JP2019156695A - Composting treatment accelerator and method for producing compost - Google Patents

Abstract

To provide a composting treatment accelerator capable of efficiently composting a large quantity of organic waste, and a method for producing composts capable of largely producing composts at high efficiency.SOLUTION: A method for producing composts comprises: a step of preparing a mixture for composting treatment containing a composting treatment accelerator including Thermus thermophilus and Geobacillus bacteria and organic matter as the object for composting treatment; and a step of performing primary fermentation treatment under the temperature conditions of 70°C or higher to the mixture for composting treatment. A composting treatment accelerator includes: Thermus thermophilus; and Geobacillus bacteria in the abundance ratio of 25% or higher in total to the total bacterial count.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

  The present disclosure relates to a composting treatment promoting material and a method for producing compost.

Organic waste such as kitchen waste, sewage sludge, and livestock excrement can be recycled by composting under appropriate conditions and reducing the soil, so effective use of organic waste generated in large quantities In view of the above, there is a growing interest in efficient composting of organic waste.
In order to efficiently treat organic waste, it is required to rapidly decompose as much organic material as possible using microorganisms. However, in a limited space, so-called piles of organic waste become high. If the decomposition rate of the organic matter increases in this state, the inside of the stack inevitably becomes hot due to heat generation. Since composting of organic waste depends on the organic matter decomposition function of microorganisms, it is known that the activity of microorganisms is extremely reduced when the temperature is too high. For this reason, there is a demand for microorganisms that have high organic substance decomposing activity even at high temperatures.

  For example, Patent Document 1 grows in a wide range of 10 ° C. to 85 ° C., and grows at a temperature of 40 ° C. to 80 ° C., with a thermophilic actinomycete genus having lignin solubilizing ability and fibrin resolution, Only a deodorizing and fermenting agent for manure, manure, and livestock manure is disclosed, which mainly comprises a symbiotic mixed culture with a thermophilic fibrinolytic bacterium Clostridium thermocellum that ferments fibrin. This deodorant is merely described as being able to suppress the generation of malodor during the decomposition and composting process of nitrogen-containing compounds such as proteins.

  Patent Document 2 discloses that a high-calorie fermented product from an organic waste by aerobic fermentation, which includes introducing an aerobic thermophilic bacterium into the organic waste and fermenting the organic waste under aerobic conditions. The method of manufacturing is only disclosed. Moreover, in patent document 2, fermentation temperature shall be 60-80 degreeC, and aerobic thermophilic bacteria are at least 1 sort (s) selected from the group which consists of Bacillus genus bacteria, Thermus genus bacteria, Actinomycetes genus actinomycetes. It is simply described as containing bacteria.

  Patent Document 3 merely describes thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilis UTM802 and composting using the same. Thermus thermophilis UTM802 is only described as effectively decomposing and composting organic matter by high temperature fermentation at 60-80 ° C.

  Patent Document 4 merely discloses a composting method that promotes the ripening of livestock poultry feces by wet heat pretreatment. In the composting method described in Patent Document 4, after adjusting the water content to 50 to 70%, the raw material is heated to 80 to 95 ° C., and wet heat pretreatment is performed for 1 to 4 hours, and then about 50 ° C. And then inoculated with organic material ripening agent. Here, organic organic ripening agents are Ureibacillus thermosphaericus, Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Geobacillus thermodenitrificans, Rhodothermus marinus (Rhodothermus) And Thermus thermophilus.

JP-A-8-141058 International Publication No. 2012/093529 Pamphlet Chinese Patent No. 102851246 Chinese Patent No. 107141047 Specification

However, there are many unclear points about the activities of microorganisms that contribute to rapid composting, and there is still room for improvement with the conventional technology.
An object of the present disclosure is to provide a composting treatment promoting material capable of efficiently composting a large amount of organic waste, and a compost manufacturing method capable of manufacturing a large amount of compost with high efficiency.

The present disclosure includes the following aspects.
[1] Preparing a composting treatment mixture containing a composting treatment promoting material containing Thermus thermophilus and bacteria belonging to the genus Geobacillus and an organic substance to be composted, and a mixture for composting treatment In contrast, a method for producing compost including performing a primary fermentation treatment under a temperature condition of 70 ° C. or higher.
[2] In the primary fermentation treatment, aeration is performed on the composting mixture at an aeration amount of the composting mixture from 0.02 L / min / kg to 0.7 L / min / kg. Compost manufacturing method.
[3] The method for producing compost according to [1] or [2], wherein the water content of the mixture for composting treatment is 40% by weight to 75% by weight.
[4] Any of [1] to [3], wherein the composting mixture contains the composting accelerator and the organic substance in a weight ratio of 0.1: 99.9 to 1: 2. A method for producing compost according to 1.
[5] The method for producing compost according to any one of [1] to [4], comprising performing a secondary fermentation process after the primary fermentation process.
[6] A composting promoting agent comprising Thermus thermophilus and Geobacillus bacteria in a total ratio of 25% or more with respect to the total number of bacteria.
[7] The composting treatment promoting material according to [6], comprising Thermus thermophilus and Geobacillus bacteria in a ratio of 1:10 to 10: 1 based on the abundance ratio.
[8] The composting treatment promoting material according to [6] or [7], comprising a Thermus thermophilus and a Geobacillus bacterium in an abundance ratio of 3% or more with respect to the total number of bacteria.
[9] The composting treatment promoting material according to any one of [6] to [8], which is for composting treatment under a temperature condition of 70 ° C to 80 ° C.
[10] Compost containing Thermus thermophilus and Geobacillus bacterium in an abundance ratio of at least 10% relative to the total number of bacteria.

  According to the present disclosure, it is possible to provide a compost promoting material capable of efficiently composting a large amount of organic waste, and a compost manufacturing method capable of manufacturing a large amount of compost with high efficiency.

FIG. 1 is a graph showing the composting treatment promoting effect of each sample according to the example.

The method for producing compost according to the present disclosure provides a composting treatment mixture containing a composting treatment promoting material containing Thermus thermophilus and bacteria belonging to the genus Geobacillus, and an organic substance to be composted. And a primary fermentation process under a temperature condition of 70 ° C. or higher for the composting mixture.
The composting treatment promoting material according to the present disclosure is a composting treatment promoting material containing Thermus thermophilus and Geobacillus bacteria in a total ratio of 25% or more with respect to the total number of bacteria.
According to the present disclosure, it is possible to produce a large amount of compost with high efficiency by using a compost promoter that can efficiently compost a large amount of organic waste.

To explain this further, in order to efficiently compost a large amount of organic waste, it is effective to increase the amount of organic matter that can be treated per unit area. It is known that the temperature becomes higher than 70 ° C. For this purpose, microorganisms that are active at a high temperature of 70 ° C. or higher, for example, thermus thermophilus are used for this purpose.
The present disclosure is based on the finding that a Geobacillus bacterium having a low organic matter-degrading activity has the ability to increase the organic matter-degrading activity at high temperatures of the Thermus thermophilus by coexisting with the Thermus thermophilus. That is, the ability to decompose organic matter of thermus thermophilus can be remarkably enhanced by combining the genus Geobacillus with thermus thermophilus. As a result, it is possible to dramatically increase the composting efficiency, which cannot be said to be sufficient by thermus thermophilus alone, and to compost a large amount of organic waste more efficiently.

  As used herein, “compost” means compost obtained by ripening organic waste. In the present specification, “composting” means a step of decomposing organic matter in organic waste by the action of microorganisms and changing it to a state suitable for application to agricultural land. In the present specification, “composting treatment” generally means that organic substances are stored for a predetermined period of time under appropriate aeration and stirring conditions and fermented by microorganisms. In the present specification, the term “compost” is used not only when the organic matter is completely decomposed with the progress of ripening but also when it indicates an immature state. In the present specification, the “high temperature composting treatment” means a primary fermentation treatment under a temperature condition of 70 ° C. or higher.

In this specification, the term “process” is not limited to an independent process, and is included in the term if the intended purpose of the process is achieved even when it cannot be clearly distinguished from other processes. . In the present specification, a numerical range indicated by using “to” indicates a range including the numerical values described before and after the numerical value as a minimum value and a maximum value, respectively.
In this specification, the amount or content of each component in the mixture is the total amount of the plurality of substances present in the mixture unless there is a specific indication when there are a plurality of substances corresponding to each component in the mixture. Or the content rate is meant. In the present specification, the term “below” or “less than” in terms of percentage includes 0%, ie, “does not contain” unless otherwise specified, or includes a value not detectable by current means. Means range.

  A method for producing compost according to an aspect of the present disclosure provides a mixture for composting treatment containing a composting treatment promoting material containing Thermus thermophilus and bacteria belonging to the genus Geobacillus, and an organic substance to be composted. To perform (hereinafter may be referred to as a raw material preparation step), to perform a primary fermentation treatment under a temperature condition of 70 ° C. or higher on the composting mixture (hereinafter may be referred to as a primary fermentation treatment step). And other steps as necessary.

  In the raw material preparation step, a composting treatment mixture containing a composting treatment promoting material containing Thermus thermophilus and bacteria belonging to the genus Geobacillus and an organic material to be composted is prepared. The mixture for composting treatment is used as a raw material for the composting treatment.

  Organic materials subject to composting treatment include food waste, sludge, livestock waste, wood waste, etc., raw garbage, food processing residue, oil cake, vegetable waste, fish meal, sewage sludge, sewage sludge Chicken dung, cow dung, pig dung, sawdust, wood fragments, fallen leaves, etc. are generally used. These can be used alone or in combination of two or more. In the present specification, an organic substance that is an object of composting treatment may be referred to as an organic waste.

  The composting processing promoting material used in the raw material preparation step includes Thermus thermophilus and Geobacillus bacteria. The composting treatment promoting material may be composed of only these microorganisms, or may be composed of a microbial flora including other microorganisms as long as the efficiency of the high-temperature composting treatment is not impaired.

Thermus thermophilus is an aerobic gram-negative bacterium and is known as a hyperthermophilic bacterium.
Geobacillus bacteria are Gram-positive rods that have been reclassified from the genus Bacillus. If it is a genus Geobacillus, there is no restriction | limiting in particular, It can combine with a thermus thermophilus. Examples of the bacteria belonging to the genus Geobacillus include, for example, Geobacillus anatolicus, Geobacillus kaue, Geobacillus caldoproteolyticus, Geobacillus caldoxycilis de, (Geobacillus debilis), Geobacillus gargensis, Geobacillus kaustophilus, Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Geobacillus thermocatenum Lotus, Getuscillus thermocatenula Nitrophycans (Geobacillus thermodenitrificans), Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius, Geobacillus thermodenitrificans Scan (Geobacillus thermoleovorans), Geobacillus Urarikasu (Geobacillus uralicus), Geobacillus Uzenenshisu (Geobacillus uzenensis), and the like Geobacillus Barukani (Geobacillus vulcani).

  The composting treatment promoting material “contains” thermus thermophilus and genus Geobacillus, or these bacteria “exists” in the composting processing promoting material means that each bacterium contributes to the degradation activity. It means that it is present in the composting accelerator by the amount. The abundance effective for contributing to the degradation activity is a measurement method using Next Generation Sequence (NGS) analysis, and the abundance (abundance ratio) of bacteria is the total bacteria in the composting promoting agent. It means 3% or more, 4% or more, 5% or more, 6% or more, 7% or more, 8% or more, 9% or more, or 10% or more with respect to the number.

  The composting treatment promoting material is a thermus thermophilus and a Geobacillus genus bacterium, from the viewpoint of the treatment efficiency of composting, on the basis of the respective abundance ratios, 1:10 to 10: 1, 1: 5 to 5: 1, or It can be included in a ratio of 1: 2 to 2: 1.

  In one aspect of the present disclosure, a composting treatment promoting material is provided that includes Thermus thermophilus and bacteria belonging to the genus Geobacillus in a total ratio of 25% or more with respect to the total number of bacteria. The composting treatment promoting material that the total abundance ratio of the Thermus thermophilus and Geobacillus genus bacteria is 25% or more relative to the total number of bacteria, that is, 1/4 or more of the total number of bacteria, has higher composting efficiency. . In the present disclosure, a composting treatment promoting material containing thermus thermophilus and genus Geobacillus in a total ratio of 25% or more with respect to the total number of bacteria is a composting processing promoting material usable for high-temperature composting treatment. In particular, it may be referred to as a “high temperature composting treatment promoting material”. The high-temperature composting treatment promoting material in the present disclosure can be used favorably in order to perform the high-temperature composting treatment more efficiently, and can be used as a good inoculum.

With regard to the composting process, “high temperature” means a temperature higher than a temperature continuously applied for a predetermined period in a normal composting process, and a temperature range of about 70 ° C. or higher, that is, a range of 65 ° C. to 75 ° C. , And means a range including a higher temperature range.
When the composting treatment is performed using the high-temperature composting treatment promoting material, the temperature in the primary fermentation treatment step may be less than 70 ° C, for example, 65 ° C or more, or 68 ° C or more. The high-temperature composting treatment accelerator is preferably for primary fermentation treatment under a temperature condition of 70 ° C or higher, and is for composting treatment under a temperature condition of 70 ° C to 85 ° C or 70 ° C to 80 ° C. Is more preferable.

  The total abundance ratio of thermus thermophilus and Geobacillus bacteria in the high-temperature composting treatment promoting material is 28% or more, 30% or more, 32% or more, 33% or more, or 34% or more from the viewpoint of composting treatment efficiency. It can be. In this case, the Thermus thermophilus and Geobacillus bacteria can be included in the high-temperature composting promoting material in an abundance ratio of 3% or more, and each is independently 4% or more, 5% or more, 6% or more. , 7% or more, 8% or more, 9% or more, or 10% or more may be contained in the high-temperature composting treatment promoting material.

  The high-temperature composting treatment promoting material comprises thermus thermophilus and Geobacillus bacteria in a ratio of 1:10 to 10: 1, 1: 5 to 5: 1, or 1: 2 to 2: 1 based on the abundance ratio. Can be included.

From the viewpoint of composting efficiency, the embodiments of the present disclosure can provide the following high-temperature composting accelerator:
(1) Thermus thermophilus and Geobacillus genus bacteria are each independently present in an abundance ratio of 3% or more, and the abundance ratio is 25% or more in total with respect to the total number of bacteria;
(2) Thermus thermophilus and Geobacillus bacteria are included in an abundance ratio of 1:10 to 10: 1 and a total abundance ratio of 25% or more with respect to the total number of bacteria; or
(3) Thermus thermophilus and Geobacillus bacteria are each independently present in an abundance ratio of 3% or more, 1:10 to 10: 1 on the basis of the abundance ratio, and in total with respect to the total number of bacteria. It is included at an abundance ratio of 25% or more.

In the high-temperature composting accelerators of the above (1) to (3), the respective abundance ratios are independently 4% or more, 5% or more, 6% or more, 7% or more, 8% or more, 9% or more. Or 10% or more.
In the high-temperature composting treatment promoting material of the above (1) to (3), the ratio based on the abundance ratio can be 1: 5 to 5: 1, or 1: 2 to 2: 1.
In the high-temperature composting accelerator of (1) to (3) above, the total abundance ratio with respect to the total number of bacteria is 28% or more, 30% or more, 32% or more, 33% or more, or 34% or more. can do.
Hereinafter, unless otherwise specified, the matters described for the “composting treatment promoting material” also apply to the “high temperature composting treatment promoting material”.

  The composting treatment accelerator may contain organic matter-degrading microorganisms other than thermus thermophilus and geobacillus as long as the efficiency of the high-temperature composting treatment by thermus thermophilus and geobacillus is not impaired. Good. Other microorganisms that can be contained in the composting accelerator include, for example, Bacillus thermocloacae belonging to the genus Bacillus, Bacillus sphaericus, and Bacillus licheniformis; Examples include Thermoactinomyces vulgaris belonging to Actinomyces genus actinomycetes; Thermobifida fusca belonging to Thermobifida genus actinomycetes. Especially, since the microorganisms whose optimal growth temperature is 60 ° C. or higher, 65 ° C. or higher, or 70 ° C. or higher can be predicted to contribute to the composting treatment, the composting treatment promoting material contains these microorganisms. be able to.

From the viewpoint of composting treatment efficiency, it is preferable that the composting treatment promoting material does not contain microorganisms that cannot be expected to contribute to the composting treatment, or contains a very small amount of microorganisms. When such microorganisms that cannot be expected to contribute to the composting treatment have growth activity during the period of the high-temperature composting treatment, they can compete with the Thermus thermophilus and Geobacillus bacteria in terms of nutrient intake.
Examples of microorganisms that cannot be expected to contribute to such high-temperature composting treatment include microorganisms that have growth activity at high temperatures and do not have organic substance decomposing activity, such as organic substance decomposing activity at 60 ° C or higher, 65 ° C or higher, or 70 ° C or higher And microorganisms that do not have In the present specification, a microorganism that has a proliferation activity at a high temperature and does not have an organic matter degrading activity may be referred to as a “high temperature inactive bacteria”. Examples of the bacteria not included in the composting treatment promoting material include, for example, ureibacillus genus JD5 strain, ureibacillus genus YWX5 strain; Rhodothermus marinus, Thermodesulfobacterium commune, Thermotoga maritima, Aquifex pyrophilus, Thermococcus barophilus, and Pyrococcus horikoshii.

  Here, “no microorganisms” means that the abundance ratio is 1% or less of the total number of bacteria in the measuring method by NGS analysis, or cannot be detected, or does not grow in the process of composting.

  In one aspect of the present disclosure, the composting processing accelerator may include a microorganism that does not grow at high temperatures, that is, does not compete with the Thermus thermophilus and Geobacillus bacteria, and does not have degradation activity at high temperatures.

  The composting treatment promoting material can contain other components as long as they do not inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Examples of such other components include carriers, adsorbents, packing agents, and flocculants that can be used for composting. Examples of the carrier include sawdust, rice straw, wheat straw, rice husk, wood chips, biodegradable polymer, perlite, vermiculite, zeolite, diatomaceous earth, Kanuma earth, or combinations thereof, talc, clay, calcium carbonate, or combinations thereof. Mineral powders such as, polymer compounds such as polyvinyl alcohol, natural polymer compounds such as xanthan gum, alginic acid, or combinations thereof.

The composting mixture may contain other components in addition to the combination of the composting accelerator and organic waste.
Examples of other components that can be included in the composting mixture include a moisture adjusting auxiliary material, a pH adjusting agent, a breathability improving material, and a C / N adjusting material.

The auxiliary material for moisture adjustment is an organic substance blended for adjusting the moisture content of the mixture for composting treatment, and examples thereof include sawdust and wood chips.
Examples of the pH adjuster include sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide and the like.
Examples of the air permeability improving material include sawdust, wood chips, vermiculite, biodegradable polymer plastic pieces, and pruned branches. The air permeability improving material can also exist as a moisture adjusting sub-material.

  The composting mixture is not particularly limited as long as it contains the composting accelerator and the organic waste. From the viewpoint of efficiency, the mixture for composting treatment contains a composting treatment promoting material and an organic waste, 0.1: 99.9 to 1: 2, 1:99 to 1: 5, or 5:95 to It can be included in a weight ratio of 10:90.

  The mixture for composting treatment may be obtained by mixing a composting processing accelerator and an organic substance, or may be provided as a mixture of a composting accelerator and an organic substance. When the mixture for composting treatment is obtained by mixing the composting treatment promoting material and the organic matter, the mixing ratio is determined so as to be the above-mentioned abundance ratio, and the composting treatment is promoted based on the determined mixing ratio. The material and the organic substance can be mixed.

  In the primary fermentation treatment step, a primary fermentation treatment is performed on the composting treatment mixture under a temperature condition of 70 ° C. or higher. The primary fermentation process means a process for decomposing organic substances that are relatively easily decomposed, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and cellulose having low crystallinity. In the primary fermentation treatment step according to the present disclosure, such organic matter is efficiently decomposed by microorganisms in the composting treatment promoting material including thermus thermophilus and genus Geobacillus, by being performed at a temperature condition of 70 ° C. or higher. By performing primary fermentation at a temperature condition of 70 ° C or higher, a large amount of organic waste can be quickly processed, saving space, saving energy in processing, speeding up processing, inactivating or eliminating pathogenic bacteria, etc. The benefits of In the present specification, the composting mixture after the composting process is started may be simply referred to as “composting product”.

  The primary fermentation of the composting mixture is preferably performed using an apparatus having a relatively large-scale fermenter from the viewpoint of processing efficiency. For example, an apparatus having a height of 1.5 to 1.8 m, a width of 2 to 6 m, and a length of 50 to 100 m can be used, but is not limited thereto. Moreover, it is preferable that the apparatus for primary fermentation is equipped with the stirrer for stirring a processed material from a viewpoint of processing efficiency. By operating the stirrer, so-called “turn-back” can be performed, and thereby the processing efficiency of the fermentation process by the aerobic microorganism can be increased.

  The treatment temperature in the primary fermentation treatment may be 70 ° C or higher, or 75 ° C or higher, and 80 ° C or lower, or 85 ° C or lower, for example, 70 ° C to 85 ° C, Or it can be set as 70 to 80 degreeC. The “treatment temperature” in the present specification means a temperature in a high temperature range achieved by fermentation of microorganisms after the treatment is started from room temperature, and excludes the time when the temperature falls below 70 ° C. from the room temperature in the initial stage of the primary fermentation process. It doesn't mean. The treatment temperature in the primary fermentation treatment can be the temperature of the composting treatment product. Specifically, as the internal temperature of the composting treatment product accommodated in the fermenter, for example, a bimetal thermometer (Ishihara) The temperature is obtained by measurement using a thermometer factory 15D).

  The primary fermentation treatment step can include a temperature raising step for raising the temperature of the composting mixture or the composting treatment product to 70 ° C. before the treatment temperature reaches 70 ° C. The heating rate can be appropriately changed depending on the size and structure of the fermentation apparatus to be used, the composting accelerator, the mixture for composting, the state of microorganisms in the composting product, etc. Can be adjusted. When using a device having a relatively large-scale fermenter as described above (hereinafter sometimes referred to as a large device in the present specification), from the viewpoint of processing efficiency, for example, 0.2 ° C./hour to 2 ° C. / It can be time. Similarly, in a minireactor that is smaller than a large apparatus, from the viewpoint of processing efficiency, for example, it can be set to 1 ° C./hour to 4 ° C./hour.

  The water content of the mixture for composting treatment after the start of the primary fermentation treatment may be in a range that does not impair the composting treatment with the composting treatment promoting material, and is 40% by weight or more as the lower limit from the viewpoint of improving the efficiency of the treatment. 50% by weight or more, or 55% by weight or more, and the upper limit may be 65% by weight or less, 70% by weight or less, or 75% by weight or less. The water content of the composting mixture or the composting product can be, for example, 40% to 75%, 50% to 70%, or 55% to 65% by weight. As the moisture content of the composting mixture or the composting product, a value measured using a compost moisture meter may be employed as it is.

  The pH of the mixture for composting treatment in the primary fermentation treatment step may be in a range that does not impair the composting treatment by the composting treatment promoting material. From the viewpoint of improving the efficiency of the treatment, pH 5.0 to 8.5, pH 6 0.0 to 7.5, or pH 6.5 to 7.0.

  In the primary fermentation treatment step, the composting treatment product can be aerated from the viewpoints of the activity of microorganisms in the composting treatment promoting material, fermentation efficiency, and the like. The amount of aeration in the primary fermentation process varies depending on the size of the fermentation apparatus and the like. For example, from the viewpoint of fermentation efficiency and the like, 0.02 L / min / kg to 0.7 / min / kg, 0.04 L / min / kg It can be appropriately selected from the range of 0.7 L / min / kg, 0.1 L / min / kg to 0.6 L / min / kg, or 0.2 L / min / kg to 0.5 L / min / kg. When using a large apparatus, from the viewpoint of processing efficiency, for example, 0.02 L / min / kg to 0.4 L / min / kg, 0.04 L / min / kg to 0.4 L / min / kg, 0.05 L / Min / kg to 0.3 L / min / kg or 0.1 L / min / kg to 0.3 L / min / kg. In the case of a small minireactor, from the viewpoint of processing efficiency, for example, 0.3 L / min / kg to 0.7 L / min / kg, 0.3 L / min / kg to 0.6 L / min / kg, or 0. It can be set to 4 L / min / kg to 0.5 L / min / kg. In the case of a large apparatus, the ventilation amount may be referred to the catalog value of the blower, and in the case of a minireactor, it can be a value measured with a mass flow meter or the like.

  In the primary fermentation treatment step, in order to avoid excessive drying of the composting treatment mixture, excessive high temperature, reduction in water content, etc., watering can be performed on the composting treatment mixture being treated.

The period of a primary fermentation process can be set in the range which does not impair processing efficiency, and can be 20 days or more, 25 days or more, or 30 days or more from a viewpoint of processing efficiency. The primary fermentation treatment can be terminated when active organic matter decomposition is completed, and can generally be 35 days or less, 40 days or less, or 45 days or less. The period during which the temperature condition of 70 ° C. or higher is maintained in the primary fermentation process can be 10 days or more, 20 days or more, or 30 days or more. Thereby, primary fermentation can be performed efficiently and a large amount of organic waste can be efficiently composted. A primary fermentation process can include the period used as the temperature below 70 degreeC, as long as the primary fermentation process by the temperature conditions of 70 degreeC or more is implemented.
However, according to the state of fermentation, it can apply other than the period mentioned above, for example, a primary fermentation process may be less than 20 days.

According to one aspect of the present disclosure, the method for producing compost can include performing secondary fermentation after the primary fermentation treatment, that is, a secondary fermentation treatment step. The secondary fermentation treatment means a treatment that decomposes a hardly decomposable polymer organic material that has not been decomposed by the primary fermentation treatment, for example, highly crystalline cellulose, lignin and the like.
There is no restriction | limiting in particular about a secondary fermentation process, The conditions normally performed in a composting process can be applied as it is. For example, the temperature can be set to 50 ° C. to room temperature (20 to 25 ° C.), pH 6 to 8, and the moisture content of the treated product can be 40 wt% to 10 wt%.

  The compost obtained by the manufacturing method of the present compost contains at least 10% or more of Thermus thermophilus and Geobacillus bacteria as abundance ratio relative to the total number of bacteria. As described above, the abundance of each of the Thermus thermophilus and Geobacillus bacteria with respect to the total number of bacteria can be evaluated by NGS analysis.

The composting treatment promoting material according to one embodiment of the present disclosure can be used as a seed for composting treatment alone or in combination with other inoculating seeds.
The compost according to one embodiment of the present disclosure can be used as compost having high maturity and high quality.

  Hereinafter, the present disclosure will be described in detail by way of examples. However, the present invention is not limited to them. Unless otherwise specified, “part” or “%” is based on weight.

[Example 1]
<Composting with high-temperature active microorganisms>
(1) Preparation of organic waste raw materials Composting wood chips produced from felled trees as a secondary material for moisture adjustment using a mixture of food processing residues and wastewater treatment sludge generated at multiple food processing plants in different industries Mixed with raw material. Wood chips do not completely decompose during composting, so they were sieved from the product and used as a secondary material to be mixed with the next compost raw material. The mixing ratio was 1: 1 to 1: 1.5 by volume with respect to the raw material, and the target moisture after mixing was 65% by weight. The raw materials were mixed with a wheel loader.

(2) Composting apparatus and operation The fermentation apparatus was a horizontal type equipped with a self-propelled stirring device, and had a size of 3 m × 50 m × 2 m. The compost raw material mentioned above was thrown into the fermentation apparatus with a wheel loader. The composted product in the fermentation apparatus is stirred and transferred from the inlet to the outlet by a self-propelled turning device once a day. One turnover takes two and a half hours. Water spraying was also performed as necessary, such as overdrying of the composted product and elimination of high temperature. Along with the reversal, a new compost material was introduced because there was a space at the fermenter inlet.
In the fermenter, the compost material moves from the inlet to the outlet over 25 days. Compost samples were collected at five locations in the apparatus length direction. The elapsed days in the apparatus until each sample is taken correspond to the fifth, ninth, thirteenth, seventeenth, and twenty-first days from the introduction of the raw materials, respectively. These samples were designated as G-1 to G-5. Samples were taken from a depth of 70 cm from the deposit surface.
The pipe for aeration had a diameter of 10 cm, and was embedded in the bottom of the fermentation layer at intervals of about 2.5 m in the fermentation layer length direction. A roots blower manufactured by Anlet Co., Ltd. was used as the blower, and the ventilation rate was constant at 0.044 L / min / kg composted product.

  Moisture, temperature, and oxygen concentration at a depth of 70 cm at the sampling position in the fermentation apparatus were measured once a day. The moisture content was measured by inserting a moisture meter for compost (Takemura Electric Mfg. Co., Ltd., M432-1400G) at a depth of 70 cm in the fermentation layer. The temperature was measured by inserting a bimetal thermometer (Ishihara Thermometer Seisakusho, 15D). The oxygen concentration was measured by inserting a measurement probe at a depth of 70 cm at the time of collecting the compost sample, inhaling, and then introducing the probe into an oxygen concentration meter (Riken Keiki Co., Ltd., portable gas monitor GX-8000 TYPEO2).

(3) Confirmation of composting Distilled water was added to the collected compost sample at a weight ratio of 1:10 (compost sample: distilled water), and the mixture was sufficiently stirred to make a uniform suspension. The suspension was allowed to stand and the pH of the supernatant was measured with a pH meter. At the same time, the electric conductivity was measured with an electric conductivity meter (HORIBA COND METER ES-71).
The qualitative change of compost was quantified by the germination index (GI). The germination index was measured according to the method of Zucconi et al. (Zucconi, F., Forte, M., Monoaco, A., deBertoldi, M., Biological evaluation of compost maturity, BioCycle, July / August, 27-29 (1981 )). 100 ml of distilled water was added to 10 g of the compost sample, and after stirring, the mixture was filtered with filter paper. The filtrate was put into a petri dish and 12 seeds of Japanese mustard seeds were sown. The experiment was performed in triplicate. After cultivation at 27 ° C. under dark conditions for 5 days, the number of germinated individuals was counted and the length of germinated roots was measured. For comparison, an experiment using distilled water was performed, and a germination index (GI) was calculated using a formula proposed by Zucconi et al.
Table 1 shows changes over time in the temperature, oxygen concentration, pH, moisture, EC (electrical conductivity), and GI in the large-scale practical-scale composting obtained above.

As shown in Table 1, the temperature reached 60 ° C. by 5 days after composting, and then maintained a high temperature of about 70 ° C. or higher until the composting was completed. As for the oxygen concentration, there was almost no remaining oxygen after 5 days of composting, and there was a temporary shortage of oxygen, but thereafter the oxygen concentration increased and sufficient aerobic conditions were maintained. I understand.
About pH, it was maintained at the value suitable for the activity of the compost microorganisms from weak acidity to neutrality except the composting 13th. The water content is slightly higher at 70% or more at the initial stage of composting, but then decreases and converges to a value of about 65%, which is suitable for keeping the activity of microorganisms high. I understand that there was. EC once increased from 2 to a value of around 3.5, but decreased again as composting progressed to a value of around 1.5.

The low EC value in the raw material indicates that the raw material was suitable for composting with a low salt concentration in the raw material. The germination index was around 100% after the middle of composting. The germination index tests for damage to plant growth by immature compost. When the value of the germination index is large, the inhibition is small and 100% indicates that the degree of inhibition is almost the same as that of distilled water, that is, there is no inhibition by immature compost.
The above results confirm that there are high-temperature active microorganisms in the composted product at 70 ° C. or higher, and that these microorganisms can achieve good composting even in large-scale practical composting.

[Example 2]
<Confirmation of high temperature active microorganisms>
(1) NGS analysis of microorganisms in compost sample The treated products on the 5th, 9th, 13th, 17th and 21st days from the start of composting were collected as G-1 to G-5, respectively. A compost sample was used (see Table 1).
DNA was extracted from 0.2 g of the collected compost sample using a DNA extraction kit “Isoil for Beads Beating” (Nippon Gene Co., Ltd.). The extracted bacterial DNA was amplified by PCR using a region containing a part of the 16S rRNA (V3, V4 region). The reagents used for PCR amplification were 2.5 μL of 10 × EX Taq buffer (Takara Bio Inc., Otsu, Japan), 2 μL of 2.5 mM dNTPs (Takara Bio Inc., Otsu, Japan), 0.625 U TakaRa EX. Taq ^™ HS (RR006A, Takara Bio Inc., Otsu, Japan), Primer F (SEQ ID NO: 1) and Primer R (SEQ ID NO: 2) to be 0.2 μM, and 1 μL of template so that the total amount becomes 25 μL In ultrapure water. The sequences of primers F and R and the amplification conditions are shown in Table 2, respectively. For PCR amplification, TaKaRa PCR Thermal Cycler Dice (registered trademark) Standard (TP600, Takara Bio Inc.) was used. In order to confirm that the target sequence was amplified by PCR, the PCR amplification product was electrophoresed using 1.0 × Tris-borate-EDTA (TBE) agarose gel (agar concentration: 2% by weight).

Subsequently, impurities contained in the sample were removed from the amplified PCR product using AMPure XP bead (Beckman Colestar). Nextera XT Index kit (Illumina, USA) index primer was ligated to the purified PCR product (see Table 3). Reagents used for PCR amplification were 5 μL of 10 × EX Taq buffer (Takara Bio Inc., Otsu, Japan), 4 μL of 2.5 mM dNTPs (Takara Bio Inc., Otsu, Japan,), 1.25 U TakaRa EX Taq. ^TM HS (RR006A, Takara Bio Inc., Otsu, Japan), 5 μL Nextera XT Index Primer 1 (N7xx), 5 μL Nextera XT Index Primer 2 (S5xx), and 1 μL of template to a total volume of 50 μL Mixed in pure water. PCR amplification conditions are the same as above (see Table 1). Thereafter, the PCR product was sent to Hokkaido System Science Co., Ltd., and the nucleotide sequence was determined.

  Analysis of the obtained nucleotide sequence data is performed using the software package Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology (QIIME), ver 1.9.1 (Caporaso et al., QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data, 7, 335-336 (2010 )). After removing the adapter sequence and aligning the base sequences (about 300 bp) read from the forward and reverse primers, the sequences were complemented to obtain a base sequence of about 465 bp. Thereafter, 16S rRNA sequence data was subjected to OTU analysis at a threshold of 97%, and assigned to bacterial taxonomic groups to obtain a microbiota composition. The results are shown in Table 4.

As for the microbial flora, the genus Bacillus was the main bacterium in G-1, but as fermentation progressed, the presence of the genus Geobacillus, the bacterium belonging to the “Bacillales other than the family 4”, thermus thermophilus The ratio was found to be relatively high. In addition, “Bacilales other than 4 departments” refers to the Bacilales family, Bacillaceae family, Paenibacillaceae family, Planococcaceae family, and Sporolactoba flyer other than Geobacillus bacteria and Bacillus bacteria. D refers to bacteria excluding the family Sporolactobacillaceae. Further, “others” refers to bacteria other than Geobacillus bacteria, Bacillus bacteria, Bacillus eyes bacteria other than 4 families, and Thermos thermophilus.
In Table 4, the amount of microorganisms is shown as a ratio to the total number of target bacteria × 100 (%).

As a result, as shown in Table 4, in the compost samples G-2 to G-5, the presence of bacteria belonging to the genus Geobacillus can be confirmed, and in G-3, G-4 and G-5, thermus thermophilus It was confirmed that a sufficient amount of Geobacillus bacteria was present.
As shown in Table 1, since the compost samples G-2 to G-5 are all in an environment of 70 ° C. or higher and high-quality compost is obtained, the genus Geobacillus and thermus thermophilus However, it was suggested that it contributed to good composting.
In addition, halophilic bacteria were not detected in any of G-1 to G-5.

(2) Confirmation of microorganisms contained in high-temperature active microorganism group Rabbit food was used as a raw material to simulate garbage. Rabbit food was mixed with sawdust, which is a breathability improving material, and seed bacteria were added to obtain a mixture for composting treatment. The mixing ratio was 10: 9: 1 by dry weight ratio as rabbit food: sawdust: inoculum.

As inoculum, in addition to compost samples G-1, G-2, G-3, G-4, and G-5, commercially available compost (hereinafter referred to as microbial material CM) and cultured strain inoculated samples were used. . As the culture strain, Thermus thermophilus HB8 (Thermus thermophilus HB8, JCM10941), Thermus thermophilus TMY (Thermus thermophilus TMY, JCM10668), and Geobacillus stearothermophilus JCM2501 (Geobacillus stearothermophilus JCM2501) were used. Hereinafter, Thermus thermophilus HB8 is referred to as “HB8 strain”, Thermus thermophilus TMY is referred to as “TMY strain”, and Geobacillus stearothermophilus JCM2501 is referred to as “JCM2501 strain”. HB8 strain, TMY strain and JCM2501 strain were all sold from RIKEN BioResource Center. Each of these strains is purely cultured and inoculated into each compost sample (G-1 to G-5) and CM to a concentration of about 10 ⁸ CFU / g-dry weight according to Table 5, did.
Using these inoculums, eleven types of composting mixtures and samples A to K were obtained. Tables 5 and 6 show the composition of each sample. In Table 5, it means that both the left and right microorganisms of “/” were used.

  As shown in Table 6, the Geobacillus genus bacteria, Thermus thermophilus, in CM had a very low abundance ratio. In addition, G-2, which originally had an abundance ratio of Thermus thermophilus of about 1.3%, increased to an abundance ratio of 17.8% by inoculation with HB8 strain. Moreover, by inoculating HB1 strain and JCM2501 strain into CM, both the thermus thermophilus and the genus Geobacillus had a high abundance ratio of 10% or more.

The pH of each of the 11 kinds of treatment mixtures described above was adjusted to 8.5 using slaked lime, and the water content of the treatment mixture was adjusted to 60% by adding distilled water. The treatment mixture after adjusting the pH and moisture content was subjected to a composting treatment using a minireactor to obtain a treated product.
The minireactor was configured as follows. The reactor body was a Pyrex (registered trademark) glass cylinder (diameter 45 mm × depth 100 mm), and a silicon rubber stopper with a glass tube inserted therein was attached to the upper and lower parts of the cylinder. Samples AK were placed in the reactor and the reactor body was placed in an incubator for temperature control. The aerated air was first led to a carbon dioxide trap containing an aqueous NaOH solution, and after removing the carbon dioxide, it was passed through a bubbler, saturated with water vapor, and led to the reactor. The aeration rate was maintained at 0.458 L / min per kg of sample. This aeration rate has been found to be sufficient to maintain the reactor interior in aerobic conditions.

  The composting temperature was raised from 30 ° C. to 70 ° C. at a rate of 2.5 ° C./h. Thereafter, the composting treatment was carried out for 5 days while maintaining the composting temperature constant at 70 ° C. This corresponds to a composting process for 10 to 20 days when a large-scale apparatus is used. The exhaust gas from the reactor was collected in a 5 L polyvinyl fluoride tedlar (registered trademark, hereinafter abbreviated) bag (Omi Odo Air Service Co., Ltd.). The Tedlar bag is replaced every 24 hours, the volume of collected gas is measured, and the concentration of carbon dioxide is quantified with a Kitagawa type gas detector tube (Komimei Chemical Co., Ltd.), and the amount of carbon dioxide generated every 24 hours. Was calculated as the carbon dioxide gas generation rate (molar amount) per day. In order to uniformly decompose organic matter during the composting process, the compost was mixed and stirred with a sterilized spatula every 24 hours during the composting period.

The results are shown in Table 7 and FIG. In FIG. 1, samples F and H are omitted. In Table 7, the evaluation regarding the promotion effect was based on the following maximum carbon dioxide gas generation rate.
^{-: 2.0 × 10 -3 mol /} d or less ^{±: 5.0 × 10 -3 mol /} d or less ^{+: 8.0 × 10 -3 mol /} d or less ++: 10.0 × ^{10 3} mol / D or less +++: More than 10.0 × 10 ⁻³ mol / d

  As shown in Table 7 and FIG. 1, in the samples F to H, organic matter decomposition was promoted only by the compost sample obtained in Example 1. From this, it can be seen that the compost samples G-3, G-4, and G-5 contained microorganisms having a high promoting effect. On the other hand, the acceleration effect was not seen in the sample A only of the compost sample G-1 and the sample I only of the commercially available microbial material CM. In addition, the sample C containing only G-2 having a thermus thermophilus abundance ratio of less than 3% and a total abundance ratio of thermus thermophilus and bacteria of the genus Geobacillus less than 25% shows a good promoting effect. I couldn't.

Furthermore, Sample B in which thermus thermophilus HB8 is added to the compost sample G-1, Sample D in which thermus thermophilus HB8 is added to the compost sample G-2 in which the abundance ratio of the genus Geobacillus is relatively high, and the thermus thermophilus TMY are included. When the promotion effect of the added sample E is compared, it can be seen that the promotion effect of samples D and E is remarkably high.
From these results in Tables 4 to 7, thermus thermophilus is an effective microorganism for promoting the decomposition of organic matter, and if there is sufficient Geobacillus bacteria in addition to the thermus thermophilus, the effect of promoting the decomposition is greatly increased. I understand that. This can also be confirmed from the samples I to K.

  In addition, from the result of the sample B of only the compost sample G-2 and the sample I of only the commercially available microbial material CM, the decomposition of the organic substance by the bacteria belonging to the Bacilales other than the above four families and the bacteria of the genus Bacillus alone or in combination The promotion effect was shown to be small.

The samples D to H and K obtained above, particularly G-3 to G-5, can be used as inoculum for composting using the large-scale practical scale fermentation apparatus used in Example 1.
For example, each of G-3 to G-5 and organic waste are mixed at a weight ratio of 1:19 to obtain respective high temperature composting treatment mixtures. The obtained high temperature composting treatment mixture is subjected to a primary fermentation treatment that maintains a temperature of 70 ° C. or higher, for example, for 4 days or longer. The obtained primary fermentation treatment product can be reused as an inoculum, or can be subjected to a secondary fermentation treatment. After this secondary fermentation treatment, compost is obtained. When the obtained compost is evaluated by a germination index, it can be confirmed that the compost is good.

  Thus, the combination of thermus thermophilus and genus Geobacillus is effective as an inoculum for composting and as a composting accelerator, and it is efficient at a high temperature by using a mixture for composting containing this combination. Compost can be manufactured well. It can be confirmed that the obtained compost has a high degree of maturity and contains 10% or more of each of thermus thermophilus and Geobacillus bacteria.

Claims (10)

Preparing a mixture for composting treatment containing a composting treatment promoting material containing Thermus thermophilus and bacteria belonging to the genus Geobacillus, and an organic substance to be composted;
Performing a primary fermentation process on the composting mixture under a temperature condition of 70 ° C. or higher,
A method of manufacturing compost including   The compost production according to claim 1, wherein the composting mixture is aerated at a rate of 0.02 L / min / kg to 0.7 L / min / kg composting mixture during the primary fermentation process. Method.   The method for producing compost according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the water content of the mixture for composting treatment is 40 wt% to 75 wt%.   The said mixture for composting process contains the said composting process acceleration | stimulation material and the said organic substance in the weight ratio of 0.1: 99.9-1: 2, any one of Claims 1-3. Compost manufacturing method.   The manufacturing method of the compost of any one of Claims 1-4 including performing a secondary fermentation process after a primary fermentation process.   A composting treatment promoting material containing Thermus thermophilus and Geobacillus bacteria in a total ratio of 25% or more with respect to the total number of bacteria.   The composting treatment promoting material according to claim 6, comprising Thermus thermophilus and Geobacillus bacteria in a ratio of 1:10 to 10: 1 based on the abundance ratio.   The composting treatment promoting material according to claim 6 or 7, which contains Thermus thermophilus and Geobacillus bacteria in an abundance ratio of 3% or more with respect to the total number of bacteria.   The composting treatment accelerator according to any one of claims 6 to 8, which is used for composting treatment under a temperature condition of 70 ° C to 80 ° C. Compost containing Thermus thermophilus and Geobacillus bacteria in an abundance ratio of at least 10% of the total number of bacteria.