御できることを示している。
我々は、インビボでミクロゲル上に提示されたSA−FasLの保持も検討した。近赤外蛍光染料で標識されたSA−FasLを、ビオチン化ミクロゲルに固定化し、これをマウスの腎被膜下に埋め込んだ。標識SA−FasLの縦方向追跡を、インビボ撮像システムで21日間実施した。蛍光シグナルの画像は、標識SA−FasL提示ミクロゲルを投与されたマウスの腎臓周辺に局在した集中シグナルを示しているが、一方、蛍光シグナルは、ミクロゲル担体のない標識遊離SA−FasLを投与されたマウスでは拡散している(図2A)。ミクロゲル送達媒体なしで標識SA−FasLのみを投与されたマウスでは、タンパク質は移植部位から急速に除去され、移植後1日目までにシグナルが60%減少し、移植後7日目までに無視できるほどのシグナルとなった(図2B)。対照的に、SA−FasL提示ミクロゲルを投与されたマウスは、移植後7日を過ぎると、移植部位での0日目のシグナルに匹敵するレベルの上昇で、時間と共に著しく高いレベルのSA−FasLを示した。単一の指数関数的減衰曲線近似を使用した保持プロファイルの分析では、遊離SA−FasLと比較して、SA−FasL提示ミクロゲルの保持時間が著しく長いことが示した(半減期3.0±0.8日対0.70±0.40日、p<0.0001)。さらに、曲線下面積の計算では、遊離タンパク質に対するミクロゲルに繋がれたSA−FasLの保持の増加を実証した(5.25±0.87対1.98±0.14、p<0.007)。図11は、組織学的検査により決定されるように、移植部位のミクロゲルが21日目に明白に観察できることを示している。この結果は、SA−FasL−ミクロゲルの蛍光シグナルの損失は、ビオチン化ミクロゲルからのSA−FasLの非結合から生じ、ミクロゲルの分解ではないという結論を裏付けている。したがって、この強力な免疫調節タンパク質の全身効果のリスクを最小限に抑えながら、移植部位における長期の局所SA−FasL送達のためのこの生体材料戦略は、局所効果を大幅に強化する。我々は、この強力な免疫調節タンパク質の全身効果のリスクを最小限に抑えながら、移植部位における長期の局所SA−FasL送達のためのこの生体材料戦略は、局所効果を大幅に強化すると予想する。
SA−FasLを提示するミクロゲルの免疫調節効果を、同種膵島移植の設定で試験した。非改変同種(Balb/c)膵島をミクロゲルと混合し、得られた混合物をストレプトゾトシン糖尿病C57BL/6マウスの腎臓被膜下に移植した。非改変膵島と対照のビオチン化ミクロゲルを投与されたマウスは、全ての移植片を急性拒絶したが(生着期間中央値(MST)=15日;図3A)、一方SA−FasL操作を受けたミクロゲルと同時移植された膵島は、対照のおよそ25%が殺処分前に200日間を超えて生存して、生存期間が有意に延長した(MST=31日)(図3A)。注目すべきことに、対象がラパマイシンの短期コースで治療されたとき(移植後0日目から開始して毎日0.2mg/kgで15回分;図3A)、非改変膵島とSA−FasL提示ミクロゲルを同時移植したマウスでは、移植片の>90%(12/13)が機能し、200日間の観察期間全体で生存した。移植片が機能しているレシピエントのインプラント部位の200日目での免疫染色により、ミクロゲルと密接に関連する膵島を連想させるインスリン陽性構造が明らかになったが、一方移植片が拒絶されたレシピエントではインスリン陽性構造は観察されなかった(図3B)。腹腔内グルコース負荷試験では、これらの長期移植片の未処理マウスと比較して同等の機能が実証された(図3C):曲線下面積分析では、未処理と長期移植との間には差は認められなかった(p=0.20)。著しく対照的に、ラパマイシンを注射したが、SA−FasLで操作されたミクロゲルを含まない同じプロトコルは、SA−FasLを提示するミクロゲル群と同様の性能で急性拒絶反応(MST=36日)をもたらした(図3A)。
免疫調節の局在的な性質のために、我々は、インビトロ増殖アッセイにおいて移植片レシピエントのドナー抗原に対する全身応答を評価した。SA−FasL操作を受けたミクロゲルで処理された長期(>200日)膵島移植片レシピエントからのCD4+およびCD8+T細胞は両方とも、ドナーおよびサードパーティの抗原に対する増殖反応を示した(図4Aおよび図14)。観察された応答は、非改変ミクロゲルに加えてラパマイシンを投与された拒絶マウスに由来のT細胞を使用して得られた応答と同様の大きさであった。この結果は、SA−FasL操作を受けたミクロゲルを投与されたマウスが全身の免疫能力を維持し、SA−FasL操作を受けたミクロゲルによってもたらされる防御が移植片に局在していることを示している。
腎臓被膜は、細胞送達を研究するための実験的に便利な移植部位であるが、臨床採用には限界がある。したがって、我々は、マウスの精巣上体脂肪体への同種膵島移植を検討した。マウスの精巣上体脂肪体は、ヒトの大網に類似している。重要なことに、大網は臨床的に関連する膵島移植部位を表している。Baidal et al.,N Engl J Med376(19):1887−1889(2017);およびBerman et al.,Diabetes,65(5):1350−1361(2016)を参照されたい。この部位に膵島を保持するために、膵島生着を改善する制御されたVEGF放出を伴うプロテアーゼ分解性PEGヒドロゲル内に移植片を送達させた。Weaver et al.,Sci Adv,3(6):e1700184(2017)を参照されたい。腎臓被膜部位に関する我々の結果と一致して、ラパマイシン治療の簡単な被覆下でSA−FasL−ミクロゲルと共移植された同種膵島は、対照と比較して糖尿病マウスの生着の有意な改善を示した(p<0.0008、図6A)。このモデルの膵島移植片も血糖値を正規化し、機能を実証した(図18)。SA−FasL提示ミクロゲル+ラパマイシン群において機能する膵島移植片を有するマウスの移植部位の免疫染色は、インスリンおよびグルカゴンに陽性に染色される多くの構造が明らかにし(図6B)、一方対照ミクロゲルで膵島を投与されたマウスでは、このようなインスリン陽性およびグルカゴン陽性構造は見られなかった。最後に、SA−FasL−ミクロゲル治療の潜在的な毒性の初期評価として、肝臓酵素の血清レベルを測定し、長期レシピエント(>60日)の肝臓および腎臓の組織学的検査を実施した(図6C)。肝臓酵素レベルは正常範囲内であり、SA−FasL提示ミクロゲルと対照との間に差はなかった。同様に、肝臓または腎臓の肉眼的組織構造に差はなかった。まとめると、これらの結果は、SA−FasL−ミクロゲル戦略が、許容できる安全性プロファイルを用いて、臨床的に関連する移植部位での慢性免疫抑制なく、移植膵島機能を改善することを示している。
ミクロゲルの合成および特性評価。5%w/vのPEG−4MAL(20kDa、Laysan Bio)および1.0mMのビオチン−PEG−チオール(1kDa、Nanocs)を含有するミクロゲル前駆体溶液を、PBS中でで15分間反応させた。この前駆体を液滴に分散させ、続いて、前述のように、マイクロ流体チップ上で、2%のSPAN80(Sigma)および30mg/mLジチオトレイトール(Sigma)の1:15エマルジョンを含む鉱油(Sigma)内で架橋させた。Headen et al.,Advanced Materials,26:3003−3008(2014)を参照されたい。ビオチン−PEG−チオールを含有しない対照ミクロゲルも、このプロトコルを使用して合成した。PBS中1%のウシ血清アルブミン(Sigma)での遠心分離によりミクロゲルを5回洗浄した後、104個のミクロゲルを500μLのPBSで様々な濃度のストレプトアビジン−AlexaFluor488複合体と30分間インキュベートし、遠心分離により5回洗浄して、未結合のSAを除去した。各試料からのミクロゲルを96ウェルプレートに入れ、プレートリーダー(Perkin Elmer HTS7000)で蛍光を測定した。ビオチンおよび対照ミクロゲルもまた、封入体の可視化のために共有結合ペプチド(GRGDSPC)−AlexaFluor594複合体を使用して合成し、SA固定化を確認するために蛍光撮像した。
Claims (37)
- FasLタンパク質を提示するように操作を受けた生体材料。
- 前記生体材料が、ヒドロゲルである、請求項1に記載の生体材料。
- 前記ヒドロゲルが、ビオチンを介して前記ヒドロゲルに結合したFasL部分と、ストレプトアビジンまたはアビジン部分とを含むキメラFasLタンパク質を含む、請求項2に記載の生体材料。
- 前記ヒドロゲルが、ビオチン部分を提示するように操作を受けたポリエチレングリコール(PEG)ミクロゲルである、請求項3に記載のヒドロゲル。
- 前記FasL部分が、マトリックスメタロプロテイナーゼ耐性FasLタンパク質である、請求項3に記載のヒドロゲル。
- 前記生体材料が、免疫抑制薬をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の生体材料。
- 前記免疫抑制薬が、ラパマイシンである、請求項6に記載の生体材料。
- 前記生体材料が、移植細胞をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の生体材料。
- 前記移植細胞が、前記生体材料によって封入されている、請求項8に記載の生体材料。
- 免疫寛容を、それを必要とする対象において誘導する方法であって、FasLタンパク質を提示するように操作を受けた生体材料を、免疫寛容を誘導するのに有効な量で、前記対象に投与することを含む、方法。
- 前記生体材料が、ヒドロゲルであり、前記ヒドロゲルが、ビオチンを介して前記ヒドロゲルに結合したFasL部分と、ストレプトアビジンまたはアビジン部分とを含むキメラFasLタンパク質を含む、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記ヒドロゲルが、ビオチン部分を提示するように操作を受けたポリエチレングリコール(PEG)ミクロゲルである、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記FasL部分が、マトリックスメタロプロテイナーゼ耐性FasLタンパク質である、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記対象が、移植細胞に対する免疫寛容を必要としている、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記移植細胞を投与することをさらに含む、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記生体材料が、前記移植細胞をさらに含む、請求項15に記載の方法。
- 前記移植細胞が、前記生体材料によって封入されている、請求項15に記載の方法。
- 前記移植細胞が、PBMC、骨髄細胞、造血幹細胞、幹細胞、間葉系幹細胞、樹状細胞、自己抗原でパルスされた樹状細胞、ヒトベータ細胞産物、および脾細胞から選択される、請求項15に記載の方法。
- 前記対象が、1型糖尿病の治療を必要としている、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 膵島細胞を前記対象に投与することをさらに含む、請求項19に記載の方法。
- 前記対象が、同種移植片拒絶の治療または予防を必要としている、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記対象に同種移植片ドナーからの細胞を投与することをさらに含む、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記対象が、異種移植片拒絶の治療または予防を必要としている、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記対象に異種移植片ドナーからの細胞を投与することをさらに含む、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 前記異種移植片ドナーが、ヒト、非ヒト霊長類、ブタ、イヌ、ネコ、ウシ、ヒツジ、ウマ、ウサギ、マウス、またはラットである、方法請求項24。
- 前記対象が、自己移植片拒絶の治療または予防を必要としている、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記対象に自己移植細胞を投与することをさらに含む、請求項26に記載の方法。
- 前記自己移植細胞が、人工多能性によって得られる、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 前記対象が、自己免疫の治療または予防を必要としている、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記対象に、ある細胞に提示される自己抗原を投与することをさらに含み、前記細胞が、(i)前記自己抗原を発現する細胞、(ii)前記自己抗原で装飾された細胞、および(iii)前記自己抗原でパルスされた樹状細胞から選択される、請求項29に記載の方法。
- 前記方法が、前記対象へのヒドロゲルの移植を含む、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記対象が、ヒト、非ヒト霊長類、ブタ、イヌ、ネコ、ウシ、ヒツジ、ウマ、ウサギ、マウス、またはラットである、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 免疫寛容を、それを必要とする対象において誘導するための、請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載のFasLタンパク質を提示するように操作を受けた生体材料。
- 免疫寛容を、それを必要とする対象において誘導するための薬剤の調製物における、請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の生体材料の使用。
- ビオチン化生体材料を、FasL部分とストレプトアビジンまたはアビジン部分とを含むキメラFasLタンパク質と接触させることを含む、請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の生体材料を作製する方法。
- 前記生体材料が、ポリエチレングリコール(PEG)ミクロゲルである、請求項35に記載の方法。
- 前記FasL部分が、マトリックスメタロプロテイナーゼ耐性FasLタンパク質である、請求項35に記載の方法。
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