JP2018124010A - Measurement method of amount of heat generation of burned object, combustion control method of combustion furnace using measured amount of heat generation, and combustion control device - Google Patents
Measurement method of amount of heat generation of burned object, combustion control method of combustion furnace using measured amount of heat generation, and combustion control device Download PDFInfo
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本発明は、被燃焼物の発熱量の測定方法および測定された発熱量を用いた燃焼炉の燃焼制御方法と燃焼制御装置に関し、特に、炭素および水素を主成分とする被燃焼物を対象とし、被燃焼物の発熱量の測定方法および測定された発熱量を用いた燃焼炉の燃焼制御方法と燃焼制御装置に関する。 The present invention relates to a method for measuring a calorific value of a combusted material, and a combustion control method and a combustion control device for a combustion furnace using the measured calorific value, and particularly to a combusted material mainly composed of carbon and hydrogen. The present invention relates to a method for measuring a calorific value of a combusted object, and a combustion control method and a combustion control device for a combustion furnace using the measured calorific value.
従来不要となった可燃物は、エネルギー源として所定の焼却炉において燃焼処理され、そこで発生した廃熱を利用して種々の温熱源や動力源として有効に利用される。例えば、都市ごみや下水汚泥等の被燃焼物は事業所や家庭等から回収され、各地域に設けられた焼却処理場や焼却処理施設等に搬送され、燃焼処理されて清浄化された排ガスや焼却灰として処分される。また、各種処理プロセスにおいて発生する副生物等の被燃焼物は、事業所内の処理施設等において燃焼処理され、発生した廃熱はプロセスの温熱源や動力源として有効に利用される。このとき、こうした被燃焼物は、その性状が必ずしも既知の場合だけではなく、また多種多様な組成物からなる場合があり、安定して燃焼させることが容易でなく、安定した燃焼制御を行うことが難しい場合があった。このため、未燃分の発生を防止し、炉内燃焼状態の安定を図ることが可能なごみ燃焼炉の燃焼制御方法が求められる。多様な発熱量を持つ被燃焼物を完全に燃焼させて、ボイラの蒸気発生量等が一定になるような運転を維持し安定した温熱源や動力源として供給すべく、燃焼炉に供給される被燃焼物供給量や燃焼空気量等に対して、炉内温度や排ガス中の酸素濃度等を指標として自動燃焼制御が行われる。また、炉内部に一次燃焼室と二次燃焼室を有する構成によって、一次燃焼室での燃焼処理における未燃ガスや未燃物を、二次燃焼室において完全燃焼させるように構成された焼却炉が提案されている(例えば特許文献1参照)。 Combustibles that have become unnecessary in the past are burned in a predetermined incinerator as an energy source, and are effectively used as various heat sources and power sources using waste heat generated there. For example, combustibles such as municipal waste and sewage sludge are collected from business establishments and households, transported to incineration plants and incineration facilities, etc., set up in each region, and exhausted and purified by combustion treatment. It is disposed of as incineration ash. In addition, combustibles such as by-products generated in various processing processes are combusted in a processing facility in the office, and the generated waste heat is effectively used as a heat source and power source of the process. At this time, such combustibles are not necessarily known in nature, but may be composed of a wide variety of compositions, and are not easy to burn stably, and perform stable combustion control. There were cases where it was difficult. For this reason, there is a need for a combustion control method for a refuse combustion furnace that can prevent the generation of unburned matter and stabilize the combustion state in the furnace. It is supplied to the combustion furnace in order to completely burn combustibles with various calorific values and maintain a stable steam generation amount of the boiler and supply it as a stable heat and power source. Automatic combustion control is performed with respect to the burned material supply amount, the combustion air amount, and the like, using the furnace temperature and the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas as an index. An incinerator configured to completely burn unburned gas and unburned substances in the combustion process in the primary combustion chamber in the secondary combustion chamber by the configuration having the primary combustion chamber and the secondary combustion chamber inside the furnace. Has been proposed (see, for example, Patent Document 1).
さらに、燃焼している被燃焼物の発熱量に係る情報をリアルタイムに精度よく連続して取得し、これを用いて現在の燃焼状態に対して時間遅れのない被燃焼物の燃焼制御を行うことを目的として新たな燃焼制御方法あるいは燃焼制御装置が提案されている。具体的には、燃焼排ガス中の実測の成分濃度から、被燃焼物の発熱量を算出し、算出された被燃焼物発熱量を基に、ボイラ蒸発量を算出するとともに、算出されたボイラ蒸発量を基に、燃焼炉に投入される被燃焼物,燃焼空気および助燃材の供給量を制御する方法等が挙げられる(例えば特許文献2参照)。 Furthermore, information related to the calorific value of the combusted combustible material is acquired continuously in real time with high accuracy, and combustion control of the combustible material without time delay with respect to the current combustion state is performed using this information. For this purpose, a new combustion control method or combustion control apparatus has been proposed. Specifically, the calorific value of the combusted material is calculated from the actually measured component concentration in the combustion exhaust gas, the boiler evaporation amount is calculated based on the calculated calorific value of the combusted material, and the calculated boiler evaporation Examples include a method of controlling the amount of combustible material, combustion air, and auxiliary combustion material supplied to the combustion furnace based on the amount (see, for example, Patent Document 2).
しかしながら、こうした燃焼制御方法あるいは燃焼制御装置等従前の燃焼制御においては、いくつかの課題や要請があった。例えば、排ガス温度や排ガス中のガス組成などを測定し、算出された被燃焼物の発熱量を基に燃焼させる被燃焼物の量、燃焼空気量、燃焼空気温度を加減する被燃焼物の燃焼制御において、
(i)燃焼炉内への空気の漏れ込みがあった場合、算出された被燃焼物の発熱量が漏れ込む空気量によって影響され、その漏れ込み量も変化することがあるため、適切な燃焼制御が難しく、また適切な適正値への補正方法がなかった。
(ii)また、被燃焼物中には酸素成分が含まれることがあり、算出された被燃焼物の発熱量が被燃焼物中の酸素含有量によって影響され、その含有量も対象となる被燃焼物の種類あるいは投入時期によって変化することがあるため、適切な燃焼制御が難しく、また適切な適正値への補正方法がなかった。
(iii)さらに、被燃焼物が廃棄物の場合、ごみ質の測定は、環整95号で定義されるように,サンプリングした廃棄物から水分と可燃分を測定して計算する方法が主であり,その他、サンプリングした廃棄物中の元素組成からDulongの式やSteuerの式を用いて計算する方法が一般的であり,熱量計を使用して測定する方法も採用されている。しかし、これらの測定方法は、いずれも均質な廃棄物については相関性があるといわれるが、実際の廃棄物では、不均一で多種多様な組成を有することから、サンプリング誤差が大きく,組成分析,元素組成,サンプルを破砕して測定される発熱量等の結果は信頼性が低いという課題があった。また、実際の廃棄物では、燃焼炉に供給される被燃焼物の性状が刻一刻変化することから、こうした廃棄物の変動に対応した熱容量等の特性を適切に測定することができる測定方法を確立することが強く求められている。
However, there have been some problems and requests in conventional combustion control such as such combustion control method or combustion control device. For example, by measuring the exhaust gas temperature, the gas composition in the exhaust gas, etc. and burning the burned object to adjust the amount of burned object, the amount of combustion air, and the combustion air temperature to be burned based on the calculated calorific value of the burned object In control,
(I) When air leaks into the combustion furnace, the calculated calorific value of the burned object is affected by the amount of air that leaks, and the amount of leak may change. It was difficult to control, and there was no correction method to an appropriate appropriate value.
(Ii) In addition, the combusted material may contain an oxygen component, and the calculated calorific value of the combusted material is affected by the oxygen content in the combusted material, and the content is also the target object. Since it may vary depending on the type of combustion product or the timing of charging, it is difficult to control combustion properly, and there is no way to correct it to an appropriate value.
(Iii) Furthermore, when the combustible is a waste, the measurement of waste quality is mainly performed by measuring and calculating the moisture and combustible content from the sampled waste as defined in the Circular 95. In addition, a method of calculating from the elemental composition in the sampled waste by using Dulong's formula or Steuer's formula is common, and a method of measuring using a calorimeter is also adopted. However, all of these measurement methods are said to be correlated for homogeneous waste, but since actual waste has a heterogeneous and diverse composition, sampling errors are large, composition analysis, There was a problem that the results such as element composition and calorific value measured by crushing the sample were low in reliability. In actual waste, since the properties of the combusted material supplied to the combustion furnace change every moment, a measurement method that can appropriately measure characteristics such as heat capacity corresponding to such fluctuations in waste. There is a strong demand for establishment.
そこで、本発明は、上記状況に鑑みてなされたものであって、その目的は、こうした課題を解決し、燃焼している被燃焼物の発熱量に係る情報をリアルタイムに精度よく連続して測定することができる被燃焼物の発熱量の測定方法を確立し、測定された発熱量を用いて現在の燃焼状態に対して時間遅れのない燃焼炉の燃焼制御を行う方法およびこれを適用した燃焼制御装置を提供することを目的とする。 Therefore, the present invention has been made in view of the above situation, and its purpose is to solve such problems and continuously measure information related to the calorific value of the burning combusted object in real time with high accuracy. A method for measuring the calorific value of a combustible material that can be burned, a method for performing combustion control of a combustion furnace without time delay with respect to the current combustion state using the measured calorific value, and combustion applying this method An object is to provide a control device.
本発明は、炭素および水素を主成分とする被燃焼物を燃焼炉によって燃焼処理するプロセスにおいて、以下の手順に基づき、該被燃焼物の発熱量を測定することを特徴とする。
(A1)燃焼炉からの排ガス流量を測定する。
(A2)燃焼炉からの排ガス中の酸素,二酸化炭素および水分の成分濃度を測定する。
(A3)測定された前記各成分濃度から、排ガス中の窒素濃度[N2]を算出する。
(A4)算出された窒素濃度[N2]を基に大気中の窒素濃度Anに対する換算係数を算出し、該換算係数を乗じた前記酸素,二酸化炭素および水分の換算成分濃度Go,GdおよびGwを算出する。
(A5)換算された二酸化炭素の成分濃度Gdを基に、被燃焼物単位供給量当りの被燃焼物中の炭素量を算出する。
(A6)大気中の酸素濃度Aoから、換算された酸素の成分濃度Goおよび二酸化炭素の成分濃度Gdを減算し、燃焼処理において消費された被燃焼物中の水素量および燃焼処理によって発生した水分量を算出する。
(A7)換算された水分の成分濃度Gwおよび算出された前記水分量を基に、被燃焼物中の水分蒸発量を算出する。
(A8)算出された前記炭素量,水素量および水分量を用い、燃焼処理により発生した被燃焼物中の炭素と水素の反応発熱量および水分の潜熱量に基づく、燃焼処理された被燃焼物単位供給量当りの算出発熱量Aを算出する。
The present invention is characterized in that, in a process of combusting a combustible containing carbon and hydrogen as main components in a combustion furnace, the calorific value of the combustible is measured based on the following procedure.
(A1) The exhaust gas flow rate from the combustion furnace is measured.
(A2) The component concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide and moisture in the exhaust gas from the combustion furnace are measured.
(A3) The nitrogen concentration [N 2 ] in the exhaust gas is calculated from the measured component concentrations.
(A4) Based on the calculated nitrogen concentration [N 2 ], a conversion factor for the nitrogen concentration An in the atmosphere is calculated, and the converted component concentrations Go, Gd, and Gw of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water multiplied by the conversion factor Is calculated.
(A5) Based on the converted component concentration Gd of carbon dioxide, the amount of carbon in the combusted material per combustible unit supply amount is calculated.
(A6) Subtracting the converted oxygen component concentration Go and carbon dioxide component concentration Gd from the atmospheric oxygen concentration Ao, the amount of hydrogen in the combusted material consumed in the combustion process and the moisture generated by the combustion process Calculate the amount.
(A7) Based on the converted component concentration Gw of water and the calculated amount of water, the amount of water evaporation in the combusted material is calculated.
(A8) Combustion-treated combustible based on the calorific value of reaction heat of carbon and hydrogen in the combustible generated in the combustion treatment and the latent heat of water using the calculated carbon, hydrogen, and moisture The calculated calorific value A per unit supply amount is calculated.
上記課題に対する検証過程において、本発明者は、焼却炉出口に設置できて高温の排ガス中の成分濃度をリアルタイムに測定できるレーザー式排ガス分析計が実用化されたことで,現在の燃焼状態を示す情報として排ガス中の成分濃度を基に燃焼された被燃焼物の特性(例えばごみ質や発熱量)がリアルタイムに測定可能であるとの知見を得た。また、このとき高温の排ガス流量をリアルタイムに測定し、測定された排ガス流量を用いて発熱に関係する被燃焼物中の成分と排ガス中の成分との定量的な関係をリアルタイムに把握することができれば、さらに正確に燃焼された被燃焼物の特性をリアルタイムに測定することができる。本発明は、こうした知見を基に、上記手順に基づく方法によって、燃焼している被燃焼物の発熱量に係る情報をリアルタイムに精度よく連続して測定することができる被燃焼物の発熱量の測定方法を確立することが可能となった。また、このとき、燃焼炉からの排ガス流量を測定し、その排ガス流量を基に被燃焼物の特性(組成)を算出することによって、漏れ込み量や被燃焼物中には酸素成分が含まれる場合であっても、より正確な被燃焼物の特性をリアルタイムに測定することが可能となった。 In the verification process for the above problem, the present inventor shows the current combustion state by the practical application of the laser exhaust gas analyzer that can be installed at the incinerator outlet and can measure the component concentration in the high temperature exhaust gas in real time. As information, we obtained the knowledge that the characteristics (for example, dust quality and calorific value) of the combusted material burned based on the component concentration in the exhaust gas can be measured in real time. At this time, the flow rate of the exhaust gas at high temperature is measured in real time, and the measured exhaust gas flow rate is used to grasp in real time the quantitative relationship between the components in the combusted material related to heat generation and the components in the exhaust gas. If possible, the characteristics of the combusted material burned more accurately can be measured in real time. Based on such knowledge, the present invention is capable of measuring the calorific value of the combusted material that can be continuously measured in real time with high accuracy by the method based on the above procedure. It became possible to establish a measurement method. In addition, at this time, by measuring the exhaust gas flow rate from the combustion furnace and calculating the characteristics (composition) of the combusted material based on the exhaust gas flow rate, the leakage amount and the combusted material contain oxygen components. Even in such a case, it becomes possible to measure the characteristics of the combusted material more accurately in real time.
本発明は、炭素および水素を主成分とする被燃焼物を燃焼炉によって燃焼処理するプロセスにおいて、以下の手順に基づき、該被燃焼物の発熱量を測定することを特徴とする。
(B1)燃焼炉からの排ガス流量を測定する。
(B2)排ガス中の酸素および水分の成分濃度を測定する。
(B3)測定された酸素,水分の成分濃度[O2],[H2O]から、下式1を基に排ガス中の二酸化炭素濃度[CO2]を算出する。
[CO2]=Ro×(100−[H2O])/100−[O2] …式1
ここで、[ ]内は百分率表示濃度を示し、Roは大気中の酸素濃度から灰分に取り込まれる酸素成分量を減じて設定された係数を示す。
(B4)測定された酸素濃度[O2]と水分濃度[H2O]および算出された二酸化炭素濃度[CO2]から、排ガス中の窒素濃度[N2]を算出する。
(B5)算出された窒素濃度[N2]を基に大気中の窒素濃度Anに対する換算係数を算出し、該換算係数を乗じた前記酸素,二酸化炭素および水分の換算成分濃度Go,GdおよびGwを算出する。
(B6)換算された二酸化炭素の成分濃度Gdを基に、被燃焼物単位供給量当りの被燃焼物中の炭素量Ecを算出する。
(B7)大気中の酸素濃度Aoから、換算された酸素の成分濃度Goおよび二酸化炭素の成分濃度Gdを減算し、燃焼処理において消費された被燃焼物中の水素量Ehおよび燃焼処理によって発生した水分量Cwを算出する。
(B8)換算された水分の成分濃度Gwおよび算出された前記水分量を基に、被燃焼物中の水分蒸発量を算出する。
(B9)算出された前記炭素量,水素量および水分量を用い、燃焼処理により発生した被燃焼物中の炭素と水素の反応発熱量および水分の潜熱量に基づく、燃焼処理された被燃焼物単位供給量当りの算出発熱量Bを算出する。
上記のように、現在の燃焼状態を示す情報をリアルタイムに取得し、これを基に燃焼熱量およびボイラ蒸発量を算出することによって、時間遅れのない発熱量を測定することが可能となった。このとき、排ガス中の二酸化炭素(CO2)濃度が、排ガス中の酸素(O2)濃度および水分(H2O)濃度を基に算出することができることを見出し、算出された二酸化炭素濃度を用いることによって、上記同様、本発明に係るさらに、酸素消費量等の算出基準として燃焼空気の単位供給量を用いることによって、より正確な被燃焼物の特性をリアルタイムに測定することが可能となった。
The present invention is characterized in that, in a process of combusting a combustible containing carbon and hydrogen as main components in a combustion furnace, the calorific value of the combustible is measured based on the following procedure.
(B1) The exhaust gas flow rate from the combustion furnace is measured.
(B2) The component concentration of oxygen and moisture in the exhaust gas is measured.
(B3) From the measured oxygen and moisture component concentrations [O 2 ] and [H 2 O], the carbon dioxide concentration [CO 2 ] in the exhaust gas is calculated based on the following formula 1.
[CO 2 ] = Ro × (100− [H 2 O]) / 100− [O 2 ] Formula 1
Here, the value in [] indicates the percentage display concentration, and Ro indicates a coefficient set by subtracting the amount of oxygen component taken into the ash from the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere.
(B4) The nitrogen concentration [N 2 ] in the exhaust gas is calculated from the measured oxygen concentration [O 2 ], moisture concentration [H 2 O] and the calculated carbon dioxide concentration [CO 2 ].
(B5) Based on the calculated nitrogen concentration [N 2 ], a conversion factor for the nitrogen concentration An in the atmosphere is calculated, and the converted component concentrations Go, Gd, and Gw of the oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water multiplied by the conversion factor Is calculated.
(B6) Based on the converted component concentration Gd of carbon dioxide, a carbon amount Ec in the combusted material per combustible unit supply amount is calculated.
(B7) Oxygen concentration Ao in the atmosphere is subtracted from the converted oxygen component concentration Go and carbon dioxide component concentration Gd, and is generated by the amount of hydrogen Eh in the combusted material consumed in the combustion process and the combustion process The amount of water Cw is calculated.
(B8) Based on the converted water component concentration Gw and the calculated water content, the amount of water evaporation in the combusted material is calculated.
(B9) Using the calculated amount of carbon, amount of hydrogen, and amount of water, the combusted material subjected to combustion processing based on the calorific value of the reaction heat of carbon and hydrogen in the combusted material generated by the combustion processing and the amount of latent heat of water The calculated calorific value B per unit supply amount is calculated.
As described above, it is possible to measure the calorific value without time delay by acquiring information indicating the current combustion state in real time and calculating the combustion heat amount and the boiler evaporation amount based on this information. At this time, it is found that the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration in the exhaust gas can be calculated based on the oxygen (O 2 ) concentration and the moisture (H 2 O) concentration in the exhaust gas, and the calculated carbon dioxide concentration is As described above, by using the unit supply amount of combustion air as a calculation reference for oxygen consumption and the like according to the present invention, it becomes possible to measure the characteristics of the combustion object more accurately in real time. It was.
本発明は、上記被燃焼物の発熱量を測定する方法において、以下の手順に基づき、混入空気量および被燃焼物中の酸素量を算出することを特徴とする。
(C1)下式2に基づき、燃焼炉に供給される燃焼空気以外の混入空気量を算出する。
(混入空気量)=(排ガス流量×[N2]−燃焼空気供給量×An)/An ……式2
(C2)下式3に基づき、被燃焼物中の酸素量を算出する。
(被燃焼物中の酸素量)=(排ガス流量×[O2])−(燃焼空気供給量×Aa−排ガス流量×[CO2]−水分量Cw)−(混入空気量×An) ……式3
The present invention is characterized in that, in the method for measuring the calorific value of the combustion object, the amount of mixed air and the amount of oxygen in the combustion object are calculated based on the following procedure.
(C1) Based on the following
(Mixed air amount) = (exhaust gas flow rate × [N 2 ] −combustion air supply amount × An) / An (Formula 2)
(C2) Based on the following
(Oxygen amount in the combusted material) = (exhaust gas flow rate × [O 2 ]) − (combustion air supply amount × Aa−exhaust gas flow rate × [CO 2 ] −moisture amount Cw) − (mixed air amount × An)
本発明に係る被燃焼物の燃焼制御方法は、上記被燃焼物の発熱量を基にボイラ蒸発量を算出し、該ボイラ蒸発量を基に燃焼炉に投入される被燃焼物および燃焼空気の供給量を制御し、燃焼炉の燃焼制御を行うことを特徴とする。
こうした構成によって、性状等の変動要素の多い被燃焼物であっても、実測の排ガス中の成分濃度測定値を用いて当該燃焼空気の空気過剰率を算出することによって、こうした変動要素が反映された発熱量を推定することができる。従って、燃焼している被燃焼物の発熱量に係る情報をリアルタイムに精度よく連続して取得し、これを用いて現在の燃焼状態に対して時間遅れのない被燃焼物の燃焼制御を行うことを可能にした。
The combustion control method for a combusted material according to the present invention calculates a boiler evaporation amount based on the calorific value of the combusted material, and based on the boiler evaporation amount, The supply amount is controlled, and combustion control of the combustion furnace is performed.
With such a configuration, even for combustibles with many variables such as properties, these variables are reflected by calculating the excess air ratio of the combustion air using the measured component concentration measurement values in the exhaust gas. The amount of heat generated can be estimated. Accordingly, information related to the amount of heat generated from the burning combusted material is continuously acquired in real time with high accuracy, and the combustion control of the combusted material without time delay with respect to the current combustion state is performed using this information. Made possible.
本発明は、上記被燃焼物の燃焼制御方法を適用した燃焼制御装置であって、少なくとも、燃焼炉からの排ガス流量を測定する手段,被燃焼物の供給量測定部,燃焼空気の供給量測定部,および排ガス中の酸素および水分、または酸素,水分および二酸化炭素濃度の成分濃度測定部を有し、前記算出された算出発熱量Aまたは算出発熱量Bを用いて、燃焼炉に投入される被燃焼物および燃焼空気の供給量を制御することを特徴とする。
こうした構成によって、燃焼している被燃焼物の発熱量に係る情報をリアルタイムに精度よく連続して取得し、これを用いて現在の燃焼状態に対して時間遅れのない被燃焼物の燃焼制御を行うことが可能となった。
The present invention is a combustion control apparatus to which the combustion control method for a combustion object is applied, and includes at least means for measuring an exhaust gas flow rate from a combustion furnace, a supply amount measurement unit for the combustion object, and a supply amount measurement of combustion air And a component concentration measuring unit for oxygen and moisture in the exhaust gas, or oxygen, moisture and carbon dioxide concentrations, and the calculated calorific value A or the calorific value B is used and charged into the combustion furnace. The supply amount of the combustible and the combustion air is controlled.
With such a configuration, information related to the calorific value of the combusted combusted material is obtained continuously in real time with high accuracy, and the combustion control of the combusted material without a time delay with respect to the current combustion state is performed using this information. It became possible to do.
<本発明に係る被燃焼物の発熱量を測定する方法>
本発明に係る被燃焼物の発熱量を測定する方法(以下「本測定方法」ということがある)は、炭素および水素を主成分とする被燃焼物を燃焼炉によって燃焼処理するプロセスにおいて、以下の手順に基づき、該被燃焼物の発熱量を測定することを特徴とする。燃焼している被燃焼物の発熱量に係る情報に基づき、被燃焼物の発熱量をリアルタイムに精度よく連続して測定することができる測定方法を確立することができる。
(A1)燃焼炉からの排ガス流量を測定する。
(A2)燃焼炉からの排ガス中の酸素,二酸化炭素および水分の成分濃度を測定する。
(A3)測定された前記各成分濃度から、排ガス中の窒素濃度[N2]を算出する。
(A4)算出された窒素濃度[N2]を基に大気中の窒素濃度Anに対する換算係数を算出し、該換算係数を乗じた前記酸素,二酸化炭素および水分の換算成分濃度Go,GdおよびGwを算出する。
(A5)換算された二酸化炭素の成分濃度Gdを基に、被燃焼物単位供給量当りの被燃焼物中の炭素量を算出する。
(A6)大気中の酸素濃度Aoから、換算された酸素の成分濃度Goおよび二酸化炭素の成分濃度Gdを減算し、燃焼処理において消費された被燃焼物中の水素量および燃焼処理によって発生した水分量を算出する。
(A7)換算された水分の成分濃度Gwおよび算出された前記水分量を基に、被燃焼物中の水分蒸発量を算出する。
(A8)算出された前記炭素量,水素量および水分量を用い、燃焼処理により発生した被燃焼物中の炭素と水素の反応発熱量および水分の潜熱量に基づく、燃焼処理された被燃焼物単位供給量当りの算出発熱量Aを算出する。
<Method for Measuring the Calorific Value of the Combusted Material According to the Present Invention>
The method for measuring the calorific value of a combusted material according to the present invention (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “the present measuring method”) is a process for combusting a combusted material containing carbon and hydrogen as main components in a combustion furnace. The calorific value of the combusted material is measured based on the above procedure. Based on the information related to the calorific value of the burning combusted object, a measuring method capable of continuously measuring the calorific value of the combusted object in real time with high accuracy can be established.
(A1) The exhaust gas flow rate from the combustion furnace is measured.
(A2) The component concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide and moisture in the exhaust gas from the combustion furnace are measured.
(A3) The nitrogen concentration [N 2 ] in the exhaust gas is calculated from the measured component concentrations.
(A4) Based on the calculated nitrogen concentration [N 2 ], a conversion factor for the nitrogen concentration An in the atmosphere is calculated, and the converted component concentrations Go, Gd, and Gw of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water multiplied by the conversion factor Is calculated.
(A5) Based on the converted component concentration Gd of carbon dioxide, the amount of carbon in the combusted material per combustible unit supply amount is calculated.
(A6) Subtracting the converted oxygen component concentration Go and carbon dioxide component concentration Gd from the atmospheric oxygen concentration Ao, the amount of hydrogen in the combusted material consumed in the combustion process and the moisture generated by the combustion process Calculate the amount.
(A7) Based on the converted component concentration Gw of water and the calculated amount of water, the amount of water evaporation in the combusted material is calculated.
(A8) Combustion-treated combustible based on the calorific value of reaction heat of carbon and hydrogen in the combustible generated in the combustion treatment and the latent heat of water using the calculated carbon, hydrogen, and moisture The calculated calorific value A per unit supply amount is calculated.
〔本測定方法の基本概念〕
被燃焼物の発熱量は、被燃焼物中の炭素と水素の酸化反応による発熱量と,水分の蒸発潜熱の影響が支配的であり,排ガス中の酸素濃度[O2],二酸化炭素濃度[CO2]および水分濃度[H2O]を測定することによって算出が可能である。
具体的には、以下に示すような基本概念に基づき算出・測定することができる。
(a)排ガス中の各成分の由来について
図1に例示するように,排ガス中の各成分は、被燃焼物中の炭素,水素および水分と燃焼炉に供給された供給空気(燃焼空気および混入空気を含む))中の窒素および酸素から移行している。
(a−1)窒素:全量が供給空気から供給される
(a−2)酸素:供給された供給空気のうち被燃焼物中の炭素の酸化反応(C+O2→CO2)と水素の酸化反応(2H2+O2→2H2O)で消費された残量および被燃焼物中の酸素が含まれる
(a−3)二酸化炭素:全量が被燃焼物中の炭素が酸化反応で生成された量となる
(a−4)水分:被燃焼物中の水素が酸化反応によって生成された量と、被燃焼物中の水分が蒸発(H2O(液)→H2O(気体))した量の和となる(供給空気中の水分は無視しうる)
[Basic concept of this measurement method]
The calorific value of the combusted material is dominated by the calorific value due to the oxidation reaction of carbon and hydrogen in the combusted material and the latent heat of vaporization of water, and the oxygen concentration [O 2 ] and carbon dioxide concentration [ Calculation is possible by measuring CO 2 ] and water concentration [H 2 O].
Specifically, it can be calculated and measured based on the following basic concept.
(A) Origin of each component in the exhaust gas As illustrated in FIG. 1, each component in the exhaust gas includes carbon, hydrogen and moisture in the combusted material and supply air (combustion air and contamination) supplied to the combustion furnace. Migrating from nitrogen and oxygen in air))).
(A-1) Nitrogen: All amount is supplied from supply air (a-2) Oxygen: Oxidation reaction of carbon (C + O 2 → CO 2 ) in the combusted material of the supplied supply air and oxidation reaction of hydrogen The remaining amount consumed by (2H 2 + O 2 → 2H 2 O) and oxygen in the combusted material are contained. (A-3) Carbon dioxide: The amount of carbon generated in the combusted material by the oxidation reaction. (A-4) Moisture: The amount of hydrogen generated in the combusted material by the oxidation reaction and the amount of water in the combusted material evaporated (H 2 O (liquid) → H 2 O (gas)) (Water in the supply air can be ignored)
(b)物質収支と発熱量について
上記(a)における物質収支について検証すると、被燃焼物中の水素の酸化反応によってその容積が2倍となった水分と、被燃焼物中の水分が蒸発した量だけ排ガスは空気から増加する。被燃焼物の発熱量の計算では、この増加量を明確にする必要がある(下記(c)参照)。
また、供給空気中の酸素が消費された量に着目し、被燃焼物中の炭素,水素および水分と供給空気中の窒素および酸素が、排ガス中の各ガス成分に移行した量を計算する。特に排ガス中の水分が、被燃焼物中の水素の酸化反応によるものか(発熱)被燃焼物中の水分の蒸発によるものか(吸熱)によって発熱量が異なるために、この由来比率を明確にすることが重要である(下記(d)参照)。
なお、被燃焼物中の酸素成分は実質的に排ガス中の酸素成分となると考えられることから、発熱量には関与せず発熱量の算出・測定においては影響しない成分として扱うことができる。
また、被燃焼物中には硫黄や塩素等酸化反応によって発熱する元素は他にも存在するが、排ガス中の硫黄酸化物や塩化水素の濃度はppm単位であり、二酸化炭素や水分の濃度の%単位に比べて小さい値であるため無視することができる。
(B) Mass balance and calorific value When the mass balance in (a) above is verified, the water whose volume is doubled by the oxidation reaction of hydrogen in the combusted material and the water in the combusted material are evaporated. The amount of exhaust gas increases from the air. In the calculation of the calorific value of the combusted material, it is necessary to clarify this increase amount (see (c) below).
Further, paying attention to the amount of consumed oxygen in the supply air, the amount of carbon, hydrogen and moisture in the combusted material and nitrogen and oxygen in the supply air transferred to each gas component in the exhaust gas is calculated. In particular, since the amount of heat generated varies depending on whether the moisture in the exhaust gas is due to the oxidation reaction of hydrogen in the combusted material (exotherm) or due to the evaporation of water in the combusted material (endothermic), the ratio of origin is clarified. It is important to do so (see (d) below).
In addition, since it is thought that the oxygen component in a to-be-combusted substance becomes an oxygen component in exhaust gas substantially, it can be handled as a component which does not participate in calorific value calculation and measurement without being concerned with calorific value.
In addition, there are other elements that generate heat due to oxidation reactions such as sulfur and chlorine in the combustible, but the concentration of sulfur oxides and hydrogen chloride in the exhaust gas is in ppm, and the concentration of carbon dioxide and moisture Since it is a small value compared with the% unit, it can be ignored.
(c)被燃焼物の酸化反応に伴う体積増加について
排ガス中のCO2量は、被燃焼物中の炭素が全量酸化反応して発生したものであり、排ガス中のO2量は、この酸化反応の他に被燃焼物中の水素の酸化反応で消費された量の残りである。この考え方を採用することで、排ガス中のH2Oについて、被燃焼物中のHの酸化反応により生成した量と、被燃焼物中のH2Oが蒸発した量の比率を計算できる。
ここで,供給空気中のN2量と排ガス中のN2量は同量とすると、供給空気量(供給空気流量)に対する排ガス量(排ガス流量)の体積増加割合tは、以下に示すように計算することができる。
(c−1)燃焼による供給空気から排ガスへの体積増加割合t=An/Gn
(c−2)供給空気中の窒素濃度An:79[%]
(c−3)排ガス中の窒素濃度[N2]=100−[O2]−[CO2]−[H2O][%]
ここで、[O2]:排ガス中のO2濃度[%]
[CO2]:排ガス中のCO2濃度[%]
[H2O]:排ガス中のH2O濃度[%]
(C) Volume increase associated with oxidation reaction of combusted material The amount of CO 2 in the exhaust gas is generated by the oxidation reaction of all the carbon in the combusted material, and the amount of O 2 in the exhaust gas is determined by this oxidation. In addition to the reaction, it is the remaining amount consumed in the oxidation reaction of hydrogen in the combusted material. By adopting this concept, it is possible to calculate the ratio between the amount of H 2 O in the exhaust gas generated by the oxidation reaction of H in the combusted material and the amount of H 2 O evaporated in the combusted material.
Here, when the N 2 volume of N 2 amount and the exhaust gas in the feed air and the same amount, the volume increase rate t of the exhaust gas amount to the amount supplied air (supply air flow rate) (the exhaust gas flow rate), as shown below Can be calculated.
(C-1) Volume increase ratio from supply air to exhaust gas by combustion t = An / Gn
(C-2) Nitrogen concentration in supply air An: 79 [%]
(C-3) Nitrogen concentration in exhaust gas [N 2 ] = 100− [O 2 ] − [CO 2 ] − [H 2 O] [%]
Here, [O 2 ]: O 2 concentration in exhaust gas [%]
[CO 2 ]: CO 2 concentration in exhaust gas [%]
[H 2 O]: H 2 O concentration in exhaust gas [%]
(d)排ガス中の水分の由来比率
排ガス中のH2Oの由来を,被燃焼物中の水素の酸化反応によるものと被燃焼物中の水分の蒸発によるものに分けるために,排ガス中の各成分濃度を供給空気での成分量の割合に換算する。
(d−1)排ガス中N2濃度の換算濃度Gn:79
(d−2)排ガス中O2濃度の換算濃度Go=[O2]×t
(d−3)排ガス中CO2濃度の換算濃度Gd=[CO2]×t
(d−4)排ガス中H2O濃度の換算濃度Gw=[H2O]×t
次に、以下の式で,被燃焼物中の炭素と水素の酸化反応量と被燃焼物中のH2Oの蒸発量が計算できる。
(d−5)空気中のO2の減少量Do=21−Go
(d−6)被燃焼物中の炭素の燃焼によるO2の消費量Dc=Gd
(d−7)被燃焼物中の水素の燃焼によるO2の消費量Dh=Do−Gd=(21−Go)−Gd
(d−8)被燃焼物中のH2Oの蒸発量Dw=Gw−(2×Dh)
以上から,排ガス中のH2Oの由来比率は、以下のとおりとなる。
(d−9)水素の酸化反応分:被燃焼物中のH2O蒸発分=Dh:Dw
(D) Moisture origin ratio in exhaust gas In order to divide the origin of H 2 O in exhaust gas into one due to the oxidation reaction of hydrogen in the combusted material and one due to evaporation of water in the combusted material, Each component concentration is converted into the ratio of the component amount in the supply air.
(D-1) Equivalent concentration Gn of N 2 concentration in exhaust gas: 79
(D-2) Equivalent concentration of O 2 concentration in exhaust gas Go = [O 2 ] × t
(D-3) Equivalent concentration Gd of exhaust gas CO 2 concentration Gd = [CO 2 ] × t
(D-4) Equivalent concentration Gw = [H 2 O] × t of H 2 O concentration in exhaust gas
Next, the oxidation reaction amount of carbon and hydrogen in the combustion object and the evaporation amount of H 2 O in the combustion object can be calculated by the following equations.
(D-5) Reduction amount of O 2 in air Do = 21−Go
(D-6) O 2 consumption Dc = Gd due to combustion of carbon in combustibles
(D-7) O 2 consumption Dh = Do−Gd = (21−Go) −Gd due to combustion of hydrogen in the combusted material
(D-8) Amount of evaporation of H 2 O in the combusted material Dw = Gw− (2 × Dh)
From the above, the origin ratio of H 2 O in the exhaust gas is as follows.
(D-9) Hydrogen oxidation reaction component: H 2 O evaporation in combusted matter = Dh: Dw
(e)反応に伴うCO2,H2Oの発生量と被燃焼物中のH2Oの蒸発量の算出
既述のように、被燃焼物の発熱量は、被燃焼物中の炭素と水素の酸化反応による発熱量と,水分の蒸発潜熱により算出される。また、排ガス流量Mg[m3N/h]は、後述する測定方法の手順(A1)により求められる。
以上から、炭素と水素の酸化反応によるCO2,H2Oの発生量と被燃焼物中のH2Oの蒸発量は、以下の通りである。
(e−1)炭素の酸化反応によるCO2の発生量Mc=Mg×Gd/100[m3N/h]
(e−2)水素の酸化反応によるH2Oの発生量Mh
=(Mg×Gw/100)×(2×Dh)/(Dh+Dw)[m3N/h]
(e−3)被燃焼物中のH2Oの蒸発量Mw
=(Mg×Gw/100)×Dw/(Dh+Dw)[m3N/h]
(E) Calculation of the amount of CO 2 and H 2 O generated by the reaction and the amount of H 2 O evaporated in the combusted material As described above, the calorific value of the combusted material is the amount of carbon in the combusted material. Calculated based on the heat generated by the hydrogen oxidation reaction and the latent heat of vaporization of water. Further, the exhaust gas flow rate Mg [m 3 N / h] is obtained by the procedure (A1) of the measurement method described later.
From the above, the generation amount of CO 2 and H 2 O due to the oxidation reaction of carbon and hydrogen and the evaporation amount of H 2 O in the combusted material are as follows.
(E-1) CO 2 generation amount due to carbon oxidation reaction Mc = Mg × Gd / 100 [m 3 N / h]
(E-2) Amount Mh of H 2 O generated by oxidation reaction of hydrogen
= (Mg × Gw / 100) × (2 × Dh) / (Dh + Dw) [m 3 N / h]
(E-3) Evaporation amount Mw of H 2 O in combusted material
= (Mg × Gw / 100) × Dw / (Dh + Dw) [m 3 N / h]
(f)被燃焼物の発熱量の算出
単位モルあたりの炭素,水素の酸化反応による発生熱量と、被燃焼物中の水分の潜熱は、以下の通りである。
(f−1)C+O2 =CO2 +393.51[kJ]
(f−2)2H2+O2=2H2O +571.66[kJ]
(f−3)H2O(液)=H2O(気体)−45.20[kJ]
従って、被燃焼物F[kg/h]の発熱量は、以下の通り算出することができる。
(f−4)炭素の酸化反応による発熱量Qc=393.51×Mc×1000/22.4[kJ/h]
(f−5)水素の酸化反応による発熱量Qh
=571.66/2×Mh×1000/22.4[kJ/h]
(f−6)排ガス中のH2Oの潜熱Qw=45.20×(Mh+Mw)×1000/22.4[kJ/h]
(f−7)被燃焼物の燃焼に伴い発生する熱量Qf=Qc+Qh−Qw
以上から、被燃焼物単位供給量当りの発熱量Qoは、以下の通りとなる。
(f−8)被燃焼物単位供給量当りの発熱量Qo=Qf/F
(F) Calculation of calorific value of combusted material The amount of heat generated by the oxidation reaction of carbon and hydrogen per unit mole and the latent heat of moisture in the combusted material are as follows.
(F-1) C + O 2 = CO 2 +393.51 [kJ]
(F-2) 2H 2 + O 2 = 2H 2 O +571.66 [kJ]
(F-3) H 2 O (liquid) = H 2 O (gas) −45.20 [kJ]
Therefore, the calorific value of the combustible F [kg / h] can be calculated as follows.
(F-4) Calorific value Qc = 393.51 × Mc × 1000 / 22.4 [kJ / h] due to carbon oxidation reaction
(F-5) Calorific value Qh due to oxidation reaction of hydrogen
= 571.66 / 2 × Mh × 1000 / 22.4 [kJ / h]
(F-6) H 2 O latent heat in exhaust gas Qw = 45.20 × (Mh + Mw) × 1000 / 22.4 [kJ / h]
(F-7) Heat quantity Qf = Qc + Qh-Qw generated with combustion of the combustible
From the above, the calorific value Qo per combustible unit supply amount is as follows.
(F-8) Calorific value per unit supply of combustible material Qo = Qf / F
〔本測定方法の実施態様〕
次に、本測定方法の実施態様(実施態様1)を、例えば本発明に係る燃焼制御装置の一態様である図2に例示する燃焼制御装置を参照して詳細に説明する。
(A1)燃焼炉からの排ガス流量の測定
燃焼炉からの排ガス流量をリアルタイムに測定する。具体的には、図2に示す燃焼制御装置において、所定量の被燃焼物Eが供給部1から燃焼炉2に供給され、燃焼処理される。燃焼炉2からの排出ガス流路に設けられた節炭器4を用い、節炭器4に供給される排ガスGの持ち出し熱量Hoに係る排ガスと給水の出入口温度(Tgi,Tgo,Twi,Tw)および排ガス流量Mgと給水量Mwの関係から、式A1〜A2に基づき、正確なリアルタイムの排ガス流量Mgを算出することができる。
Ho[kJ/h] =Mg×Cpg×(Tgo−Ta2) ……式A1
Mg[m3N/h]=Mw×(Tw−Twi)×Cw/(Tgi−Tgo)/Cpg ……式A2
ここで、Mw:節炭器入口給水量[t/h]
Twi:節炭器入口給水温度[℃]
Tw :節炭器出口給水温度[℃]
Tgi:節炭器入口排ガス温度[℃]
Tgo:節炭器出口排ガス温度[℃]
Ta2:常温(室内温度)[℃]
Cpg:節炭器入口排ガス定圧比熱[kJ/m3N・℃]
なお、排ガス流量Mgの測定は、節炭器4に限定されず、例えば、ガスエアヒータや予熱器(図示せず)のように排ガスとの熱交換機能を有し、その熱収支から排ガス流量を算出することができる装置を例として、排ガスとの接触によって変化する物質の接触前後の性状変化から排ガス流量を算出することができる装置であれば、本測定方法に適用することができる。また、独立した熱交換器を有していない場合には、燃焼処理後の排ガスを排出する煙突等に導入される煙突等出口排ガス中の酸素濃度および煙突等出口流量を測定し、燃焼炉出口排ガス中の酸素濃度との対比から排ガス流量を算出することができる装置を用いることができる。
[Embodiment of this measurement method]
Next, an embodiment (embodiment 1) of the measurement method will be described in detail with reference to, for example, the combustion control device illustrated in FIG. 2 which is an embodiment of the combustion control device according to the present invention.
(A1) Measurement of exhaust gas flow rate from combustion furnace The exhaust gas flow rate from the combustion furnace is measured in real time. Specifically, in the combustion control device shown in FIG. 2, a predetermined amount of the combustion object E is supplied from the supply unit 1 to the
Ho [kJ / h] = Mg × Cpg × (Tgo-Ta2) ...... Formula A1
Mg [m 3 N / h] = Mw × (Tw−Twi) × Cw / (Tgi−Tgo) / Cpg (Formula A2)
Here, Mw: Water saving unit inlet water supply [t / h]
Twi: economizer inlet water supply temperature [° C]
Tw: economizer outlet feed water temperature [° C]
Tgi: economizer inlet exhaust gas temperature [° C]
Tgo: exhaust gas temperature at economizer outlet [° C]
Ta2: Room temperature (room temperature) [° C]
Cpg: Specific heat of exhaust gas at the economizer inlet [kJ / m 3 N · ° C]
The measurement of the exhaust gas flow rate Mg is not limited to the
(A2)排ガス中の酸素,二酸化炭素および水分の成分濃度を測定する。
図2に例示するように、燃焼炉2の炉内、または炉出口に設けられたO2濃度計,H2O濃度計およびCO2濃度計5により、燃焼排ガス中の酸素,水分および二酸化炭素の成分濃度を測定することによって、燃焼状態の情報をリアルタイムに得ることができる。むろん多成分測定用のレーザ分析計等を用い、1つの濃度計により各成分濃度を測定することも可能であり、装置のシンプル化を図るとともに、各成分濃度測定値の時間的ズレをなくすことができる点においても優れている。
(A2) The component concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide and moisture in the exhaust gas are measured.
As illustrated in FIG. 2, oxygen, moisture and carbon dioxide in the combustion exhaust gas are obtained by an O 2 concentration meter, an H 2 O concentration meter, and a CO 2 concentration meter 5 provided in the furnace of the
(A3)測定された前記各成分濃度から、排ガス中の窒素濃度[N2]を算出する。
測定された酸素濃度,水分濃度および二酸化炭素濃度を用い、排ガス中の窒素濃度[N2]を算出する。具体的には、下式A3に基づき、実測の酸素濃度,水分濃度および二酸化炭素濃度から、排ガス中の窒素濃度[N2]を算出する(w:wet状態)。
[N2(w)]=100−([O2(w)]+[CO2(w)]+[H2O]) …式A3
(A3) The nitrogen concentration [N 2 ] in the exhaust gas is calculated from the measured component concentrations.
Using the measured oxygen concentration, water concentration, and carbon dioxide concentration, the nitrogen concentration [N 2 ] in the exhaust gas is calculated. Specifically, based on the following formula A3, the nitrogen concentration [N 2 ] in the exhaust gas is calculated from the actually measured oxygen concentration, moisture concentration and carbon dioxide concentration (w: wet state).
[N 2 (w)] = 100 − ([O 2 (w)] + [CO 2 (w)] + [H 2 O]) Formula A3
(A4)算出された窒素濃度[N2]を基に大気中の窒素濃度Anに対する換算係数を算出し、該換算係数を乗じた前記酸素,二酸化炭素および水分の換算成分濃度Go,GdおよびGwを算出する。
(A4-1)大気中の窒素濃度に対する換算係数の算出
燃焼反応前後において不変の要素である窒素を基準に、これを燃焼空気供給時の分圧(基準窒素濃度An:燃焼空気を100としたとき79)に換算する係数(換算係数)tを、下式A4−1に基づき算出する。
t=An(=79)/[N2(w)] …式A4−1
(R4-2)酸素,二酸化炭素,水分の換算成分濃度の算出
酸素,二酸化炭素,水分の各成分濃度に換算係数tを乗じた酸素,二酸化炭素および水分の換算成分濃度Go,Gd,Gwを算出する。下式A4−2に基づき、それぞれ、換算酸素濃度Go,換算二酸化炭素濃度Gd,換算水分濃度Gwを算出する。このとき、各数値は、燃焼空気の単位供給量当りの酸素量,二酸化炭素量および水分量となる。
Go=[O2(w)]×t,Gd=[CO2(w)]×t,Gw=[H2O]×t …式A4−2
(A4) Based on the calculated nitrogen concentration [N 2 ], a conversion factor for the nitrogen concentration An in the atmosphere is calculated, and the converted component concentrations Go, Gd, and Gw of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water multiplied by the conversion factor Is calculated.
(A4-1) Calculation of conversion coefficient for nitrogen concentration in the atmosphere Based on nitrogen, which is an invariant element before and after the combustion reaction, this is the partial pressure at the time of supplying combustion air (reference nitrogen concentration An: combustion air is 100) A coefficient (conversion coefficient) t to be converted into time 79) is calculated based on the following formula A4-1.
t = An (= 79) / [N 2 (w)] Formula A4-1
(R4-2) Calculation of converted component concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and moisture The converted component concentrations Go, Gd, and Gw of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and moisture, which are obtained by multiplying each component concentration of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and moisture by a conversion factor t, are calculated. calculate. Based on the following formula A4-2, a converted oxygen concentration Go, a converted carbon dioxide concentration Gd, and a converted water concentration Gw are calculated. At this time, each numerical value is the amount of oxygen, the amount of carbon dioxide and the amount of water per unit supply amount of combustion air.
Go = [O 2 (w)] × t, Gd = [CO 2 (w)] × t, Gw = [H 2 O] × t Formula A4-2
(A5)被燃焼物中の炭素量の算出
換算された二酸化炭素の成分濃度Gdを基に、被燃焼物単位供給量当りの被燃焼物中の炭素量Ddを算出する。具体的には、下式A5から、被燃焼物中の炭素量Dcを得ることができる。
Dc=Gd …式A5
(A5) Calculation of carbon content in combusted material Based on the converted component concentration Gd of carbon dioxide, a carbon content Dd in the combusted material per unit supply amount of the combusted material is calculated. Specifically, the amount of carbon Dc in the combusted material can be obtained from the following formula A5.
Dc = Gd Formula A5
(A6)被燃焼物中の水素量および発生した水分量の算出
下式A6に示すように、大気中の酸素濃度Ao(=21%)から換算された酸素の成分濃度Goおよび二酸化炭素の成分濃度Gdを減算し、燃焼処理において消費された被燃焼物中の水素量Dhを算出し、さらに被燃焼物中の水素量Dhの全量が燃焼処理によって被燃焼物中の水素由来の水分量(2×Dh)を算出することができる。
Dh=(Ao−Go)−Gd …式A6
(A6) Calculation of the amount of hydrogen and the amount of water generated in the combusted material As shown in the following formula A6, the oxygen component concentration Go and the carbon dioxide component converted from the oxygen concentration Ao (= 21%) in the atmosphere The concentration Gd is subtracted to calculate the amount of hydrogen Dh in the combusted material consumed in the combustion process. Further, the total amount of hydrogen Dh in the combusted material is the amount of water derived from hydrogen in the combusted material ( 2 × Dh) can be calculated.
Dh = (Ao−Go) −Gd Formula A6
(A7)被燃焼物中の水分蒸発量の算出
換算された水分の成分濃度Gwおよび上記(A6)において算出された水分量(2×Dh)を基に、下式A7から、被燃焼物中の水分蒸発量Dwを算出する。
Dw=Gw−(2×Dh) …式A7
(A7) Calculation of the amount of water evaporation in the combusted material Based on the converted water component concentration Gw and the water content (2 × Dh) calculated in (A6) above, from the following formula A7, The water evaporation amount Dw is calculated.
Dw = Gw− (2 × Dh) Formula A7
(A8)算出発熱量Aの算出
算出された炭素量Dc(=Gd),水素量Dhおよび水分量Dwを用い、燃焼処理により発生した被燃焼物中の炭素と水素の反応発熱量および水分の潜熱量に基づく、燃焼処理された被燃焼物単位供給量当りの算出発熱量Aを算出する。
(A8−1)下式A8−1aより炭素の酸化反応によるCO2の発生量Mcを算出し、下式A8−1bより炭素の酸化反応による発熱量Qcを算出する。
Mc=Mg×Dc/100 …式A8−1a
Qc=393.51×Mc×1000/22.4 …式A8−1b
(A8−2)下式A8−2aより水素の酸化反応によるH2Oの発生量Mhを算出し、下式A8−2bより水素の酸化反応による発熱量Qhを算出する。
Mh=(Mg×Gw/100)×(2×Dh)/(Dh+Dw) …式A8−2a
Qh=571.66/2×Mh×1000/22.4 …式A8−2b
(A8−3)下式A8−3aより被燃焼物中のH2Oの蒸発量Mwを算出し、下式A8−3bより排ガス中のH2Oの潜熱Qwを算出する。
Mw=(Mg×Gw/100)×Dw/(Dh+Dw) …式A8−3a
Qw=45.20×(Mh+Mw)×1000/22.4 …式A8−3b
(A8−4)以上から、燃焼処理された被燃焼物単位供給量当りの算出発熱量Aを、下式A8―4より算出する。
(算出発熱量A)=(Qc+Qh−Qw)/E …式A8−4
(A8) Calculation of calculated calorific value A Using the calculated carbon amount Dc (= Gd), hydrogen amount Dh, and moisture amount Dw, the reaction calorific value and moisture of carbon and hydrogen in the combusted material generated by the combustion treatment A calculated calorific value A per unit supply amount of the combusted combusted material based on the latent heat amount is calculated.
(A8-1) CO 2 generation amount Mc due to carbon oxidation reaction is calculated from the following formula A8-1a, and calorific value Qc due to carbon oxidation reaction is calculated from the following formula A8-1b.
Mc = Mg × Dc / 100 Formula A8-1a
Qc = 393.51 × Mc × 1000 / 22.4 Formula A8-1b
(A8-2) A generation amount Mh of H 2 O due to hydrogen oxidation reaction is calculated from the following formula A8-2a, and a calorific value Qh due to hydrogen oxidation reaction is calculated from the following formula A8-2b.
Mh = (Mg × Gw / 100) × (2 × Dh) / (Dh + Dw) Formula A8-2a
Qh = 571.66 / 2 × Mh × 1000 / 22.4 ... Formula A8-2b
(A8-3) The evaporation amount Mw of H 2 O in the combusted material is calculated from the following equation A8-3a, and the latent heat Qw of H 2 O in the exhaust gas is calculated from the following equation A8-3b.
Mw = (Mg × Gw / 100) × Dw / (Dh + Dw) Formula A8-3a
Qw = 45.20 × (Mh + Mw) × 1000 / 22.4 ... Formula A8-3b
(A8-4) Based on the above, the calculated calorific value A per unit supply amount of the combusted combusted material is calculated from the following formula A8-4.
(Calculated calorific value A) = (Qc + Qh−Qw) / E (Formula A8-4)
〔本測定方法の他の実施態様〕
次に、本測定方法の他の実施態様(実施態様2)について説明する。後述するように、排ガス中の二酸化炭素(CO2)濃度が、排ガス中の酸素(O2)濃度および水分(H2O)濃度を基に算出することができることから、CO2濃度計が設けられない点において上記実施態様1と異なる。なお、上記実施態様1と共通する点については省略することがある。
[Other Embodiments of the Measurement Method]
Next, another embodiment (embodiment 2) of this measurement method will be described. As will be described later, since the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration in the exhaust gas can be calculated based on the oxygen (O 2 ) concentration and the moisture (H 2 O) concentration in the exhaust gas, a CO 2 concentration meter is provided. This is different from the first embodiment in that it is not performed. Note that points common to the first embodiment may be omitted.
(B1)燃焼炉からの排ガス流量の測定
上記(A1)と共通するために省略する。
(B2)排ガス中の酸素および水分の成分濃度を測定する。
燃焼炉の炉内、または炉出口に設けられたO2濃度計およびH2O濃度計により排ガス中の酸素および水分の成分濃度を測定することによって、燃焼状態の情報をリアルタイムに得るとともに、この2つの指標を用いて被燃焼物の発熱量の算出に不可欠な指標である排ガス中のCO2濃度を算出することによって、上記実施態様1と差異のない精度の良い、被燃焼物の発熱量の測定方法を確立することができる。
(B1) Measurement of exhaust gas flow rate from combustion furnace Since it is the same as the above (A1), it is omitted.
(B2) The component concentration of oxygen and moisture in the exhaust gas is measured.
By measuring the component concentrations of oxygen and moisture in the exhaust gas with an O 2 concentration meter and an H 2 O concentration meter provided in the furnace or at the furnace outlet, information on the combustion state is obtained in real time. By calculating the CO 2 concentration in the exhaust gas, which is an indispensable index for calculating the calorific value of the combusted material using the two indexes, the calorific value of the combusted material with high accuracy without any difference from the first embodiment is obtained. The measurement method can be established.
(B3)測定された酸素および水分の成分濃度[O2],[H2O]から、下式1を基に排ガス中の二酸化炭素濃度を算出する。
[CO2]=Ro×(100−[H2O])/100−[O2] …式1
ここで、[ ]内は百分率表示濃度を示し、Roは大気中の酸素濃度から灰分に取り込まれる酸素成分量を減じて設定された係数を示す。
つまり、被燃焼物が完全燃焼し、被燃焼物中の酸素および窒素が排ガス中の酸素および窒素の成分濃度に影響を与えない条件の場合、燃焼空気中の二酸化炭素濃度[CO2]と酸素濃度[O2]は、下式B3−1〜4の関係が成り立つ(d:乾燥状態,w:湿潤状態を示す)。
[CO2(d)]+[O2(d)]=Ro …式B3−1
[CO2(d)]=[CO2(w)]×100/(100−[H2O]) …式B3−2
[O2(d)] =[O2(w)]×100/(100−[H2O]) …式B3−3
[CO2(w)]=Ro×(100−[H2O])/100−[O2(w)] …式B3−4
しかしながら、実動状態においては、式B3−1,3−4においてRo=「21」は成立せず、例えばRo=「19」となることが実証されている。燃焼反応によって発生する灰分に取り込まれる酸素成分量がその差であると解される。[CO2(d)]および[O2(d)]は、予め実操業中に、手分析等分析・測定を行うことにより設定可能である。
(B3) From the measured oxygen and moisture component concentrations [O 2 ] and [H 2 O], the concentration of carbon dioxide in the exhaust gas is calculated based on the following formula 1.
[CO 2 ] = Ro × (100− [H 2 O]) / 100− [O 2 ] Formula 1
Here, the value in [] indicates the percentage display concentration, and Ro indicates a coefficient set by subtracting the amount of oxygen component taken into the ash from the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere.
That is, when the combusted material is completely combusted and the oxygen and nitrogen in the combusted material are in a condition that does not affect the oxygen and nitrogen component concentrations in the exhaust gas, the carbon dioxide concentration [CO 2 ] and oxygen in the combustion air Concentration [O 2 ] holds the relationship of the following formulas B3-1 to 4 (d: dry state, w: wet state).
[CO 2 (d)] + [O 2 (d)] = Ro Formula B3-1
[CO 2 (d)] = [CO 2 (w)] × 100 / (100− [H 2 O]) Formula B3-2
[O 2 (d)] = [O 2 (w)] × 100 / (100− [H 2 O]) Formula B3-3
[CO 2 (w)] = Ro × (100− [H 2 O]) / 100− [O 2 (w)] Formula B3-4
However, in the actual operation state, it is proved that Ro = “21” does not hold in the formulas B3-1 and 3-4, for example, Ro = “19”. It is understood that the amount of oxygen component taken into the ash generated by the combustion reaction is the difference. [CO 2 (d)] and [O 2 (d)] can be set in advance by performing analysis / measurement such as manual analysis during actual operation.
実機において、測定された酸素および水分の成分濃度[O2],[H2O]から算出した排ガス中の二酸化炭素濃度[CO2]と別途実機に設けられた[CO2]濃度計で実測された排ガス中の二酸化炭素濃度[CO2]を比較してみると、図3に例示されるように、両者には良好な所定の相関があるといえる(図3においては相関係数約0.85を有している)。 In the actual machine, measured with the measured concentration of oxygen and moisture [O 2 ], [CO 2 ] in the exhaust gas calculated from the [H 2 O] and [CO 2 ] densitometer separately provided in the actual machine When comparing the carbon dioxide concentration [CO 2 ] in the exhaust gas, it can be said that there is a good predetermined correlation between them as illustrated in FIG. 3 (correlation coefficient of about 0 in FIG. 3). .85).
(B4)測定された酸素濃度[O2]と水分濃度[H2O]および算出された二酸化炭素濃度[CO2]を用い、排ガス中の窒素濃度[N2]を算出する。
具体的には、下式B4に基づき、実測の酸素濃度,水分濃度および算出された二酸化炭素濃度から、排ガス中の窒素(N2)濃度を算出する。
[N2(w)]=100−([O2(w)]+[CO2(w)]+[H2O]) …式B4
(B4) Using the measured oxygen concentration [O 2 ], moisture concentration [H 2 O] and the calculated carbon dioxide concentration [CO 2 ], the nitrogen concentration [N 2 ] in the exhaust gas is calculated.
Specifically, the nitrogen (N 2 ) concentration in the exhaust gas is calculated from the actually measured oxygen concentration, moisture concentration, and calculated carbon dioxide concentration based on the following equation B4.
[N 2 (w)] = 100 − ([O 2 (w)] + [CO 2 (w)] + [H 2 O]) Formula B4
(B5)「算出された窒素濃度を基に燃焼空気中の窒素濃度に対する換算係数を算出し、該換算係数を乗じた酸素,二酸化炭素および水分の換算成分濃度を算出する。」〜(B8)「換算された水分の成分濃度Gwおよび算出された前記水分量を基に、被燃焼物中の水分蒸発量を算出する。」は、(A4)「算出された窒素濃度を基に燃焼空気中の窒素濃度に対する換算係数を算出し、該換算係数を乗じた酸素,二酸化炭素および水分の換算成分濃度を算出する。」〜(A7)「換算された水分の成分濃度Gwおよび算出された前記水分量を基に、被燃焼物中の水分蒸発量を算出する。」と共通するために省略する。 (B5) “Calculating a conversion factor for the nitrogen concentration in the combustion air based on the calculated nitrogen concentration, and calculating converted component concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and moisture by multiplying the conversion factor.” To (B8) “Calculate the amount of water evaporated in the combusted material based on the converted moisture component concentration Gw and the calculated amount of water.” (A4) “Based on the calculated nitrogen concentration in combustion air. The conversion factor for the nitrogen concentration is calculated, and the converted component concentration of oxygen, carbon dioxide and moisture multiplied by the conversion factor is calculated. ”To (A7)“ The converted component concentration Gw of moisture and the calculated moisture content ” The amount of water evaporation in the combusted material is calculated based on the amount.
(B9)算出発熱量Bの算出
算出された炭素量Dc(=Gd),水素量Dhおよび水分量Dwを用い、燃焼処理により発生した被燃焼物中の炭素と水素の反応発熱量および水分の潜熱量に基づく、燃焼処理された被燃焼物単位供給量当りの算出発熱量Bを算出する。
(B9−1)下式B9−1aより炭素の酸化反応によるCO2の発生量Mcを算出し、下式B9−1bより炭素の酸化反応による発熱量Qcを算出する。
Mc=Mg×Dc/100 …式B9−1a
Qc=393.51×Mc×1000/22.4 …式B9−1b
(B9−2)下式B9−2aより水素の酸化反応によるH2Oの発生量Mhを算出し、下式B9−2bより水素の酸化反応による発熱量Qhを算出する。
Mh=(Mg×Gw/100)×(2×Dh)/(Dh+Dw) …式B9−2a
Qh=571.66/2×Mh×1000/22.4 …式B9−2b
(B9−3)下式B9−3aより被燃焼物中のH2Oの蒸発量Mwを算出し、下式B9−3bより排ガス中のH2Oの潜熱Qwを算出する。
Mw=(Mg×Gw/100)×Dw/(Dh+Dw) …式B9−3a
Qw=45.20×(Mh+Mw)×1000/22.4 …式B9−3b
(B9−4)以上から、燃焼処理された被燃焼物単位供給量当りの算出発熱量Bを、下式B9―4より算出する。
(算出発熱量B)=(Qc+Qh−Qw)/E …式B9−4
(B9) Calculation of Calculated Calorific Value B Using the calculated carbon amount Dc (= Gd), hydrogen amount Dh, and moisture amount Dw, the reaction calorific value and moisture of carbon and hydrogen in the combusted material generated by the combustion process A calculated calorific value B per unit supply amount of the combusted combusted material based on the latent heat amount is calculated.
(B9-1) A CO 2 generation amount Mc due to the carbon oxidation reaction is calculated from the following equation B9-1a, and a calorific value Qc due to the carbon oxidation reaction is calculated from the following equation B9-1b.
Mc = Mg × Dc / 100 Formula B9-1a
Qc = 393.51 × Mc × 1000 / 22.4 Formula B9-1b
(B9-2) The amount Mh of H 2 O generated by the hydrogen oxidation reaction is calculated from the following formula B9-2a, and the heat generation amount Qh by the hydrogen oxidation reaction is calculated from the following formula B9-2b.
Mh = (Mg × Gw / 100) × (2 × Dh) / (Dh + Dw) Formula B9-2a
Qh = 571.66 / 2 × Mh × 1000 / 22.4 ... Formula B9-2b
(B9-3) The evaporation amount Mw of H 2 O in the combusted material is calculated from the following equation B9-3a, and the latent heat Qw of H 2 O in the exhaust gas is calculated from the following equation B9-3b.
Mw = (Mg × Gw / 100) × Dw / (Dh + Dw) Formula B9-3a
Qw = 45.20 × (Mh + Mw) × 1000 / 22.4 Formula B9-3b
(B9-4) From the above, the calculated calorific value B per unit burned unit supply amount is calculated from the following equation B9-4.
(Calculated calorific value B) = (Qc + Qh−Qw) / E (Formula B9-4)
〔燃焼炉内への混入空気量および被燃焼物中の酸素量の算出〕
本測定方法において、本願発明の1つの課題である燃焼炉内への混入空気量および被燃焼物中の酸素量を把握することによって、より正確な被燃焼物中の蒸発量を測定することができ、より的確な燃焼制御を図ることができる。具体的には、以下の手順に基づき、混入空気量および被燃焼物中の酸素量を算出することを特徴とする。
(C1)下式2に基づき、燃焼炉に供給される燃焼空気以外の混入空気量を算出する。
(混入空気量)=(排ガス流量×[N2]−燃焼空気供給量×An)/An ……式2
通常実働状態での燃焼炉内は減圧条件に設定されていることおよび被燃焼物中に含まれる窒素成分が微量であることから、排ガス中に含まれる窒素量と燃焼空気中に含まれる窒素量に差があれば、燃焼炉内への外気の混入が想定される。
(C2)下式3に基づき、被燃焼物中の酸素量を算出する。
(被燃焼物中の酸素量)=(排ガス流量×[O2])−(燃焼空気供給量×Aa−排ガス流量×[CO2]−水分量Cw)−(混入空気量×An) ……式3
被燃焼物中の酸素および混入空気中の酸素は、排ガス中の酸素成分の一部を構成し、燃焼空気中の酸素の一部はCO2およびH2Oとして排ガス中に存在することから、式3に基づき被燃焼物中の酸素量を算出することができる。
(C3)上記(C1)で算出された混入空気量または/および(C2)で算出された被燃焼物中の酸素量は、正味の燃焼空気に係る窒素成分および酸素成分の算出に用いることができ、上記手順(A3)または(B4)の排ガス中の窒素濃度の算出において、該窒素濃度をリアルタイムに補正することができる。さらに、補正された窒素濃度を用いることによって、正味の被燃焼物の成分および燃焼空気による燃焼状態を測定することができ、発熱量の算出に必要な被燃焼物の成分および燃焼空気に係る窒素成分と酸素成分をより正確に算出することができる。また、その算出結果を用いて被燃焼物の発熱量を算出することによって、燃焼状態に対応した被燃焼物の発熱量をより正確に測定することができる。加えて、こうして算出された算出発熱量を燃焼制御に用いることによって、より正確な燃焼空気量の制御を行うことができ、リアルタイムに安定した燃焼制御を行うことができる。
[Calculation of the amount of air mixed into the combustion furnace and the amount of oxygen in the combustion object]
In this measurement method, it is possible to measure the evaporation amount in the combustion object more accurately by grasping the amount of air mixed into the combustion furnace and the oxygen amount in the combustion object, which is one of the problems of the present invention. Thus, more accurate combustion control can be achieved. Specifically, the amount of mixed air and the amount of oxygen in the combusted material are calculated based on the following procedure.
(C1) Based on the following
(Mixed air amount) = (exhaust gas flow rate × [N 2 ] −combustion air supply amount × An) / An (Formula 2)
Since the combustion furnace in the normal working state is set to decompression conditions and the amount of nitrogen contained in the combusted material is very small, the amount of nitrogen contained in the exhaust gas and the amount of nitrogen contained in the combustion air If there is a difference, it is assumed that outside air is mixed into the combustion furnace.
(C2) Based on the following
(Oxygen amount in the combusted material) = (exhaust gas flow rate × [O 2 ]) − (combustion air supply amount × Aa−exhaust gas flow rate × [CO 2 ] −moisture amount Cw) − (mixed air amount × An)
Since oxygen in the combusted material and oxygen in the mixed air constitute a part of the oxygen component in the exhaust gas, and a part of the oxygen in the combustion air exists in the exhaust gas as CO 2 and H 2 O, Based on
(C3) The amount of mixed air calculated in (C1) and / or the amount of oxygen in the combusted material calculated in (C2) should be used to calculate the nitrogen component and oxygen component related to the net combustion air. In the calculation of the nitrogen concentration in the exhaust gas in the procedure (A3) or (B4), the nitrogen concentration can be corrected in real time. Furthermore, by using the corrected nitrogen concentration, it is possible to measure the net combusted material component and the combustion state of the combustion air, and the combustible material component necessary for calculating the calorific value and the nitrogen related to the combustion air. The component and the oxygen component can be calculated more accurately. Further, by calculating the calorific value of the combusted object using the calculation result, the calorific value of the combusted object corresponding to the combustion state can be measured more accurately. In addition, by using the calculated calorific value thus calculated for combustion control, more accurate control of the combustion air amount can be performed, and stable combustion control can be performed in real time.
<本測定方法の実証実験>
上記本制御装置を用いて、本測定方法および従前の測定方法により発熱量を算出し、各測定方法の比較検証を行った。
〔検証方法〕
実証試験は、環整95号に基づき200kg×5検体(本試験では検体として廃棄物を用いた)を準備し、各検体についてサンプリングを行い低位発熱量の測定を行なった。サンプリングした5検体のうち、計算結果で誤差の大きいと考えられる最小と最大のものを除く3検体を評価することとした。なお、サンプリングした検体は破砕して混合し測定を行った。
〔検証結果〕
サンプリングした廃棄物を分析し、下記(i)〜(iv)に基づき算出した結果を表1に示す。
(i)環整95号に基づき、3成分の計算式および熱量計測定から発熱量を算出した
(ii)Dulongの式,Steuerの式に当てはめて計算した
(iii)廃棄物の検体の組成と燃焼空気の源泉とする物質および熱収支に基づき発熱量を算出した
(iv)本測定方法に基づき発熱量を算出した
特定の相関関係を見出すことはできないが、本測定方法(iv)は、排ガス量とその成分をベースに計算しており,使用するデータに過不足がないことから,計算結果は現実的であるといえる。一方、物質および熱収支に基づく算出方法(iii)は,従来から施設の機能評価で採用されている方法であるが,焼却炉への漏れ込み空気や被燃焼物中の酸素の評価ができないという欠点があり,計算結果としてのごみ質は,経験的に高めであるとされ、本実証試験においても高位となっている。他の測定方法(i)および(ii)についても、被燃焼物中の「3成分」測定方法を除き、同様の結果となっている。
<Demonstration experiment of this measurement method>
Using this control device, the calorific value was calculated by the present measurement method and the previous measurement method, and comparison verification of each measurement method was performed.
〔Method of verification〕
In the demonstration test, 200 kg × 5 specimens (waste was used as a specimen in this test) were prepared based on environment No. 95, and each specimen was sampled to measure the lower calorific value. Of the 5 samples sampled, 3 samples were evaluated except for the smallest and largest samples considered to have large errors in the calculation results. The sampled sample was crushed and mixed for measurement.
〔inspection result〕
Table 1 shows the results of analyzing the sampled waste and calculating based on the following (i) to (iv).
(I) calorific value was calculated from three-component calculation formula and calorimeter measurement based on ring 95, (ii) calculated by applying Dulong's formula and Steuer's formula, and (iii) composition of waste specimen The calorific value was calculated based on the substance used as the source of combustion air and the heat balance (iv) The calorific value calculated based on this measurement method cannot be found, but this measurement method (iv) Since the calculation is based on the quantity and its components and there is no excess or deficiency in the data used, the calculation results can be said to be realistic. On the other hand, the calculation method (iii) based on the material and heat balance is a method that has been used in the facility function evaluation, but it cannot evaluate the air leaked into the incinerator and the oxygen in the combustibles. There are drawbacks, and the quality of the waste as a result of calculation is empirically high, and it is also high in this demonstration test. Other measurement methods (i) and (ii) have the same results except for the “three-component” measurement method in the combusted material.
<本発明に係る被燃焼物の燃焼制御方法>
本発明に係る被燃焼物の燃焼制御方法(以下「本制御方法」ということがある)は、上記被燃焼物の発熱量(算出発熱量Aまたは算出発熱量B)を基にボイラ蒸発量を算出し、該ボイラ蒸発量を基に燃焼炉に投入される被燃焼物および燃焼空気の供給量を制御し、燃焼炉の燃焼制御を行うことを特徴とする。燃焼している被燃焼物の発熱量に係る情報をリアルタイムに精度よく連続して取得し、これを用いて現在の燃焼状態に対して時間遅れのない被燃焼物の燃焼制御を行うことができる。
以下、本制御方法について、詳細に説明する。
<Combustion control method for combustibles according to the present invention>
A combustion control method for a combusted material according to the present invention (hereinafter, also referred to as “the present control method”) determines a boiler evaporation amount based on the calorific value of the combusted material (calculated calorific value A or calorific value B). The combustion control of the combustion furnace is performed by calculating and controlling the supply amount of the combusted material and the combustion air to be input to the combustion furnace based on the boiler evaporation amount. Information related to the calorific value of the burning combusted material can be acquired continuously in real time with high accuracy, and the combustion control of the combusted material can be performed without time delay with respect to the current combustion state. .
Hereinafter, this control method will be described in detail.
(D1)ボイラ蒸発量の算出
上記手順(A8)において算出された被燃焼物の算出発熱量Aまたは上記手順(B9)において算出された算出発熱量Bを基に、ボイラ蒸発量を算出する。具体的には、下式2,3に示すような被燃焼物発熱量とボイラ蒸発量の関係を基に、算出された被燃焼物発熱量からボイラ蒸発量を得ることができる。
(被燃焼物の燃焼熱量)=(被燃焼物の発熱量)×(被燃焼物の投入量)
=(ボイラ蒸発量×蒸気エンタルピ+持出熱量−持込熱量)
…式D1−1
(ボイラ蒸発量)=(被燃焼物の燃焼熱量−持出熱量+持込熱量)/(蒸気エンタルピ)
…式D1−2
ここで、被燃焼物の投入量,蒸気エンタルピ,持出熱量および持込熱量は、本プロセスにおける各計測値によって、リアルタイムに算出することができる。
(D1) Calculation of boiler evaporation amount The boiler evaporation amount is calculated based on the calculated calorific value A of the combusted material calculated in the procedure (A8) or the calculated calorific value B calculated in the procedure (B9). Specifically, the boiler evaporation amount can be obtained from the calculated combustion object heat generation amount based on the relationship between the combustion object heat generation amount and the boiler evaporation amount as shown in the following
(The amount of combustion heat of the combustible) = (The amount of heat generated by the combustible) × (The amount of input of the combustible)
= (Boiler evaporation x Steam enthalpy + Heat output-Heat input)
... Formula D1-1
(Boiler evaporation) = (Combustion heat of combusted material-Export heat + Import heat) / (Steam enthalpy)
... Formula D1-2
Here, the input amount of the combusted material, the steam enthalpy, the amount of heat carried out, and the amount of heat carried in can be calculated in real time by each measured value in this process.
このとき、上記手順(A3)または(B4)の排ガス中の窒素濃度の算出において、上記(C1)で算出された混入空気量または/および(C2)で算出された被燃焼物中の酸素量を用いて、正味の燃焼空気に係る窒素成分および酸素成分を算出することによって、より正確な燃焼状態を測定することができる。従って、より正確な被燃焼物の算出発熱量をリアルタイムに適用することができるため、より適切なボイラ蒸発量を算出することができる。 At this time, in the calculation of the nitrogen concentration in the exhaust gas in the procedure (A3) or (B4), the amount of mixed air calculated in (C1) or / and the oxygen amount in the combusted material calculated in (C2) The more accurate combustion state can be measured by calculating the nitrogen component and the oxygen component related to the net combustion air. Accordingly, since a more accurate calculated calorific value of the combusted object can be applied in real time, a more appropriate boiler evaporation amount can be calculated.
(D2)被燃焼物および燃焼空気の供給量の制御
算出されたボイラ蒸発量を基に、焼却炉に投入される被燃焼物および燃焼空気の供給量を制御する。具体的には、例えば、被燃焼物および燃焼空気の供給量について、推定されたボイラ蒸発量を基準としてフィードバック制御されるとともに、その他の要素(例えば燃焼炉内温度等)によって補正されることによって、リアルタイムに燃焼状態に対して時間遅れのない被燃焼物の燃焼制御を行うことができる。
(D2) Control of supply amount of combustion object and combustion air Based on the calculated amount of boiler evaporation, the supply amount of the combustion object and the combustion air supplied to the incinerator is controlled. Specifically, for example, the supply amount of the combusted material and the combustion air is feedback-controlled based on the estimated boiler evaporation amount and corrected by other factors (for example, the temperature in the combustion furnace). In addition, the combustion control of the combusted object can be performed in real time without a time delay with respect to the combustion state.
<本発明に係る燃焼制御装置>
本発明に係る燃焼制御装置(以下「本制御装置」ということがある)は、少なくとも、燃焼炉からの排ガス流量を測定する手段,被燃焼物の供給量測定部,燃焼空気の供給量測定部,および排ガス中の酸素および水分、または酸素,水分および二酸化炭素濃度の成分濃度測定部を有し、上記算出発熱量Aまたは算出発熱量Bを用いて、燃焼炉に投入される被燃焼物および燃焼空気の供給量を制御することを特徴とする。図2に例示する本制御装置により、具体的な実施形態を説明する。
<Combustion control device according to the present invention>
A combustion control device according to the present invention (hereinafter also referred to as “the present control device”) includes at least means for measuring an exhaust gas flow rate from a combustion furnace, a supply amount measurement unit for combustibles, and a supply amount measurement unit for combustion air. , And a component concentration measuring unit for oxygen and moisture in the exhaust gas, or oxygen, moisture and carbon dioxide concentration, and using the calculated calorific value A or the calculated calorific value B, The supply amount of combustion air is controlled. A specific embodiment will be described with reference to the present control apparatus illustrated in FIG.
本制御装置は、被燃焼物の供給部1,燃焼炉2,ボイラ3,節炭器4,成分濃度測定部5および燃焼空気供給部6から構成される。被燃焼物Eが、供給部1から燃焼炉2に供給され、同じく燃焼空気供給部6から燃焼炉2に供給された燃焼空気Aとともに、燃焼炉2において燃焼処理される。燃焼処理によって発生した燃焼排ガスGが、ボイラ3,節炭器4を介して排ガス処理設備に供送され、排出される。燃焼炉2の内部または燃焼炉2から排出される排ガス流路には、成分濃度測定部5が設けられ、排ガス中の酸素および水分、または酸素,水分および二酸化炭素濃度が測定される。なお、高温条件での燃焼において発生する窒素酸化物(NOx)や被燃焼物E中に含まれる塩素や硫黄等を起源とする塩素化合物や硫黄酸化物(SOx)等は微量であり、発熱量に与える影響が少ないことから、ここでは直接的には触れない。
The present control apparatus includes a combusted material supply unit 1, a
(a)被燃焼物の供給部
供給部1には、被燃焼物の供給量測定部(図示せず)が設けられ、供給される被燃焼物Eの量と質が測定される。例えば、被燃焼物投入重量検出センサとレーザ距離計等が設けられる(いずれも図示せず)。被燃焼物Eの比重が分かれば、被燃焼物Eの水分量等を予測することができる。本制御装置においては、実測の排ガス中の水分濃度との補正等に用いることができる。
(A) Combustion Supply Unit Supply Unit 1 is provided with a combustible supply amount measurement unit (not shown), and measures the quantity and quality of supplied combustible E. For example, a combustible material input weight detection sensor, a laser distance meter, and the like (not shown) are provided. If the specific gravity of the combustible E is known, the moisture content of the combustible E can be predicted. In this control apparatus, it can be used for correction with the moisture concentration in the actually measured exhaust gas.
(b)燃焼空気の供給部
燃焼空気Aは、本制御装置において例示するように、燃焼炉内下部の1次燃焼ゾーンに載置され移送される被燃焼物Eに直接供給されるとともに、1次燃焼ゾーンにおいて未燃または不完全燃焼した成分の完全燃焼および排ガスGの冷却処理あるいは希釈処理を行うために設けられる燃焼炉内中央部または上部の2次燃焼ゾーンに供給されることが好ましい。燃焼空気供給部6は、こうした複数段に分れた燃焼空気Aの供給量を測定する供給量測定部と供給量を制御する供給量制御部を有し、例えば、1次燃焼ゾーンにおける被燃焼物Eに対する乾燥ステップ,燃焼ステップおよび後燃焼ステップの順に、各ステップにおける被燃焼物Eの量(容積)や表面温度および燃焼ガスの流量等をモニタしながら、それぞれの燃焼空気Aの供給量が制御される。さらに、2次燃焼ゾーンにおいても、その上部および下部(さらに中部)から燃焼空気Aの供給する機能を設け、排ガス中の成分濃度や温度および排ガス流量等をモニタしながら、それぞれの燃焼空気の供給量が制御される構成を有することが好ましい。ここで、燃焼空気の供給量とは、これらの総流量をいう。なお、燃焼炉2の終端には、燃焼に伴うエネルギーに相当する蒸発量を測定するセンサとして、蒸気流量を測定する蒸気流量計(図示せず)が設けられることが好ましい。
(B) Combustion Air Supply Unit As illustrated in the present control apparatus, the combustion air A is directly supplied to the combusted object E placed and transferred in the primary combustion zone in the lower part of the combustion furnace, and 1 It is preferable to supply the secondary combustion zone in the center or upper part of the combustion furnace provided for performing complete combustion of unburned or incompletely burned components and cooling or dilution of the exhaust gas G in the secondary combustion zone. The combustion
(c)排ガス中の成分濃度測定部
炉内または/および排ガス流路には、被燃焼物Eの燃焼状態および燃焼結果を検出する成分濃度測定部5が設けられている。本制御装置において、成分濃度測定部5は、O2濃度計およびCO2濃度計が2次燃焼ゾーンに、H2O濃度計が排ガス流路の節炭器4直前に設けられている。ただし、CO2濃度計の設置を含め、これに限定されないことは上記の通りである。ここで、O2濃度計、CO2濃度計、H2O濃度計として、レーザ発信器(図示せず)が波長をスキャンしながら強さ一定のレーザ光を炉内のガスに照射し、レーザ受信器によって残存のレーザ光を測定することにより、当該ガスの成分濃度や温度を検出するレーザ式測定器を用いることが好ましい。測定対象となる排ガスを、非接触で検出できるとともに同一部位における検出情報を同時に得ることができる点において好適である。また、各ガスの成分濃度を検出する公知のセンサを使用しても良い。排ガス中の各成分濃度から、燃焼された被燃焼物Eの組成を算出することができるとともに、燃焼空気の供給量との関係から被燃焼物Eの発熱量を算出することができる。
(C) Component Concentration Measurement Unit in Exhaust Gas A component
<本制御方法(装置)の実証実験>
本制御処理装置を用い、本制御方法の燃焼制御機能およびその技術効果を検証した。
〔検証結果〕
検証結果を、図4(a)〜(d)に示す。
(i)図4(a),(c)は、従前の測定方法により算出された発熱量を基に算出されたボイラ蒸発量に基づき燃焼制御を行った場合の、ボイラ蒸発量実測値,予測値(算出値),燃焼炉出口酸素濃度および煙突排ガス流量の変動を示す。
(ii)図4(b),(d)は、本測定方法により算出された発熱量を基に算出されたボイラ蒸発量に基づき燃焼制御を行った場合の、ボイラ蒸発量実測値,予測値(算出値),燃焼炉出口酸素濃度および煙突排ガス流量の変動を示す。
(iii)従前の制御方法を使用する場合は、各指標において制御幅が大きく安定性に欠ける数値の変動が見られたが、本制御方法においては変動幅が小さく非常に安定性の高い数値の変動が見られた。また,ボイラ蒸発量の変動を少なくすることで,蒸気タービンでの発電量の約1.5%増加をえることができた。
<Demonstration experiment of this control method (device)>
Using this control processing device, the combustion control function of this control method and its technical effect were verified.
〔inspection result〕
The verification results are shown in FIGS.
(I) FIGS. 4 (a) and 4 (c) show boiler evaporation amount actual values and predictions when combustion control is performed based on the boiler evaporation amount calculated based on the calorific value calculated by the conventional measurement method. The value (calculated value), combustion furnace outlet oxygen concentration, and chimney exhaust gas flow rate fluctuations are shown.
(Ii) FIGS. 4 (b) and 4 (d) show the actual and predicted boiler evaporation values when combustion control is performed based on the boiler evaporation amount calculated based on the calorific value calculated by this measurement method. (Calculated value), Combustion furnace outlet oxygen concentration and chimney exhaust gas flow rate fluctuation.
(Iii) In the case of using the conventional control method, there were fluctuations in numerical values with large control width and lacking stability in each index. However, in this control method, numerical values with small fluctuation width and very high stability were observed. There was a change. In addition, by reducing fluctuations in the amount of boiler evaporation, it was possible to increase the amount of power generated by the steam turbine by about 1.5%.
以上のように、本発明に係る被燃焼物の燃焼制御方法およびこれを適用した燃焼制御装置によって、以下のような優れた技術的効果を得ることが可能となった。
(i)被燃焼物の発熱量を遅滞なく連続して測定することにより、最適な燃焼制御が実現できる。特に、リアルタイムに被燃焼物の発熱量を算出することができるため、1日の時間帯や季節での発熱量の変動特性が確認でき,施設の運営計画の策定に当たって有効なデータとなる。
(ii)節炭器を有する施設では、ボイラ蒸発量推定値を実測値より先行して(例えば約240秒)演算することで、ボイラ蒸発量の安定と排ガス量の最小化により発電効率のアップを実現できる。また、本制御方法によればボイラ給水を約20秒遅れで制御することが可能となり、ボイラ蒸発量の安定化により発電効率のアップを実現することができた。
(iii)同じような可燃性燃焼物でも組成の違いを知ることができ,各燃焼設備における被燃焼物の特徴を推察するデータとして活用できるほか,従来の分析値との比較が任意にできる。
(iv)連続して被燃焼物の発熱量を算出することで、燃焼炉の運転中に被燃焼物の発熱量の変化が認められた場合に定量的なデータとして記録できる。
(v)被燃焼物の組成が変動する場合や含有酸素が大きな被燃焼物を燃焼処理する場合には、燃焼空気量から算出した被燃焼物の組成補正を行うことによって、より正確な被燃焼物の発熱量を算出することができ、より安定した燃焼制御を実現した。また、ボイラ蒸発量の変動を少なくすることで、蒸気タービンでの発電量の増加を確保することができた。
As described above, the following excellent technical effects can be obtained by the combustion control method for a combustible according to the present invention and the combustion control device to which the combustion control method is applied.
(I) Optimal combustion control can be realized by continuously measuring the calorific value of the combusted object without delay. In particular, since the calorific value of the combusted material can be calculated in real time, the fluctuation characteristics of the calorific value in the time zone and season of the day can be confirmed, which is effective data for the establishment of the facility operation plan.
(Ii) In facilities with economizers, the estimated boiler evaporation amount is calculated prior to the actual measurement value (for example, approximately 240 seconds), thereby improving the power generation efficiency by stabilizing the boiler evaporation amount and minimizing the exhaust gas amount. Can be realized. Further, according to this control method, it is possible to control the boiler feed water with a delay of about 20 seconds, and it is possible to improve the power generation efficiency by stabilizing the boiler evaporation amount.
(Iii) It is possible to know the difference in composition even with similar combustible combustibles, and it can be used as data for inferring the characteristics of combustibles in each combustion facility, and can be arbitrarily compared with conventional analytical values.
(Iv) By continuously calculating the calorific value of the combusted material, it can be recorded as quantitative data when a change in the calorific value of the combusted material is recognized during operation of the combustion furnace.
(V) When the composition of the combusted material fluctuates or when the combusted material containing a large amount of oxygen is subjected to combustion treatment, the composition of the combusted material calculated from the amount of combustion air is corrected to provide a more accurate combusted material. The calorific value of the object can be calculated, and more stable combustion control has been realized. Moreover, the increase in the amount of power generation in the steam turbine could be secured by reducing the fluctuation of the boiler evaporation amount.
Claims (5)
(A1)燃焼炉からの排ガス流量を測定する。
(A2)燃焼炉からの排ガス中の酸素,二酸化炭素および水分の成分濃度を測定する。
(A3)測定された前記各成分濃度から、排ガス中の窒素濃度[N2]を算出する。
(A4)算出された窒素濃度[N2]を基に大気中の窒素濃度Anに対する換算係数を算出し、該換算係数を乗じた前記酸素,二酸化炭素および水分の換算成分濃度Go,GdおよびGwを算出する。
(A5)換算された二酸化炭素の成分濃度Gdを基に、被燃焼物単位供給量当りの被燃焼物中の炭素量を算出する。
(A6)大気中の酸素濃度Aoから、換算された酸素の成分濃度Goおよび二酸化炭素の成分濃度Gdを減算し、燃焼処理において消費された被燃焼物中の水素量および燃焼処理によって発生した水分量を算出する。
(A7)換算された水分の成分濃度Gwおよび算出された前記水分量を基に、被燃焼物中の水分蒸発量を算出する。
(A8)算出された前記炭素量,水素量および水分量を用い、燃焼処理により発生した被燃焼物中の炭素と水素の反応発熱量および水分の潜熱量に基づく、燃焼処理された被燃焼物単位供給量当りの算出発熱量Aを算出する。 A method of measuring a calorific value of a combusted material based on the following procedure in a process of combusting a combusted material containing carbon and hydrogen as main components in a combustion furnace.
(A1) The exhaust gas flow rate from the combustion furnace is measured.
(A2) The component concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide and moisture in the exhaust gas from the combustion furnace are measured.
(A3) The nitrogen concentration [N 2 ] in the exhaust gas is calculated from the measured component concentrations.
(A4) Based on the calculated nitrogen concentration [N 2 ], a conversion factor for the nitrogen concentration An in the atmosphere is calculated, and the converted component concentrations Go, Gd, and Gw of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water multiplied by the conversion factor Is calculated.
(A5) Based on the converted component concentration Gd of carbon dioxide, the amount of carbon in the combusted material per combustible unit supply amount is calculated.
(A6) Subtracting the converted oxygen component concentration Go and carbon dioxide component concentration Gd from the atmospheric oxygen concentration Ao, the amount of hydrogen in the combusted material consumed in the combustion process and the moisture generated by the combustion process Calculate the amount.
(A7) Based on the converted component concentration Gw of water and the calculated amount of water, the amount of water evaporation in the combusted material is calculated.
(A8) Combustion-treated combustible based on the calorific value of reaction heat of carbon and hydrogen in the combustible generated in the combustion treatment and the latent heat of water using the calculated carbon, hydrogen, and moisture The calculated calorific value A per unit supply amount is calculated.
(B1)燃焼炉からの排ガス流量を測定する。
(B2)排ガス中の酸素および水分の成分濃度を測定する。
(B3)測定された酸素,水分の成分濃度[O2],[H2O]から、下式1を基に排ガス中の二酸化炭素濃度[CO2]を算出する。
[CO2]=Ro×(100−[H2O])/100−[O2] …式1
ここで、[ ]内は百分率表示濃度を示し、Roは大気中の酸素濃度から灰分に取り込まれる酸素成分量を減じて設定された係数を示す。
(B4)測定された酸素濃度[O2]と水分濃度[H2O]および算出された二酸化炭素濃度[CO2]から、排ガス中の窒素濃度[N2]を算出する。
(B5)算出された窒素濃度[N2]を基に大気中の窒素濃度Anに対する換算係数を算出し、該換算係数を乗じた前記酸素,二酸化炭素および水分の換算成分濃度Go,GdおよびGwを算出する。
(B6)換算された二酸化炭素の成分濃度Gdを基に、被燃焼物単位供給量当りの被燃焼物中の炭素量Ecを算出する。
(B7)大気中の酸素濃度Aoから、換算された酸素の成分濃度Goおよび二酸化炭素の成分濃度Gdを減算し、燃焼処理において消費された被燃焼物中の水素量Ehおよび燃焼処理によって発生した水分量Cwを算出する。
(B8)換算された水分の成分濃度Gwおよび算出された前記水分量Cwを基に、被燃焼物中の水分蒸発量を算出する。
(B9)算出された前記炭素量,水素量および水分量を用い、燃焼処理により発生した被燃焼物中の炭素と水素の反応発熱量および水分の潜熱量に基づく、燃焼処理された被燃焼物単位供給量当りの算出発熱量Bを算出する。 A method of measuring a calorific value of a combusted material based on the following procedure in a process of combusting a combusted material containing carbon and hydrogen as main components in a combustion furnace.
(B1) The exhaust gas flow rate from the combustion furnace is measured.
(B2) The component concentration of oxygen and moisture in the exhaust gas is measured.
(B3) From the measured oxygen and moisture component concentrations [O 2 ] and [H 2 O], the carbon dioxide concentration [CO 2 ] in the exhaust gas is calculated based on the following formula 1.
[CO 2 ] = Ro × (100− [H 2 O]) / 100− [O 2 ] Formula 1
Here, the value in [] indicates the percentage display concentration, and Ro indicates a coefficient set by subtracting the amount of oxygen component taken into the ash from the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere.
(B4) The nitrogen concentration [N 2 ] in the exhaust gas is calculated from the measured oxygen concentration [O 2 ], moisture concentration [H 2 O] and the calculated carbon dioxide concentration [CO 2 ].
(B5) Based on the calculated nitrogen concentration [N 2 ], a conversion factor for the nitrogen concentration An in the atmosphere is calculated, and the converted component concentrations Go, Gd, and Gw of the oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water multiplied by the conversion factor Is calculated.
(B6) Based on the converted component concentration Gd of carbon dioxide, a carbon amount Ec in the combusted material per combustible unit supply amount is calculated.
(B7) Oxygen concentration Ao in the atmosphere is subtracted from the converted oxygen component concentration Go and carbon dioxide component concentration Gd, and is generated by the amount of hydrogen Eh in the combusted material consumed in the combustion process and the combustion process The amount of water Cw is calculated.
(B8) Based on the converted water component concentration Gw and the calculated water content Cw, the amount of water evaporation in the combustible is calculated.
(B9) Using the calculated amount of carbon, amount of hydrogen, and amount of water, the combusted material subjected to combustion processing based on the calorific value of the reaction heat of carbon and hydrogen in the combusted material generated by the combustion processing and the amount of latent heat of water The calculated calorific value B per unit supply amount is calculated.
(C1)下式2に基づき、燃焼炉に供給される燃焼空気以外の混入空気量を算出する。
(混入空気量)=(排ガス流量×[N2]−燃焼空気供給量×An)/An ……式2
(C2)下式3に基づき、被燃焼物中の酸素量を算出する。
(被燃焼物中の酸素量)=(排ガス流量×[O2])−(燃焼空気供給量×An−排ガス流量×[CO2]−水分量Cw)−(混入空気量×An) ……式3 3. The method for measuring a calorific value of a combusted material according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the amount of mixed air and the amount of oxygen in the combusted material are calculated based on the following procedure.
(C1) Based on the following formula 2, the amount of mixed air other than the combustion air supplied to the combustion furnace is calculated.
(Mixed air amount) = (exhaust gas flow rate × [N 2 ] −combustion air supply amount × An) / An (Formula 2)
(C2) Based on the following formula 3, the amount of oxygen in the combusted material is calculated.
(Oxygen amount in the combusted material) = (exhaust gas flow rate × [O 2 ]) − (combustion air supply amount × An−exhaust gas flow rate × [CO 2 ] −moisture amount Cw) − (mixed air amount × An) Formula 3
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