JP2018150792A - Concrete finishing method - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a concrete finishing method which expands an area to be leveled in a short period at a time compared to manual leveling and neatly finishes a concrete surface with sufficient strength.SOLUTION: A concrete finishing method comprises: a first leveling process to level concrete UC placed between two rails 20, before the same hardens, with a rotary driven tube roller 10 driven on the rails; and a first tamping process to tamp a surface of the concrete, leveled in the first leveling process before the same hardens, with a vibratory tamping machine.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

  The present invention relates to a concrete construction method in which concrete before being hardened is poured and leveled on both a flat surface (floor surface) and a slope surface (inclined surface).

  Conventionally, the surface of the concrete using a leveling device having a leveling plate in contact with the surface of the concrete before hardening, a vibration generating means mounted on the leveling plate, and an operation handle attached to the leveling plate A finishing device equipped with a leveling process for leveling, a leveling machine with a propeller-like power rotary rod, a flat finishing rod, and a weight for pressing the finishing rod against the concrete surface A floor surface construction method including a finishing process for finishing the surface of concrete is known (for example, Patent Document 1).

Japanese Patent No. 3913263

  However, the above-described leveling process using the leveling apparatus of the conventional floor construction method is a so-called tamping process in which the leveling apparatus is vibrated to beat the concrete while vibrating the leveling apparatus in order to increase the strength of the concrete. The leveling device can only be used after the previous concrete has been leveled.

  Therefore, after the so-called ready-mixed concrete pouring process, which is the process of pouring ready-mixed concrete, the roughening process in which the operator leveles the chopping board and concrete, and the operator applies a wooden straight ruler to the concrete to level it cleanly. It was necessary to perform a ruler rubbing process, and thereafter, a leveling process was performed to level the surface of the concrete using the above-described leveling apparatus.

  In the process before the leveling process using the leveling device, when a wide range is to be constructed, it is necessary for a large number of workers to perform the leveling process and ruler rubbing process. There was a problem that it was difficult to level the green concrete cleanly.

  Therefore, the present invention solves the problems of the prior art as described above, that is, the purpose of the present invention is to widen the range to be averaged in a short time compared to the case of leveling by hand. It is to provide a concrete construction method.

  According to the first aspect of the present invention, in the concrete construction method in which the uncured concrete is poured, leveled, and hardened, the two drive rails are moved along the rails on the two rails. A first leveling step of leveling the uncured concrete, and a first tamping step of tamping the surface of the concrete before curing leveled in the first leveling step using a vibratory tamping machine. Thus, the above-described problem is solved.

  In the invention according to claim 2, in addition to the concrete construction method described in claim 1, when the rotation direction of the first leveling step with respect to the moving direction of the rotationally driven tube roller rolls in the moving direction. The rotational drive tube roller slides on the rail while being rotated in the reverse direction by the driving means, thereby further solving the above-described problem.

  In the invention according to claim 3, in addition to the concrete construction method described in claim 1 or claim 2, in the first leveling step, the two rails are inclined with respect to the horizontal direction. It is installed, and the moving direction of the rotationally driven tube roller is a direction from the lower side of the slope to the upper side of the slope, thereby further solving the aforementioned problems.

  According to the fourth aspect of the present invention, in addition to the concrete construction method described in the third aspect, in the first tamping step, the moving direction of the vibratory tamping machine is directed from the upper side of the slope to the lower side of the slope. By being in the direction, the above-described problem is further solved.

  In the invention according to claim 5, in addition to the configuration of the concrete construction method described in any one of claims 1 to 4, the inside of the two rails is along the rail extending direction. Thus, the above-described problem is further solved by providing the elastic body.

  In the invention according to claim 6, in addition to the configuration of the concrete construction method described in any one of claims 1 to 5, the first leveling step is performed outside the two rails. Rotating drive type tube roller which is carried out at a plurality of positions and hardens the concrete between the two rails and removes the rail, and the concrete is poured between the two hardened concretes after the rail removing step. The above-mentioned problem is further solved by further including a second leveling step of moving the two along the two hardened concretes and leveling the unhardened concrete between the two hardened concretes.

  According to the seventh aspect of the invention, in addition to the concrete construction method described in the sixth aspect, the surface of the concrete before hardening leveled in the second leveling step is tamped using a vibration type tamping machine. By further comprising the second tamping step, the above-described problem is further solved.

  According to the eighth aspect of the present invention, in the concrete construction method in which the uncured concrete is poured, leveled, and hardened, the rotationally driven tube roller is used as the rail on the two rails installed on the flat surface as the construction surface. The above-described problem is solved by providing a first leveling step that moves along the rail and smooths the concrete before hardening between the two rails.

  The invention according to claim 9 is a concrete construction method in which concrete before being hardened is poured, hardened and hardened, and is driven to rotate on two rails installed along the slope direction of the slope which is the construction surface. The above-described problem is solved by providing a first leveling step of moving the type tube roller along the rails to level the unhardened concrete between the two rails.

  The concrete construction method of the present invention can not only be hardened by pouring and smoothing the uncured concrete, but also has the following specific effects.

  According to the concrete construction method of the invention according to claim 1, the smoothness and the own weight of the rotationally driven tube roller act on the so-called concrete that is the two rails before being hardened between the angles, so that manual work is performed. Compared with the case of leveling, the range to be leveled at once is widened and the leveling is done in a short time, so that the concrete surface can be finished cleanly.

  In other words, the conventional manual leveling process and ruler rubbing process are not required, so that the number of workers can be reduced and a wide range of concrete can be leveled cleanly in a short time.

  Furthermore, vibration is applied to the inside of the concrete before hardening, and the air inside moves to the surface and escapes from the surface to increase the density of the concrete, so that the strength of the concrete can be increased.

  In addition, vibration is applied to the inside of the concrete before hardening, and the aggregate with a large specific gravity moves downward (sinks), and excess water with a small specific gravity moves to the surface and floats on the surface, and the density of the concrete is high. Therefore, the strength of the concrete can be increased.

  That is, a high quality cement paste layer in the concrete can be formed on the concrete surface layer by tamping.

  In addition, the machine is used in both the first leveling process and the first tamping process, and the surface of the concrete leveled in the first leveling process is tamped quickly and extensively in the first tamping process before hardening. In addition, since the air and excess water inside the concrete escape, even if it is constructed over a wide range in a short time, it is possible to eliminate the passage of fine water and the air pool inside the concrete and make it difficult to generate cracks.

  According to the concrete construction method of the invention according to claim 2, in addition to the effect of the invention according to claim 1, before the excessive hardening from the upstream side in the moving direction to the downstream side by the rotational movement of the rotationally driven tube roller. Since the concrete is scraped out, it is possible to easily create a concrete surface with few irregularities.

  According to the concrete construction method of the invention according to claim 3, in addition to the effect of the invention according to claim 1 or claim 2, the extra portion of the concrete before hardening between the two rails is from below the slope. Since the surface of the concrete before hardening between the two rails is leveled while being scraped upward, it can be avoided that the surface of the concrete before hardening flows downward on the slope.

  According to the concrete construction method of the invention according to claim 4, in addition to the effect of the invention according to claim 3, the moisture of the concrete before hardening flows downward from the upper side of the slope, compared with the lower side of the slope. There is a tendency that the upper part of the slope dries faster, and tamping is performed first from the side that dries faster, so that air and excess water can be surely released before the concrete is hardened, and cracking of the concrete can be avoided.

  According to the concrete construction method of the invention according to claim 5, in addition to the effect exerted by the invention according to any one of claims 1 to 4, the elastic body is not cured at the time of the first leveling step. Compressed and deformed in the rail width direction under the force of the concrete, but when the concrete inside the two rails hardened and contracted in the rail width direction, the elastic body tried to return to its original shape, and both ends of the concrete width direction Thus, since the force pulled to the outside of the two rails is relieved by the elastic body, it is possible to avoid the occurrence of cracks due to the force pulled to the outside generated by installing the two rails.

  According to the concrete construction method of the invention according to claim 6, in addition to the effect of the invention according to any one of claims 1 to 5, the widths of the plurality of concrete leveled in the first leveling step The end of the direction plays the role of two rails in the second leveling process, and in the same way as in the first leveling process, the range to be leveled at a time is wider and shorter than in the case of manual leveling. Since it is leveled, the concrete surface can be finished cleanly.

  According to the concrete construction method of the invention according to claim 7, in addition to the effect produced by the invention according to claim 6, as in the first tamping step, vibration is applied to the interior of the concrete before hardening, and the internal air Since it moves to the surface and escapes from the surface and the density of the concrete increases, the strength of the concrete can be increased.

  In addition, vibration is applied to the inside of the concrete before hardening, and the aggregate with a large specific gravity moves downward and surplus water with a small specific gravity moves to the surface and floats on the surface, and the density of the concrete increases. The strength of concrete can be increased.

  According to the concrete construction method of the invention according to claim 8, the smoothness and self-weight of the rotationally driven tube roller with respect to the so-called concrete before curing between the angles, which are two rails, in the plane which is the construction surface. As compared with the case of manual leveling, the range to be leveled at once is widened and leveled in a short time, so that the concrete surface can be finished cleanly.

  In other words, the conventional manual leveling process and ruler rubbing process are not required, so that the number of workers can be reduced and a wide range of concrete can be leveled cleanly in a short time.

  According to the concrete construction method of the invention according to claim 9, the smoothness of the rotationally driven tube roller and the so-called concrete between the angles, which are two rails, on the inclined surface that is the construction surface, and Compared to the case of manual leveling due to its own weight, the leveling range is widened at once and leveled in a short time, so that the concrete surface can be finished cleanly.

In other words, the conventional manual leveling process and ruler rubbing process are not required, so that the number of workers can be reduced and a wide range of concrete can be leveled cleanly in a short time.

The perspective view which shows the mode of the 1st leveling process of the concrete construction method of 1st Example of this invention. (A) (B) is the figure seen from the code | symbol 2A of FIG. 1, and the code | symbol 2B. The figure which shows the flow of the concrete construction method of this invention. The perspective view which shows the mode of the 1st tamping process of 1st Example of this invention. (A) (B) is a conceptual diagram which shows the inside of the concrete before and behind tamping. The figure which shows the relationship of the place of the 1st leveling process and 2nd leveling process of 1st Example of this invention. The perspective view which shows the mode of the 2nd leveling process of 1st Example of this invention. The perspective view which shows the rail of 2nd Example of this invention. (A) and (B) are cross-sectional views before and after concrete hardening as seen by reference numeral 9-9 in FIG.

  According to the concrete construction method of the present invention, the rotationally driven tube roller is moved along the rail along the two rails installed along the plane which is the construction surface or along the inclination direction of the inclined surface. As long as the surface of the concrete is finished finely by providing the first leveling step of leveling the concrete before hardening between the rails of the books, any specific embodiment may be used. .

  For example, if the rail (angle) is at least partly in contact with the rotationally driven tube roller, such as a metal pipe, wooden square, or part of the concrete surface, the rotationally driven tube roller is guided in the moving direction. It doesn't matter what.

  Further, the vibration tamping machine may be configured to strike at least a portion of the concrete before being hardened by vibration, and the surface contacting the concrete may be a flat plate surface or a curved surface of the roller portion. But you can.

  Below, the concrete construction method which is 1st Example of this invention is demonstrated based on FIG. 1 thru | or FIG.

  Here, FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing the state of the first leveling step of the concrete construction method of the first embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 2 (A) is a plan view seen from the reference numeral 2A in FIG. FIG. 2 (B) is a side view as viewed from reference numeral 2B, FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a schematic flow of the concrete construction method of the present invention, and FIG. 4 is a first embodiment of the present invention. It is a perspective view which shows the mode of the 1st tamping process of an example, FIG. 5 (A) is a conceptual diagram which shows the inside of the concrete before tamping, and FIG. 5 (B) shows the inside of the concrete after tamping. FIG. 6 is a conceptual diagram, FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the relationship between the locations of the first leveling process and the second leveling process of the first embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 7 is the diagram of the first embodiment of the present invention. It is a perspective view which shows the mode of a 2nd leveling process.

  As shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, the concrete construction method according to the first embodiment of the present invention has a leveling step after the concrete pouring step for pouring the concrete UC before curing.

  As shown in FIGS. 1 to 2B, the first leveling process, which is a leveling process, moves the rotationally driven tube roller 10 along the rail 20 on a so-called angle, which is two rails. Level the concrete UC before hardening between the two rails.

  As an example, the rotationally driven tube roller 10 includes a rotating shaft portion 11, a driving means 12, a rotating tube roller portion 13, a handle portion 14, and two tow ropes 15 and 16.

  Among these, the rotating shaft portion 11 is provided in a long shape and is inserted into the rotating tube roller portion 13.

  The driving means 12 is provided on one end side of the rotating shaft portion 11 and is configured to apply a force between the rotating tube roller portion 13 and the rotating shaft portion 11 so that the rotating tube roller portion 13 rotates with respect to the rotating shaft portion 11, for example.

  The rotating tube roller portion 13 is rotated by receiving a force from the driving means 12, and in this embodiment, the rotating tube roller portion 13 rotates in the direction opposite to the rotating direction of rolling on the rail with respect to the moving direction of the rotationally driven tube roller 10.

  The width | variety of the rotation tube roller part 13 is about 1-30 m, and a diameter is about 10-50 cm.

  The handle portion 14 is provided integrally with the rotary shaft portion 11 on the side where the driving means 12 is provided in the rotary shaft portion 11.

  Of the two tow ropes 15 and 16, one end of one tow rope 15 is connected to the handle portion 14, and the other end is pulled by an operator or a towing machine.

  One end side of the other traction rope 16 is connected to the other end of the rotating shaft portion 11, and the other end side is pulled by an operator or a traction machine.

  In this embodiment, a case where concrete construction is performed on a bank slope will be described.

  As shown in FIG. 1, on the bank slope, the two rails 20 are installed substantially parallel to each other at an interval from the slope lower BL toward the slope upper UP.

  And concrete is poured between the two rails 20 inclined with respect to the horizontal direction.

  The worker roughly lays the ready-mixed concrete with a shaving board or rake so that there is no large deviation from the construction surface.

  Then, the level of concrete construction is determined using the level bar, and the two rails 20 are adjusted to the level.

  As the first leveling step, the rotationally driven tube roller 10 is placed on the rail on the lower side of the inclined surface of the two rails 20, and the vicinity of both ends of the rotating tube roller unit 13 is brought into contact with the two rails 20.

  Then, while driving the rotationally driven tube roller 10, the two pulling ropes 15 and 16 are pulled, and the rotationally driven tube roller 10 is slowly moved along the rail 20 from the lower slope BL to the upper slope UP. .

  As a result, the smoothness and the own weight of the rotationally driven tube roller 10 acts on the concrete UC before hardening between the two rails, so that the range to be leveled at a time is wider than when leveling by hand. And is leveled in a short time.

  That is, the conventional manual roughening process and ruler rubbing process are unnecessary.

  Further, the rotation direction of the rotation tube roller portion 13 relative to the movement direction of the rotation drive type tube roller 10 is opposite to the rotation direction when rolling in the movement direction, and the rotation tube roller portion 13 is reversed by the drive means 12. Slide on the rail while rotating.

  As a result, the excess uncured concrete UC is scraped from the upstream side in the moving direction of the rotationally driven tube roller 10 to the downstream side (forward) by the rotational movement of the rotary tube roller unit 13.

  As a result, it is possible to easily create the surface of the concrete UC before being hardened with less unevenness.

  In addition, since the concrete is leveled from the lower slope BL, there is no possibility that the leveled concrete collapses to the lower slope BL when leveling from the lower slope BL to the upper slope UP.

  In other words, when leveling from the upper slope UP to the lower slope BL, the concrete tends to move from the upper slope UP to the lower slope BL due to its own weight, so there is a risk that the leveled concrete will collapse. Since the concrete below the slope BL supports the concrete above the slope UP by leveling from the slope lower BL toward the slope upper UP, the leveled concrete can be prevented from collapsing to the slope lower BL.

  Next, a tamping step of applying vibration to the concrete by hitting the surface of the concrete UC before curing is performed.

  In the first tamping process, which is a tamping process, the vibratory tamping machine 30 is used.

  As an example, the vibration type tamping machine 30 includes a tamping plate portion 31, a vibration unit 32, and a handle bar 33.

  The tamping plate portion 31 is long in the lateral direction.

  The lateral width of the tamping plate portion 31 is about 100 cm to 300 cm, and the length in the front-rear direction is about 15 cm to 50 cm.

  The vibration means 32 is provided on the tamping plate portion 31 and configured to vibrate in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the tamping plate portion 31 integrally with the tamping plate portion 31.

  The vibration means 32 may be configured by an engine, or may be configured by an electric motor using a rechargeable battery as a power source.

  The handle bar 33 is connected to the tamping plate portion 31.

  When the vibration tamping machine 30 is driven, the tamping plate portion 31 is lifted from the concrete surface by vibration, so that one operator can easily operate and move the vibration tamping machine 30. be able to.

  Before tamping, as shown in FIG. 5 (A), fine air AR and surplus water WT exist inside the cement C1 in the concrete UC before hardening. Moreover, the excess water WT tends to accumulate below the aggregate C2 in the concrete UC before hardening. Furthermore, a small water passage WP is formed as water having a specific gravity smaller than that of the cement C1 and the aggregate C2 moves upward due to the difference in specific gravity.

  By tamping the uncured concrete UC with the vibration type tamping machine 30, as shown in FIG. 5 (B), vibration is applied to the interior of the uncured concrete UC, and the internal air AR moves to the surface. Run away from the concrete and increase the density of the concrete.

  Further, vibration is applied to the inside of the concrete UC before hardening, and the aggregate C2 having a large specific gravity moves downward (sinks), and the excess water WT having a small specific gravity moves to the surface and floats on the surface. Density increases.

  In other words, surplus water WT moves to the surface and floats on the surface, and with sufficient compaction finish, remove surplus water, remove weak parts of concrete surface layer such as latency, and form a good cement paste layer on concrete surface layer This increases the density of the concrete.

  As a result, the strength of the concrete CC after curing can be increased.

  In addition, the machine is used in both the first leveling process and the first tamping process, and the surface of the concrete leveled in the first leveling process is tamped quickly and extensively in the first tamping process before hardening. In addition, the air AR inside the concrete and the excess water WT escape.

  As a result, even when constructed over a wide range in a short time, it is possible to eliminate the accumulation of fine water passages WP and air AR inside the concrete and make it difficult to generate cracks.

  In this embodiment, the concrete construction surface is inclined.

  In the first tamping step, the moving direction of the vibratory tamping machine 30 is a direction from the upper slope UP to the lower slope BL.

  As a result, the moisture of the concrete UC before hardening flows downward from the upper slope UP, and the upper slope UP tends to dry faster than the lower slope BL, and tamping is performed earlier from the faster drying side. .

  As a result, it is possible to reliably release the air AR and excess water WT before the concrete is hardened, and to avoid the cracking of the concrete CC after the hardening.

  In the construction position standard, after the tamping process, the curing waiting process, the squeezing process, the final finishing process by fresno or brushing, and the curing process are performed in this order.

  After the curing waiting process, a rail removing process for removing the rail 20 is performed.

  Subsequently, the first leveling step and the first tamping step are performed while shifting the positions.

  Specifically, as shown in FIG. 6, in consideration of the width of the rotationally driven tube roller 10, the first region A1, the second region A2, and the third region A3 are spaced apart from each other by a predetermined distance outside the two rails 20. A leveling step and a first tamping step are sequentially performed.

  In the case where the first tamping step is performed after the first leveling step in the order of the region A1, the region A2, and the region A3, the tamping is performed from the upper end to the center in the inclined vertical direction in the region A1, and then in the region A2. Tamping from the upper end to the center of the tilted vertical direction, followed by tamping from the upper end to the center of the tilted vertical direction in the region A3, and then tamping from the center to the lower end of the tilted vertical direction in the region A1, and then in the region A2 It is preferable to perform tamping from the center to the lower end in the tilted vertical direction, and then tamping from the center to the lower end in the tilted vertical direction in the region A3.

  Then, if concrete hardens | cures in area | region A1, area | region A2, and area | region A3, in area | region B1, area | region B2, and area | region B3, a 2nd tamping process will be performed similarly to a 1st tamping process after that. .

  As shown in FIG. 7, in the second leveling step, the two rails 20 of the first leveling step are not required, and instead of the two rails 20, the regions A1, A2, and A3 are cured. Part of the surface of concrete CC is used.

  In the present embodiment, the first leveling step is performed at a plurality of locations at intervals on the outside of the two rails 20, and the rail removal step of hardening the concrete between the two rails and removing the rails 20; After the removal process, the concrete is poured between the two hardened concretes, and the rotationally driven tube roller 10 is moved along the two hardened concretes (CC) so that the concrete UC before hardening between the two hardened concretes is leveled. And a second leveling step.

  As a result, the plurality of concrete leveled in the first leveling process is cured, and the end portions in the width direction of the concrete CC after curing serve as the two rails 20 in the second leveling process. As in the case of the step, the range to be averaged at once is widened and the leveling is performed in a short time compared to the case of manual leveling.

  As a result, the surface of the concrete UC before curing can be finished cleanly.

  As in the first leveling step, the rotary tube roller unit 13 may be rotated in the reverse direction while moving the rotationally driven tube roller 10 from the lower slope BL to the upper slope UP.

  Further, the present embodiment further includes a second tamping step in which the surface of the concrete UC before hardening leveled in the second leveling step is tamped using the vibration type tamping machine 30.

  As a result, similarly to the first tamping step, also in the regions B1, B2, and B3, vibration is applied to the inside of the concrete UC before curing, and the internal air AR moves to the surface and escapes from the surface, so that the concrete Density increases.

  Furthermore, vibration is applied to the inside of the concrete UC before hardening, and the aggregate C2 having a large specific gravity moves downward, and the excess water WT having a small specific gravity moves to the surface and floats on the surface, thereby increasing the density of the concrete. Become.

  As a result, the strength of the concrete CC after curing can be increased also in the region B1, the region B2, and the region B3.

  As in the first tamping step, the vibratory tamping machine 30 may be moved from the upper slope UP to the lower slope BL.

  As mentioned above, although the case where concrete construction was carried out on the bank slope was demonstrated, you may construct concrete on a horizontal surface.

  Also, the concrete construction place may be outdoor or indoor.

  Furthermore, although the rotation direction of the rotation tube roller part 13 was made into the reverse direction to the rotation direction which rolls on a rail with respect to the moving direction of the rotation drive type tube roller 10, it may be the same as the rotation direction which rolls.

  It is because the concrete UC before hardening can be leveled by the dead weight of the rotationally driven tube roller 10.

<Reference matters>
Cracks may occur on the surface of cementitious finishing materials such as Caracreet (registered trademark), Ferrocon (registered trademark), Vescon (registered trademark) color, Color Hard (registered trademark) EM, and the like.

This crack is roughly classified into the following two.
1. Cracks generated on the surface of cementitious finishing materials such as Caracreet (registered trademark) and Ferrocon (registered trademark), not the influence of the groundwork.
2. A crack that appears on the surface of a finished material when a concrete or mortar, such as Karakreet (registered trademark) is applied.

The cause of these two types of cracks will be explained, and the prevention or reduction method will be explained.
1. Origin of “cracks that can only enter materials of Caracreet (registered trademark) and ferrocon (registered trademark)”

(1) Next, “2 types of (A) and (B)” can be cited as the method of cracking.

(A) Turtle-shaped hair cracks are innumerable.

  The size is about 2 to 5 cm on a piece, the width is fine and the surface layer appears to be about 0.1 mm, and does not progress inside.

  The crack width is such that it is almost impossible to see that it is contained, but it is a very fine crack that is recognized by reflection from backlight or water penetration when washed with water (light and water infiltration state).

(B) It enters a relatively straight line with a length of about 5 to 10 cm and a width of about 0.5 to 1 mm.

  It suddenly enters an empty plane, not the part where the movement of the floor is restricted around the pillar

(2) Consideration about the cause of cracks

(A) Causes of turtle-shaped hair cracks The minimum amount of water required for Portland cement to fully hydrate is said to be 25% of the amount of Portland cement used.

  Water of 25% or more becomes surplus water that does not contribute to the cement reaction.

  On the premise of this, (a) and (b) hold next

(A) Shrinkage due to hydration of cement (chemical shrinkage)
When water is added to Portland cement, it causes a hydration reaction and hardens. The hydration reaction at this time is shrinkage hardening. That is, the volume of the product produced by the reaction between cement and water is smaller than the total volume of cement and water before the reaction.

  The volume reduction amount at this time is said to correspond to about 25% of the amount of water required for chemical bonding (theoretical water amount).

  Since the theoretical amount of water for hardening the cement is about 25% of the amount of cement, 100 g of cement requires 25 g (25 cc) of water to be fully hydrated.

  25% of this amount of water, ie 25 × 25% = 6.25 cc, is the volume reduction due to this reaction process.

  Immediately after kneading, “cement + water = 125”, but after the reaction, “cement + water = 118.75”.

  This indicates that “water 6.25” is used and decreased due to the hydration reaction.

(B) Drying shrinkage (physical shrinkage) of cement
When making concrete or mortar, sand, gravel, aggregates such as crushed sand and crushed stone are mixed in addition to cement.

  Since the surface of the aggregate is wetted with water, the amount of water adsorbed on the aggregate surface is said to be approximately 15% of the cement weight, although it depends on the formulation.

  It doesn't contribute to the reaction, it has as free water (loose water) that just wets the surface of the aggregate. All this free water evaporates in dry air.

  The volume is reduced by the volume of the evaporated water.

  The force to fill the voids after the evaporation of water becomes the contraction force (physical contraction).

  That is, the theoretical water volume (25%) + aggregate surface adsorbed water (15%) = about 40% is the lowest W / C (water cement ratio) for kneading concrete, but 15% of that is evaporated. It is water that ends up.

  The two shrinkages (a) chemical shrinkage (6.25%) and (b) physical shrinkage (15%) are added, and the cement is cracked. The amount of shrinkage is the total amount, ie 21.25% of the cement.

  The above is the generation mechanism of the turtle-shaped hair crack which enters the surface of Caracreet (registered trademark) or ferrocon (registered trademark).

  This phenomenon may be thought of as occurring only in Caracreet (registered trademark) or ferrocon (registered trademark), but this is due to all materials using Portland cement, such as ordinary concrete and mortar. This phenomenon also applies to concrete pavement plates for molded products.

The only thing that can't be seen in concrete or mortar is that the surface is rough, making it less noticeable. In particular, the occurrence is hardly visible on the concrete surface pressed by hand.
Prevention method The above 21.25% shrinkage cannot be prevented because it is close to the theoretical amount of water, but it was shrunk if the water hydration treatment was carefully carried out immediately after placing and the environment for sufficient cement hydration reaction was prepared. Reactive organisms (such as ettringite) produced during the cement reaction fill up the minute, making it almost inconspicuous.

  This fine crack does not affect the underlying concrete.

(B) Causes of cracks that enter a relatively straight line with a length of about 5 to 10 cm and a width of about 0.5 to 1 mm. These cracks occur when the water on the surface of the finishing material evaporates rapidly due to the influence of wind or sunlight. . This is called a plastic crack.

  Immediately after construction, which has not been sufficiently hardened, when water in the curing material evaporates abruptly mainly due to the influence of wind or sunlight, it enters the surface as cracks.

  It is a crack that enters before the physical properties of the material come out, not because it is a non-shrinkable material, because it is hard to shrink.

This phenomenon occurs even when the kneaded water evaporates rapidly even in a non-shrinkable material, concrete or mortar.
Preventive measures “Wind and sun protection measures are required”
It is important to prevent wind and sun from preventing water from evaporating suddenly in the early stages and from drying out.

  It is important to take measures such as closing the opening indoors to prevent wind from the doors and the like.

  In winter, it may enter with warm air such as a jet heater.

  In order to prevent the floor from being dried by the wind of the jet heater, it is necessary to put it on a pedestal so that the blown air does not hit the floor or to warm the space with the mouth facing up.

  Since it is not possible to take positive wind and sun measures outdoors, it is recommended that the roof be installed after the roof is attached.

The above two types (A) and (B) are cracks that do not affect the base concrete and mortar but enter only the finishing material.
2. Causes of “cracks in which concrete and mortar cracks appear on the surface of the finish” Cracks entering concrete, etc. are mixed (cement amount, water amount, S / A), reinforcement, building structure, settlement, peeling Because it is caused by a combination of various factors, the cause cannot be specified.

  Extract representative matters and list the causes and countermeasures

(C) Cracks due to concrete mix The amount of water for kneading concrete as described in (A) above is 40%, which is 25% theoretical water and 15% aggregate adsorbed water (water cement). Ratio W / C).

  Concrete is placed after improving the flowability by adding water for the purpose of workability, such as ease of pumping and distribution on site, (65% water cement ratio is the maximum value).

  The difference between the numerical value including the amount added for improving workability and the minimum water amount of 40% is the excess water amount.

For example, when the amount of cement is 300 kg / cubic meter. If the basic water volume is 25%, the aggregate adsorbed water volume is 15%, and the total water volume is 40%, the minimum water volume is (25 + 15 = 40%) 300 × 0.40 = 120kg
Considering the maximum water cement ratio, 300 × 0.65 = 195kg
That is, 195-120 = 75 kg evaporates with curing, which is the amount of excess water.

  The force that tries to fill the gaps through which water evaporates is the contraction force, which is the primary cause of cracks.

Considering the theoretical water volume, the amount of surplus water is further increased. The theoretical water volume is (25%) 300 x 0.25 = 75 kg.
Considering the maximum water cement ratio, 300 × 0.65 = 195kg
That is, 195-75 = 120 kg is the surplus water amount.

  The total water amount of 45 kg of adsorbed water + surplus water (0 to 75 kg) for workability = 45 to 120 kg evaporates and contracts, causing cracks.

As the numerical value is reduced, shrinkage is reduced and cracks are less likely to occur.
How to prevent

(I) Water cement ratio (theoretical water volume 25% + adsorbed water 15%) The amount of water exceeding 40% becomes surplus water and causes shrinkage. To do.

  If the water-cement ratio decreases from 65% to 60% and 50%, the fluidity of concrete deteriorates and the workability decreases, but the shrinkage decreases and cracks are reduced.

(Ii) Establish joints (for soil concrete)
Based on the idea that “concrete always shrinks”, joints are provided for the purpose of guiding the shrinkage to a specific place rather than letting it go freely.
Induction joint (cutter joint)
Shrinkage cracks caused by evaporation of water cannot be prevented, so on the day of concrete placement or the next day, cut the surface of the concrete with a diamond cutter, etc. to a depth of about 20-25mm to create a cross-sectional defect and make the crack into this cut. Take a technique to concentrate.

This cut becomes a trigger joint (cutter joint).
The place where the induction joint is created The cutter joint is cut at intervals of about 5 m at the pillar core and the good-looking part between the pillars, and the induction joint is created.

It is appropriate to create the induction joint from that day to the next day of the placement, and after many days, the induction effect is reduced because the shrinkage and cracking due to hardening of the concrete has already started.
Expansion joint (expansion joint)
In a large area, two to four trigger joints are provided with expansion joints (expansion joints). This catches the expansion and contraction of the concrete plate.
Slab concrete Unlike slab concrete, slab concrete must ensure the concrete thickness determined by design continuously, so it is not possible to make a cross-sectional defect by making the above-mentioned cuts.

  If loads are allowed on the structure of pillars and beams, etc., it is possible to create a cross-sectional defect if the thick part to be cut with the cutter is cast thickly (expressed as “fluff”) when the concrete is placed. Is

(Iii) Increasing the amount of reinforcing bars It is effective to use unreinforced concrete in the form of single reinforcement or double reinforcement for reinforced concrete.

  However, the purpose of inserting reinforcing bars is not to prevent cracking but to constrain the shrinkage of concrete. The purpose is to prevent cracks from entering and spreading the mouth.

  It is necessary to combine with mixed concrete and induction joints.

(Iv) Adopting vacuum concrete construction method Vacuum concrete construction method that drains excess water by atmospheric pressure is also effective in preventing cracks.

  In order to ensure workability, it is unavoidable to add more water than the theoretical water volume (W / C 40%). It is effective because the same effect is required.

  As a precaution, even if this method is used after tightening the concrete surface to the extent that it can be walked with mesh clogs or sponge slippers, sufficient dehydration cannot be achieved, and effective dehydration to the inside cannot be expected, so there is little effect. If this construction method is to be carried out effectively, it is necessary to use soft concrete with fluidity immediately after placement.

  Moreover, since the excess water extracted is strong alkalinity (about PH13) under the influence of cement, it cannot be poured into sewage as it is. It will be necessary to flush after neutralization

(D) Change the concrete mix to reduce the cause of cracking The following methods are effective for preventing cracking instead of placing concrete.

(I) Placing fiber concrete There are various types of fibers for mixing concrete (steel fiber), "vinylon fiber", "nylon fiber", "glass fiber", etc. There are many steel fibers because of their ability.

  Steel fiber has a larger surface area than the amount of rebar, and when mixed with concrete, the fiber is dispersed three-dimensionally randomly. Become.

  However, slab concrete needs to be used with caution because it has disadvantages such as high cost, increased air volume, and decreased fluidity.

  As a precaution, since “entrap air (air entrained during kneading)” increases, there is a high possibility that air swells on the surface of the finish. It is necessary to reduce the amount of air in the base concrete as much as possible and carefully perform tapping when driving.

  Moreover, since “the fluidity is reduced by 3 to 4 cm”, the fiber tends to be added to the soft base concrete. In soft concrete, breathing increases, so that a brittle layer such as latency can be thickened on the surface by tapping work to sink the fiber. Since there is a risk of peeling off the finishing material, it is necessary to secure a base concrete of about 15 cm as a base on blending (not concrete tube slump after fiber mixing).

  If the slump at the end of the tube after fiber mixing is 15 to 18 cm, the concrete concrete slump is likely to be close to 20 cm or more, so such concrete is not possible.

(Ii) Placing fluidized concrete To prevent cracking, solid concrete with a reduced water-cement ratio is effective.

  Solid concrete has a tendency to be avoided because the workability at the time of placing is poor. Fluidized concrete is concrete in which fluidity is secured for a certain period of time with chemicals.

For example, original slump 8cm → fluidized slump 18cm
Original slump 12cm → Slump 18cm after fluidization
It becomes a soft concrete that does not interfere with pumping, etc., but it returns to the original slump after 30 to 60 minutes.

  For example, if “original slump 8 cm → fluidized slump 18 cm”, the amount of water at the time of concrete mixing is the same as that of slump 8 cm.

  As a precaution when constructing a spray-type finishing material such as Caracreet (registered trademark), the fluidity is maintained for a short period of 30 to 60 minutes before and after placing. After that time, it will return to the hard concrete of the original slump, so if the worker is not aware of the fact that `` mixed concrete is placed '' and does not arrange the worker or set up the work, the construction timing will be lost. There is a risk that

(Iii) Placing of expansive concrete Placing concrete mixed with expansive material.

  Actually, “When 0 is considered as no shrinkage”, instead of expanding to the plus (+) side, anticipating the amount of shrinkage of the concrete, “adding and compensating for an expansion material so that it is as close to 0 as possible” The target shrinkage compensation concrete.

  The amount of water exceeding the water-cement ratio (theoretical water amount 25% + adsorbed water 15%) 40% becomes surplus water and causes shrinkage, but the shrinking amount is compensated by mixing in the expanding material.

  As a precaution when constructing spray-type finishing materials such as Caracreet (registered trademark), early water curing and water retention curing after placing are necessary. Since moisture is required in the expansion process, apply a finishing material and immediately perform water retention curing when the surface is not damaged.

About "Why is aggregate put in cement?" What kneaded cement only with water is called "cement paste".

  The cement paste alone gives a very high strength.

Cement paste has a very large shrinkage due to drying, so if a structure is made with only the paste, → cracking occurs due to drying shrinkage → cracking occurs due to reaction heat generated during curing → so that water can easily penetrate. If there is a reinforcing bar, it will cause problems such as rusting.

  By adding aggregate, the overall shrinkage can be reduced and cracking can be suppressed.

(A1) Put sand into cement paste and use as mortar

(A2) Sand and gravel are put into cement paste and used as concrete.

  When sand or gravel is added, cement paste is reduced by the amount of aggregate. Moreover, in the case of gravel, since aggregates collide, there exists an advantage that shrinkage | contraction is suppressed.

  The shrinkage of concrete is smaller than that of mortar than cement paste.

About the concept of mortar and concrete When kneading concrete and mortar

  (B1) Water required for cement to react

  (B2) Water for wetting the aggregate (water adsorbed around the aggregate)

(B3) Three types of water to be added in order to obtain fluidity suitable for workability become necessary water, but (B2) and (B3) are excess water and cause cracks. .

  Immediately after kneading, the cement is in intimate contact with the aggregate.

  And kneading | mixing water (B2) and (B3) evaporate and a space | gap increases.

  After that, aggregate and cement move to fill the voids where water has evaporated. This is shrinkage and causes cracks. When it is kneaded, shrinkage is small due to less kneading water.

  If the shrinkage is uniform, the volume can be reduced. However, since a portion restrained for various reasons is formed and not actually uniform, distortion of the restraint portion and the free shrinkage portion causes a crack.

  The concrete construction method according to the first embodiment of the present invention obtained in this way is to move the rotationally driven tube roller 10 along the rail 20 on the two rails before hardening between the two rails. A first leveling step of leveling the concrete UC, and a first tamping step of tamping the surface of the concrete UC before hardening leveled in the first leveling step using the vibration type tamping machine 30; The surface of the concrete UC before hardening and the concrete CC after hardening can be finished cleanly and the strength of the concrete CC after hardening can be increased. It is possible to make it difficult for cracks to occur by eliminating the accumulation of the passage WP and the air AR.

  Furthermore, the rotation direction with respect to the moving direction of the rotationally driven tube roller 10 in the first leveling step is opposite to the rotational direction when rolling in the moving direction, and the rotationally driven tube roller 10 is reversed by the driving means 12. By sliding and moving on the rail while rotating, the surface of the concrete UC before hardening with less unevenness can be easily created.

  In the first leveling step, the two rails 20 are installed to be inclined with respect to the horizontal direction, and the moving direction of the rotationally driven tube roller 10 is a direction from the lower slope BL to the upper slope UP. The surface of the concrete UC before hardening can be prevented from flowing to the lower slope BL.

  Further, in the first tamping step, the moving direction of the vibratory tamping machine 30 is the direction from the upper slope UP to the lower slope BL, so that the air AR and excess water WT are surely released and hardened before the concrete is hardened. The occurrence of cracks in the concrete CC later can be avoided.

  In addition, the first leveling step is performed at a plurality of locations at intervals on the outside of the two rails 20, and a rail removing step for hardening the concrete between the two rails and removing the rail 20, and a rail removing step A second leveling process in which concrete is poured between the two hardened concretes and the rotationally driven tube roller 10 is moved along the two hardened concretes to level the uncured concrete UC between the two hardened concretes. Furthermore, the surface of the concrete UC before hardening can be finished beautifully similarly to the first leveling step.

  Furthermore, by further comprising a second tamping step of tamping the surface of the concrete UC before curing leveled in the second leveling step by using the vibration type tamping machine 30, similarly to the first tamping step, The effect is enormous, such as increasing the strength of concrete CC.

  Subsequently, a concrete construction method according to a second embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 8 to 9B.

  Here, FIG. 8 is a perspective view showing the rail 20 of the second embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 9 (A) is a cross-sectional view before hardening the concrete as seen by reference numeral 9-9 in FIG. FIG. 9B is a cross-sectional view after the concrete is hardened, as viewed by reference numeral 9-9 in FIG.

  The concrete construction method of the second embodiment is provided with elastic bodies inside the two rails 20 of the concrete construction method of the first embodiment, and many elements are common to the concrete construction method of the first embodiment. Therefore, detailed description of common items is omitted.

  As shown in FIG. 8, a rubber portion 21 is provided inside the two rails 20 as an example of an elastic body along the rail extending direction.

  As shown in FIG. 9 (A), when the ready-mixed concrete is poured between the two rails 20 and leveled in the first leveling step, the rubber part 21 receives a force from the concrete UC before curing and is crushed. Thus, it is slightly compressed and deformed in the rail width direction.

  Then, as shown in FIG. 9B, when the concrete inside the two rails 20 is hardened, moisture inside the concrete is lost and the concrete is slightly contracted in the rail width direction.

  At this time, the rubber part 21 tries to return to the original shape, and the force pulled to the outside of the two rails 20 at both ends in the width direction of the concrete is relaxed by the elastic body.

  As a result, it is possible to avoid the occurrence of cracks due to the outward pulling force generated by installing the two rails 20.

  The rail 20 of the present embodiment is a pipe having a square cross section, but may be a pipe having the same cross section as that of the above-described embodiment.

  In the concrete construction method according to the second embodiment of the present invention thus obtained, a rubber portion 21 as an elastic body is provided inside the two rails 20 along the rail extending direction. By installing the two rails 20, it is possible to avoid the occurrence of cracks due to the outward pulling force generated when shrinking due to the hydration reaction when the concrete hardens and the removal and drying of excess water, etc. The effect is enormous.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 ... Rotation drive type tube roller 11 ... Rotation shaft part 12 ... Drive means 13 ... Rotation tube roller part 14 ... Handle part 15 ... Tow rope 16 ... Tow rope 20 .. Rail 21 ... Rubber part (elastic body)
30 ... Vibration type tamping machine 31 ... Tamping plate part 32 ... Vibration means 33 ... Handle bar UC ... Concrete CC (before hardening) ... Concrete BL (after hardening)・ Lower slope UP ... Upper slope C1 ... Cement C2 ... Aggregate WT ... Excess water WP ... Fine water passage AR ... Air

Claims (7)

In the concrete construction method in which the concrete before hardening is poured, leveled and hardened,
A first leveling step of leveling the uncured concrete between the two rails by moving a rotationally driven tube roller along the rails on the two rails;
A first tamping step of tamping the surface of the concrete before hardening leveled in the first leveling step using a vibration tamping machine,
Performing the first tamping step after performing the first leveling step on the entire surface of the region between the two rails;
The first tamping step is performed by vibrating in a direction perpendicular to a surface of a tamping plate portion of the vibration type tamping machine. The rotation direction with respect to the moving direction of the rotationally driven tube roller in the first leveling step is opposite to the rotating direction when rolling in the moving direction,
2. The concrete construction method according to claim 1, wherein the rotationally driven tube roller slides on the rail while being rotated in the reverse direction by the driving means. In the first leveling step, the two rails are installed inclined with respect to the horizontal direction,
The concrete construction method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein a moving direction of the rotationally driven tube roller is a direction from a lower slope to an upper slope.   The concrete construction method according to claim 3, wherein in the first tamping step, the moving direction of the vibratory tamping machine is a direction from the upper side of the slope toward the lower side of the slope.   The concrete construction method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein an elastic body is provided inside the two rails along a rail extending direction. The first leveling step is performed at a plurality of locations at intervals on the outside of the two rails, the rail removal step of hardening the concrete between the two rails and removing the rails;
After the rail removal step, the concrete is poured between the two hardened concretes, and the rotationally driven tube roller is moved along the two hardened concretes to level the unhardened concrete between the two hardened concretes. 6. The concrete construction method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, further comprising a leveling step.   The concrete construction method according to claim 6, further comprising a second tamping step of tamping the surface of the concrete before hardening leveled in the second leveling step using a vibration tamping machine.