JP2019533434A - ファンコニ貧血患者に対する遺伝子療法 - Google Patents
ファンコニ貧血患者に対する遺伝子療法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本願は、2016年9月8日に出願された米国仮出願番号62/385185および2016年10月24日に出願された米国仮出願62/412.028からの優先権および恩典を主張し、それらの内容の全体を参照により本明細書に組み入れる。
本発明は、概して、1つまたは複数のFANCAコードタンパク質からのタンパク質活性が減少または消失した細胞への遺伝子移入に関する。
本願に付属する配列表は、紙面の複製物に代えてテキスト形式で提供され、参照により本明細書に組み入れられる。配列を含むテキストファイルの名前は、ROPA_002_01WO_ST25.txtである。このテキストファイルは46KBであり、2017年9月8日に作成され、EFS-WEBを通じて電子的に提出される。
ファンコニ貧血(FA)は、患者の生存率の中央値がおよそ24歳である、常染色体劣性疾患である(X連鎖である相補群FA-Bを除く)(Butturini A, et al. (1994) Blood 84: 1650-1655(非特許文献1); Kutler DI, et al. (2003) Blood 101: 1249-1256(非特許文献2))。出生時、これらの患者の血球数は一般に正常である。大赤血球症が、多くの場合、これらの患者において検出される最初の血液学的異常である。これは通常、血小板減少症、貧血および汎血球減少症と共に発展する。通常、これらの患者において5〜10歳以降に骨髄不全(BMF)が観察され、血液学的疾患発症の平均年齢は7歳である。FA患者の約80%は、その生涯の最初の10年でBMFの兆候を示すであろう。今日までの疫学的研究に基づき、形成不全前に悪性エピソードが現れない場合、実質的にすべてのFA患者が40歳までにBMFを発症すると考えられ(Butturini A, et al. (1994) Blood 84: 1650-1655(非特許文献1); Kutler DI, et al. (2003) Blood 101: 1249-1256(非特許文献2))、これはこれらの患者における一番の死因である。
本発明は、概して、分子生物学およびウイルス学の分野、特に、遺伝子発現カセットならびに(例えば、ペプチド、ポリペプチド、リボザイムおよび触媒性RNA分子を含む)選択された治療用構築物をコードする核酸セグメントを脊椎動物の選択された細胞および組織に送達するのに有用なそれらを含むベクターに関する。特に、これらの遺伝子構築物は、FANCA遺伝子産物の機能不全に関連する哺乳動物、特にヒトの疾患、障害および機能不全を処置するための遺伝子療法に有用である。
それ以外の定義がなされていない限り、本明細書で使用される全ての技術および科学用語は、本発明の属する技術の分野における通常の知識を有する者によって一般に理解されているのと同じ意味を有する。本発明の実施には、本明細書に記載されているのと同様または同等の方法および材料が使用され得るが、以下では適当な方法および材料について記載する。本明細書中で言及されているすべての刊行物、特許出願、特許およびその他の参考文献は、明示的に、それらの全体が参照により組み入れられる。相反する場合、定義を含めて本明細書が優先される。加えて、本明細書に記載される材料、方法および実施例は例示にすぎず、限定を意図したものではない。
ファンコニ貧血(FA)は、主として骨髄不全(BMF)および癌体質により特徴づけられる稀な遺伝性染色体不安定症候群である(Butturini A et al. Blood. 1994; 84; 1650-1655; Kutler DI et al. Blood. 2003; 101: 1249-1256)。FAの有病率は、100万人あたり1〜5人であり、ヘテロ接合型キャリアの頻度は、300人に1人と見積もられている(Tamary H et al. Eur J Haematol. 2004; 72: 330-335)。
本開示のいくつかの局面において、真核生物細胞内でのFANCAトランスジーンの発現のための組成物が提供される。ある態様において、真核生物細胞は、哺乳動物細胞である。1つの態様において、哺乳動物細胞は、造血幹細胞(HSC)である。1つの態様において、哺乳動物細胞は、造血前駆体である。1つの態様において、哺乳動物細胞は、CD34+である。1つの態様において、哺乳動物細胞は、ヒト細胞である。具体的な態様において、細胞は、本明細書に開示される遺伝子送達によって形質導入された後にそのCD34+細胞によって処置されるべきFAと診断された対象由来であり、開示される遺伝子発現カセットを含むヒトCD34+細胞である。
(i)ホスホグリセリン酸キナーゼ(PGK)プロモーター配列またはその機能的変種もしくはフラグメント、
(ii)ヒトFANCAタンパク質またはその機能的フラグメントもしくは変種をコードする配列、および
(iii)ウッドチャック肝炎ウイルス配列の転写後調節エレメント(WPRE)
を含む。
(i)ヒトホスホグリセリン酸キナーゼ(PGK)プロモーター配列、
(ii)ヒトFANCAタンパク質をコードする配列、および
(iii)変異WPRE配列
を含む。
a)5'LTR、任意で改変5'LTR、
b)cPPT配列、
c)PGKプロモーター配列、任意でヒトPGKプロモーター配列、
d)ヒトFANCAタンパク質をコードする配列、任意でcDNA配列またはコドン最適化配列、
e)変異wPRE配列、および
f)3'LTR、任意で改変3'LTR
を含む。
;または
SEQ ID NO:24のヌクレオチド2649〜2882を含むかもしくはそれからなる配列。
;または
SEQ ID NO:24のポリヌクレオチド2031〜2156を含むかもしくはそれからなる配列。
;または
SEQ ID NO:24のポリヌクレオチド1586〜9495を含むかもしくはそれからなる配列。
;または
SEQ ID NO:24のポリヌクレオチド9262〜9495を含むかもしくはそれからなる配列。
;または
SEQ ID NO:24のポリヌクレオチド1586〜1789を含むかもしくはそれからなる配列。
;または
SEQ ID NO:24のヌクレオチド3378〜3495を含むかもしくはそれからなる配列。
;または
SEQ ID NO:24のヌクレオチド3541〜4051を含むかもしくはそれからなる配列。
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(i)初期pCCLsin-cppt-hPGK-eGFP-WPRE由来のレンチウイルスベクターの骨格(Dull et al, 1998; J. Virol 72(11), 9873-9880)。pCCL骨格は、プロデューサー細胞において高レベルのウイルスRNA転写を行うために異種CMV-HIV 5'LTRを利用する。そのような異種LTRは、rHIV粒子の産生のためにHIV Tatタンパク質を使用する必要性から構築物を解放し、したがってそれは安全な特徴である。3'LTRのU3領域は、そのベクターに自己不活性化特性を付与する(Zufferey et al J Virol, 1998)に記載される400 bp欠失を含む;
(ii)ヒトPGKプロモーターの制御下でFANCAタンパク質(1455 AA)をコードする(4368 bp GeneBankアクセッション番号:X_99226または本明細書に開示される)ヒトFANCA遺伝子のcDNA。このプロモーターは、遺伝子療法においてすでに使用されている他のプロモーターとの比較で、インビボでのその安定的な活性によっておよび改善された安全面の特性によってすでに特徴づけられている;および
(iii)Schambachら(Gene therapy, 2006; 13, 641-645)によって記載されるXタンパク質をコードする配列の3'領域および任意の残留するORFを含まない変異版のウッドチャック肝炎ウイルス転写後調節エレメント(WPRE)またはWPRE*。
以下でより詳細に述べるように、本明細書中で集合的に「本発明の組成物」と呼ばれる本発明のポリヌクレオチドカセットおよび遺伝子送達ベクターは、動物、例えば哺乳動物またはヒトの細胞におけるトランスジーン、例えばFANCAの発現において、有用である。例えば、本発明の組成物は、研究において、例えば、細胞の生存度および/または機能に対して遺伝子が及ぼす効果を決定するために使用され得る。もう一つの例として、本発明の組成物は、医療において、例えば、FAなどの障害を処置するために使用され得る。従って、本発明のいくつかの局面において、細胞を本開示の組成物と接触させる工程を含む、細胞における遺伝子の発現の方法が提供される。いくつかの態様において、接触は、インビトロで行われる。いくつかの態様において、接触は、インビボで行われる、即ち、本発明の組成物が対象へ投与される。
FANCAレンチウイルスベクター
RVと比較してLVの組み込みパターンがより高い安全性を有することから(Gonzalez-Murillo et al., 2008; Modlich et al., 2009; Montini et al., 2006; Mitchell RS, Beitzel BF, Schroder AR et al. Plos Biol. 2004; 2: E234; Montini E et al. J Clin Invest. 2009; 119: 964-975; Schroder AR et al. Cell. 2002; 110-521-529)、FA細胞の表現型を矯正する治療用ベクターとしてLVを開発することを目的とした(Gonzalez-Murillo et al., 2009)。さらに、最近の研究は、強力な内部プロモーターを有するLVが隣接遺伝子もトランス活性化し得ることを示している(Modlich et al., 2009)。LVは、治療効果と隣接遺伝子のトランス活性化の危険の間の妥協の産物として臨床での使用を考慮されていた。したがって、目的は、治療遺伝子の発現を誘導するエンハンサー/プロモーターによる遺伝子のトランス活性化の危険を抑制するために、治療的であり得るFANCA発現のしきいレベルを定義することであった。FANCA LVの効果を、最初にFA-A LCLにおいてインビトロで、その後にFA-A患者由来の初代BMサンプルにおいて、最後にFA-Aのマウスモデルにおいてインビボで、検証した。
*FANCAコピーあたりのFANCA mRNAおよびFANCAタンパク質のレベルを推定するため、健常ドナーLCLにおいてはゲノムFANCAが2コピーであるとみなした。
遺伝的に矯正されたまたはされていないいずれかのFA患者由来のBMサンプルの複製性を評価するため、複数のグループが、FA患者由来のBM細胞を免疫不全マウスに移植した。しかし、いずれの例においても、おそらくこれらの患者のBMに存在する造血前駆体およびHSCの数の少なさから、有意な生着が報告されなかった。
FA凍結保存造血幹細胞(HSC)の形質導入は新鮮な移植片の形質導入と比較して低効率であることが以前に示されているので(Jacome et al., 2009)、凍結保存FA BMサンプルの形質導入効率を最適化する試みを行った。図7に示されるように、3回の形質導入サイクルの実施が、1回の形質導入サイクル後に得られる値と比較して、FA CFCの形質導入効率を有意に増加させた(それぞれ、45.7±4.2%対13.5±5.1%)。サンプルを、2時間の静的な事前ローディングの後の1回の形質導入サイクル(16時間)からなる標準的な形質導入(白色バー;1xS)またはレンチウイルスベクターを用いた3回の形質導入サイクル(2時間+2時間+12時間)からなる改善された形質導入(灰色バー;3xD)に供した。
FANCAをPGKプロモーターによって誘導するLVの有効性から、ならびにPGKプロモーターを有するLVの安定性(Follenzi A et al. Nat Genet. 2000; 25: 217-222)および低い遺伝毒性(Modlich et al., 2009, Montini et al., 2006, Montini et al., 2009)を示す以前の研究に基づき、いかなるWPREエレメントも含まないまたはWPREもしくはWPRE*配列を有するPGK-FANCA LVを用いて、LCLにおいて、およびFA-A患者由来の骨髄細胞においても、さらなる実験を行った。図8Aに示されるように、これら3つのベクターはすべて、MMCに対するFA-A LCLの感受性をを同様に逆転させた。
LVはGALV-TRおよびVSV-Gの両方のエンベロープを用いて偽型化することができるので、2つのエンベロープで偽型化されたEGFP-LVを用いて至適条件下でFA患者由来の非選択骨髄細胞に形質導入する新しい実験を実施した。
図10Aに示されるレンチウイルスベクターの形質転換能を、コピー数あたりの再プレーティング回数で測定した。図10Bに示されるように、PGK-FANCA-WPRE* LV(PGK由来レンチウイルスベクター)に対応するレンチウイルスベクター骨格の形質転換能は、X1-SCIDおよびCGD臨床試験においてすでに使用されているウイルスプロモーターを有するベクターの形質転換能と比較して著しく低い。
FANCAレンチウイルスベクターは、ヒトPGKプロモーターの制御下でヒトFANCA cDNAをコードし、Xタンパク質ORFを欠く変異WPREにより転写後レベルで調節される第3世代自己不活性化rHIV1由来ベクターである(図1、図41およびSEQ ID NO:24を参照のこと)。そのようなFANCAレンチウイルスベクターは、FA遺伝子療法において以前から使用されているガンマレトロウイルスベクターを凌ぐ様々な利点、特に、造血幹細胞の多分化能を保存するのに有利である、短い事前活性化プロトコルにもかかわらず細胞に形質導入する能力を示す。
米国内で、FA-AおよびFA-C患者において2つの遺伝子療法試験が実施されたが、これらは臨床効果を示さなかった(Liu, J.M., et al.(1999). Engraftment of hematopoietic progenitor cells transduced with the Fanconi anaemia group C gene (FANCC). Hum. Gene Ther. 10: 2337-2346; Kelly, P.F., et al. (2007). Stem cell collection and gene transfer in fanconi anaemia. Mol Ther 15: 211-219)。上記試験の効果は、様々な最適化を通じて大きく改善され得る。2つの臨床試験は、将来の臨床利用のために十分数のCD34+細胞を収集および精製するプロセスの実現可能性を決定するため(FANCOSTEM)に前後して、ならびにFA相補群A(FA-A)を有する患者における遺伝子療法の安全性および効果を評価するため(FANCOLEN)に並行して実施された。図11を参照のこと。
第2の並行して行われる臨床試験(FANCOLEN)は、FA相補群A(FA-A)を有する患者における遺伝子療法の安全性および効果を評価することを目的とするものであった(FANCOLEN)。遺伝子矯正自己HSCを輸注することによってFA患者の造血能を回復させるために、最適化されたベクターおよび形質導入プロトコルを構築した。詳細に、これは、ファンコニ貧血サブタイプAを有する患者に対するFANCA遺伝子を有するレンチウイルスベクター(希少疾病用医薬品)を用いて形質導入された自己CD34+細胞の輸注の安全性および効果を評価するための第I/II相臨床試験であった。
G-CSF/プレリキサホル法で処置された患者由来の少量の動員末梢血(mPB)CD34+サンプルの治療用ベクターを用いた短期間形質導入は、17〜45%の形質導入効率を示した(図35)。少量のこれらのサンプルを、1.5 Gyで調整したNSGマウスに移植した。移植されたサンプルの大部分がNSGマウスに生着した(BM細胞の1〜10%がhCD45+/mCD45-であった)(図36)。さらに、生着したマウスにおいて、矯正されたCD34+ FA-A細胞の明白な選択優位性が観察された(図37)。
Claims (28)
- 5'から3'の順に以下:
(a)ヒトホスホグリセリン酸キナーゼ(PGK)プロモーター配列またはその機能的ホモログもしくは変種と、
(b)ヒトFANCAポリペプチドまたはその機能的フラグメントもしくは変種をコードする配列と、
(c)ウッドチャック肝炎ウイルス調節エレメント(WPRE)RNA輸送シグナル配列またはその機能的変種もしくはフラグメントと
を含むポリヌクレオチド配列を含む発現カセットであって、ヒトFANCAポリペプチドまたはその機能的フラグメントもしくは変種をコードする配列が、PGKプロモーター配列に機能的に連結されている、発現カセット。 - FANCAポリペプチドまたはその機能的フラグメントもしくは変種が、SEQ ID NO:25に示される配列を含む、請求項1記載の発現カセット。
- FANCAポリペプチドまたはその機能的フラグメントもしくは変種をコードする配列が、SEQ ID NO:8に示される配列を含む、請求項1記載の発現カセット。
- PGKプロモーターが、SEQ ID NO:7のヌクレオチド配列を含む、請求項1記載の発現カセット。
- WPREエレメントが、SEQ ID NO:23のヌクレオチド配列を含む、請求項1記載の発現カセット。
- SEQ ID NO:24のヌクレオチド配列を含む、請求項1記載の発現カセット。
- 1つまたは複数のエンハンサー配列をさらに含む、請求項1〜8のいずれか一項記載の発現カセット。
- (d)ポリプリントラクト(PPT)またはポリアデニル化(ポリA)シグナル配列
をさらに含む、請求項1記載の発現カセット。 - 以下の配列:
(e)パッケージングシグナル配列、
(f)短縮型Gag配列、
(g)Rev応答エレメント(RRE)、
(h)セントラルポリプリントラクト(cPPT)、
(i)セントラルターミナル配列(CTS)、および
(j)上流配列エレメント(USE)、任意でサルウイルス40由来(SV40-USE)
のうちの1つまたは複数をさらに含む、請求項1記載の発現カセット。 - 請求項1〜9のいずれか一項記載の発現カセットを含む、組換え遺伝子送達ベクター。
- ウイルスまたはウイルスベクターである、請求項10記載の組換え遺伝子送達ベクター。
- ウイルスまたはウイルスベクターが、レンチウイルス(LV)である、請求項11記載の組換え遺伝子送達ベクター。
- 請求項1記載の発現カセットまたは請求項11もしくは請求項12記載の組換え遺伝子送達ベクターを含む、細胞。
- 造血幹細胞である、請求項13記載の細胞。
- CD34+細胞である、請求項13記載の細胞。
- 薬学的に許容される賦形剤および請求項10〜12のいずれか一項記載の組換え遺伝子送達ベクターを含む、薬学的組成物。
- 薬学的に許容される賦形剤および請求項13〜15のいずれか一項記載の細胞を含む、薬学的組成物。
- その必要がある対象においてファンコニ貧血を処置する方法であって、請求項17または請求項17記載の薬学的組成物を該対象に提供する工程を含む、方法。
- その必要がある対象においてファンコニ貧血を処置するための方法であって、発現カセットを含むCD34+細胞を該対象に提供する工程を含み、該発現カセットは、5’から3'の順に以下:
(a)ヒトホスホグリセリン酸キナーゼ(PGK)プロモーター配列またはその機能的ホモログもしくは変種と、
(b)ヒトFANCAポリペプチドまたはその機能的フラグメントもしくは変種をコードする配列と、
(c)ウッドチャック肝炎ウイルス調節エレメント(WPRE)RNA輸送シグナル配列またはその機能的変種もしくはフラグメントと
を含むポリヌクレオチド配列を含み、ヒトFANCAポリペプチドまたはその機能的フラグメントもしくは変種をコードする配列が、PGKプロモーター配列に機能的に連結されている、方法。 - CD34+細胞が、前記対象から得られた、請求項19記載の方法。
- CD34+細胞が、前記対象を(i)G-CSFまたはフィルグラスチムおよび(ii)プレリキサホルの組み合わせで処置した後に該対象から得られた、請求項20記載の方法。
- CD34+細胞が、前記発現カセットを含む組換え遺伝子送達ベクターを用いて形質導入された、請求項20記載の方法。
- CD34+細胞が、該CD34+細胞と前記組換え遺伝子送達ベクターを約24時間接触させることによって形質導入された、請求項21記載の方法。
- その必要がある対象においてファンコニ貧血を処置するための方法であって、
(a)該対象においてCD34+細胞を動員するために、該対象に(i)G-CSFまたはフィルグラスチムおよび(ii)プレリキサホルの組み合わせを提供する工程、
(b)該対象からCD34+細胞を含む生物学的サンプルを入手する工程であって、該生物学的サンプルが任意で末梢血または骨髄である、工程、
(c)該生物学的サンプルから、CD34+細胞が濃縮された細胞集団を調製する工程、
(d)5'から3'の順に以下:
(i)プロモーター配列またはその機能的ホモログもしくは変種と、
(ii)ヒトFANCAポリペプチドまたはその機能的フラグメントもしくは変種をコードする配列と
を含むポリヌクレオチド配列を含む発現カセットを含む組換え遺伝子送達ベクターを用いて、CD34+細胞が濃縮された細胞集団に形質導入する工程であって、ヒトFANCAポリペプチドまたはその機能的フラグメントもしくは変種をコードする配列が、PGKプロモーター配列に機能的に連結されており、該形質導入が、該CD34+細胞が濃縮された細胞集団とレンチウイルスベクターを約24時間接触させることを含む、工程、ならびに
(e)工程(d)に起因するレンチウイルスベクターを用いて形質導入された細胞集団を該対象に提供する工程
を含む、方法。 - 前記細胞集団を調製する工程が、赤血球を除去する工程を含む、請求項23記載の方法。
- 前記細胞集団を調製する工程が、陽性選択、陰性選択またはそれらの組み合わせによりCD34+細胞を濃縮する工程を含む、請求項23記載の方法。
- 前記対象におけるファンコニ貧血の発症を阻害する、ファンコニ貧血の進行を停止させる、および/またはファンコニ貧血の血液学的症状の進行を逆転させる、請求項23記載の方法。
- ファンコニ貧血の血液学的症状が、BMF、血小板減少症、白血球減少症、汎血球減少症、好中球減少症および貧血のうちの1つまたは複数から選択される、請求項26記載の方法。
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