JP2019086317A - Actinometer and cloud behavior predicting system using the same - Google Patents

Abstract

To provide an actinometer which prevents false measurements and damages caused by flying objects such as birds or insects, and is suitable for measuring solar radiation, and to provide a system for predicting behaviors of clouds which affect the solar radiation.SOLUTION: The actinometer comprises: at least one photoelectric conversion sensor 1; and a cover 2 for covering an area including a light receiving surface 11 of the photoelectric conversion sensor with a material for transmitting light of a specific wavelength. The cloud behavior predicting system comprises: cloud shadow sensors configured with the actinometers installed in at least three places while having an appropriate interval; a cloud shadow sensor group configured with the cloud shadow sensors installed at a plurality of points while having a sufficient distance; and an arithmetic section for calculating cloud behavior information from measurement values and measurement times measured by the actinometers, the cloud shadow sensors and the cloud shadow sensor group.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

  The present invention relates to a pyranometer installed in a place where birds and insects such as a greenhouse and the like may fly, and a cloud behavior prediction system using the pyranometer.

  The prior art concerning a actinometer on the premise of being installed outdoors etc. has covered a sensor which consists of photoelectric conversion elements with a glass dome, and provided a photocatalyst layer on the surface of the glass dome (patent document 1) reference). This technology was developed to prevent the actinometer installed outdoors from being exposed to wind and rain, and dirt to be deposited on the surface of the glass dome.

  However, in recent years, birds such as crows and chicks have been flying into the city, and feces have become a problem. This is no exception for actinometers, and in particular, when placed at high places, it is easy for birds to come in, and birds are likely to react to the reflected light from the light receiving surface etc. constituting the actinometer, It is possible that it may cause an attack, and it is assumed that the light receiving surface or the coated surface becomes a cause of blocking the sunlight by the contamination. In addition, when installed at a relatively low location, insects and the like may fly up or rise up, and fouling of the light-receiving surface due to the death of those bodies is also assumed. In addition, birds such as crows may cause solid matter such as pebbles to fall from the sky, and when birds and the like come in, the pyranometer (particularly the light receiving surface) may be damaged by the fall of such pebbles and the like. There were also concerns.

JP 2007-132730 A Unexamined-Japanese-Patent No. 2016-1958 JP 2013-250129 A JP, 2015-59821, A

  About removal of the droppings of birds and corpses of insects, although it can be removed also by photocatalyst, birds etc. fly to the light receiving surface of the actinometer and flying insects etc. fly around the light receiving surface of the actinometer In addition, since the insects and the like intrude on the light receiving surface, they block the sunlight and make shadows, which interferes with the measurement of the amount of solar radiation. Therefore, sufficient protection of these is required. If the measures are not sufficient, regular visits (cleaning, implementation of measures to prevent insects, etc.) will be necessary, especially when installed at high places, the work is not easy, and for a long time By installing it outdoors, etc., the measurement of solar radiation has become an error. As a result, it was not possible to use the value measured by the actinometer as the amount of solar radiation, and it had to be used as reference data.

  In addition, although there is also a configuration that detects the weather condition based on the amount of solar radiation by the pyranometer together with the rain sensing sensor when estimating the amount of power generation in the solar power generation system (see Patent Document 2), this technology detects the weather condition It is intended to be used as a reference and to be referred to together with the data of the weather sensor, and has not been used to measure the amount of solar radiation emitted to the solar power generation system. That is, it was not for estimating the amount of power generation, but it was used to determine whether or not to generate power.

  On the other hand, in the technology for predicting the behavior of clouds, there is one developed as a form of solar radiation amount prediction, in which movement of the cloud is detected to predict solar radiation amount. This technology does not measure the amount of solar radiation by a pyranometer, but detects the existence of cloud masses and their behavior by analyzing an image obtained by photographing the sky and the like (see Patent Documents 3 and 4). .

  However, in order to analyze the image of the sky, etc., a huge amount of information is required, and even if it is possible to confirm the existence of a cloud mass, the influence of the solar radiation by the cloud mass needs further analysis, and the reality The impact on the sun was not necessarily consistent with what was expected. Therefore, when using for the power generation amount prediction in a solar power generation system, if the solar radiation amount estimated and the actual solar radiation amount were different, it might become a hindrance to the power generation plan.

  The present invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned points, and the object of the present invention is to prevent a damage or erroneous measurement caused by flight of birds or insects, etc. It is to provide a behavior prediction system for clouds that provide and, at the same time, affect the amount of solar radiation.

  Therefore, the present invention according to the actinometer is characterized by comprising at least one photoelectric conversion sensor, and a cover that covers a range including the light receiving surface of the photoelectric conversion sensor with a material that transmits light of a specific wavelength. It is a thing.

  According to the above configuration, at least the light receiving surface of the photoelectric conversion sensor is covered with the material capable of transmitting a specific wavelength, and the covering by the cover enables measurement of the transmitted light. The photoelectric conversion sensor is generally based on a photoelectric conversion element, and protection of the light receiving surface is important for maintaining the function. Therefore, as long as it has a form covering at least the light receiving surface of the photoelectric conversion sensor which is a photoelectric conversion element, it corresponds to the cover of the present invention, and it is not limited to a sheet shape and may be a cap shape, either hard or soft It may be Further, by processing the cover, it is possible to protect from the arrival of birds, insects and the like. For example, generation of reflected light from the light receiving surface or the like can be suppressed by processing the cover having a light reducing effect like frosted glass. In addition, a light reduction effect can be exhibited by a colored glass or a colored resin, and it is also possible to use a light reduction effect film such as a film having a ND (Neutral Density) filter function or a polarizing film or a plate-like object. . Furthermore, in order to impart strength to the cover, a multilayer structure may be used, or a configuration in which a tempered glass or the like having a light reduction effect is laminated may be used. The specific wavelength is so-called visible light in general (wavelength 400 nm to 700 nm) and does not include ultraviolet light and infrared light. This is to accurately measure the amount of solar radiation by not measuring light other than solar radiation. In addition, a part of visible light (wavelength 400 nm-700 nm) may be interrupted | blocked by use of colored glass or colored resin, and it is a thing which belongs to a specific wavelength also about the limited transmitted light.

  In the present invention according to the pyranometer according to the above configuration, the cover has a thickness of 0.1 mm to 10 mm and transmits light with a wavelength of 400 nm to 700 nm with a transmittance of 0.01% to 95%. can do.

  According to the above configuration, it is possible to measure irradiation of light according to the characteristics of the photoelectric conversion sensor by transmitting so-called visible light in a specific range and configuring the cover with a material having an appropriate transmittance. The transmittance is in the range of 0.01 to 95% in consideration of the cover when it is made of a material having a light reduction effect, for example, when an ultra-sensitive photoelectric conversion sensor is used, the output The transmissivity can be reduced by the material having the light reduction effect to avoid the saturation of the. By setting the thickness to 0.1 mm to 10 mm, it is possible to obtain an effect of preventing damage or the like due to birds or insects while obtaining an appropriate light reduction effect. That is, the cover may have a single-layer structure or a multi-layer structure, and in the case of a single-layer structure with a plate-like member, it may be about 1 mm and 2 mm to 3 mm in multiple structure. In the case of (1), it is 0.1 mm, and 1.1 mm to 2.2 mm using a plate-like material in part in the multiple structure. The minimum thickness of 0.1 mm ensures the minimum strength of these wall thicknesses, and the upper limit of 5 mm at maximum maintains the transmitted light intensity due to the light reduction effect to some extent, and It does not lead to an excessive increase in weight. In the case of using a shock absorbing material or forming a concavo-convex structure on the surface, substantially the entire thickness may be about 10 mm, but in the case of this type of configuration, a large increase in weight Also, the light reduction effect can be adjusted by appropriately selecting the material.

  In the present invention according to the pyranometer of each of the above-described configurations, the cover may be configured to have a multilayer structure of a plurality of plate-like or film-like materials.

  According to the above configuration, the range including at least the light receiving surface of the photoelectric conversion sensor can be formed into a plurality of layers, and materials for obtaining a desired effect can be stacked. For example, by laminating a coloring material having a repelling effect and a material having a light reducing effect on the surface of a reinforced glass for reinforcement, protection from flight of birds, insects and the like can be enabled. It is also possible to laminate a coloring material and a light reducing effect material.

  In the present invention according to the pyranometer according to each of the above-described configurations, it is preferable that the cover be provided with a repellent means for repellent or insect repellent.

  As a repellent means, a wire member installed at an appropriate distance from the surface of the cover, a pointed projection erected from the surface of the cover, a repellent agent applied to the surface of the cover, and the like It is provided in an area including at least a specific area of the cover which covers the light receiving surface of the photoelectric conversion sensor. There is a configuration that

  According to the above configuration, the actinometer can be protected from animal harm caused by birds or insects. The wire members or pointed or domed projections placed on the cover surface protect the birds from staying, and the repellent or coating agent can protect them from the approach of birds or insects by their repellent effect. . By avoiding the birds and insects coming close, mainly, the birds fly in and the unglazed insects fly around in the vicinity to avoid the blockage of solar radiation, and further, by avoiding the invading insects The solar radiation to be measured can be secured. As a secondary effect, it can prevent feces damage and also can prevent adhesion of insects and the like.

  Further, in the present invention according to the pyranometer according to each of the above configurations, the material positioned in the outermost layer of the cover or the multilayer structure is made of a reinforced polymer having one or both of water resistance and water repellency. Can. In the case of such a configuration, it is possible to prevent the entry of cleaning water, rain water or the like into the photoelectric conversion sensor covered by the cover during rainfall or cleaning (cleaning).

  Furthermore, in the present invention according to the pyranometer according to each of the above-described configurations, the material positioned in the outermost layer of the cover or the multilayer structure is made of tempered glass, polytetrafluoroethylene, acrylic, vinyl chloride, polypropylene or It may be made of polycarbonate, or a mixture of these with reinforcing fibers. Glass fiber-containing polytetrafluoroethylene is preferable. Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFPR) or glass fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) may be used. It is also good to use heat resistant engineering plastics and super engineering plastics which are highly resistant to solvents as well as heat resistant. For the inner layer of the cover, a synthetic resin, a foam material (such as urethane), a rubber, an elastomer, or the like can be appropriately used. When the inner layer material is porous (porous), the shock absorbing effect is more achieved, and the transmittance can be adjusted.

  In the case of the above configuration, since it has sufficient strength and water resistance, destruction by birds and the like can be avoided while preventing intrusion of rain water and the like. That is, birds (especially crows and the like) may cause pebbles and the like to fall from the sky, and the light receiving surface of the photoelectric conversion sensor by such an action can be protected from breakage.

  Further, in the present invention according to the pyranometer according to each of the above-described configurations, the material located in the outermost layer of the cover or the multilayer structure is coated or contained one or both of a photocatalytic material and a conductive material. Is preferred.

  In the case of the above-mentioned configuration, if a material having photocatalytic ability is applied to the surface, the stain can be decomposed by the photocatalytic effect, so it is suitable for removal of water droplets and the like due to rainfall. In addition, if a conductive material is applied to the surface, generation of static electricity can be prevented and adhesion of fine dust and the like can be prevented. It is possible to select and use these materials, but it is also possible to use both. In this case, if a material having photocatalytic ability is applied to the surface to which the conductive material is applied, the effect of the conductive material is also maintained. In addition, when the conductive material is a hydrophilic material, the effect of the material having photocatalytic ability can be improved. These photocatalytic materials and conductive materials are not limited to the case of coating on the surface, but may be contained in the material constituting the cover in the case of a single layer, or in the material constituting the outermost layer in the case of a multilayer structure. The same effect can be obtained by In addition, as described above, when repellent means are provided, it is possible to prevent the approach of pests or pests such as birds and insects, so even if transmitted light is not affected by feces caused by them, Since the light transmittance gradually changes due to the adhesion of water droplets, dust, etc., it is possible to perform stable solar radiation measurement over a long period of time by removing this.

  In the present invention according to the pyranometer of each of the above-mentioned constitutions, it further comprises a resistance connected between both ends of the photoelectric conversion sensor, and a thermistor connected in series or in parallel to the resistance. Can.

  According to the above configuration, it is possible to correct the measurement value based on the temperature rise of the actinometer. That is, it is possible to detect a substantially short circuit current from the voltage generated at both ends of the combined resistance of the photoelectric conversion sensor and the thermistor connected between the both ends of the photoelectric conversion sensor, and convert the amount of change to solar radiation. Since the output of the photoelectric conversion sensor is changed due to the temperature change, the value of the combined resistance can be changed according to the temperature change by the thermistor to correct the substantially short circuit current. By converting the change in the value of the corrected substantially short circuit current into solar radiation, it is made to correspond to the temperature change of the pyranometer.

  In the present invention according to the pyranometer of the above configuration, it is preferable that the thermistor is provided in contact with the back surface of the photoelectric conversion sensor or a part of a base supporting the photoelectric conversion sensor. This is because the resistance value of the thermistor is changed according to the temperature change of the photoelectric conversion sensor, not the temperature increase due to the internal space covered by the cover. In addition, correction | amendment of the short circuit current according to the temperature change of a photoelectric conversion sensor will be enabled by contacting a thermistor with the back surface or base of a photoelectric conversion sensor.

Various photoelectric conversion elements can be used as the photoelectric conversion sensor in each of the above-described inventions, and any of a solar cell, a photodiode, a phototransistor, a pyroelectric element, or a photoelectric cell can be selected, and Solar radiation includes solar radiation intensity (W / m ² ), solar radiation amount (J / m ² ), illuminance (lx), photon flux density (μmol · m ⁻² · s ⁻¹ ), sunlight-dependent resistance (Ω), One or more of photovoltaic power generation (kW / m ² ) or solar heat collection amount (kW / m ² ) can be selected.

  The photoelectric conversion sensor may be a photoelectric sensor module including a plurality of photoelectric conversion sensors, and a bypass diode may be disposed in each of the photoelectric conversion sensors.

  In the case of the above configuration, by disposing a plurality of photoelectric conversion sensors at positions to be subjected to solar radiation measurement, it is a case where solar radiation is interrupted temporarily or continuously by shadows or the like. However, the output can be detected by the remaining other photoelectric conversion sensors. That is, even if bird excrement etc. adhere to the cover surface unexpectedly and the output value in a part of the photoelectric conversion sensor is lowered, the installation of the bypass diode affects the value of the substantially short circuit current as a whole. There can be no configuration.

  The pyranometer is used outdoors as well as in a greenhouse. If it is a place where sunlight can be irradiated, the presence or absence of a roof etc. does not matter. That is, even in the case where the light-transmitting roof is installed or the place where the reflected light is incident, it can be used as long as it is a place where the solar radiation should be measured. If these places are partially open, birds and ungulates may invade. In particular, in the case of a non-hermetic greenhouse, birds and insects may invade, and furthermore, insects and the like may be generated from the soil.

  The solar radiation meter may be configured to be able to immediately check the amount of solar radiation at the measurement point by incorporating a processing unit that converts the measured value (short circuit current value) into the amount of solar radiation and a display unit that displays the processing result. When installing a pyranometer outdoors, a greenhouse, etc., it can be set as the structure which transmits measurement value by a wire communication or radio | wireless. In such a case, it is not necessary to confirm the amount of solar radiation at the measurement point (high place) by providing the processing unit and the display part at a place away from the measurement point (high place), and concentration of the measurement results Management becomes easy.

  On the other hand, the invention relating to the cloud behavior prediction system utilizes the invention relating to the actinometer according to the above-described configuration, and is formed by installing the pyranometer at each of at least three places with appropriate intervals. Cloud shadow sensor, a cloud shadow sensor group formed by installing the cloud shadow sensor at a plurality of points while having a sufficient distance, an individual pyranometer, a cloud shadow sensor and a cloud shadow sensor It is characterized by including an operation unit that calculates the behavior information of the cloud from the measurement value measured by the group and the measurement time.

  According to the above configuration, the cloud shadow sensor configured by the pyranometer installed with an appropriate interval at three or more points individually separates the solar radiation in the area of the specific area formed by the three or more points. Among the three or more points, it is possible to sequentially detect points that are first shaded and then points that are shaded. According to the order of shading at this time, it is possible to analyze the behavior of the primary cloud. Furthermore, the same type of cloud shadow sensor is installed at a plurality of points while having a sufficient distance, thereby detecting the cloud condition at a distant place around the primary detected point, and It can be analyzed secondarily including the moving direction and the moving speed. Being able to analyze the speed at which the clouds move allows us to analyze the size of the clouds from the transit time at a specific point.

  In the invention relating to the cloud behavior prediction system of the above configuration, the pyranometer is installed on an existing column, and a base for installing on the column, a supporting portion protruding from the base, and A plurality of actinometers supported by a support may be provided, and a plurality of the supports may be erected from the base, and at least one pyranometer may be provided on each support.

  According to the above configuration, since it is installed on the existing support, installation of a special support for the cloud image sensor becomes unnecessary, and the pyranometers are respectively mounted on a plurality of support portions provided upright on the base provided on the support Even if it is a case where it measures solar radiation with one of the pyranometers (when it becomes a part of the shade), it is not judged that it is a shade by clouds, but by a pillar or other surrounding structure It becomes possible to judge that it is due to the influence of the shadow. Furthermore, in the case where a plurality of solar radiation meters (photoelectric conversion sensors) are provided for each support portion, it is possible to measure the solar radiation even when a part of each support portion becomes a shade. And, by arranging a bypass diode in each of these pyranometers or photoelectric conversion sensors, it is possible to have a configuration that does not affect the output as a whole even when the output of a part is reduced.

  In the invention relating to the cloud behavior prediction system according to each of the above-described configurations, it is preferable that the individual pyranometers forming the cloud shadow sensor are arranged to be spaced apart from each other by 10 m or more.

  In the case of the above configuration, the solar radiation is measured at three or more points with a distance of 10 m or more from each other. When detecting the moving direction, the influence of the shape of the cloud can be reduced. That is, in the case where there is a proximity between a pyranometer that first detected a cloud shadow and a pyranometer that detected a second cloud shadow, for example, in the case of a shadow due to a cloud that has a partially bulging shape In order to detect the cloud shadow by the tip of the bulging cloud first regardless of the moving direction, the order of detection in the range of three or more points is by having an interval of 10 m or more In general, it will coincide with the direction of cloud movement. In addition, since it is 10 m or more, it may be 20 m or 30 m, and it is sufficient if an appropriate area can be secured by three or more points. For example, in the case of eight points, it is appropriate even if it is 10 m mutually Although an area can be secured, in the case of three locations, it is desirable to provide a distance of about 10 to 100 m.

  In the invention relating to the cloud behavior prediction system according to each of the above-described configurations, it is preferable that the individual cloud shadow sensors forming the cloud shadow sensor group are disposed mutually at a distance of 1 km or more.

  In the case of the above configuration, the moving direction of the cloud can be accurately analyzed because the cloud shadow sensor at the primarily analyzed point is sufficiently separated, and a unit of 1 km or more is used. It becomes possible to measure the size of the cloud as Therefore, among the plurality of cloud shadow sensors forming the cloud shadow sensor group, there is a broken cloud boundary between the cloud shadow sensor that detects solar radiation and the cloud shadow sensor that detects the cloud shadow, By estimating the boundary of the cloud with the sensor, it is possible to analyze the outer edge of the cloud mass. In addition, the accuracy of the behavior analysis of a cloud will be improved by installing many cloud shadow sensors in a several point by 1-km space | interval.

  According to the present invention according to the actinometer, the light receiving surface can be protected by covering at least the light receiving surface of the photoelectric conversion sensor with the cover. When the cover covers the entire photoelectric conversion sensor, particularly when it is covered by a water-resistant material, it can prevent water from entering due to rainfall or the like, and can be installed outdoors for a long time. Furthermore, by providing the repelling means, it is possible to protect from the arrival of birds, insects and the like, and to exclude those that block the radiation that is irradiated to the light receiving surface. Further, the reinforcement material prevents breakage due to dropping of pebbles and the like, and in the case where either or both of the material having photocatalytic ability and the conductive material are applied, the adhesion of water droplets, dust, etc. can be prevented. The amount of solar radiation can be detected.

  In the case of further providing a thermistor, it is possible to correct an increase in the output of the photoelectric conversion sensor due to temperature information, and, by using a plurality of photoelectric conversion sensors, install a bypass diode in them. Even if the photoelectric conversion sensor of the above does not function, it is possible to measure the solar radiation as a whole.

  On the other hand, according to the present invention relating to a cloud behavior prediction system, long-term cloud behavior prediction can be made using a pyranometer which can be installed outdoors for a long time as described above. At this time, by appropriately installing three or more cloud shadow sensors at appropriate distances, it is possible to primarily analyze the moving direction of the clouds, and a plurality of the cloud shadow sensors are installed at points further distant from each other. This makes it possible to analyze the movement of the cloud accurately and analyze the movement speed and the size of the cloud mass.

It is an explanatory view showing a 1st embodiment of the present invention concerning a pyranometer. It is II-II sectional drawing. It is explanatory drawing which shows 2nd Embodiment of this invention which concerns on a pyranometer. It is IV-IV sectional drawing. It is explanatory drawing which shows other embodiment of this invention which concerns on a pyranometer. It is explanatory drawing which shows the measurement circuit of the short circuit current by a photoelectric conversion sensor. It is an explanatory view showing a mode of use of an embodiment concerning a pyranometer. It is an explanatory view showing an embodiment of the present invention concerning a behavior prediction system of a shadow.

  Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described based on the drawings. FIGS. 1 and 2 show a first embodiment of the present invention according to a pyranometer. FIG. 1A shows a state before mounting the cover 2 on the photoelectric conversion sensor 1, and FIG. 1B shows a state after mounting. FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line II-II in FIG. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the cover 2 is provided in a size that can cover the light receiving surface 11 of the photoelectric conversion sensor 1, and the photoelectric conversion sensor 1 is installed on the base 10 and receives light at its center It is what illustrates that the part 11 is installed.

  In the present embodiment, a pointed protrusion 21 is provided on the surface (upper surface) 20 of the cover 2. The protrusions 21 may be formed integrally with the cover 2 when the cover 2 is molded, but as shown in the drawings, the protrusions 21 separately manufactured may be adhered to the upper surface 20. The projection 21 is provided as a kind of repellent means, and is for protecting from the arrival of birds and the like. Birds can fly and stay easily on a plane, but have the habit of avoiding staying at the end. In addition, if the upper surface 20 is a small area, even one is effective, but a plurality can be installed according to the area.

  As shown in FIG. 2A, a photoelectric conversion element is generally used as the photoelectric conversion sensor 1 and is installed on the substrate 3. The light receiving surface 11 is disposed upward, and as a photoelectric conversion element, a photodiode, a phototransistor, a pyroelectric element, a photoelectric cell, or the like can be used, but in this embodiment, a solar cell is used. The case is illustrated. When using a solar cell, it can convert into the amount of solar radiation by the electric current value excited by irradiation of sunlight.

  The photoelectric conversion sensor 1 and the substrate 3 are housed in a cylindrical holding portion 12 provided on the base 10, and held at an appropriate position by an annular stopper 12a provided on the inner wall of the holding portion 12. . The photoelectric conversion sensor 1 and the substrate 3 may be separately held because they are separately manufactured, but may be installed in a stacked state as illustrated.

  By the way, in the cover 2, the side wall portion 22 disposed around the photoelectric conversion sensor 1 and the top plate portion 23 are integrally configured, and substantially configured in a cap shape by the both 22 and 23. It is. The outer surface of the top plate portion 23 having the above-described structure is the upper surface 20 of the cover 2. Although the side wall portion 22 and the top plate portion 23 are basically formed integrally with the same material, and both are made of a material having translucency, only the top plate portion 23 is translucent. May be made of another material. The side wall portion 22 covers the periphery of the holding portion 12 provided on the base 10, and the covering range in the depth (height) direction does not matter as long as the side wall portion 22 is disposed outside the holding portion 12 . Therefore, as illustrated, the lower end edge of the side wall portion 22 may not reach the surface of the base 10.

  The translucency of the cover 2 means one having transparency for a specific wavelength, and for example, it is assumed that the so-called visible light with a wavelength of 400 nm to 700 nm has a transmittance of 0.01% to 95%. ing. The wavelength to be transmitted is preferably in the range of visible light because it measures solar radiation, but it is not necessary to be able to transmit the entire visible light range. Further, even if the transmittance is slight, it is sufficient that the power is excited by the photoelectric conversion sensor 1 receiving light.

  Therefore, as shown in FIG. 2 (b), the top plate portion 23 may be configured to have a gap 13 with the light receiving surface 11 of the photoelectric conversion sensor 1. At this time, the side wall portion 22 of the cover 2 is provided in a larger depth (height) direction than the holding portion 12 of the base 10, and an air gap is formed between the light receiving portion 11 and the top plate portion 23 of the photoelectric conversion sensor 1. It makes it possible to form thirteen. Further, as shown in FIG. 2C, a repellent means may be provided instead of the pointed protrusion 21. For example, the laminate 24 is laminated on the surface of the top plate 23 using a plate-like or film-like material having a repelling effect. As the repellent agent, there are ferric oxide and the like for birds, and diethyl toluamide and the like for insects. The repellent agent can also be applied to the side wall portion 22. It is effective in the case where it aims at preventing approach of an insect etc. which does not have feathers by application of the repellent to a side wall part.

  Materials used for the cover (in particular, the outermost layer in the case of a multilayer structure) include reinforced glass, polytetrafluoroethylene, acrylic, vinyl chloride, polypropylene or polycarbonate, or a mixture thereof with reinforcing fibers It can consist of things. Moreover, glass fiber-containing polytetrafluoroethylene is preferable, and carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFPR) or glass fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) may be used. A heat resistant engineering plastic or a super engineering plastic which is highly resistant to solvents as well as heat resistant may be used. Further, in the lower layer of the top plate portion 23, a synthetic resin, a foam material (such as urethane), a rubber, an elastomer, or the like can be appropriately used. Furthermore, when the material used for the lower layer of the top plate portion 23 is porous (porous), the shock absorbing effect can be further obtained, and the transmittance can be adjusted.

  Furthermore, on the surface of the top plate portion 23, a material having a light reduction effect can be used for the purpose of preventing birds from coming in. Examples of the material having a light reduction effect include colored glass and colored resin. The colored resin can be constituted by a resin film, and can also be constituted as a plate made of resin. As a color to be colored, black, gray, white, silver or the like is assumed. The purpose is to prevent the flight of birds and insects with wings by using black and white as the basis. As for the light transmitting property, in order to allow transmission of only a specific wavelength, the wavelength of the transmitted light is limited by coloring.

  Moreover, as what has a light reduction effect, it is possible to use light reduction effect films, such as a film and polarizing film which have ND (Neutral Density) filter function, or a general plate-like object. In addition, the light reduction effect can also be obtained by performing surface unevenness processing such as matte processing or frost processing or dimple processing or embossing. Frosting or frosting is to limit the generation of reflected light by eliminating the surface gloss, and this reduces the transmitted light intensity, and dimples or embossing is linear. The refracted incident light reduces the transmitted light intensity. By reducing the transmitted light intensity, it is possible to detect slight changes in solar radiation. The surface asperity processing is also effective for repelling birds and reptiles.

  When these light reducing effect materials are used, the light reducing effect material can be laminated as the laminated body 24 on the top plate portion 23 of the cover 2 as the laminated body 24 shown in FIG. 2C. Furthermore, when the cover 2 itself is made of a light reducing effect material, a reinforcing material such as tempered glass may be laminated as the laminate 24. As the reinforcing material, in addition to the case of making the glass, it is possible to use polytetrafluoroethylene, acrylic, vinyl chloride, polypropylene or polycarbonate, or a mixture of these with a reinforcing fiber. By using such a reinforcing material, for example, it is possible to protect against the fall of pebbles and the like by a crow and the like.

  Moreover, when providing the laminated body 24, you may laminate | stack the material which has the above-mentioned light reduction effect. For example, there may be a state in which the top plate portion 23 is made of a light reducing resin film and the laminated body 24 is made of frosted glass. When the laminate 24 is made of a light reducing resin film, the top plate portion 23 of the cover 2 may be made of reinforced tempered glass, and when the laminate portion 3 is made of tempered glass, the top plate The portion 23 can be made of a resin film for shock absorption. When the top plate portion 23 is made of a hard material, a resin film for impact absorption may be laminated in the middle between the top plate portion 23 and the laminate 24.

  Furthermore, as the laminate 24 or as a material to be further laminated to the laminate 2, a material having one or both of water resistance and water repellency can be used. Since the material having water resistance or water repellency is for protecting the photoelectric conversion sensor 1 from rain water or the like, it is preferable to use it as the material to be laminated as the outermost layer.

Then, as described above, in the case of laminating various materials on the laminate 24, it is possible to further apply a conductive material or a material having a photocatalytic ability to the surface. Examples of the conductive material include ITO (In ₂ O ₃ : Sn) and the like, and examples of the material having photocatalytic ability include titanium oxide (TiO ₂ ) and zinc oxide (ZnO). When applying a conductive material, it is possible to prevent adsorption of dust and the like by discharging static electricity, and when applying a material having a photocatalytic ability, it is possible to eliminate water droplets and the like due to rainfall and the like. It is possible to eliminate the light transmission attenuation due to long-term outdoor installation and the like. The material having the photocatalytic ability or the conductive material is not limited to the case of application to the surface, and may be contained in the material constituting the laminate 24. The inclusion of these materials can be achieved by kneading at the time of producing the laminate 24.

  Further, as shown in FIG. 2D, the entire structure of the cover 2 can be a multiple structure. The illustrated multiple structure is a double structure, and the upper surface portion 23 is configured to have a gap 25 in the middle of the two layers. This double structure is obtained by laminating the side wall portion 22 and the top plate portion 23 in two layers, and the material used for each layer is the same as the relationship between the top plate portion 23 and the laminate 24 described above. Can be formed. In this type of multiple structure, a structure is made such that a resin film or thin CFRP board for shock absorption is laminated in the middle gap 25 or a reinforced glass is laminated and the space 25 is not provided. It may be

  In FIGS. 2C and 2D, the gap 13 is formed between the light receiving surface 11 of the photoelectric conversion sensor 1 and the cover 2, but as shown in FIG. It is good also as composition which made it do. Also, in the double structure (multiple structure) of the cover 2 shown in FIG. 2D, the gap 25 may not be provided, and the cover 25 may be in a close contact state.

  The thickness of the cover 2 of each form according to the above-described configuration is about 1 mm in a single layer in the case of using a plate-like member, and about 2 mm to 3 mm in a multiple structure. In the case of using a resin film, it is 0.1 mm in a single layer, and 1.1 mm to 2.2 mm using a plate-like material in part in a multiple structure. The minimum thickness of 0.1 mm ensures the minimum strength of these wall thicknesses, and the upper limit of 5 mm at maximum maintains the transmitted light intensity due to the light reduction effect to some extent, and The weight is reduced. However, as described later, when using a shock absorbing material or when the surface has a concavo-convex structure, the entire thickness may be about 10 mm. In the case of this type of construction, the weight does not increase significantly, and the reduction of the transmitted light intensity by the light reduction effect material can also be adjusted by appropriately selecting the material. In the case of using a colored glass or a colored resin, it is possible to transmit light in the wavelength range of 400 nm to 700 nm by using the color as a black and white basis, but it is possible to transmit the transmitted light wavelength by other colors. You may limit to a part in the said range. In addition, the transmitted light is made into 0.01%-95% of range with respect to irradiation light by the light reduction effect, and the amount of solar radiation shall be measured by the change of the transmitted light intensity limited by light reduction.

  Next, a second embodiment of the present invention according to a pyranometer will be described. Figures 3 and 4 show a pyranometer according to a second embodiment. FIG. 3A shows a state before the cover 2 is attached to the photoelectric conversion sensor 1, and FIG. 3B shows a state after attachment. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line IV-IV in FIG. 3 (b). In this embodiment, the cover 2 covers the entire base 10 as an example.

  In this embodiment, as shown in FIG. 3A, a wire 4 having a suitable distance from the upper surface 20 of the cover 2 is provided as a repelling means for birds and the like. The wire 4 is installed in a tensioned state by the support portions 41 and 42 erected on the upper surface 20 of the cover 2. By providing the wire 4 of this kind, when the birds come in, the wire 4 is felt on the foot and landing is avoided. The entire or upper surface of the cover 2 in this embodiment is also provided with a translucent material.

  Also in this embodiment, as shown in FIG. 4A, the cover 2 is composed of the side wall portion 22 and the top plate portion 23, and the side wall portion 22 does not have to cover the entire base 10; The lower edge of 22 may not reach the bottom of the base 10. In addition, although the wire 4 as a repellent means is provided with the space | interval H suitably from the upper surface 20 of the cover 2, the space | interval H is about 10 mm-about 20 mm suitably, and the said birds It is assumed that the foot can sense before the landing. Also, while the illustrated figure provides a single wire 4, it may be more than one, and if the top surface 20 is circular (as shown), it will be a circle that conforms to its edge You may provide.

  Further, in this embodiment, as shown in FIG. 4B, the top plate 23 of the cover 2 may have a gap 13 with respect to the light receiving surface 11 of the photoelectric conversion sensor 1. In order to form the gap 13, the lower end of the side wall portion 22 of the cover 2 can be held at the periphery of the base 10. Even when the gap 13 is formed, if the top plate portion 23 of the cover 2 (in particular, the region covering the light receiving surface 11 of the photoelectric conversion sensor 1) is formed of a light transmitting material, solar radiation is measured It is what you get.

  Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 4C, the laminated body 24 may be laminated on the surface of the top plate portion 23. In this case, the laminate 24 can be made of a material having a repellent effect on birds, insects or the like, or a material having a light reducing effect. In addition, the cover 2 may have a multilayer structure, and further, the laminate 24 may have a photocatalytic material or a conductive material applied or contained therein.

  As shown in FIG. 4D, the thermistor 5 can be provided to correct the output value of the photoelectric conversion sensor 1 according to the temperature change. In the case where the thermistor 5 is provided, for example, the photoelectric conversion sensor 1 and the substrate 3 can be provided separately, and can be disposed in the middle thereof. At this time, by bringing the thermistor 5 into contact with the back surface of the photoelectric conversion sensor 1, it is possible to sense the temperature of the photoelectric conversion sensor 1 and change the resistance value. Although the method of correction by the thermistor 5 will be described later, it is desirable to detect temperature change of the portion to be corrected instead of detecting the temperature of the internal air. It is connected. Further, in the case of a configuration in which the photoelectric conversion sensor 1 and the substrate 3 are laminated, the cylindrical holding of the base 10 may be made to abut on the back surface (or front surface) of the substrate 3 in order to detect an approximate temperature. You may make it contact | abut on the part 12 (refer FIG.4 (c)). The same applies to the above-described embodiments and the embodiments described below.

  Next, other embodiments and their use will be described. FIG. 5 is a view showing an outline of the present embodiment, in which (a) shows a state in which the photoelectric conversion sensor 1 and the base 10 and the cover 2 are separated, and (b) shows an integrated state There is. Here, only differences from the first or second embodiment will be described in detail.

  In the present embodiment, as shown in FIG. 5A, a plurality of (four in the drawing) photoelectric conversion sensors 1 are provided on the base 10, and the cover 2 makes all of them in a cap shape. It has composition to cover. On the surface (upper surface) of the top plate 23 of the cover 2, fine projections 21 are formed by dimple processing. In order to obtain the effect of preventing flight of birds etc., the size of the dimple is preferably 0.1 to 2 mm, the height is 0.1 to 5 mm, and the distance between the dimples is preferably 0.1 to 5 mm.

  Further, for the top plate portion 23, for example, engineering plastic such as polytetrafluoroethylene, a thermosetting resin, a thermoplastic resin, or the like can be used. In addition to engineering plastics, there are super engineering plastics in engineering plastics, and as engineering plastics, polyacetal (POM), polyamide (PA), polycarbonate (PC), modified polyphenylene ether (m-PPE), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), GF-reinforced polyethylene terephthalate (GF-PET), ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHPE), syndiotactic polystyrene (SPS), and the like. Moreover, as super engineering plastics, amorphous polyarylate (PAR), polysulfone (PSF), polyether sulfone (PES), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyimide (PI), polyether Imide (PEI), fluorocarbon resin (fluorocarbon polymers), liquid crystal polymer (LCP), etc. may be mentioned. When these engineering plastics are in the form of a thin plate, it is easy to produce such a shape by pressing.

  It is also possible to manufacture as an injection-molded article using a thermosetting resin or a thermoplastic resin. As thermosetting resin, phenol resin (PF), epoxy resin (EP), melamine resin (MF), urea resin (urea resin (UF), unsaturated polyester resin (UP), alkyd resin, polyurethane (PUR) And thermosetting polyimide (PI). Further, as the thermoplastic resin, polyethylene (PE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), medium density polyethylene (MDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene chloride, Polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), polyurethane (PUR), Teflon (registered trademark)-(polytetrafluoroethylene: PTFE), ABS resin (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene resin), AS resin, acrylic resin (PMMA), Etc.

  In addition, this dimple processing is an illustration, and in addition, you may comprise the recessed part by embossing, and in the case of tempered glass, you may give a frosting process or a frost process. Although illustration is omitted, a resin film for shock absorption, thin CFRP of 5 mm or less in thickness, thin FRP (glass fiber reinforced polymer) of 5 mm or less in thickness, light intensity or color tone is formed in the lower layer of the top plate portion 23 A multilayer structure in which a colored resin for adjustment and the like are laminated may be used.

  By the way, this embodiment uses a plurality of (four in the drawing) photoelectric conversion sensors 1, and these photoelectric conversion sensors 1 are connected in series or in parallel, and as a whole, photoelectric conversion sensor modules are used. It is formed. In the substrate, a resistor is connected between both terminals (both ends) of the photoelectric conversion sensor module, and a wire connected in series or in parallel to the resistor and a thermistor connected to the wire are provided. There is. As shown in FIG. 4C or 4D, the state of installation of the thermistor is to be in contact with the back surface or the substrate or the like of any one of the photoelectric conversion sensors 1.

  Various photoelectric conversion elements can be used as the photoelectric conversion sensor 1, and a solar cell, a photodiode, a phototransistor, a pyroelectric element, a photoelectric cell, or the like can be used. Although it may be used, different types may be used. As the thermistor, an NTC thermistor whose resistance value decreases as the temperature rises is used. The resistor and the thermistor are connected in series or in parallel to the photoelectric conversion sensor 1, but terminals are provided at both ends to which these resistors and the like are connected, and the current value between the terminals (substantially short circuited By measuring the current value), it is possible to observe a change in the current obtained from the photoelectric conversion sensor 1 and it is possible to measure the solar radiation by the change in the current. Further, an ammeter for measuring a substantially short circuit current value may be housed inside the case, but may be separately provided.

  The thermistor generally detects the temperature at the tip. Therefore, the front end of the thermistor can be adhered and fixed to the back surface or the like of the photoelectric conversion sensor 1 by using a silicone adhesive or the like. By bringing the tip of the thermistor into contact with the back surface or the like of the photoelectric conversion sensor 1, it is possible to obtain a resistance value corresponding to the temperature generated according to the amount of solar radiation irradiated to the photoelectric conversion sensor module 3. That is, since the thermistor used is an NTC type, when the amount of solar radiation is large, the resistance value can be lowered due to the temperature rise in accordance with the increase of the output of the photoelectric conversion sensor 1. As a result, the combined resistance with the resistance connected to the thermistor decreases, and the substantially short circuit current approximates to the short circuit current. The actual current value can be obtained from Ohm's law by measuring the voltage generated across the resistor. The thermistors described above do not have to be single, and multiple thermistors can be installed.

  In addition to the photoelectric conversion sensor 1 configured as described above, a resistance and a thermistor connected to the substrate are incorporated in the base 10, and the solar radiation meter 100 is configured by covering the whole with the cover 2 .

As the indicator of solar radiation to be measured, irradiance (W / m ^2), the amount of solar radiation (J / m ^2), illuminance (lx), photon flux density ^{(μmol · m -2 · s -1} ), the sun There are light dependent resistance (Ω), photovoltaic power (kW / m ² ), solar heat collection amount (kW / m ² ), etc., and one or more of them can be used as solar radiation that can be measured by this embodiment. It can be determined.

  The photoelectric conversion sensor module formed by a plurality of photoelectric conversion sensors 1 includes, for example, a plurality of photoelectric conversion sensors 1 connected in series as shown in FIG. , B can be configured to measure changes in the substantially short circuit current. In order to measure a substantially short circuit current, the thermistor 5 and the resistor 6 are connected in series or in parallel to these photoelectric conversion sensor modules (the photoelectric conversion sensor 1 connected in series). In addition, although the figure connected the photoelectric conversion sensor 1 in series as an illustration, you may connect in parallel. The thermistor 5 and the resistor 6 may be connected in series at any position between the two ends A and B.

  In any of the modes, if a change in the substantially short circuit current between the terminals A and B at both ends can be observed, it is possible to perform sunshine measurement. Here, the substantially short circuit current means a current of the same degree as the current (short circuit current) obtained by shorting the two poles A and B of the photoelectric conversion sensor module. That is, by significantly reducing the value of the combined resistance of the resistance value of the thermistor 5 and the resistance value of the resistor 6, the value of the substantially short circuit current can be regarded as the value of the short circuit current of the photoelectric conversion sensor module. Then, observing the change of the substantially short circuit current means observing the change of the current obtained from the photoelectric conversion sensor module 3 etc., and obtaining the state of the change of the current value obtained from the photoelectric conversion sensor module 3 etc. It is possible.

  For that purpose, the thermistor 5 is preferably an NTC thermistor whose resistance value decreases as the temperature rises. That is, the smaller the value of the output resistance including the thermistor 6, the closer to the short circuit current can be obtained. This is apparent from the relationship between voltage and current when the resistance is constant. And the output obtained from a photoelectric conversion sensor module tends to increase with temperature rise. This is clear in the case of a solar cell, for example, if the intensity of the irradiation light increases the output but at the same time the temperature also increases. Therefore, even if the photoelectric conversion sensor module functions as a constant current power supply, the short circuit current value naturally rises with the increase of the output. However, if the output resistance (composite resistance) for measuring the substantially short circuit current has the same value, the relationship between the voltage and the current generated at both ends of the output resistance becomes linear, and as a result, the measurable voltage becomes large. The calculated substantially short circuit current value measures a value (a current value distant from the value of the short circuit current) not approximate to the short circuit current. Therefore, the value of the combined resistance is reduced to approximate to the short circuit current value.

  Further, as shown in FIG. 6B, bypass diodes 7 may be connected in parallel to the individual photoelectric conversion sensors 1. By connecting the bypass diode 7 to each photoelectric conversion sensor 1, even if the solar radiation to any one of the plurality of photoelectric conversion sensors 1 is blocked (in the case of a shadow), within the target area It is possible to maintain the value of the substantially short circuit current at both ends A and B of In order to obtain the output of the photoelectric conversion sensor 1, a plurality of photoelectric conversion sensors may be connected to one bypass diode.

  Since the embodiment according to the actinometer is as described above, the light receiving surface 2 of the photoelectric conversion sensor 1 covered by the cover 2 can be protected from beasts or insects, and at least a part of the cover 2 has water resistance and the like. As a result, it is possible to prevent water from invading due to rainfall and the like, and enable installation for a long time outdoors. Furthermore, various repelling means 21 can protect against the arrival of birds, insects and the like. In the case of using a reinforcing material or an impact cushioning material, it prevents breakage due to falling such as pebbles, and when either or both of a material having photocatalytic ability and a conductive material are applied or contained, it causes a water stain or dust Since it is possible to prevent adhesion such as, it is possible to detect an accurate amount of solar radiation. By providing the thermistor 5 in the vicinity of the photoelectric conversion sensor 1, it is possible to correct an increase in the output of the photoelectric conversion sensor accompanying temperature information. In addition, by connecting the bypass diode 7 to the photoelectric conversion sensor 1, it is possible to measure solar radiation as a whole even for some shades.

  The embodiments of the present invention according to the actinometer are configured as described above, but these embodiments are examples and the present invention is not limited to these configurations. As a pyranometer, if it has the sensor 2 which can measure the intensity | strength of irradiation light which can be converted into solar radiation, and the cover 2 which can coat | cover the light reception part 11 of the sensor 1 at least, it can be set as another form. Although the material constituting the cover 2 (in particular, the top plate portion 23) is also described above, the present invention is not limited thereto, and various materials can be selected and used. In particular, repellent material capable of preventing flight of birds, insects and the like can be appropriately selected and used other than those listed above.

  In addition to the above components, the pyranometer has a clock function, a function to digitize the amount of solar radiation, a data store function, an arithmetic function, a microcomputer, a communication function, a battery for power failure, etc. It is preferred to use. This is because measurement values can be converted to the amount of solar radiation in individual pyranometers, and data storage and data transmission for use in various applications become possible. The above communication function may be either wireless or wired. As a clock function, it is preferable to use an NTP compatible clock that synchronizes time with a radio clock or a time server of the Internet. A solar cell power generation function and a battery may be attached and operated independently without wiring. An indicator or indicator may be provided to confirm the operation.

  Next, a cloud behavior prediction system using the pyranometer 100 will be described. This can also be conceptualized as a method of using the actinometer 100. In addition, suppose that what connected bypass diode 7 to each photoelectric conversion sensor 1 is used here. FIG. 7 shows a so-called power pole P installed.

  As shown in FIG. 7, the pyranometer 100 is installed at a suitably high position on the utility pole P. Therefore, the support portion 101 is provided on the surface of the utility pole P, and the solar radiation meter 100 is supported by the support portion 101. At this time, by setting the position higher than the power line Y for power supply, a factor which is a shade to the pyranometer 100 is reduced. However, overhead ground wire Z may be installed at the upper part. Moreover, even a moderately high utility pole P may be shaded due to a nearby construction or the like.

  Then, while using the photoelectric conversion sensor module which uses the several photoelectric conversion sensor 1 as mentioned above, using the pyranometer 100 of the structure which uses a bypass diode for each photoelectric conversion sensor 1, either Even when the photoelectric conversion sensor 1 is in the shade, it is possible to detect the short circuit current value, and it is possible to stably measure the solar radiation.

  In addition, since it installs in the moderately high position of the electric pole P like illustration, maintenance (cleaning of a light-receiving surface etc.) can not be performed frequently. Therefore, as described above, it is possible to prevent the birds from flying in, or to prevent damage due to the dropping of pebbles, etc., and it is also possible to remove the dirt by the photocatalytic ability and the like.

  Next, a cloud behavior prediction system using the pyranometer 100 will be described. This can also be conceptualized as a method of using the actinometer 100. The present embodiment can be installed outdoors for a long period of time by using the above-described actinometer 100, and thus is used as a pyranometer for predicting the behavior of a cloud, for example. FIG. 8 shows the embodiment.

  In the present embodiment, as shown in FIG. 8, for example, existing pillars such as utility poles, signs, traffic lights or street lights installed at appropriate places in an intersection are used, and the above-mentioned pyranometer is installed in them. The pyranometer installed at this time is preferably a pyranometer 100 in which a plurality of photoelectric conversion sensors 1 are connected with bypass diodes. This is because the existence of other wiring or an adjacent building structure erected above is considered.

  In addition, by installing at at least three places (four places in the figure), it can be arranged with a predetermined area. That is, if an intersection is taken as an example, at an intersection where roads with a width of 10 m intersect, they can be installed with a distance of 10 m or more from each other, and an area corresponding to the distance can be made an observation area as a predetermined area. At an intersection where roads having a width of 20 m intersect, they can be arranged with a distance of 20 m or more. Regardless of the length of the width, the distance of the individual pyranometers can be changed as appropriate depending on the position of the installable support (such as a utility pole), and can also be changed depending on the number of pyranometers to be installed. For example, when installing in eight places, if a distance of about 10 m is provided mutually, an appropriate area can be secured. Moreover, when installing in two places, a desired area will be securable by installing in about 10-100 m. Thus, by separately measuring the solar radiation in the area of a predetermined area, it is possible to sequentially detect a point that is first shaded and then a point that is shaded. According to the order of shading at this time, it is possible to analyze the behavior of the primary cloud.

  In addition, when making mutual distance into 10 m, the roof of a public building can be used, and in the residential area where houses are dense, for example, the roof of a plurality of adjacent apartments may be used. It is possible. In any case, the primary behavior of the cloud can be grasped by measuring the solar radiation at at least three points. The pyranometer 100 at each of these points may have one of the above-described configurations installed, but by installing a plurality of pyranometers, when the entire pyranometer becomes a shade, the others By the observation data of the pyranometer of (1), it is possible to determine the case of a shaded state due to an adjacent building etc. At this time, a plurality of support portions 101 can be provided for a single support to support the pyranometer 100. The cloud shadow sensor 200 is formed by providing a pyranometer at such a plurality of points.

  Essentially, the sensor unit in the figure constitutes the cloud shadow sensor 200. The sensor unit which comprises this cloud shadow sensor 200 is provided with the pyranometer at each point (the figure illustrates only one point). The pyranometer to be used is appropriately selected from those shown in the above-mentioned embodiment, but in addition to the clock function, the function of digitizing the amount of solar radiation, the data store function, the arithmetic function, the microcomputer, the communication function The above-mentioned actinometer illustrated as what incorporates a battery etc. which coped with a power failure is preferred.

  The cloud shadow sensor 200 is formed by installing a sensor unit including the above-mentioned pyranometer with an appropriate distance at three or more points, and the measurement values transmitted by the above-mentioned wireless or wired are Arithmetic processing is performed by an arithmetic unit (not shown) to predict primary cloud behavior. Furthermore, by installing the above-mentioned cloud shadow sensor 200 at a plurality of points while having a sufficient distance, it is possible to detect the cloud shadow for each individual cloud shadow sensor 200, and the distance around the specific point By first detecting the state of clouds at different places and collectively analyzing them as cloud shadow sensors collectively, a second analysis including the moving direction and moving speed of the clouds It is possible. Being able to analyze the speed at which the clouds move allows us to analyze the size of the clouds from the transit time at a specific point.

  That is, firstly, it is possible to observe the behavior of clouds in a relatively narrow range, but depending on the shape of the cloud (the shape of the edge of the cloud where the cloud shadow first occurs), It may not be the case that you are moving from the point where you observed to the point where you observed next. Therefore, by installing the cloud shadow sensor 200 even at a sufficiently distant point, it is possible to accurately grasp the moving direction of the cloud (second analysis). An assembly of the plurality of cloud shadow sensors 200 is referred to as a cloud shadow sensor group, and can be conceptualized as an aggregate that can be analyzed for one block.

  Moreover, when observing the behavior of the whole cloud in a wide area, the cloud is approaching from which direction and is moved to which direction by the plurality (large number) of cloud shadow sensors 200 being installed. Cloud detection can be performed early because the number of points that can be observed first increases. Furthermore, in the case of having a solar power generation facility, it is possible to grasp whether or not clouds pass above the solar panel, and if so, how long the time is. It can make prediction possible.

  On the other hand, it is also possible to predict cloud types by measuring the degree of solar radiation. This is assumed that rainfall is assumed as a cumulonimbus cloud, and when solar power generation equipment is expected to drastically reduce the amount of power generation, and like upper clouds, there is no effect of rainfall, and the decrease in power generation amount is slight. This is to distinguish the case where it can be determined that there is a certain. By using these various measurement results, not only the power generation plan but also the approach prediction of thunderclouds and the like can be facilitated, which also contributes to the early induction of criticism. The utility value can be expanded by the number of cloud shadow sensors 200 becoming extremely large and being installed in a considerable area.

  The data (value of short circuit current) detected by each pyranometer or cloud shadow sensor is processed by a processing device (arithmetic unit) (not shown), and is measured by the cloud shadow sensor and the cloud shadow sensor group The behavior of the cloud is measured from the measured value and measurement time. That is, the transition of the value of the short circuit current measured at each point is stored as change with time, and the behavior of the cloud is analyzed based on the position and distance of each point by the amount of change.

  Although the embodiments of the present invention are as described above, these are merely examples of the present invention, and the present invention is not limited to these embodiments. Therefore, the above-described embodiment may be modified, or other components may be added to the embodiment.

  For example, although the said embodiment which concerns on a pyranometer provides the base 10 in circular plate shape, this shape is not specifically limited, It can be set as a rectangle other shapes. The same applies to the shape of the light receiving surface 11 of the photoelectric conversion sensor 1. Moreover, although four were illustrated about the number of the pyranometers which comprise the photoelectric conversion sensor 1 or a cloud shadow sensor used for the sunshine meter 100, these numbers can be changed suitably. The multilayer structure is not limited to the two-layer structure, and may be a three-layer structure or a four-layer structure.

REFERENCE SIGNS LIST 1 photoelectric conversion sensor 2 cover 3 substrate 4 wire 5 thermistor 6 resistance 7 bypass diode 10 base 11 light receiving surface 12 of photoelectric conversion sensor holding portion 12 a annular stopper 13, 14, 25 air gap 20 upper surface 21 repelling means (pointed protrusion )
22 side wall 23 of the cover top plate 100 of the cover pyranometer 200 cloud shadow sensor

Claims (19)

  What is claimed is: 1. A pyranometer comprising: at least one photoelectric conversion sensor; and a cover that covers a range including a light receiving surface of the photoelectric conversion sensor with a material that transmits light of a specific wavelength.   The pyranometer according to claim 1, wherein the cover has a thickness of 0.1 mm to 10 mm and transmits light with a wavelength of 400 nm to 700 nm with a transmittance of 0.01% to 95%.   The pyranometer according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the cover has a multilayer structure of a plurality of plate-like or film-like materials.   The solar radiation meter according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the cover is provided with a repellent means for repellent or insect repellent.   The repellent means is a wire member installed at an appropriate distance from the surface of the cover, in a range including at least a specific area covering the light receiving surface of the photoelectric conversion sensor in the cover, standing from the surface of the cover At least one selected from a plurality of pointed projections provided, a repellent applied to the surface of the cover, and a coating having a repellent effect which is applied to the surface of the cover The pyranometer according to any one of claims 1 to 4. The cover is formed into a multilayer structure by a plurality of plate-like or film-like materials,
The eclipse meter according to claim 4 or 5, wherein the repellent means is provided on any material except the surface of the cover which forms the multilayer structure at least in a specific area of the cover.   The solar radiation meter according to claim 6, wherein the repellent means is configured by any one or more of the materials forming the multilayer structure from a material that reduces reflected light or a color material having a repellent effect.   The pyranometer according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the material located in the outermost layer of the cover or the multilayer structure is made of a reinforced polymer having one or both of water resistance and water repellency.   The material positioned in the outermost layer of the cover or the multilayer structure is made of tempered glass, polytetrafluoroethylene, acrylic, vinyl chloride, polypropylene or polycarbonate, or a mixture of these with reinforcing fibers. The pyranometer according to any one of claims 1 to 8.   The pyranometer according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the material positioned in the outermost layer of the cover or the multilayer structure is coated or contained one or both of a photocatalytic material and a conductive material. .   The pyranometer according to any one of claims 1 to 10, comprising: a resistor connected between both ends of the photoelectric conversion sensor; and a thermistor connected in series or in parallel to the resistor.   The pyranometer according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the thermistor is provided in contact with a back surface of the photoelectric conversion sensor or a part of a base supporting the photoelectric conversion sensor.   The solar radiation meter according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the photoelectric conversion sensor can use a photoelectric conversion element and is any one of a solar cell, a photodiode, a phototransistor, a pyroelectric element, and a photoelectric cell.   The solar radiation meter according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the photoelectric conversion sensor is a photoelectric sensor module including a plurality of photoelectric conversion sensors, and each photoelectric conversion sensor is provided with a bypass diode. Solar radiation includes solar radiation intensity (W / m ² ), solar radiation amount (J / m ² ), illuminance (lx), photon flux density (μmol · m ⁻² · s ⁻¹ ), sunlight-dependent resistance (Ω), The solar radiation meter according to any one of claims 1 to 14, which is one or more of photovoltaic power generation (kW / m ² ) or solar heat collection amount (kW / m ² ). A cloud behavior prediction system using the pyranometer according to any one of claims 1 to 15,
A cloud shadow sensor formed by installing the pyranometer at each of at least three locations with an appropriate interval;
A cloud shadow sensor group formed by the cloud shadow sensors being installed at a plurality of points while having a sufficient distance;
A cloud behavior prediction system comprising: a calculation unit that calculates cloud behavior information from measurement values and measurement times measured by the individual pyranometers, a cloud shadow sensor, and a cloud shadow sensor group. The pyranometer is installed on an existing column, and
A base for mounting on the column, a support projecting from the base, and a pyranometer supported by the support;
The cloud behavior prediction system according to claim 16, wherein a plurality of the supports are erected from the base, and each support is provided with at least one pyranometer.   The cloud behavior prediction system according to claim 16 or 17, wherein the individual pyranometers forming the cloud shadow sensor are arranged at a distance of 10 m or more from each other.   The cloud behavior prediction system according to any one of claims 16 to 18, wherein the individual cloud shadow sensors forming the cloud shadow sensor group are arranged with a distance of 1 km or more from each other.