JP2019004872A - Method for producing feed for livestock and feed for livestock - Google Patents

Abstract

To provide inexpensive feed for ruminant livestock with high nutrient and high safety.SOLUTION: Wood chips are preliminarily pulverized into what have a water content of less than 30% and a particle diameter of about 500 μm by an impact type pulverizer. This woody raw material is mixed and pulverized by a highly impact type pulverizer capable of adding a high impact force in a dry type together with feed raw materials. The mixture of the woody raw material and feed material is continuously applied with the impact force to obtain microparticles in which the woody raw material and feed material are integrated by re-aggregation and which have an average particle diameter of 10 μm to 50 μm. This mixed pulverized material in particulate state is used as it is or is used after compression molding, as feed for ruminant livestock.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 3

Description

  The present invention relates to a method for producing livestock feed and a livestock feed, and more particularly to a method for producing livestock feed suitable for feeding ruminants such as cows, and livestock feed.

In recent years, in the livestock breeding of ruminants such as cattle, concentrated feed-dependent breeding methods have become mainstream in order to increase production efficiency.
However, this concentrated feed-dependent breeding system ignores the physiology of ruminants such as cattle, so metabolic properties such as rumen acidosis associated with abnormal rumen function are mainly observed. It is a cause of illness.
The main cause of abnormal rumen function is that the pH of the rumen solution cannot be maintained in a neutral range, drops to pH 5.5 or less, and the homeostasis of microorganisms growing in the rumen is destroyed. This phenomenon is caused by digestion of readily degradable carbohydrates such as starch, which is the main energy source of concentrated feed, and lactic acid is produced in a short time.

In particular, dairy cows have drastically improved lactation ability due to improved breeding. Sufficient nutrition is indispensable in order to maximize its ability. However, with the conventional concentrate-dependent breeding method, from the early lactation period to the heyday when there is a lot of milk, it is impossible to supply enough nutrients and the cows become undernourished and fat accumulated in the body It was in a state to cover milk production with nutrients. This is because in the concentrated feed-dependent breeding method, the amount of concentrated feed that can be fed per day is limited to a maximum of about 12 kg in order to avoid rumen acidosis. As a result, various obstacles such as a decrease in fertility resulting from an energy shortage have occurred.
For this reason, it is required to increase the amount of energy supplied from roughage such as pasture where cellulose is the main energy source.

However, roughage production requires vast farmland and labor. In Japan, rice straw is produced from paddy rice, but most of it is planted in the rice field at the time of harvest and is not distributed as roughage. For this reason, in Japan, although self-supplied roughage is superior in price compared to imported roughage, it has suffered a chronic shortage except in Hokkaido.
As a result, in Japan, not only concentrated feed made of cereals, but also grass and rice straw as roughage tends to depend on imported roughage, which is convenient and reduces labor burden. For this reason, livestock management in Japan is affected by imported feed, grain prices, and crude oil prices for transportation costs, and the foundation of the livestock industry has become extremely unstable.
Thus, livestock feed for ruminant livestock based on timber, which has the same main components as pasture forage, has attracted attention.

  Here, referring to Patent Document 1 as a livestock feed for ruminant livestock using conventional wood, after pre-ground wood chips prepared from cedar thinned wood, etc. with an impact-type pulverizer, a dry-type high-impact pulverizer Describes a method for producing livestock feed for ruminant livestock, characterized in that it is microparticulated (hereinafter referred to as Prior Art 1).

JP 2012-105570 A

Takehiko Takahashi, Hideaki Mori, “Evaluation of Crushing Performance for Kneading Class of Ring Media Utilizing Crusher”, Akita Prefectural University Web Journal B, Japan, 2015, vol. 2, p. 149-153 Endo Exhibition, “Making Wood Feed into Pellets”, Forest Products Trial, Japan, Hokkaido Research Institute, Forest Research Division, Forest Products Laboratory, Japan, October 1989, p. 6-9 Endo, “Development of Continuous Mixing / Molding Equipment”, Forest Products Trial, Japan, Hokkaido Research Institute, Forest Research Division, Forest Products Laboratory, Japan, July 1991, p. 16-19

Here, the livestock feed manufactured by the prior art 1 was a livestock feed with a low crude protein content. Therefore, in order for the livestock feed described in the prior art 1 to be digested by rumen bacteria, the crude protein dissolved in the rumen liquid from other feeds containing the crude protein, or the crude protein was metabolized and produced. Ammonia must be supplied.
However, in the rumen, sufficient crude protein or ammonia may not always be supplied to rumen bacteria adsorbed on livestock feed. In this case, digestion in the lumen may become unstable.

  The present invention has been made in view of such a situation, and an object thereof is to solve the above-described problems.

The method for producing livestock feed according to the present invention uses a dry crushing apparatus that applies high impact force to mix and pulverize a wood raw material having a water content of less than 30% and a feed raw material containing crude protein into fine particles. The mixed pulverized product is used as ruminant livestock feed.
In the method for producing livestock feed according to the present invention, in the mixed pulverization, the mixed pulverized product has an average particle size of 10 μm to 50 μm, and the wood raw material and the feed raw material are integrated by reaggregation by aggregation. It is characterized by becoming.
In the method for producing livestock feed according to the present invention, the wood raw material is a wood chip and / or a plant of a woody plant obtained by chipping wood such as thinned wood, etc., and the moisture content is less than 30% using a dry pulverizer. And having an average particle size of 300 to 800 μm.
In the method for producing livestock feed of the present invention, the mixed pulverized product has a content of the crude protein of 1.5% to 25%.
The method for producing livestock feed according to the present invention is characterized in that the feed material is herbs, grains, food by-products, food waste, forestry by-products, and / or agricultural by-products.
In the method for producing livestock feed according to the present invention, the forestry by-product is a waste fungus bed, and the waste fungus bed is mixed in a ratio of 10% by mass to 30% by mass with respect to the woody material. And
The method for producing livestock feed according to the present invention is further characterized in that the mixed pulverized product is pressure-molded with a compression molding machine.
The livestock feed of the present invention is manufactured by the above-described method for manufacturing livestock feed.

  According to the present invention, a dry pulverizer that applies high impact force is adsorbed to livestock feed by using as a feed a mixture of pulverized wood raw material and feed raw material having a water content of less than 30%. It is possible to provide a method for producing livestock feed that can stabilize the digestion of ruminant livestock in the rumen by supplying sufficient crude protein or ammonia to rumen bacteria.

It is a graph which shows the influence on the saccharification rate of the moisture content in the tandem ring mill grinding | pulverization which concerns on Example 1 of this invention. It is a graph which shows the median diameter and saccharification rate in the mixed pulverization of cedar and rice straw concerning Example 1 of the present invention. It is an electron micrograph of mixed pulverization of cedar and rice straw according to Example 1 of the present invention. It is a graph which shows the median diameter and saccharification rate in the mixing grinding | pulverization of a cedar and alfalfa concerning Example 1 of this invention. It is a graph which shows the cellulase saccharification rate of the ground material which mixed and ground the cedar and various feed raw materials which concern on Example 2 of this invention. It is a graph which shows the cellulase saccharification rate of the ground material which mixed and ground the cedar and waste waste bed which concern on Example 2 of this invention, changing a ratio and grinding | pulverization time.

<Embodiment>
The inventors of the present invention conducted intensive experiments and research in order to solve the above-described problems. As a result, it was determined that the reason why the digestion of the livestock feed of the prior art 1 in the rumen of ruminant animals is not stable is one of the reasons that the crude protein content is low. That is, it has been found that in order for the livestock feed described in the prior art 1 to be digested by rumen bacteria, ammonia produced by metabolizing the crude protein must be supplied. However, it has been found that a sufficient effect cannot be obtained by simply mixing a protein-containing feed into the livestock feed of Prior Art 1, and the present inventors have repeated diligent experiments.
As a result, the present inventors mixed and pulverized a wood raw material having a water content of less than 30% and a feed raw material containing a crude protein into fine particles by a dry pulverizer that applies a high impact force. It has been found that by using the mixed pulverized product as a livestock feed instead of a rough feed for ruminant livestock, it is possible to increase the digestibility and stabilize rumen digestion, leading to the development of the present invention.

  More specifically, the livestock feed according to the embodiment of the present invention is finely adjusted by a pulverizer capable of adding a high impact force together with a feed raw material containing crude protein after adjusting the moisture content of the wooden raw material to less than 30%. (Mixed and crushed). Such a mixed pulverized product is compressed as it is or the obtained mixed pulverized product is compression molded into a pellet by a compression molding machine. The livestock feed produced in this way breaks down the lignin structure of the woody material and is easily digested by ruminants. At this time, the crude protein derived from the feed raw material is integrated into the manufactured feed raw material, so that it is easily used by rumen bacteria and can be stably digested in the ruminant rumen. It becomes.

Here, as a dry pulverizing apparatus for applying a high impact force according to the embodiment of the present invention, a batch type vibration mill (tandem ring mill) using a ring medium described in JP-A-2009-233542, non- It is preferable to use a continuous vibration mill (tandem ring mill) or the like using the ring medium described in Patent Document 1.
This high-impact pulverizer is a pulverizer that pulverizes wood in a cylindrical container with a plurality of pulverizing media by rotating the pulverizing medium in the cylindrical container at the same time as the pulverizing medium. Is a vibration centered on a virtual axis that is substantially the same position as the central axis of the cylindrical container in a stationary state, and each of the grinding media has a plurality of protrusions formed on the periphery as needed, and an axial direction in the center. The pulverizing medium is accommodated in a cylindrical container so that it can roll in the axial direction while being arranged in the axial direction with the central axis of the pulverizing medium parallel to the central axis of the cylindrical container. A pulverizing apparatus.

The woody raw material for livestock feed according to the embodiment of the present invention is preferably a wood chip and / or a plant of a woody plant obtained by chipping unused wood such as thinned wood. It is.
The wood chip used as the woody raw material of the present embodiment is not particularly limited in tree species, and raw or dried wood can be used. In particular, it is preferable to use cedar thinned wood, which is abundant in resources and is required to develop new applications.
Moreover, you may use the plant body of a woody plant as a woody raw material of this embodiment. As the plant body of this woody plant, for example, agricultural by-products such as tree stems of plants may be used. For example, in cotton cultivation, a large amount of cotton stems are produced, but are incinerated due to lack of use. Such dried cotton stems can also be used as the woody material of the present embodiment. In addition, woody plants such as thinned bamboo can also be used as the woody raw material of the present embodiment.
Moreover, it is suitable for the woody raw material of this embodiment that the water content is less than 30%. The moisture content is preferably as low as possible, and more preferably less than 20%. On the contrary, when the water content is 30% or more, as shown in Example 1 described later, the cellulase saccharification rate is not sufficient. This is presumably because, in a dry pulverizing apparatus that applies high impact force, elasticity due to moisture occurs, and the wood material and feed material cannot be sufficiently finely divided.

Moreover, there is no restriction | limiting in particular in the kind used as the feed raw material of the livestock feed which concerns on embodiment of this invention, It is suitable to utilize the feed containing the crude protein which can become a feed raw material of ruminant livestock.
Examples of feeds containing these crude proteins include grasses including legumes, herbs such as rice straw and grains, sprout, bran, rice bran, soy sauce lees, okara, beer lees, shochu, sake lees, and molasses It is possible to add foods such as potatoes, etc., green soybean stems, seed shells, food by-products such as fruit peels, and / or food waste. These herbs, foods, food by-products, and / or food wastes may be used alone or in combination at a predetermined ratio as described below. In addition, these food by-products and / or food wastes can also be used as wooden raw materials.

In the livestock feed according to the embodiment of the present invention, the mixed pulverized product preferably has a crude protein content of 1.5% to 25% (mass%).
Here, the digestibility of livestock feed depends on the crude protein content included. This is because in order for rumen bacteria in rumen rumen to grow, crude protein dissolved in rumen solution from feed material containing crude protein or ammonia produced by metabolism of crude protein must be supplied. This is because it must be done.

The mixed pulverized product of the present embodiment is, for example, 50 to 90% by mass of the wood material and 50 to 10% by mass of the feed material in order to make the crude protein content 1.5% to 25%. It is preferable to adjust appropriately at a value of 100% by mass. For example, as the above-mentioned herbs, orchardgrass, which is a good grass, has a crude protein content of 16.5% and a TDN content of 67.2%. Moreover, the crude protein content of alfalfa which is a pasture is about 17%. In contrast, rice straw has a crude protein content of 5.4% and a TDN content of 42.9%. For this reason, when orchardgrass or alfalfa having a high crude protein content and a high digestibility (TDN content) is added as a feed material, it may be added in a proportion smaller than that of rice straw.
Further, in the mixed pulverized product of the present embodiment, when the content of the crude protein is less than 1.5%, the total digestible nutrients (hereinafter referred to as “TDN”) is less than 20%, and it is within the lumen. Digestion in can be unstable. In addition, the feed with low digestibility stays in the lumen for a long time and reduces the space for the next feed, which hinders the supply of sufficient nutrition to ruminants. A crude protein content of 25% or more is not preferable because a decrease in TDN content due to a relative decrease in cellulose content is observed.

In addition, when producing livestock feed according to an embodiment of the present invention, first, wood chips obtained by converting thinned wood into chips are adjusted to a moisture content of less than 30% (mass%) with an impact crusher. In addition, a pre-ground product having a particle size of about 300 to 800 μm, preferably about 500 μm is formed.
Using this pre-ground material as a wood material, the wood material and the feed material are integrated together by re-aggregation by continuously applying a high impact force to the mixture of the wood material and the feed material with a crusher capable of adding a high impact force. To make fine particles. The average particle size of the fine particles at this time is 10 μm to 50 μm. Thereby, in conifers such as cedar, it is possible to pulverize a lignin structure that is difficult to break with a normal pulverizer.

In addition, the livestock feed according to the embodiment of the present invention applies a high impact force by a crushing device that can apply a high impact force to a feed material containing a crude material that can be used as a feed for ruminant livestock and a woody raw material obtained from wood. By continuing, the wood raw material and the feed raw material are made into fine particles so as to be integrated by reaggregation.
In the mixed pulverized product that has been microparticulated in this way and integrated by reaggregation, the component derived from the wood material and the component derived from the feed material are integrally used for rumen bacteria. That is, it is possible to decompose the wood material while supplying sufficient crude protein or ammonia to rumen bacteria adsorbed on livestock feed. As a result, only the feed raw material is digested in the rumen of the ruminant livestock, and the wooden raw material is not used as much as rumen bacteria and remains as it is, so that it is easily digested. As a result, digestion within the lumen can be stabilized.

In addition, the finely pulverized mixed material of the wood material and the feed material of the present embodiment can be fed as cattle feed.
Moreover, the work efficiency of feed supply can be improved by compression-molding this mixed pulverized product into a cylindrical pellet.

As a method of forming the mixed pulverized product, a compression molding machine usually used in the production of fuel wood pellets can be used.
For example, a disk die system including a die provided with a number of holes corresponding to the diameter of the cylindrical pellet described in Non-Patent Document 2 and a pressure roller that rotates on the die and compresses a fine wood powder through the hole. The molding apparatus may be used.

Also, using a continuous mixing and molding apparatus for producing cylindrical pellets by forcibly pressing wood fine powder against an annular die having a hole using an extrusion blade fixed to a screw shaft described in Non-Patent Document 3. Also good.
About these pellet shape and the magnitude | size of a pellet, it is possible to make it into arbitrary shapes and magnitude | sizes. For example, it may be formed into pellets having the same shape and the same size to half the size of the commercially available mixed feed so as to be suitable for mixing with the commercially available mixed feed.

The livestock feed pellets produced in this way may be fed to cattle as a mixed feed in combination with a concentrated feed.
Moreover, it is also possible to mix and use for all the mixed feed (Total Mixed Relation, TMR) which mixed the rough feed and the concentrated feed uniformly. As the mixing ratio of this concentrated feed, it can be provided by mixing so as to be a preferred combination of cattle, so that cattle are preferably selected, and blending so as to further increase the nutritional value score.

With the configuration described above, the following effects can be obtained.
The livestock feed according to the embodiment of the present invention adds the crude protein at the feed particle level by mixing and grinding the wood raw material having a water content of less than 30% and the feed raw material containing the crude protein. In addition, the livestock feed of the present embodiment pulverizes the lignin structure of the wood raw material into fine particles by a high impact pulverizer and reaggregates the fine particles of the wood raw material and the feed raw material.
By comprising in this way, the digestibility of a mixed ground material can be raised and rumen digestion can be stabilized. Specifically, in the livestock feed according to the embodiment of the present invention, the nutritional components are cellulose and hemicellulose, which can be a substitute for roughage such as grass and rice straw, so that the rumen function of cattle can be kept normal. Furthermore, rumen digestion can be stabilized by the crude protein. Therefore, livestock feed for ruminant livestock with high nutritional value and high safety can be provided from woody raw materials and feed raw materials.

More specifically, the value of roughage fed to ruminant livestock is determined by its free harvest and digestibility. In order to increase the amount of energy supplied from the roughage, it is necessary to increase the amount of food intake and increase the digestibility. Since the roughage intake is determined by the intake restriction due to the physical filling of the lumen, it is necessary to increase the bulk specific gravity (g / cm ³ ) of the roughage in order to increase the amount of food intake. In addition, increasing the digestion rate of the roughage will also increase the amount of food intake.
On the other hand, the livestock feed according to the embodiment of the present invention can maximize the bulk specific gravity (g / cm ³ ) of the feed and increase the amount of food intake by pulverizing the woody material and the feed raw material. .
Moreover, the livestock feed of this embodiment can enlarge the surface area (specific surface area, cm < ² > / g) per mass of feed by pulverizing the wood raw material and the feed raw material. For this reason, many rumen bacteria can adsorb | suck to the fine particle of the livestock feed of this embodiment, and the digestion rate of livestock feed can be raised. Thereby, the disappearance rate of the solid phase of the contents can be increased, and the free intake (feeding amount) of the livestock feed by the ruminant livestock can be increased. As a result, it can be expected to increase the milking amount of the dairy cow or to improve the quality of the beef cattle.

In addition, the livestock feed according to the embodiment of the present invention pulverizes a mixture of a wood raw material and a feed raw material with a water content of less than 30% into fine particles by pulverizing the lignin structure of the wooden raw material with a high impact pulverizer, Reagglomerate fines of feed ingredients. In other words, the livestock feed according to the embodiment of the present invention is a pulverizer capable of adding a high impact force as a mixture of other feed raw materials by converting the wood such as cedar thinned wood into chips and pre-grinding them into woody raw materials. Then, the lignin structure is refined (mixed and pulverized) until it is pulverized, and is compressed as it is or into a pellet form.
As described above, the livestock feed of this embodiment is not subjected to steam heating, and is continuously applied with a high impact force by a pulverizer capable of adding a high impact force so that the wood material and the feed material are integrated by reaggregation. It can be manufactured at low cost since it is only made into fine particles. As a result, it is possible to provide a livestock feed that is inexpensive and suitable for feeding ruminant livestock such as cattle with high nutritional value.

In Japan, the production of self-sufficient roughage is difficult to manage. Self-sufficient roughage production requires investment in machinery and allocation of labor to feed production. It is the present situation that more profit can be obtained if the capital and labor force for producing these feeds are expanded to expand the breeding section of the cows. Moreover, since the farmland is narrow and dispersed, efficient feed production is difficult. Therefore, there is a need for an inexpensive roughage that is stably supplied with stable quality throughout the year.
On the other hand, since the livestock feed according to the embodiment of the present invention is mainly made of raw wood such as cedar thinned wood, the nutritional value, yield, etc. depend on the weather unlike pasture and rice straw. Not. In other words, wooden materials can be supplied stably throughout the year. Moreover, the livestock feed of this embodiment can stably supply the feed containing an effective amount of crude protein by adjusting the mixing ratio with the feed raw material containing crude protein. For this reason, it is possible to stably supply livestock feed with a constant nutrition value and stable quality throughout the year.
In addition, like the livestock feed of this embodiment, by making the crude protein content of the mixed pulverized product 1.5% to 25%, while preventing digestive diseases such as rumen acidosis by giving only concentrated feed, Even if woody materials are used, it is possible to increase the TDN content and stabilize digestion in the lumen.

In addition, the livestock feed according to the embodiment of the present invention can be used by effectively using wood, particularly cedar thinned wood, which has almost no usage, as a raw material. That is, it is inexpensive because it uses a wood part to be discarded, and there is little price fluctuation.
Moreover, since the livestock feed which concerns on embodiment of this invention can use wood as it is, quality control is easy and safety | security becomes high.
From such characteristics, the livestock feed according to the embodiment of the present invention can promote livestock production by producing inexpensive and highly safe feed and stably supplying it to livestock farmers.
In addition, the effective use of thinned wood leads to the activation of the forestry and forest industry as a whole.

The livestock feed according to the embodiment of the present invention can be finely divided by a pulverizer other than the above-described high impact pulverizer. Even in this case, it is preferable to make fine particles to pulverize the lignin structure. In addition, in this microparticulation, it is desirable to perform microparticulation while cooling appropriately so that the wood powder is not heated.
In addition, the livestock feed according to the embodiment of the present invention can use wood such as pine and cucumber as a wood raw material in addition to the cedar thinning material. Furthermore, it is possible to use saw chips, bark, roots, leaves, etc. that are not made into chips.

<Other embodiments>
Conventionally, a waste bed after collecting mushrooms from fungus beds of mushrooms produced from conifers and broad-leaved saws and moss has been known as a forestry by-product. Since the waste fungus bed is a residue that digests cellulose and nutrients that are easily digested by mushrooms, even if this waste fungus bed is fed as it is as cattle feed, its nutritional value is low.
In this regard, the present inventors conducted an extensive experiment. As a result, although the waste fungus bed contains a large amount of mushroom cells, the mushroom cells remain rumen even when fed to cattle. ) Was not digested. This was thought to be the same mechanism as rumen bacteria are not digested. Therefore, the present inventors thought that the protein contained in the cells can be digested by crushing and crushing the cells, but when the waste cell bed is crushed as it is, the cells are crushed and pasty. It was a sticky substance and could not be crushed. On the other hand, when mixing and crushing wooden raw materials and waste fungus beds at an appropriate ratio, it was found that crushing was possible and the nutritional value could be increased, and the livestock feed of this embodiment was completed.

As described above, the livestock feed according to the embodiment of the present invention can use forestry by-products such as a waste fungus bed as a feed raw material. As this forestry by-product, in addition to the waste fungus bed, it is possible to use bark, waste pulp and the like that satisfy the requirements according to the above-described embodiment.
Moreover, it is suitable for the livestock feed of this embodiment that the mixing ratio of the feed raw material with respect to a wooden raw material is 10 mass%-40 mass%. If it is less than 10% by mass, the nutritional value of the feed will be low. On the contrary, when it is more than 40% by mass, the crude protein content of the mixed pulverized product is excessively increased, which is not preferable. Here, in the case of a waste microbial bed, as shown in Example 2 below, when it is more than 30% by mass, the motor load in pulverization during pulverization increases, so that it may be 10% by mass to 30% by mass. Is preferred.

  EXAMPLES Next, although an Example demonstrates this invention further based on drawing, the following specific examples do not limit this invention.

[Production method and experimental method]
(Production Example 1)
A mixed pulverized product obtained by mixing and pulverizing with a high impact pulverizer using cedar chips as a wooden material and rice straw as a feed material was produced as a livestock feed of Production Example 1.
Specifically, cedar chips are dried and coarsely pulverized with a dry pulverizer (KDS-2) to prepare a cedar coarse powder having a water content of about 15% and an average particle size of about 500 μm, and a cutter mill of 2 mm or less. The rice straw crushed to the size of was prepared. This cedar coarse powder and rice straw are mixed at a ratio of 80% by mass to 20% by mass and continuously used as a high impact pulverizer using a continuous vibration mill (TR3000 type tandem ring mill) using a ring medium. Fine pulverization was repeated. At this time, the rotational speed of the motor of the TR3000 tandem ring mill was set to 1500 rpm and the powder feed was set to 7 Hz, and the pulverized product was repeatedly passed. Further, a single pulverized powder was used as a “grinding pass”, and the mixed pulverized material was sampled for each pass.

(Production Example 2)
As production example 2, cedar chips as woody raw material and alfalfa which is legume grass (roughage) alfalfa instead of rice straw in production example 1 as feed raw material, and mixed and pulverized by a high impact pulverizer The pulverized product was obtained as the livestock feed of Production Example 2.
As the alfalfa, a powdery material cut to a length of 5 mm or less was used. Cedar coarse powder and alfalfa are mixed at a ratio of 80% by mass to 20% by mass, and continuously pulverized repeatedly using a continuous vibration mill (TR3000 type tandem ring mill) using a ring medium as a high impact pulverizer. The pulverization was performed. The pulverization conditions are the same as in Production Example 1. Also in Production Example 2, the mixed pulverized material was sampled for each pulverization pass.

(Comparative Example 1)
As Comparative Example 1, a finely pulverized product was prepared by pulverizing only cedar powder as a wood raw material with a high impact pulverizer.
Using a batch type vibration mill (HV30 tandem ring mill) using a ring medium as a high impact pulverizer, 1000 g of cedar crude powder was pulverized for 40 minutes at a frequency of 1500 rpm and a total amplitude of 8 mm.
Here, the crude water content of cedar used for pulverization was adjusted to an initial moisture content (%) (= water content / dry weight × 100) from about 15% to about 53%, and later described moisture content and saccharification. Used to examine the relationship with rate.
Of these, a water content of about 15% was designated as Comparative Example 1. The animal feed of Comparative Example 1 is equivalent to the livestock feed described in Patent Document 1.

(Reference Example 1)
A finely pulverized product was produced by pulverizing cotton stalks with a high impact pulverizer as a woody material. Specifically, 800 g of dried cotton stems were finely pulverized in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 using a batch vibration mill (HV30 tandem ring mill) using a ring medium as a high impact pulverizer.

(Measurement of cellulase saccharification rate of finely pulverized product)
About the manufacture examples 1-2, the comparative example 1, and the reference example 1, the cellulase saccharification rate of the fine ground material manufactured with the high impact grinding apparatus was measured as follows:
40 mg of the finely pulverized product was suspended in 2 mL of 0.1 M acetate buffer having a pH of 5.5, and 2 μL of cellulase (Cellic CTec 2 manufactured by Novozyme) was added thereto and reacted at 50 ° C. for 48 hours with a sealed test tube. The concentration of glucose produced after the reaction was measured by the Schers reagent method. The spectrophotometer used was U-3900H (manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd.), and a wavelength of 420 nm was used for measurement.
Cellulase saccharification rate (%) was calculated by the following formula (1).

Cellulase saccharification rate (%) = produced glucose amount (mg) / finely pulverized product (40 mg) × 100 (1)

(Measurement of average particle size)
Moreover, about manufacture example 1-2, the comparative example 1, and the reference example 1, the average particle diameter was measured by Microtrac MT3300EX II (made by Nikkiso).

(Electron microscope observation)
Using S-3000N manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies, which is a scanning electron microscope, the shape of the fine particles after pulverization was observed.

(Digestion test of feed by rumen bacteria)
One liter of rumen fluid is collected from the rumen of beef cattle (Japanese shorthorn breeds, breeding cattle, breeding cattle), and artificial saliva (NaHCO ₃ 10.6 g, KCl 0.57 g, Na ₂ HPO ₄ -12H _2). 4.7 g of O, 0.12 g of MgSO ₄ -7H ₂ O, 0.56 g of urea, 1 g of ammonium sulfate, 1 L of tap water) and add 1 L of anaerobic continuous culture (artificial lumen) of rumen bacteria in a 3 L stirring culture vessel. went. The anaerobic state was performed by intermittent aeration of nitrogen gas, and the pH was controlled at a culture temperature of 39 ° C. and pH 6.50 with artificial saliva.
Digestion test of feed with rumen bacteria was performed as follows. The artificial rumen was cultured by adding 20 g of the evaluation feed. At this time, when rumen bacteria digest the feed and volatile fatty acids (acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid) are generated, the pH is lowered. Therefore, the pH was maintained at 6.50 by automatic addition of artificial saliva by a pH controller. The culture solution of the same amount as the artificial saliva added at that time was withdrawn as the effluent, and the amount of volatile fatty acids in the effluent was quantified by HPLC. As an evaluation feed, crystalline cellulose powder (Ceorus (registered trademark) RSC-900, manufactured by Asahi Kasei) as a control, a finely pulverized product of Comparative Example 1, and a mixed pulverized product of Production Example 2 were used.

(Digestion test of livestock feed by sheep)
Four steers were placed per feed and the sheep were housed in individual digestion test cages. The test plots were divided into two groups, a basic feed plot and a livestock feed plot, and the livestock feed plot was set to supplement the basic feed with 10% dry matter of the rice straw mixed ground livestock feed of Production Example 1. The test period was 1 week for the preliminary period and 1 week for the current period. All feces were collected during this period, and the digestibility and TDN content of the test feed were calculated from the dry matter amount of the feces and component analysis. Moreover, the TDN content of rice straw mixed and ground livestock feed was estimated by the indirect method.

〔result〕
(Relationship between moisture content and cellulase saccharification rate)
In FIG. 1, only the cedar powder of Comparative Example 1 was pulverized with a high impact pulverizer while changing the initial moisture content, and the results of measurement of the influence on the moisture content and cellulase saccharification rate are shown.
As shown in FIG. 1, when the water content of the cedar powder exceeded 30%, the saccharification rate sometimes significantly decreased. Therefore, in order to prepare a pulverized product having a high cellulase saccharification rate, it was preferable that the water content be less than 30%.

(Average particle diameter of mixed pulverized product, relationship between cellulase saccharification rate, and electron microscope observation)
FIG. 2 shows changes in the average particle size and cellulase saccharification rate of the mixed pulverized product when pulverized in Production Example 1. The average particle size reached 50 μm or less in the second pass of the grinding pass. Further, the saccharification rate was 30% or more in the ninth pass of the pulverization pass.

  In FIG. 3, the result of having observed the mixed ground material acquired according to progress of the grinding | pulverization pass in manufacture example 1 with the scanning electron microscope is shown. In the first pass and the fourth pass of the pulverization pass, integration by reaggregation did not proceed. In the seventh pass, formation of fine particles due to reaggregation was confirmed, and in the tenth pass, a more complicated aggregate was formed. In the first pass, as shown in FIG. 2, the average particle size is about 100 μm and the saccharification rate is 20%, but at this point, the cedar as the woody material and the rice straw as the feed material are recycled. Integration by agglomeration was not progressing, and the separated fine particles were mixed. In such a mixed pulverized product that is not microparticulated or in a state where integration by reagglomeration is not progressing, only the rice straw of the feed raw material is digested by the rumen of the ruminant livestock, and the wooden raw material remains as it is. Therefore, it is considered that it is not suitable for the livestock feed of this example.

  FIG. 4 shows the average particle diameter of the mixed pulverized product obtained in the case of pulverization by repeatedly passing the powder with respect to Production Example 2 using a TR3000 type tandem ring mill at a motor rotation speed of 1500 rpm and a powder feed of 7 Hz. (Median diameter) and changes in cellulase saccharification rate are shown. Also in Production Example 2, the saccharification rate of the mixed pulverized product was measured using the mixed pulverized fine powder sampled for each pulverization pass. In Production Example 2, the average particle size reached 40 μm or less in the second pass, and the saccharification rate became 30% or more in the seventh pass.

  In Reference Example 1, the cellulase saccharification rate of the obtained cotton stem fine powder was measured and found to be 41.2%. This value was comparable to the cellulase saccharification rate of the cedar fine powder of Comparative Example 1 shown in FIG. Thus, it is possible to use a plant body of a woody plant such as a cotton stem or bamboo as a woody material in the same manner as a wood chip or the like.

(Results of diet digestion test with rumen bacteria)
About the digestion test of the feed by rumen bacteria, when the amount of volatile fatty acids in the effluent was measured, the amount of volatile fatty acids produced was 7.11 mmol / g for crystalline cellulose as a control, and Comparative Example 1 The cedar fine wood flour was 1.15 mmol / g, and the 8: 2 mixed pulverized product of cedar and alfalfa in Production Example 2 was 0.95 mmol / g.

(Results of digestion of livestock feed by sheep)
Table 1 below shows the feed components (% DM) of the livestock feed of Production Example 1 and Comparative Example 1.

  Among the items in Table 1, DM is the total (%) of feed ingredients excluding moisture. OM is the amount of organic matter (%). CP is the crude protein content (%) and indicates the protein contained in the feed. EE indicates crude fat (%) which is a vegetable fat contained in plants. ADF is an acidic detergent fiber (%), a component excluding hemicellulose in the cell wall, and a component corresponding to cellulose and lignin. NDF is a neutral detergent fiber (%) and consists of hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin and heat-denatured protein. Keisan refers to silicic acid. In addition, C.I. ASH indicates crude ash (crude ash). All are expressed in mass%.

  The rice straw mixed pulverized livestock feed of Production Example 1 increased the crude protein content (CP) and decreased the fiber fraction content by mixing rice straw compared to the wood feed pellets produced from only the wood cedar of Comparative Example 1. .

  The digestibility (% DM) of rice straw mixed livestock feed is shown in Table 2 below.

The dry matter digestibility of the livestock feed containing the rice straw mixed pulverized product of Production Example 1 was 22.5%, and the TDN content was 20.2%. Since the TDN of rice straw is 42.8% (from the Japanese standard feed ingredient table 2001 version) and the mixing ratio of rice straw in Production Example 1 is 20%, the TDN content of the woody raw material of Production Example 1 is 14. Estimated 6%.

TDN = (20.2-42.8 / 5) /0.8=14.6%

(Production Example 3)
As a livestock feed for Production Example 3, a mixed pulverized product obtained by mixing and pulverizing with a high impact pulverizer using cedar chips as a wooden material, alfalfa, rice straw, rice husk, edamame stalk and waste fungus bed as a feed material Obtained.
As the high impact pulverizer, a batch type vibration mill (HV30 tandem ring mill) using a ring medium was used. The feed materials mixed with the cedar crude powder were alfalfa, rice straw, rice husk, edamame stalk, and waste fungus bed, which were cut into a powder of 5 mm or less in length, and the water content was adjusted to about 15%. 160 g of various feed materials were added to 640 g of cedar crude powder to make 800 g (mixing ratio, mass ratio 4: 1), and mixed and ground for 60 minutes at a frequency of 1600 rpm and a total amplitude of 6 mm.

FIG. 5 shows the measurement results of the cellulase saccharification rate of the pulverized product mixed and pulverized by this tandem ring mill. The cellulase saccharification rate was measured in the same manner as in Example 1 described above. The same applies to other tests described later.
As a result, even when any feed raw material was mixed, a pulverized product having a cellulase saccharification rate comparable to that obtained when pulverized with cedar alone was obtained. In particular, the effect was high in the waste bacteria bed. Therefore, by mixing and pulverizing, it is possible to improve the enzymatic saccharification of the pulverized product and to mix introduction elements such as protein sources derived from the raw materials to be mixed at the particle level.

  Next, the digestion test of the feed by the rumen bacteria of the various mixed pulverized products produced was conducted. The amount of volatile fatty acids produced in the 4: 1 mixed pulverized product of cedar and alfalfa, rice straw, green soybean stem, and waste fungus bed was 0.88, 1.29, 0.55, and 1.40 mmol / g, respectively. It was. The 4: 1 mixed pulverized product in the mass ratio of the cedar and the waste microbial bed had the highest production amount of volatile fatty acids.

(Production Example 4)
Next, using cedar chips as the woody material and waste fungus bed as the feed material, the mixing ratio of the waste fungus bed to the cedar chips is 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 mass%, and high impact pulverization The mixture was pulverized by an apparatus. This mixed pulverized product was obtained as livestock feed of Production Example 4.
As the high impact pulverizer, a batch type vibration mill (HV30 tandem ring mill) using a ring medium was used. The waste bacterial bed was adjusted to a moisture content of about 15%. The mixing ratio of the waste bacteria bed was 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 mass%. The mixing and pulverization was performed for 60 minutes at a vibration frequency of 1600 rpm and a total amplitude of 6 mm when the mixing ratio of the waste bacteria bed was 0 to 30% by mass. Since the motor load at the time of grinding | pulverization became large when the mixing ratio of the waste microbial bed was 40 mass% or more, it was performed for 60 minutes with a vibration frequency of 1500 rpm and a total amplitude of 6 mm.

  FIG. 6 shows the measurement results of the cellulase saccharification rate of the cedar and waste pulverized pulverized material mixed and pulverized by a tandem ring mill. From this result, when the waste bacteria bed was mixed, stable pulverization was possible up to about 30% by mass. However, when the mixing amount exceeds 30% by mass, the motor load in pulverization increases, so that stable pulverization becomes difficult. As shown in FIG. 6, in the saccharification rate of cellulase, the saccharification rate of the mixed pulverized product in which the mixing ratio of the cedar and the waste microbial bed was 9: 1 was the highest.

  Next, the digestion test of the feed by the rumen bacteria of the mixed pulverized products in various proportions was performed. The production amounts of volatile fatty acids in the mixed pulverized product of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 mass% of the cedar and the waste microbial bed are 0.53, 1.43, 0.68, and 1.35, respectively. 1.40, 1.20, 0.82 mmol / g. The mixing ratio of the cedar and the waste microbial bed was optimally 9: 1 by mass ratio.

  Note that the configuration and operation of the above-described embodiment are examples, and it is needless to say that the configuration and operation can be appropriately changed and executed without departing from the gist of the present invention.

  The method for producing livestock feed of the present invention can be used industrially because it can provide a practical livestock feed that stabilizes digestion in rumen of ruminant livestock.

Claims (8)

Using a dry crushing device that adds high impact force, the wood raw material with a water content of less than 30% and the feed raw material containing crude protein are mixed and pulverized,
A method for producing livestock feed, wherein the finely pulverized mixed pulverized product is used as feed for ruminant livestock. In the mixing and pulverization, the mixed pulverized product has an average particle size of 10 μm to 50 μm, and is agglomerated so that the wood raw material and the feed raw material are integrated by reaggregation. The method for producing livestock feed according to claim 1. The wood raw material is a wood chip and / or woody plant obtained by chipping wood such as thinned wood, etc., and the moisture content is adjusted to less than 30% with a dry pulverizer, and an average grain of 300 to 800 μm The method for producing livestock feed according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the method is used in a diameter. The method for producing livestock feed according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the mixed pulverized product has a content of the crude protein of 1.5% to 25%. The method for producing livestock feed according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the feed material is a herb, a grain, a food by-product, a food waste, a forestry by-product, and / or an agricultural by-product. The forestry by-product is a waste fungus bed,
The method for producing livestock feed according to claim 5, wherein the waste fungus bed is mixed at a ratio of 10% by mass to 30% by mass with respect to the wooden raw material. The method for producing livestock feed according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the mixed pulverized product is press-molded with a compression molding machine. A livestock feed produced by the method for producing livestock feed according to any one of claims 1 to 7.

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