JP2017215318A - Haptic sensor - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a torque sensor that can determine defects as minimizing costs and setting space.SOLUTION: A torque sensor comprises: an annular deformation body 30; a first to fourth displacement electrodes E31 to E34 that produce displacement arising from elastic deformation of the annular deformation body; and a detection circuit that outputs an electric signal indicative of torque on the basis of an amount of change in electrostatic capacitance value of a first to fourth capacitative elements C11 to C22 composed of a first to fourth fixed electrodes E21 to E24 arranged at a position opposing the first to fourth displacement electrodes. The detection circuit is configured to output a first electric signal corresponding to a difference between a sum of the electrostatic capacitance value of the first capacitative element and the electrostatic capacitance value of the second capacitative element and a sum of the electrostatic capacitance value of the third capacitative element and the electrostatic capacitance value of the fourth capacitative element, and a second electric signal corresponding to a difference between the electrostatic capacitance value of the first capacitative element and the electrostatic capacitance value of the third capacitative element as an electric signal indicative of acting torque; and determine whether the torque sensor normally works on the basis of the first electric signal and second electric signal.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 22

Description

  The present invention relates to a torque sensor, and more particularly to a sensor having a function of outputting torque acting around a predetermined rotation axis as an electrical signal.

  A torque sensor that detects torque acting around a predetermined rotation axis is widely used in various transport machines and industrial machines. For example, Patent Document 1 below discloses a type of torque sensor that detects mechanical deformation caused by the action of torque using a strain gauge. Patent Document 2 discloses a sensor that detects a torque acting on the shaft by forming a magnetostrictive film on the surface of the shaft by plating and measuring a change in magnetic characteristics of the magnetostrictive film. On the other hand, Patent Document 3 discloses a torque sensor of a type in which a magnetism generating portion is provided at an end portion of a torsion bar and a change in magnetic flux density generated by the magnetism generating portion is detected using a magnetism collecting ring. Patent Document 4 discloses a torque sensor of a type in which a large number of magnets are arranged in a cylindrical shape so that N poles and S poles are alternately arranged in the circumferential direction, and a magnetic field generated by these magnets is detected. Yes. Further, Patent Document 5 discloses a torque sensor that provides a link mechanism that deforms the shape of an annular member in the radial direction by the action of torque, and detects a force applied in the radial direction by the deformation of the annular member by a load sensor. ing. Further, cited document 6 discloses a capacitance type torque sensor that detects torque based on a variation amount of a capacitance value of a capacitive element caused by deformation generated in an annular elastic ring by the action of torque. ing.

  In recent years, applications of such torque sensors to life support robots have expanded, and high safety is required. However, for example, the current capacitance type torque sensor has an electronic circuit including a mechanism unit, a capacitance detection unit, and a microcomputer. However, condensation, impact, overload, or the capacitance If foreign matter enters between a pair of provided parallel plates, there is a possibility of failure.

  As a simple method of determining whether or not the torque sensor is out of order, a plurality of (for example, three) torque sensors described in the cited document 6 are arranged in parallel along the rotation axis of the torque to be detected, and each torque is A method for evaluating the difference in sensor output signals is disclosed. In this method, three output signals are compared two by two, and if the difference between the output signals of the two torque sensors is within a predetermined range, it is determined that the torque sensor is functioning normally. If the difference does not exist within the predetermined range, it is determined that the torque sensor is not functioning normally (failed).

JP 2009-058388 A JP 2007-024641 A JP 2009-244134 A JP 2006-292423 A JP 2000-019035 A JP 2012-037300 A

  However, when a method of determining whether or not the torque sensor is functioning normally using a plurality of torque sensors, the cost increases according to the number of torque sensors. Furthermore, the space required for installing the torque sensor increases, which is a problem.

  The present invention has been devised in view of the above problems. That is, an object of the present invention is to provide a torque sensor capable of determining a failure (determining whether or not it is functioning normally) while minimizing cost and installation space.

The torque sensor of the present invention detects torque around the Z axis in an XYZ three-dimensional coordinate system,
An annular deformed body made of a material that is elastically deformed by the action of torque to be detected, and having a through opening through which the Z axis is inserted;
A first support body connected to the annular deformation body at two first portions where the annular deformation body intersects the XZ plane;
The second deformable body is connected to the annular deformable body at two second portions including the Z axis and intersecting a plane different from the XZ plane, and is rotatable about the Z axis with respect to the first support body. When,
A displacement electrode disposed on an inner peripheral surface or an outer peripheral surface of the annular deformable body and causing displacement due to elastic deformation of the annular deformable body;
A fixed electrode disposed at a position facing the displacement electrode in the first support;
Based on the amount of change in the capacitance value of the capacitive element constituted by the displacement electrode and the fixed electrode, it acted on the other in a state where one of the first support and the second support was loaded. A detection circuit that outputs an electrical signal indicating torque about the Z axis;
With
The capacitive element includes a first capacitive element and a second capacitive element arranged in a first portion where a separation distance between the annular deformable body and the first support body decreases when a torque around the Z-axis is applied. A third capacitive element and a fourth capacitive element disposed in a second portion in which a separation distance between the annular deformable body and the first support body increases,
The detection circuit includes:
“The sum of the capacitance value of the first capacitance element and the capacitance value of the second capacitance element”, “the capacitance value of the third capacitance element, and the static value of the fourth capacitance element” The first electric signal corresponding to the difference between the “capacitance value” and the “difference between the capacitance value of the first capacitance element and the capacitance value of the third capacitance element”. A corresponding second electrical signal and at least one of a third electrical signal corresponding to "the difference between the capacitance value of the second capacitance element and the capacitance value of the fourth capacitance element"; Is output as an electric signal indicating the applied torque,
Based on the first electric signal and the second electric signal or the third electric signal, it is determined whether or not the torque sensor is functioning normally.

  According to the present invention, in order to compare the torque based on the first electric signal and the torque based on the second electric signal or the third electric signal, it is determined whether or not the torque sensor is functioning normally. Can be judged. Therefore, it is possible to provide a torque sensor capable of determining a failure (determining whether it is functioning normally) without using a plurality of torque sensors, that is, while minimizing cost and installation space.

Preferably, the displacement electrode has a first displacement electrode and a second displacement electrode arranged at a position corresponding to the first portion, and a position corresponding to the second portion, of each portion of the annular deformation body. A third displacement electrode and a fourth displacement electrode disposed,
The fixed electrode is opposed to the first fixed electrode disposed at a position facing the first displacement electrode, the second fixed electrode disposed at a position opposed to the second displacement electrode, and the third displacement electrode. And a third fixed electrode disposed at a position facing the fourth displacement electrode, and a fourth fixed electrode disposed at a position facing the fourth displacement electrode.
The first capacitive element is configured by the first displacement electrode and the first fixed electrode,
The second capacitive element is constituted by the second displacement electrode and the second fixed electrode,
The third capacitive element is constituted by the third displacement electrode and the third fixed electrode,
The fourth capacitive element is constituted by the fourth displacement electrode and the fourth fixed electrode.

  In such a torque sensor, each fixed electrode and each displacement electrode constituting the first to fourth capacitive elements can be individually formed for each capacitive element. Alternatively, one of each fixed electrode and each displacement electrode may be configured as a common electrode. That is, at least two of the first to fourth displacement electrodes may be configured with a common electrode, or at least two of the first to fourth fixed electrodes may be configured with a common electrode.

As an arrangement of the annular deformable body, the first support member, and the second support member, the following modes are possible. That is, the first support is disposed on one side of the Z-axis of the annular deformation body,
The second support is disposed on the other side of the Z-axis of the annular deformation body,
The two first portions of the annular deformation body are connected to the first support through a first connection member,
The two second portions of the annular deformation body are connected to the second support through a second connection member.

Alternatively, the first support is disposed inside the inner peripheral surface of the annular deformation body,
The second support is disposed outside the outer peripheral surface of the annular deformation body,
The two first portions of the annular deformation body are connected to the first support through a first connection member,
The two second portions of the annular deformation body are connected to the second support through a second connection member.

  In the former case, the diameter of the torque sensor can be reduced, and in the latter case, the thickness (dimension in the Z-axis direction) of the torque sensor can be reduced. These can be appropriately selected according to the space where the torque sensor is installed.

Of course, as another example, these arrangements may be combined. That is, the first support is disposed inside the inner peripheral surface of the annular deformable body or outside the outer peripheral surface,
The second support is disposed on one side of the Z-axis of the annular deformation body,
The two first portions of the annular deformation body are connected to the first support through a first connection member,
The two second portions of the annular deformation body are connected to the second support through a second connection member.

Alternatively, the first support is disposed on one side of the Z-axis of the annular deformation body,
The second support is arranged on the inner side of the annular deformable body or on the outer side of the outer peripheral surface,
The two first portions of the annular deformation body are connected to the first support through a first connection member,
The two second portions of the annular deformation body are connected to the second support through a second connection member.

  The torque acting on the torque sensor is preferably measured based on the first electric signal. In this case, the first electric signal has the largest capacitance value (electrode area) used for torque measurement among the first to third electric signals, so that the capacitance change is also large, from the point of S / N. Is also advantageous.

  Preferably, the detection circuit determines whether or not a difference between the torque based on the first electrical signal and the torque based on the second electrical signal or the third electrical signal is within a predetermined range. Thus, it is determined whether or not the torque sensor is functioning normally. In this case, it can be easily determined whether or not the torque sensor is functioning normally.

  More preferably, the detection circuit outputs both the second electric signal and the third electric signal as electric signals indicating the applied torque, and “the torque based on the first electric signal and the second electric signal” are output. At least one of a difference between the torque based on the signal and a difference between the torque based on the first electric signal and the third electric signal ”, and“ the torque based on the second electric signal and the third It is determined whether or not the torque sensor is functioning normally by determining whether or not “difference from torque based on signal” is within a predetermined range. In this case, it can be reliably determined whether or not the torque sensor is functioning normally.

  In addition, even when the relative position of the displacement electrode with respect to the fixed electrode changes as a result of the torque around the Z axis acting, the effective facing area of each pair of electrodes constituting the first to fourth capacitive elements changes. The area of one of the first fixed electrode and the first displacement electrode is set larger than the area of the other, and the area of one of the second fixed electrode and the second displacement electrode is set to the other. The area of one of the third fixed electrode and the third displacement electrode is set larger than the area of the other, and one of the fourth fixed electrode and the fourth displacement electrode Is preferably set larger than the other area.

  In this case, since the effective opposing area of each pair of electrodes constituting the first to fourth capacitive elements does not change even when torque around the Z-axis is applied, whether the torque detection accuracy and the torque sensor are functioning normally The accuracy of determining whether or not can be improved.

  In the torque sensor as described above, the second support body is preferably connected to the annular deformation body in two regions where the annular deformation body intersects the YZ plane. In this case, since the deformation of the annular deformable body due to the applied torque is symmetric with respect to the origin O, the measurement of the torque is easy.

  Preferably, on the XY plane, when the V axis and the W axis that pass through the origin O and form 45 ° with respect to the X axis and the Y axis are defined, when viewed from the Z axis direction, the first capacitor element and the first capacitor element The two capacitive elements are arranged symmetrically with respect to the V axis in the vicinity of the V axis, and the third capacitive element and the fourth capacitive element are arranged symmetrically with respect to the W axis in the vicinity of the W axis.

  Alternatively, preferably, when the V axis and the W axis that pass through the origin O and form 45 ° with respect to the X axis and the Y axis are defined on the XY plane, the first capacitor element and the second capacitor element are: The orthogonal projection images on the XY plane are juxtaposed in the vicinity of the V-axis in the Z-axis direction, and the third capacitor element and the fourth capacitor element are in the vicinity of the W-axis in the Z-axis direction. They are juxtaposed and the orthogonal projection image onto the XY plane overlaps the W axis.

  In these cases, with respect to changes in the capacitance values of the capacitive elements, the first and second capacitive elements exhibit the same behavior, and the third and fourth capacitive elements exhibit substantially the same behavior. For this reason, the process for the torque measurement based on the change of the capacitance value of each capacitive element and the failure diagnosis of the torque sensor is easy.

Alternatively, the present invention is a torque sensor that detects torque about the Z axis in an XYZ three-dimensional coordinate system,
An annular deformed body made of a material that is elastically deformed by the action of torque to be detected, and having a through opening through which the Z axis is inserted;
A first support body connected to the annular deformation body at two first portions where the annular deformation body intersects the XZ plane;
The second deformable body is connected to the annular deformable body at two second portions including the Z axis and intersecting a plane different from the XZ plane, and is rotatable about the Z axis with respect to the first support body. When,
A displacement electrode disposed on an inner peripheral surface or an outer peripheral surface of the annular deformable body and causing displacement due to elastic deformation of the annular deformable body;
A fixed electrode disposed at a position facing the displacement electrode in the first support;
Based on the amount of change in the capacitance value of the capacitive element constituted by the displacement electrode and the fixed electrode, it acted on the other in a state where one of the first support and the second support was loaded. A detection circuit that outputs an electrical signal indicating torque about the Z axis;
With
The capacitive element includes a first capacitive element and a second capacitive element arranged in a first portion where a separation distance between the annular deformable body and the first support body decreases when a torque around the Z-axis is applied. The third capacitive element and the fourth capacitive element disposed in the second portion where the separation distance between the annular deformation body and the first support body decreases, and the separation distance between the annular deformation body and the first support body. A fifth capacitive element and a sixth capacitive element arranged in the third portion where the increase in the distance, and a seventh capacitive element arranged in the fourth portion where the separation distance between the annular deformation body and the first support body increases, and An eighth capacitive element,
The detection circuit includes:
“The capacitance value of the first capacitance element, the capacitance value of the second capacitance element, the capacitance value of the fifth capacitance element, and the capacitance value of the sixth capacitance element. , “Capacitance value of the third capacitance element, capacitance value of the fourth capacitance element, capacitance value of the seventh capacitance element, eighth displacement electrode, The first electric signal corresponding to the difference between the capacitance value of the eight capacitive elements, the capacitance value of the first capacitive element, and the capacitance value of the fifth capacitive element. , The second electric signal corresponding to the difference between the capacitance value of the third capacitance element and the capacitance value of the seventh capacitance element, “The sum of the capacitance value of the second capacitance element and the capacitance value of the sixth capacitance element”, “the capacitance value of the fourth capacitance element, and the capacitance of the eighth capacitance element” Value and sum " Outputs the third electrical signal corresponding to the difference, of at least one, as an electric signal indicative of the torque exerted, and
Based on the first electric signal and the second electric signal or the third electric signal, it is determined whether or not the torque sensor is functioning normally.

  According to the present invention, in order to compare the torque based on the first electric signal and the torque based on the second electric signal or the third electric signal, it is determined whether or not the torque sensor is functioning normally. Can be judged. Therefore, it is possible to provide a torque sensor capable of determining a failure (determining whether it is functioning normally) without using a plurality of torque sensors, that is, while minimizing cost and installation space.

Preferably, the displacement electrode has a first displacement electrode and a second displacement electrode arranged at a position corresponding to the first portion, and a position corresponding to the second portion, of each portion of the annular deformation body. A third displacement electrode and a fourth displacement electrode disposed; a fifth displacement electrode and a sixth displacement electrode disposed at a position corresponding to the third portion; and a second disposed at a position corresponding to the fourth portion. A seventh displacement electrode and an eighth displacement electrode,
The fixed electrode is opposed to the first fixed electrode disposed at a position facing the first displacement electrode, the second fixed electrode disposed at a position opposed to the second displacement electrode, and the third displacement electrode. A third fixed electrode disposed at a position facing the fourth displacement electrode, a fourth fixed electrode disposed at a position facing the fourth displacement electrode, a fifth fixed electrode disposed at a position facing the fifth displacement electrode, A sixth fixed electrode disposed at a position facing the sixth displacement electrode; a seventh fixed electrode disposed at a position facing the seventh displacement electrode; and a position opposed to the eighth displacement electrode. And an eighth fixed electrode,
The first capacitive element is configured by the first displacement electrode and the first fixed electrode,
The second capacitive element is constituted by the second displacement electrode and the second fixed electrode,
The third capacitive element is constituted by the third displacement electrode and the third fixed electrode,
The fourth capacitive element is configured by the fourth displacement electrode and the fourth fixed electrode,
The fifth capacitive element is configured by the fifth displacement electrode and the fifth fixed electrode,
The sixth capacitive element is constituted by the sixth displacement electrode and the sixth fixed electrode,
The seventh capacitive element is configured by the seventh displacement electrode and the seventh fixed electrode,
The eighth capacitive element is constituted by the eighth displacement electrode and the eighth fixed electrode.

  In such a torque sensor, each fixed electrode and each displacement electrode constituting the first to fourth capacitive elements can be individually formed for each capacitive element. Alternatively, one of each fixed electrode and each displacement electrode may be configured as a common electrode. That is, at least two of the first to eighth displacement electrodes may be configured with a common electrode, or at least two of the first to eighth fixed electrodes may be configured with a common electrode.

As an arrangement of the annular deformable body, the first support member, and the second support member, the following modes are possible. That is, the first support is disposed on one side of the Z-axis of the annular deformation body,
The second support is disposed on the other side of the Z-axis of the annular deformation body,
The two first portions of the annular deformation body are connected to the first support through a first connection member,
The two second portions of the annular deformation body are connected to the second support through a second connection member.

Alternatively, the first support is disposed inside the inner peripheral surface of the annular deformation body,
The second support is disposed outside the outer peripheral surface of the annular deformation body,
The two first portions of the annular deformation body are connected to the first support through a first connection member,
The two second portions of the annular deformation body are connected to the second support via a second connecting member. In the former case, the torque sensor can be configured to have a small diameter, and in the latter case, the torque can be reduced. The sensor thickness (dimension in the Z-axis direction) can be reduced. These can be appropriately selected according to the space where the torque sensor is installed.

Of course, as another example, these arrangements may be combined. That is, the first support is disposed inside the inner peripheral surface of the annular deformable body or outside the outer peripheral surface,
The second support is disposed on one side of the Z-axis of the annular deformation body,
The two first portions of the annular deformation body are connected to the first support through a first connection member,
The two second portions of the annular deformation body are connected to the second support through a second connection member.

Alternatively, the first support is disposed on one side of the Z-axis of the annular deformation body,
The second support is arranged on the inner side of the annular deformable body or on the outer side of the outer peripheral surface,
The two first portions of the annular deformation body are connected to the first support through a first connection member,
The two second portions of the annular deformation body are connected to the second support through a second connection member.

  The torque acting on the torque sensor is preferably measured based on the first electric signal. In this case, the first electric signal has the largest capacitance value (electrode area) used for torque measurement among the first to third electric signals, so that the capacitance change is also large, from the point of S / N. Is also advantageous.

  Preferably, the detection circuit determines whether a difference between the torque based on the first electrical signal and the torque based on the second electrical signal or the third signal is within a predetermined range. Then, it is determined whether or not the torque sensor is functioning normally. In this case, it can be easily determined whether or not the torque sensor is functioning normally.

More preferably, the detection circuit includes:
Outputting both the second electric signal and the third electric signal as electric signals indicating the applied torque;
“At least one of the difference between the torque based on the first electrical signal and the torque based on the second electrical signal, and the difference between the torque based on the first electrical signal and the torque based on the third electrical signal”, Further, by determining whether or not “the difference between the torque based on the second electrical signal and the torque based on the third electrical signal” is within a predetermined range, the torque sensor functions normally. It is determined whether or not. In this case, it can be reliably determined whether or not the torque sensor is functioning normally.

  In addition, even when the relative position of the displacement electrode with respect to the fixed electrode changes as a result of the torque around the Z axis acting, the effective facing area of each pair of electrodes constituting the first to eighth capacitive elements changes. The area of one of the first fixed electrode and the first displacement electrode is set larger than the area of the other, and the area of one of the second fixed electrode and the second displacement electrode is set to the other. The area of one of the third fixed electrode and the third displacement electrode is set larger than the area of the other, and one of the fourth fixed electrode and the fourth displacement electrode Is set larger than the other area, one area of the fifth fixed electrode and the fifth displacement electrode is set larger than the other area, and the sixth fixed electrode and the sixth displacement electrode are set. The area of one of One area of the seventh fixed electrode and the seventh displacement electrode is set larger than the other area, and one of the eighth fixed electrode and the eighth displacement electrode One area is preferably set larger than the other area.

  In this case, since the effective facing area of each pair of electrodes constituting the first to eighth capacitive elements does not change even when torque around the Z axis acts, is the torque detection accuracy and whether the torque sensor is functioning normally? The accuracy of determining whether or not can be improved.

  In the torque sensor as described above, the second support body is preferably connected to the annular deformation body in two regions where the annular deformation body intersects the YZ plane. In this case, since the deformation of the annular deformable body due to the applied torque is symmetric with respect to the origin O, the measurement of the torque is easy.

  Preferably, when the V-axis and the W-axis having a direction passing through the origin O and forming an angle of 45 ° with respect to the X-axis and the Y-axis are defined on the XY plane, the first capacitance is viewed from the Z-axis direction. The element and the second capacitive element are arranged symmetrically with respect to the V axis in the vicinity of the positive V axis, and the third capacitive element and the fourth capacitive element are symmetrically arranged with respect to the W axis in the vicinity of the positive W axis. The fifth capacitive element and the sixth capacitive element are arranged symmetrically in the vicinity of the negative V axis with respect to the V axis, and the seventh capacitive element and the eighth capacitive element are in the vicinity of the negative W axis. They are arranged symmetrically with respect to the axis.

  Alternatively, preferably, when the V axis and the W axis having a direction passing through the origin O and forming an angle of 45 ° with respect to the X axis and the Y axis are defined on the XY plane, the first capacitive element and the second capacitive element are defined. The capacitive element is juxtaposed along the Z-axis direction in the vicinity of the positive V-axis, and the orthogonal projection projection image on the XY plane overlaps with the positive V-axis. The third capacitive element and the fourth capacitive element are It is juxtaposed along the Z-axis direction in the vicinity of the positive W-axis, and the orthogonal projection projection image onto the XY plane overlaps with the positive W-axis. The fifth capacitive element and the sixth capacitive element have a negative V-axis. It is juxtaposed in the vicinity along the Z-axis direction, and an orthogonal projection image onto the XY plane overlaps with the negative V-axis. The seventh and eighth capacitive elements are arranged in the vicinity of the negative W-axis in the Z-axis. They are juxtaposed along the direction, and an orthogonal projection image onto the XY plane overlaps the negative W axis.

  In these cases, the first, second, fifth and sixth capacitive elements exhibit the same behavior with respect to the change in capacitance value of each capacitive element, and the third, fourth, seventh and eighth capacitive elements. Show similar behavior to each other. For this reason, the process for the torque measurement based on the change of the capacitance value of each capacitive element and the failure diagnosis of the torque sensor is easy.

It is a cantilever model for demonstrating the detection principle of the torque by the conventional torque sensor. It is a circuit diagram which shows an example of the detection circuit used for the cantilever model of FIG. It is a cantilever model for demonstrating the detection principle of the torque by the torque sensor of this invention, and the determination principle whether the said torque sensor is functioning normally. It is a circuit diagram which shows an example of the detection circuit for detecting the force applied to the power receiving body of the cantilever model of FIG. 5 is a chart showing ON / OFF connection states of switches provided in the detection circuit of FIG. 4. It is a circuit diagram which shows the other example of the detection circuit for detecting the force applied to the power receiving body of the cantilever model of FIG. 7 is a chart showing ON / OFF connection states of switches provided in the detection circuit of FIG. 6. FIG. 10 is a circuit diagram showing still another example of a detection circuit for detecting a force applied to the force receiving body of the cantilever model of FIG. 3. 10 is a chart showing ON / OFF connection states of switches provided in the detection circuit of FIG. 8. It is a disassembled perspective view of the basic structure part of the torque sensor which concerns on fundamental embodiment of this invention. It is a side view of the basic structure part of the torque sensor obtained by mutually joining three components shown in FIG. It is the sectional side view which cut | disconnected the basic structure part shown in FIG. 11 by the YZ plane. It is the front view which looked at the left side support body and convex part which are shown in FIG. 10 from the right direction of FIG. It is the front view which looked at the cyclic deformation body shown in FIG. 10 from the right direction of FIG. It is the front view which looked at the right side support body and convex part which are shown in FIG. 10 from the right direction of FIG. It is sectional drawing which cut | disconnected the basic structure part shown in FIG. 11 by XY plane, and was seen from the left direction of FIG. FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view on the XY plane showing a deformation state when a torque around the Z-axis is applied to the basic structure shown in FIG. 11 (the basic structure shown in FIG. 11 is cut along the XY plane and left of FIG. 11 (The broken line shows the state before deformation). It is the top view which looked at the cyclic | annular deformation body of the state which formed the displacement electrode in the internal peripheral surface from the left direction of FIG. It is the top view which looked at the right side support body of the state which attached the fixed electrode from the left direction of FIG. FIG. 20 is a side view of the right support shown in FIG. 19. FIG. 21 is a side sectional view of a structure in which a displacement electrode and a fixed electrode are added to the basic structure shown in FIG. 12 cut along a VZ plane (upper direction of FIG. 21 is a V-axis direction shown in FIGS. 18 and 19). FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of the structure in which the displacement electrode and the fixed electrode described above are added to the basic structure shown in FIG. 11 cut along the XY plane and viewed from the left in FIG. 11. FIG. 23 is a cross-sectional view showing a state when a torque around the Z-axis is applied to the basic structure shown in FIG. 22 (a broken line shows a state before deformation). It is sectional drawing in the XY plane of the torque sensor which concerns on the modification using 8 sets of capacitive elements. FIG. 25 is a cross-sectional view showing a state when torque about the Z-axis positive direction is applied to the torque sensor shown in FIG. 24 (the broken line shows a state before deformation). It is a circuit diagram which shows an example of the detection circuit used for the torque sensor shown in FIG. FIG. 27 is a chart showing ON / OFF connection states of switches provided in the detection circuit of FIG. 26. FIG. It is a circuit diagram which shows the other example of the detection circuit used for the torque sensor shown in FIG. FIG. 29 is a chart showing ON / OFF connection states of switches provided in the detection circuit of FIG. 28. FIG. FIG. 25 is a circuit diagram showing still another example of a detection circuit used in the torque sensor shown in FIG. 24. FIG. 31 is a chart showing ON / OFF connection states of switches provided in the detection circuit of FIG. 30. FIG. It is a figure which shows the principle which maintains the effective area of a capacitive element uniformly, when the relative position of the displacement electrode with respect to a fixed electrode changes. FIG. 25 is a cross-sectional view on the XY plane showing a modification in which the principle shown in FIG. 32 is applied to the torque sensor shown in FIG. 24. It is the sectional side view which cut | disconnected the torque sensor shown in FIG. 33 at the VZ plane. FIG. 34 is a cross-sectional view on the XY plane showing a state when a moment Mz (torque to be detected) about the positive Z axis acts on the torque sensor shown in FIG. 33 (broken lines indicate a state before deformation). It is sectional drawing in the XY plane which shows a state when force Fx of an X-axis direction acts about the torque sensor shown in FIG. 33 (a broken line shows the state before a deformation | transformation). FIG. 34 is a cross-sectional view on the ZV plane showing a state when a moment Mx about the positive X axis acts on the torque sensor shown in FIG. 33. For the torque sensor shown in FIG. 33, in a state where a load is applied to the right support, eight sets of capacitive elements when a force in the direction of each coordinate axis and a moment around each coordinate axis act on the annular deformation body from the left support. It is a table | surface which shows the change aspect of an electrostatic capacitance value. It is a circuit diagram which provided the PWM circuit in the capacitive element. FIG. 40 is a schematic diagram illustrating waveforms of signals output from respective components of the PWM circuit of FIG. 39. It is a circuit diagram which shows an example of the PWM circuit which can be employ | adopted for the torque sensor of this invention. It is the schematic which shows the waveform of the signal output in each structure part of the PWM circuit of FIG. It is a schematic front view which shows the modification of the basic structure part which can be employ | adopted for the torque sensor of this invention. It is a figure which shows arrangement | positioning of a fixed electrode and a displacement electrode in case a capacitive element is comprised between an annular deformation body and an inner side support body. It is a figure which shows the state by which a pair of fixed electrode was arrange | positioned adjacently along a Z-axis direction.

<<< §0. Failure detection principle by cantilever model >>>
Prior to the description of the torque sensor according to the present embodiment, the principle for determining whether or not the torque sensor is functioning normally will be described using a cantilever model.

  FIG. 1 shows a cantilever model 200 for explaining the principle of torque detection by a conventional torque sensor. The cantilever model 200 extends in the horizontal direction and has an upper surface 210u (upper surface in FIG. 1) and a lower surface 210r (lower surface in FIG. 1). A first fixing portion 221 to which one end (the left end in FIG. 1) of the cantilever 210 is fixed, and a force receiving body 230 provided in the vicinity of the other end of the upper surface 210u of the cantilever 210 are provided. The first fixing portion 221 has a plane that is orthogonal to the extending direction (longitudinal direction) of the cantilever 210 and has a certain extent in the vertical direction. The force receiving body 230 is for receiving a force acting on the other end of the cantilever 210. The cantilever model 200 is for detecting the force acting on the force receiving member 230 and not for detecting torque. However, the torque detection principle is analogy from the force detection principle described below. Can be understood.

  The cantilever model 200 includes a second fixing part 222 spaced from the upper surface 210u of the cantilever 210 by a predetermined distance, and a third fixing part 223 spaced from the lower surface 210r of the cantilever 210 by a predetermined distance. Are further provided. One end of each of the second and third fixing portions 222 and 223 is fixed to the first fixing portion 221. The lower surface 222r of the second fixing portion 222 and the upper surface 223u of the third fixing portion 223 are both planes parallel to the upper surface 210u and the lower surface 210r of the cantilever 210.

  As shown in FIG. 1, an upper flexible substrate 241 and an upper flexible electrode E31 are stacked in this order on the upper surface 210u of the cantilever 210, and the lower surface 210r of the cantilever 210 The lower flexible substrate 242 and the lower flexible electrode E32 are laminated in this order downward. Further, the upper fixed substrate 243 and the upper fixed electrode E21 are stacked in this order on the lower surface 222r of the second fixed portion 222, and the lower fixed substrate is disposed on the upper surface 223u of the third fixed portion 223. 244 and the lower fixed electrode E22 are laminated in this order upward. In this state, the upper fixed electrode E21 and the upper flexible electrode E31 face each other, and the lower fixed electrode E22 and the lower flexible electrode E32 face each other. Further, as shown in FIG. 1, a predetermined interval is provided between the upper flexible electrode E31 and the upper fixed electrode E21, and the same is also provided between the lower flexible electrode E32 and the lower fixed electrode E22. The predetermined interval is provided. With the above configuration, the first capacitive element C1 is formed by the upper flexible electrode E31 and the upper fixed electrode E21, and the second capacitive element C2 is formed by the lower flexible electrode E32 and the lower fixed electrode E22. In FIG. 1, the facing area between the upper flexible electrode E31 and the upper fixed electrode E21 is equal to the facing area between the lower flexible electrode E32 and the lower fixed electrode E22.

  In the cantilever model 200 as described above, when a downward force F is applied to the force receiving body 230, the cantilever 210 is bent downward. Along with this, the upper flexible electrode E31 and the lower flexible electrode E32 also bend downward. As a result, the distance between the upper flexible electrode E31 and the upper fixed electrode E21 increases and the capacitance value of the first capacitive element C1 decreases, while the lower flexible electrode E32 and the lower fixed electrode E22. And the capacitance value of the second capacitive element C2 increases. Based on the variation amount of these capacitance values, the applied force can be detected as the difference between both capacitance values. Such differential detection is effective for stable force detection that suppresses in-phase noise and zero point drift, and contributes to obtaining highly accurate detection values by offsetting the effects of expansion of each part due to temperature. .

  As a detection circuit for performing such difference detection, an electric signal corresponding to the difference between the capacitance value of the first capacitance element C1 and the capacitance value of the second capacitance element C2 was applied. A circuit that outputs an electric signal indicating the force may be provided.

  FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram showing an example of a detection circuit having a function of performing such difference detection. E21, E31, E22, and E32 shown in this circuit diagram are the electrodes shown in FIG. 1, and C1 and C2 are capacitive elements constituted by these electrodes. The C / V converters 40a and 40b are circuits for converting the capacitance values of the capacitive elements C1 and C2 to the voltage values V1 and V2, respectively. The converted voltage values V1 and V2 are the electrostatic values of the capacitive elements. The value corresponds to the capacity value. The difference calculator 41a has a function of obtaining a voltage value difference “V1−V2” and outputting the difference to the output terminal T1.

  In the example shown in FIG. 1, if each electrode E21-E32 is comprised by the electrode of the same shape and the same size, and it sets so that the position of each electrode E21-E32 seen from the upper direction of FIG. In the state (the state where the cantilever 210 is not bent), the capacitance values of the capacitive elements C1 and C2 are equal. Therefore, the voltage value output to the output terminal T1 of the detection circuit shown in FIG.

  On the other hand, when the downward force shown in FIG. 1 acts on the force receiving body 230, the cantilever 210 bends downward, so that the capacitance value of the capacitive element C1 decreases, and the electrostatic capacitance of the capacitive element C2 decreases. The capacity value increases. As a result, the voltage value output to the output terminal T1 of the detection circuit shown in FIG. 2 becomes a negative value, and the absolute value increases as the applied force increases. Conversely, when an upward force is applied to the force receiving body, the capacitance value of the capacitive element C1 increases and the capacitance value of the capacitive element C2 decreases. As a result, the voltage value output to the output terminal T1 of the detection circuit shown in FIG. 2 becomes a positive value, and the absolute value increases as the applied force increases. Thus, a detected force value including a sign is obtained at the output terminal T1.

  However, this cantilever model 200 cannot determine whether the cantilever model 200 is functioning normally. That is, for example, if some kind of malfunction occurs in the detection circuit, a deviation occurs between the force evaluated by the cantilever model 200 and the force actually acting on the force receiving body 230, as shown in FIG. The cantilever model 200 cannot identify that such a deviation has occurred. On the other hand, according to the cantilever model 200 ′ shown in FIG. 3, it can be determined whether or not the cantilever model 200 ′ functions normally. Hereinafter, the cantilever beam model 200 ′ will be described in detail with reference to FIG. 3.

  The cantilever model 200 ′ shown in FIG. 3 is for explaining the principle of torque detection by the torque sensor of the present invention and the principle of determining whether or not the torque sensor is functioning normally. In the illustrated cantilever model 200, each of the electrodes E21 to E32 is divided into two equal parts. That is, the upper flexible electrode E31 is divided into two equal parts, the first upper flexible electrode E31a and the second upper flexible electrode E31b, and the lower flexible electrode E32 is divided into the first lower flexible electrode E32a and the second lower flexible electrode. The flexible electrode E32b is divided into two equal parts, the upper fixed electrode E21 is divided into two equal parts, the first upper fixed electrode E21a and the second upper fixed electrode E21b, and the lower fixed electrode E22 is divided into the first lower fixed electrode E22a. And the second lower fixed electrode E22b. The first upper flexible electrode E31a and the first upper fixed electrode E21a opposite to the first upper flexible electrode E31a form a first capacitive element C11. The second upper flexible electrode E31b and the second upper fixed electrode E21b opposite to the second upper flexible electrode E31b The second capacitive element C12 is formed by the first lower flexible electrode E32a and the first lower fixed electrode E22a opposite to the first lower flexible electrode E32a, and the third capacitive element C21 is formed opposite to the second lower flexible electrode E32b. The fourth capacitor element C22 is formed by the second lower fixed electrode E22b.

  In an initial state in which no force is applied to the force receiving body 230, the distance and the facing area between the first upper flexible electrode E31a and the first upper fixed electrode E21a facing the first upper flexible electrode E31a, and the second upper flexible electrode E31b Spacing distance and facing area between the second upper fixed electrode E21b facing this, spacing distance and facing area between the first lower flexible electrode E32a and the first lower fixed electrode E22a facing this, and second lower possible The distance between the flexible electrode E32b and the second lower fixed electrode E22b facing the flexible electrode E32b and the facing area are the same. That is, in the initial state, the capacitance values of the first to fourth capacitive elements C11 to C22 are equal to each other.

  When a downward force F is applied to the force receiving body 230 of the cantilever model 200 'as described above, the cantilever 210 is bent downward. Along with this, the upper flexible electrode E31 and the lower flexible electrode E32 also bend downward. As a result, the distance between the first and second upper flexible electrodes E31a and E31b and the first and second upper fixed electrodes E21a and E21b is increased, and the capacitance of the first and second capacitive elements C11 and C12 is increased. On the other hand, the distance between the first and second lower flexible electrodes E32a, E32b and the first and second lower fixed electrodes E22a, E22b is decreased, and the third and fourth capacitive elements C21, The capacitance value of C22 increases. Based on the fluctuation amount of these capacitance values, “the sum of the capacitance values of the first and second capacitance elements C11 and C12” and “the capacitance values of the third and fourth capacitance elements C21 and C22”. The applied force can be detected as the difference between the "sum". As described above, such difference detection contributes to obtaining a highly accurate detection value.

  That is, when the first capacitive element C11 and the second capacitive element C12 are connected in parallel and the third capacitive element C21 and the fourth capacitive element C22 are connected in parallel, the force F applied to the force receiving body 230 Can be evaluated based on the following equation. In the following formula, C11 to C22 indicate the capacitance values of the first to fourth capacitive elements C11 to C22. Further, although the force and the capacitance value are connected by “=”, since these are different physical quantities, the force F is actually evaluated after predetermined conversion is performed. Moreover, F1 means the force F evaluated based on the right side of the following formula, and is a symbol for distinguishing from the force F evaluated based on other formulas described later.

[Equation 1]
F1 = (C21 + C22) − (C11 + C12)
The force F applied to the force receiving body 230 can be evaluated based on the electrostatic capacitance value of the first capacitive element C11 and the electrostatic capacitance value of the third capacitive element C21, or the electrostatic force of the second capacitive element C12. It is also possible to evaluate based on the capacitance value and the capacitance value of the fourth capacitance element C22. That is, the force F can be evaluated by the following F2 and F3.

[Equation 2]
F2 = C21-C11
F3 = C22-C12
In the present invention, F1 to F3 are used to determine whether or not the cantilever beam model 200 ′ is functioning normally. Specifically, in order to determine whether or not the cantilever model 200 ′ is functioning normally, the first capacitive element C11 and the second capacitive element C12 are separated, and the third capacitive element C21 and the third capacitive element C21 are separated from each other. The four-capacitance element C22 is disconnected, and the force F is evaluated based on the above-described equations F2 and F3. Then, it may be evaluated whether the difference between F1 and F2 is within a predetermined range and whether the difference between F2 and F3 is within a predetermined range. If all the differences are within the predetermined range, the cantilever model 200 ′ is functioning normally. If any difference is outside the predetermined range, the cantilever model 200 ′ is normal. It may be determined that it is not functioning (failed).

  Of course, instead of evaluating whether the difference between F1 and F2 is within a predetermined range and whether the difference between F2 and F3 is within a predetermined range, the difference between F1 and F3 is predetermined. And whether or not the difference between F2 and F3 is within a predetermined range may be evaluated.

  In the cantilever model 200 ′ of FIG. 3, F2 and F3 do not completely match due to the structure of the cantilever model 200 ′. That is, the first fixed portion 221 side of the cantilever beam 210 is displaced only slightly, but the force receiving body 230 side of the cantilever beam 210 is relatively greatly displaced, so there is a difference between F2 and F3. It happens. By taking this difference into account and setting the aforementioned predetermined range, it can be properly determined whether or not the cantilever model 200 'is functioning normally.

  In addition, in the cantilever model 200 ′ shown in FIG. 3, in view of the fact that the capacitance values of the first to fourth capacitive elements C11 to C22 are all equal, the above-described [Equation 1] and [Equation 2] As is apparent from the right side of FIG. 8, F2 and F3 are approximately half the value of F1. For this reason, when F1 and F2 or F1 and F3 are compared, for example, F2 to F3 are doubled, and processing for appropriately performing the comparison is performed. Of course, this process should be appropriately performed according to the capacitance values of the first to fourth capacitive elements C11 to C22.

  The above determination method will be described based on an actual detection circuit.

  4 is a circuit diagram showing an example of a detection circuit for detecting a force applied to the force receiving body 230 of the cantilever model 200 ′ of FIG. 3, and FIG. 5 is provided in the detection circuit of FIG. It is a graph which shows the connection state of ON / OFF of the switch currently performed.

  In the circuit diagram of FIG. 4, for the sake of convenience, the first capacitor element C11 and the second capacitor element C12 are arranged in the vertical direction, and the third capacitor element C21 and the fourth capacitor element C22 are arranged in the vertical direction. As shown in FIG. 4, the first capacitive element C11 can be selectively connected to the first C / V converter 40a via the switch SW1, and the second capacitive element C12 is connected to the first capacitive element C12 via the switch SW2. The third capacitor element C21 can be selectively connected to the third C / V converter 40c via the switch SW3, and can be selectively connected to the 2C / V converter 40b. The element C22 can be selectively connected to the third C / V converter 40d via the switch SW4. The first capacitor element C11 and the second capacitor element C12 can be selectively connected via the switch SW5, and the third capacitor element element C21 and the fourth capacitor element C22 are connected via the switch SW6. It can be selectively connected.

  The first to fourth C / V converters 40a to 40d are circuits that convert the capacitance values of the respective capacitive elements C11 to C12 into voltage values V1 to V4, and the converted voltage values V1 to V4 are respectively It becomes a value corresponding to each capacitance value. The first difference calculator 41a in FIG. 4 obtains a voltage value difference “V1−V3 (= V5)” and outputs this to the first signal processing unit 43a. Similarly, the second difference calculator 41b calculates a voltage value difference “V2−V4 (= V6)” and outputs this to the second signal processing unit 43b.

  The first and second signal processing units 43a and 43b are connected to a comparison unit 44 for comparing the output signals from the first and second signal processing units 43a and 43b, and based on the output signal of the comparison unit 44 Whether or not the cantilever beam model 200 ′ is functioning normally is determined.

  In order to detect the force applied to the force receiving body 230, the connection state of the switches SW1 to SW6 may be controlled as described in the column of timing 1 in FIG. That is, the switches SW1, SW3, SW5 and SW6 are turned on (connected), and the remaining switches SW2 and SW4 are turned off (disconnected). Thereby, the outputs V1 to V4 of the first to fourth C / V converters 40a to 40d are expressed by the following equations.

[Equation 3]
V1 = C11 + C12
V2 = 0
V3 = C21 + C22
V4 = 0
Accordingly, the outputs V5 and V6 of the first and second difference calculators 41a and 41b are expressed by the following equations.

[Equation 4]
V5 = V1-V3 = (C11 + C12)-(C21 + C22)
V6 = 0
From the above, since V5 corresponds to “−F1” (see [Equation 1]), the force F can be measured by the connection state at the timing 1 in FIG.

  Next, in order to determine whether or not the cantilever model 200 ′ shown in FIG. 3 is functioning normally, the connection states of the switches SW1 to SW6 are described in the column of timing 2 in FIG. It may be controlled to. That is, the switches SW1 to SW4 are turned on (connected), and the remaining switches SW5 to SW6 are turned off (disconnected). Thereby, the outputs V1 to V4 of the first to fourth C / V converters 40a to 40d are expressed by the following equations.

[Equation 5]
V1 = C11
V2 = C12
V3 = C21
V4 = C22
Accordingly, the outputs V5 and V6 of the first and second difference calculators 41a and 41b are expressed by the following equations.

[Equation 6]
V5 = V1-V3 = C11-C21
V6 = V2-V4 = C12-C22
From the above, since V5 corresponds to “−F2” and V6 corresponds to “−F3” (see [Expression 2]), it is possible to evaluate F2 and F3 in the connection state at the timing 2 in FIG. it can.

  4 compares (a) whether “F1-F2” is within the predetermined range, and (b) whether “F2-F3” is within the predetermined range. To evaluate. If at least one of the conditions (a) and (b) is not satisfied, it is determined that the cantilever model 200 'is not functioning normally (failed). In this case, a failure diagnosis signal indicating that a failure has been determined is transmitted from the output terminal S1 in FIG.

  The switch between the timings 1 and 2 of the switches SW1 to SW6 may be performed by a microcomputer. The connection state between the timing 1 and the timing 2 may be switched alternately, for example, at the same time, or the connection state at the timing 1 and the connection state at the timing 2 are switched at a time ratio of 100: 1, for example. The time for failure diagnosis (timing 2) may be relatively shortened by extending the measurement time.

  As described above, the force F acting on the force receiving member 230 can be evaluated by any of F1 to F3, but the larger the electrode area, the higher the force detection sensitivity and the better the static noise. , F1 is preferable.

  4 includes (c) whether “F1-F3” is within a predetermined range, and (b) whether “F2-F3” is within the predetermined range. May be determined that the cantilever model 200 ′ is not functioning normally (fails) when at least one of the conditions (c) and (b) is not satisfied. , (A) evaluating whether “F1-F2” is within a predetermined range and (c) evaluating whether “F1-F3” is within a predetermined range; If at least one of the conditions of (c) is not within the predetermined range, it may be determined that the cantilever model 200 ′ is not functioning normally (has a failure).

  In the detection circuit of FIG. 4, since two circuits for determining whether or not the cantilever model 200 ′ is functioning normally are provided, for example, four C / V converters 40a to 40d are provided. Even if one of them fails, one of the two difference calculators 41a and 41b fails, or one of the two signal processing units 43a and 43b fails, the cantilever model 200 It is possible to determine whether 'is functioning normally.

  In the example of the detection circuit described above, the first and second capacitive elements C11 and C12 are connected in parallel, and the third and fourth capacitive elements C21 and C22 are connected in parallel, thereby adding each of the two capacitive elements. The detection circuit is configured based on the feature that it is possible. However, in other examples, the first to fourth capacitive elements C11 to C22 may be independently C / V converted. An example of a circuit diagram of such a detection circuit is shown in FIG. FIG. 7 is a chart showing ON / OFF connection states of the switches SW1 to SW8 provided in the detection circuit of FIG.

  In order to detect the force F applied to the force receiving body 230 by the detection circuit in FIG. 6, the connection state of the switches SW1 to SW8 may be controlled as described in the column of timing 1 in FIG. That is, the switches SW1 to SW4 are turned on (connected), and the remaining switches SW5 to SW8 are turned off (disconnected). As a result, an output signal corresponding to “C11 + C12” and “C21 + C22” are sent to the first microcomputer 47a and the second microcomputer 47b of FIG. 6 via the first to fourth C / V converters and the A / D converters 45a to 45d. And an output signal corresponding to. The first and second microcomputers 47a and 47b calculate F1, that is, “(C21 + C22) − (C11 + C12)” based on each output signal, and measure the force F.

  Next, in order to determine whether or not the cantilever model 200 ′ is functioning normally, the connection state of each switch SW1 to SW8 is controlled as described in the column of timing 2 in FIG. Good. That is, the switches SW1 to SW4 are turned off (disconnected), and the remaining switches SW5 to SW8 are turned on (connected). Accordingly, output signals corresponding to “C11”, “C12”, “C21”, and “C22” are provided to the first microcomputer 47a and the second microcomputer 47b in FIG. 6, respectively. The first and second microcomputers 47a and 47b calculate F2 and F3, that is, “C11-C21” and “C12-C22” based on each output signal, and evaluate the force F.

  The first and second microcomputers 47a and 47b, for example, (a) whether “F1-F2” is within a predetermined range, and (b) “F2-F3” is within a predetermined range. Evaluate whether or not. If at least one of the conditions (a) and (b) is not satisfied, it is determined that the cantilever model 200 'is not functioning normally (failed). In this case, a failure diagnosis signal indicating that a failure has been determined is output from the output terminals S1 and S2 of FIG.

  In the detection circuit shown in FIG. 6, two microcomputers 47a and 47b are used. This is because even if one microcomputer fails, the force applied to the power receiving body 230 from the other microcomputer and the failure This is because a diagnostic signal can be output. In addition, the user of this sensor can compare both F1 to F3 and the failure diagnosis signal output from the first microcomputer 47a with the F1 to F3 and the failure diagnosis signal output from the second microcomputer 47b. Therefore, the reliability of the signal output by the detection circuit can be confirmed.

  Of course, also in this case, the comparison unit 44 determines whether (c) “F1-F3” is within the predetermined range, and (b) whether “F2-F3” is within the predetermined range. , And it may be determined that the cantilever model 200 ′ is not functioning normally (fails) when at least one of the conditions (c) and (b) is not satisfied. And (a) evaluating whether “F1-F2” is within a predetermined range and (c) evaluating whether “F1-F3” is within a predetermined range. And when at least one of the conditions of (c) is not in the predetermined range, it may be determined that the cantilever model 200 ′ is not functioning normally (failed).

  Note that the detection of the force applied to the force receiving body 230 and the determination of whether or not the cantilever beam model 200 ′ is functioning normally can be performed only by F1 and F2. FIG. 8 is a circuit diagram showing still another example of a detection circuit for detecting the force applied to the force receiving body 230 of the cantilever model 200 ′ shown in FIG. 3, and FIG. It is a graph which shows the connection state of ON / OFF of the switch provided in the detection circuit.

  In the detection circuit shown in FIG. 8, the second C / V converter and the A / D converter 45b selectively connected to the second capacitive element C12 via the switches SW5 and SW6 from the detection circuit shown in FIG. The fourth C / V converter and the A / D converter 45d that are selectively connected to the fourth capacitor element C22 via the switches SW7 and SW8 are omitted.

  In order to detect the force F applied to the force receiving body 230 by the detection circuit shown in FIG. 8, the connection state of the switches SW1 to SW4 may be controlled as described in the column of timing 1 in FIG. . That is, all the switches SW1 to SW4 are turned on (connected). Thereby, an output signal corresponding to “C11 + C12” and an output signal corresponding to “C21 + C22” are provided to the first microcomputer 47a and the second microcomputer 47b of FIG. The first and second microcomputers 47a and 47b calculate F1, that is, “(C21 + C22) − (C11 + C12)” based on each output signal, and evaluate the force F1.

  Next, in order to determine whether or not the cantilever model 200 ′ is functioning normally, the connection state of each switch SW1 to SW4 is controlled as described in the column of timing 2 in FIG. Good. That is, all the switches SW1 to SW4 are turned off (disconnected). Accordingly, output signals corresponding to “C11” and “C21” are provided to the first microcomputer 47a and the second microcomputer 47b in FIG. 8, respectively. The first and second microcomputers 47a and 47b calculate F2, that is, “C11-C21” based on each output signal.

  Then, the first and second microcomputers 47a and 47b evaluate whether or not “F1-F2” is within a predetermined range. If “F1-F2” is not within the predetermined range, it is determined that the cantilever beam model 200 ′ is not functioning normally (failed). In this case, a failure diagnosis signal indicating that a failure has occurred is output from the output terminals S1 and S2 in FIG.

  Next, the torque sensor of the present invention using the principle of failure diagnosis as described above will be described.

<<< §1. Basic structure of torque sensor according to the present invention >>
FIG. 10 is an exploded perspective view of the basic structure of the torque sensor according to the basic embodiment of the present invention. As shown in the figure, this basic structure is configured by disposing an annular deformation body 30 between the left support body 10 and the right support body 20 and joining these three components together. Here, for convenience, an XYZ three-dimensional coordinate system is defined as shown and the following description will be given. Here, the Z axis drawn in the horizontal direction in FIG. 10 corresponds to the rotation axis of the torque to be detected, and this torque sensor functions to detect the torque around this rotation axis (around the Z axis). It will be.

  The annular deformable body 30 disposed in the center of FIG. 10 is made of a material that is elastically deformed by the action of torque to be detected, and a through opening H30 through which the rotation shaft (Z axis) is inserted is formed therein. Has been. On the other hand, the left support body 10 disposed on the left side in FIG. 10 is a member that supports the left side surface of the annular deformation body 30, and the right support body 20 disposed on the right side in FIG. It is a member that supports the surface. In the case of the basic embodiment shown here, the left support 10 is an annular member formed with a through opening H10 through which the rotation shaft (Z axis) is inserted, and the right support 20 is a rotation shaft (Z axis). ) Is an annular member in which a through opening H20 is formed.

  In general, the concept of the right side and the left side is a concept that is meaningful only when viewed from a specific observation direction. Here, for convenience of explanation, as shown in FIG. 10, the rotation axis (Z axis) extends to the left and right. When viewed from a reference observation direction that forms a horizontal line (observation direction in which the right direction is the positive direction of the Z-axis), the left-side support is a support disposed at a position adjacent to the left side of the annular deformable body 30. The support body disposed at a position adjacent to the right side of the annular deformable body 30 is referred to as a right support body 20.

  Here, the origin O of the XYZ three-dimensional coordinate system is defined at the center position of the annular deformation body 30, and the left support body 10, the annular deformation body 30, and the right support body 20 all have the Z axis as the central axis. It is comprised by the annular member. More specifically, the annular deformable body 30 is formed by forming a through-opening H30 having a concentric disk shape with a smaller diameter at the center part of the disk arranged with the Z axis (rotating axis) as the central axis. It consists of an annular member obtained. Similarly, the left side support body 10 and the right side support body 20 also have through-openings H10 and H20 in the shape of concentric disks with smaller diameters at the center part of the disk arranged with the Z axis (rotary axis) as the central axis. It consists of an annular member obtained by forming. Of course, the through openings H10 and H20 may not be provided, and the left support 10 and the right support 20 may be disks.

  On the other hand, on the right side surface of the left support 10, two fan-shaped convex portions 11, 12 protruding rightward are provided, and the top surfaces of the convex portions 11, 12 are on the left side of the annular deformable body 30. It is joined to the surface. As shown in the figure, the convex portion 11 is joined to the upper portion of the annular deformable body 30 (the portion located in the Y-axis positive direction), and the convex portion 12 is the lower portion of the annular deformable body 30 (the portion located in the Y-axis negative direction). To be joined. Similarly, two fan-shaped convex portions 21 and 22 projecting leftward are provided on the left side surface of the right support 20, and the top surfaces of the convex portions 21 and 22 are the annular deformation body 30. It is joined to the right side. As shown in the figure, the convex portion 21 is joined to the inner portion of the annular deformable body 30 (the portion located in the positive direction of the X axis), and the convex portion 22 is disposed in front of the annular deformable body 30 (in the negative direction of the X axis). To be located).

  11 is a side view of the basic structure of the torque sensor obtained by joining the three components shown in FIG. 10 together, and FIG. 12 is a side sectional view of the basic structure cut along the YZ plane. It is. In the case of the example shown here, as shown in FIG. 12, the convex portions 11 and 12 are structures integrated with the left support 10, and the top surface is joined to the left side of the annular deformable body 30. Yes. Similarly, the convex portions 21 and 22 are structures integrated with the right support 20, and their top surfaces are joined to the right side of the annular deformable body 30.

  Eventually, the convex portions 11 and 12 function as a left connecting member that connects the left connection point on the left side surface of the annular deformable body 30 facing the left support 10 to the left support 10, and the convex portion 21. , 22 function as a right connection member that connects the right connection point on the right side surface of the annular deformation body 30 facing the right support body 20 to the right support body 20.

  13 is a front view of the left support 10 and the convex portions 11 and 12 viewed from the right direction of FIG. 10, FIG. 14 is a front view of the annular deformable body 30 viewed from the right direction of FIG. 10, and FIG. FIG. 11 is a front view of the right support 20 and the convex portions 21 and 22 viewed from the right direction in FIG. 10. In FIG. 13, points P11 and P12 shown at the center positions of the convex portions 11 and 12 are left side connection points, and are used to describe the connection positions with respect to the annular deformation body 30 in §2. Similarly, in FIG. 15, points P <b> 21 and P <b> 22 shown at the center positions of the convex portions 21 and 22 are right connection points, and are also used in §2 to explain the connection positions with respect to the annular deformation body 30. It is done.

  The parts shown in FIG. 13 (left support 10 and convex parts 11 and 12) and the parts shown in FIG. 13 (right support 20 and convex parts 21 and 22) are actually identical. Is preferable. In this case, if the component shown in FIG. 13 is rotated 180 ° with the Y axis as the rotation axis and turned over, and further rotated 90 ° with the Z axis as the rotation axis, the component shown in FIG. Therefore, in practice, if two sets of components shown in FIG. 13 are prepared and one set of components shown in FIG. 14 is prepared, the basic structure shown in FIG. 11 can be configured.

  As shown in FIG. 14, the annular deformable body 30 is provided with a circular through-opening H <b> 30, which is for causing elastic deformation necessary for detection. As will be described later, when a torque to be detected acts on the basic structure portion, the annular deformable body 30 needs to be deformed into an elliptical shape. Such ease of elastic deformation of the annular deformable body 30 is a parameter that affects the detection sensitivity of the sensor. If the annular deformable body 30 that is easily elastically deformed is used, a highly sensitive sensor that can be detected even with a minute torque can be realized, but the maximum value of the detectable torque is suppressed. On the other hand, if the annular deformable body 30 that is not easily elastically deformed is used, the maximum value of the detectable torque can be increased, but the sensitivity is lowered, so that a minute torque cannot be detected.

  The ease of elastic deformation of the annular deformable body 30 is determined depending on the thickness in the Z-axis direction (the thinner it is, the easier it is for elastic deformation) and the diameter of the through opening H30 (the larger it is, the easier it is for elastic deformation) It depends on the material. Therefore, in practice, the size and material of each part of the annular deformable body 30 may be appropriately selected according to the application of the torque sensor.

  On the other hand, the left side support body 10 and the right side support body 20 do not need to be members that cause elastic deformation in the detection principle of the present invention. Rather, in order for the applied torque to contribute 100% to the deformation of the annular deformable body 30, it is preferable that the left support body 10 and the right support body 20 are completely rigid bodies. In the illustrated example, the reason why the annular structure having the through openings H10 and H20 at the center is used as the left support 10 and the right support 20 is not to facilitate elastic deformation but to the rotating shaft (Z This is for the purpose of securing a through hole that penetrates the through openings H10, H30, and H20 of the left support 10, the annular deformation body 30, and the right support 20 along the axis.

  As is apparent from the side sectional view of FIG. 12, this basic structure has a hollow structure. When a torque sensor having such a hollow part is incorporated in a joint part of a robot arm and used, a reduction gear or the like can be arranged in this hollow part, and a space-saving robot arm can be designed comprehensively. It becomes possible. This is one of the advantages that has been difficult to realize with a conventional torque sensor that uses the torsion bar of a solid round bar shape.

  As described above, in the torque sensor according to the present invention, the annular deformable body 30 needs to be made of a material that generates elastic deformation required for torque detection. However, the left support 10 and the right support 20 are elastic. It is not necessary to cause deformation, but it is preferable to use a material having high rigidity. In practice, as the material of the left support 10, the right support 20, and the annular deformable body 30, if an insulating material is used, it is sufficient to use a synthetic resin such as plastic, and a conductive material is used. In this case (as will be described later, it is necessary to insulate necessary portions so that the electrodes are not short-circuited), it is sufficient to use a metal such as stainless steel or aluminum. Of course, an insulating material and a conductive material may be used in combination.

  Since the left side support body 10, the right side support body 20, and the annular deformable body 30 can all be constituted by a flat structure having a small axial thickness, the axial length of the entire sensor can be set short. In addition, since torque detection is performed by the displacement of the shape of the annular deformable body 30, it is necessary to use a material that causes elastic deformation as the annular deformable body 30, but even if a material having relatively high rigidity is used. Highly accurate detection is possible.

<<< §2. Torque detection principle in the present invention >>>
Next, let us consider how each part deforms when torque acts on the basic structure part described in §1. 16 is a cross-sectional view of the basic structure shown in FIG. 11 taken along the XY plane and viewed from the left in FIG. The XY coordinate system shown in FIG. 16 is a normal XY coordinate system viewed from the back side (the positive X-axis direction is the left direction in the figure). Therefore, in this XY coordinate system, the upper left area is the first quadrant, the upper right area is the second quadrant, the lower right area is the third quadrant, and the lower left area is the fourth quadrant. I to IV shown in the figure indicate each quadrant of the coordinate system. The cross-sectional part which gave the hatching in FIG. 16 is equivalent to the part of the cyclic | annular deformation body 30, and the right side support body 20 is visible in the back. Points P11 to P22 in FIG. 16 are orthogonal projection images of the connection points P11 to P22 shown in FIGS. 13 and 15 on the XY plane.

  That is, in FIG. 16, points P11 and P12 arranged on the Y axis indicate the joining positions (center points of the joining surfaces) of the convex portions 11 and 12 of the left support 10, and are arranged on the X axis. The made points P21 and P22 indicate the joining positions (the center points of the joining surfaces) of the convex portions 21 and 22 of the right support 20. Eventually, the left side surface of the annular deformable body 30 is joined to the left support 10 at two connection points P11 and P12 along the Y axis, and the right side surface of the annular deformable body 30 is formed at two locations along the X axis. It is joined to the right support 20 at the connection points P21, P22.

  In this way, if the two upper and lower portions of the annular deformable body 30 are joined to the left support 10 and the two left and right locations are joined to the right support 20, and each connection point is shifted by 90 °, the torque The annular deformable body 30 can be efficiently deformed by the action.

  In the case of the example shown in FIG. 16, when projecting the both side surfaces of the annular deformation body 30 on the XY plane to obtain an orthographic projection image, the projection image of the first right connection point P21 is on the positive X axis. The projection image of the second right connection point P22 is on the negative X axis, the projection image of the first left connection point P11 is on the positive Y axis, and the projection image of the second left connection point P12 is on the negative Y axis. It will be arranged in. When such an arrangement is performed, the annular deformable body 30 can be deformed into an ellipse having axial symmetry, and thus a detection value having axial symmetry can be obtained.

  The torque sensor according to the present invention detects torque (rotational moment) applied relatively between the left support 10 and the right support 20 in the basic structure shown in FIG. The force acting relatively between both supports 10 and 20 is shown. Therefore, for convenience of explanation, the rotational moment applied to the left support 10 in the state where the load is applied to the right support 20 is considered as a torque to be detected (of course, the load is applied to the left support 10). In this state, the rotational moment applied to the right support 20 is equivalent to the torque to be detected.)

  For example, as an example of using this torque sensor in the joint portion of a robot arm, consider an example in which a drive source such as a motor is attached to the left support 10 and a robot hand is attached to the right support 20. Assuming that a rotational driving force is applied to the left support 10 from a driving source while a heavy object is gripped by the robot hand, this rotational driving force passes through the basic structure part constituting the joint part. It will be transmitted to the robot hand side. In this case, a torque for rotationally driving the right support 20 is applied, and the torque corresponds to a rotational moment applied to the left support 10 in a state where the right support 20 is fixed.

  Now, let us consider how such a rotational moment changes the structure shown in FIG. When the right support 20 is fixed, the positions of the connection points P21 and P22 on the X axis shown in FIG. 16 are fixed. On the other hand, for example, if a rotational moment is applied to the left side support 10 in the clockwise direction in FIG. 16, the connection points P11 and P12 on the Y-axis tend to move clockwise. When this happens, the portion of the arc P21-P11 located in the first quadrant I inevitably contracts inward, and the portion of the arc P11-P22 located in the second quadrant II bulges outward and is located in the third quadrant III. A portion of the arc P22-P12 contracts inward, and a portion of the arc P12-P21 located in the fourth quadrant IV swells outward.

  FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view showing a state in which such deformation has occurred in the structure shown in FIG. That is, when a torque around the Z-axis is applied to the basic structure shown in FIG. 11, the basic structure is cut along the XY plane, and is a cross-sectional view seen from the left in FIG. In this application, for any coordinate axis, the rotation direction for advancing the right screw in the positive direction of the coordinate axis is defined as the positive direction, and the rotation direction for advancing the right screw in the negative direction of the coordinate axis is defined as the negative direction. doing. Therefore, in FIG. 17, the torque around the Z-axis is the torque acting in the clockwise direction as indicated by the white arrow in the figure.

  The broken line drawn in FIG. 17 shows the state before the deformation of the annular deformation body 30 (the state of FIG. 16). With reference to this broken line, it can be easily understood that the annular deformable body 30 is deformed into an ellipse due to the torque around the Z-axis. Here, for convenience of explanation, a V axis and a W axis that pass through the origin O and form 45 ° with respect to the X axis and the Y axis are defined on the XY plane. The V axis is a coordinate axis with the first quadrant I as the positive direction, and the W axis is a coordinate axis with the second quadrant II as the positive direction. As shown in the figure, the annular deformable body 30 is deformed into an ellipse having the V axis as the minor axis direction and the W axis as the major axis direction, and has axial symmetry with respect to the V axis and the W axis. Such axial symmetry is convenient when obtaining the detected torque value by the method described in §3.

  In the illustrated embodiment, the deformation with axial symmetry occurs as shown in FIG. 16 when the annular deformable body 30 has a perfect circle when no load is applied (when no torque is applied) When projecting both side surfaces of the annular deformable body 30 onto the XY plane to obtain an orthographic projection image, the projection image of the first right connection point P21 is on the positive X axis and the second right connection point P22. This is because the projection image is arranged on the negative X axis, the projection image of the first left connection point P11 is arranged on the positive Y axis, and the projection image of the second left connection point P12 is arranged on the negative Y axis. .

  The larger the applied torque, the more the annular deformable body 30 is deformed into a flattened ellipse. Therefore, in FIG. 17, if the distance from the origin O of the part located on the V-axis of the annular deformation body 30 or the distance from the origin O of the part located on the W-axis of the annular deformation body 30 can be measured. (These distances are information indicating the amount of displacement from the position before deformation indicated by the broken line), and the magnitude of the applied torque can be obtained. In other words, it is only necessary to measure the radial displacement of the inner peripheral surface or the outer peripheral surface of the annular deformable body 30.

  On the other hand, when torque acts in the opposite direction, that is, when torque around the Z-axis is negative, the annular deformation body 30 (connection points P11 and P12) is opposite to the example shown in FIG. Since the counterclockwise rotational force acts, the annular deformable body 30 is deformed into an ellipse having the V axis as the major axis direction and the W axis as the minor axis direction. Therefore, the displacement direction of the portion located on the V-axis or the portion located on the W-axis of the annular deformable body 30 is opposite to the direction shown in FIG.

  Eventually, if the displacement of the portion located on the V-axis or the portion located on the W-axis of the annular deformable body 30 is measured, it is possible to detect both the direction and the magnitude of the applied torque. For example, when the position of the intersection of the inner peripheral surface of the annular deformable body 30 and the V-axis is monitored, when it is displaced inward from the reference position indicated by the broken line, torque around the Z-axis is applied, and in the outward direction. If it is displaced, it can be determined that a torque around the negative Z-axis is applied. Alternatively, when the position of the intersection point between the inner peripheral surface of the annular deformable body 30 and the W axis is monitored, when it is displaced outward from the reference position indicated by the broken line, a torque around the Z axis is applied, and If it is displaced, it can be determined that a torque around the negative Z-axis is applied. Of course, the absolute value of the amount of displacement indicates the magnitude of the applied torque.

  The radial displacement of the annular deformable body 30 that occurs in the torque sensor according to the present invention is a relatively large displacement depending on the diameter of the annular deformable body even if the twist angle generated in the annular deformable body 30 is small. For this reason, even if the annular deformation body 30 having a relatively high rigidity is used, torque detection with sufficient sensitivity can be performed.

  The above is the torque detection principle in the present invention. In the present invention, in order to perform torque detection based on such a principle, a capacitive element and a detection circuit are further added to the basic structure described so far.

<<< §3. Capacitance element and detection circuit >>
As described above, in the present invention, a capacitive element and a detection circuit are further added to the basic structure shown in FIG. 3 to constitute a torque sensor. As shown in FIG. 17, the annular deformable body 30 is deformed into an ellipse by the action of torque. Since the portion causing the largest displacement due to such deformation is a portion located on the V-axis or a portion located on the W-axis, the annular deformable body 30 is based on the displacement of a specific portion of the annular deformable body 30. In order to measure the amount of deformation (the magnitude of the applied torque), it is most efficient to measure the displacement of the portion located on the V-axis or the portion located on the W-axis.

  Therefore, in the embodiment described here, the displacement electrodes are formed in the region located on the V axis and the region located on the W axis of the inner peripheral surface of the annular deformable body 30. FIG. 18 is a plan view of the annular deformable body 30 in a state where the displacement electrodes E31 to E34 are formed on the inner peripheral surface as viewed from the left in FIG. For convenience of explanation, the X, Y, V, and W axes are drawn to overlap. The displacement electrodes E31 and E32 are electrodes formed in the intersection region between the positive region of the V-axis and the inner peripheral surface of the annular deformable body 30, and the displacement electrodes E33 and E34 are annularly deformed with the positive region of the W-axis. It is an electrode formed in an intersecting region with the inner peripheral surface of the body 30. More specifically, as confirmed from FIG. 11, the displacement electrodes E31 and E32 are arranged symmetrically in the vicinity of the V axis with the V axis interposed therebetween, and the displacement electrodes E33 and E34 have the W axis interposed therebetween. Are arranged symmetrically with respect to the W axis. The depth dimensions of the displacement electrodes E31 to E34 (the dimension in the direction perpendicular to the paper surface of FIG. 18) are equal to the depth dimension of the annular deformation body 30. In the case of this example, the displacement electrodes E31 to E34 are configured by a conductive layer such as a metal film formed on the inner peripheral surface of the annular deformable body 30 by a method such as vapor deposition or plating. Of course, when the annular deformable body 30 is made of a metal such as aluminum or stainless steel, the annular deformable body 30 itself has conductivity, so that it is necessary to form the displacement electrodes E31 to E34 via an insulating layer.

  On the other hand, fixed electrodes E21 to E24 are provided at positions facing these displacement electrodes E31 to E34, respectively, and are fixed to the right support 20. FIG. 19 is a plan view of the right support 20 with the fixed electrodes E21 to E24 attached, as viewed from the left in FIG. Again, for convenience of explanation, the X, Y, V, and W axes are drawn in an overlapping manner. The fixed electrodes E21 and E22 are arranged in the positive region of the V axis and face the displacement electrodes E31 and E32, respectively. The fixed electrodes E23 and E24 are disposed in the positive region of the W axis and face the displacement electrodes E33 and E34, respectively.

  FIG. 20 is a side view of the right support 20 shown in FIG. As illustrated, the fixed electrodes E23 and E24 are configured by a conductive plate protruding from the left side surface of the right support 20 in the direction along the rotation axis (Z-axis negative direction). The fixed electrodes E21 and E22 are not shown in FIG. 20 because they are hidden behind the fixed electrodes E23 and E24.

  FIG. 21 is a side cross-sectional view of a structure obtained by adding a displacement electrode and a fixed electrode to the basic structure shown in FIG. 12, taken along the VZ plane. 12 is a side sectional view taken along the YZ plane, whereas FIG. 21 is a side sectional view taken along the VZ plane. Therefore, the upper part of FIG. It becomes the V-axis direction shown in FIG. The side sectional view of FIG. 21 clearly shows a state in which the displacement electrode E31 and the fixed electrode E21 arranged on the V axis face each other. Since the displacement electrodes E31 to E34 are electrodes fixed to the inner peripheral surface of the annular deformable body 30, they are displaced depending on the deformation of the annular deformable body 30. On the other hand, the right ends of the fixed electrodes E21 to E24 are fixed to the right support 20, and the fixed electrodes E21 to E24 always maintain a constant position regardless of the deformation of the annular deformable body 30.

  Eventually, the relative position of the displacement electrode E31 with respect to the fixed electrode E21 and the relative position of the displacement electrode E32 with respect to the fixed electrode E22 change depending on the deformation of the annular deformable body 30. In other words, the distance between the displacement electrode E31 and the fixed electrode E21 and the distance between the displacement electrode E32 and the fixed electrode E22 vary depending on the deformation of the annular deformable body 30. Although not shown in FIG. 21, the relationship between the displacement electrode E33 and the fixed electrode E23 disposed in the vicinity of the W axis and the relationship between the displacement electrode E34 and the fixed electrode E24 are exactly the same.

  FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view of the basic structure shown in FIG. 11 in which the above-described displacement electrode and fixed electrode are added, cut along the XY plane and viewed from the left in FIG. In this cross-sectional view, the displacement electrodes E31, E32 and the fixed electrodes E21, E22 arranged on the V axis face each other, and the displacement electrodes E33, E34 and the fixed electrodes E23, E24 arranged on the W axis are mutually connected. The facing state is clearly shown.

  In the case of the present embodiment, the displacement electrodes E31 to E34 are constituted by a conductive layer formed on the inner peripheral surface of the annular deformable body 30, so that the surface thereof is a curved surface along the inner periphery of the annular deformable body 30. Become. Therefore, the fixed electrodes E21 to E24 facing these are also curved electrodes. In other words, the surfaces of the displacement electrodes E31 to E34 and the fixed electrodes E21 to E24 are constituted by concentric cylindrical surfaces with the Z axis as the central axis. However, the surface shape of each electrode may be any shape as long as it can play the role of forming a capacitive element. Therefore, a flat electrode having a flat surface may be used.

  In the drawings of the present application, for convenience of illustration, the actual thicknesses of the displacement electrodes and the fixed electrodes are ignored. For example, when the displacement electrodes E31 to E34 are configured by a conductive layer (evaporation layer or plating layer) formed on the inner peripheral surface of the annular deformable body 30, the thickness can be set to about several μm. On the other hand, when the fixed electrodes E21 to E24 are constituted by a conductive plate (metal plate) protruding from the left side surface of the right support 20, the thickness is about several millimeters in order to ensure practical strength. It is preferable to ensure. Accordingly, in FIG. 22 and the like, for convenience, the thickness of the displacement electrode and the thickness of the fixed electrode are drawn with the same dimensions, but the actual thickness of these electrodes is appropriate in consideration of the manufacturing process and practical strength. Should be set to a value.

  FIG. 23 is an XY cross-sectional view showing a state in which a torque around the Z-axis is applied to the basic structure shown in FIG. As described in §2, when such a torque is applied, the annular deformable body 30 is deformed into an ellipse, the V axis is in the minor axis direction of the ellipse, and the W axis is in the major axis direction of the ellipse. As a result, the electrode interval between the pair of electrodes E21 and E31 arranged near the V axis and the electrode interval between the pair of electrodes E22 and E32 are both narrowed, and the electrode interval between the pair of electrodes E23 and E33 arranged near the W axis The electrode interval between the pair of electrodes E24 and E34 is increased. Therefore, the capacitive element C11 is configured by the pair of electrodes E21, E31, the capacitive element C12 is configured by the pair of electrodes E22, E32, the capacitive element C21 is configured by the pair of electrodes E23, E33, and the pair of electrodes E24, E34. If the capacitive element C22 is configured as described above, it is possible to detect the direction and magnitude of the applied torque as the fluctuation amount of the capacitance values of the capacitive elements C11 to C22.

  For example, with reference to the no-load state (state where no torque is applied) shown in FIG. 22, the capacitance value of the capacitive element C11 composed of the electrodes E21 and E31 and the capacitance of the capacitive element C12 composed of the electrodes E22 and E32 Focusing on the fluctuation of the value, as shown in FIG. 23, when the torque around the Z-axis is applied, the distance between the electrodes is narrowed, so that the capacitance value increases, and conversely, the torque around the Z-axis is negative. When is applied, the electrode interval is widened, so that both the capacitance values decrease. Therefore, an increase in the capacitance value indicates that a torque around the Z-axis is acting, and a decrease in the capacitance value indicates that a torque around the Z-axis is acting. . Of course, the absolute value of the fluctuation amount indicates the magnitude of the applied torque.

  Similarly, when attention is paid to fluctuations in the capacitance value of the capacitive element C21 composed of the electrodes E23 and E33 and the capacitance value of the capacitive element C22 composed of the electrodes E24 and E34, as shown in FIG. As the electrode interval increases, the capacitance between the electrodes increases, so both capacitance values decrease. Conversely, when the torque around the negative Z-axis acts, the electrode interval decreases and both capacitance values increase. become. Therefore, a decrease in the capacitance value indicates that a torque around the Z axis is acting, and an increase variation in the capacitance value indicates that a torque around the Z axis is acting. . Of course, the absolute value of the fluctuation amount indicates the magnitude of the applied torque.

  Eventually, any of the capacitive elements C11 to C22 can detect the torque around the Z axis, and theoretically, it is sufficient to use only one of the capacitive elements. However, in practice, it is preferable to perform detection using all of the capacitive elements C11 to C22. That is, the capacitive elements C11 and C12 are connected in parallel at the short axis position (near the V axis) when the annular deformable body 30 is deformed into an ellipse, and the capacitive elements C21, C12 are arranged at the long axis position (near the W axis). If C22 is connected in parallel, when the same torque is applied, the electrode interval is narrowed and the capacitance value is increased at the short axis position (near the V axis), whereas the long axis position (W In the vicinity of the axis), the distance between the electrodes increases and the capacitance value decreases, so that the applied torque can be detected as the difference between both capacitance values “C11 + C12” and C “21 + C22”. After all, the difference detection based on the variation of the capacitance values of the capacitive elements C11 to C22 is common to the force difference detection based on the cantilever model 200 described in §0.

  That is, the detection circuit shown in FIG. 2 may be provided as a detection circuit for performing such difference detection, but in this embodiment, the detection circuit shown in FIG. 4 is employed. According to the detection circuit of FIG. 4, the torque acting on the torque sensor can be measured in the same manner as §0, and it can be determined whether or not the torque sensor is functioning normally. That is, by replacing “force” in §0 with “torque”, the principle of torque measurement by the torque sensor of the present embodiment and the principle of failure diagnosis of the torque sensor can be understood.

  In the example shown in FIG. 22, the displacement electrodes E31 to E34 are configured by electrodes having the same shape and the same size, the fixed electrodes E21 to E24 are configured by electrodes having the same shape and the same size, and the positions of the electrodes E31 and E21 with respect to the V axis If the relationship and the positional relationship between the electrodes E32 and E22, the positional relationship between the electrodes E33 and E23 with respect to the W axis, and the positional relationship between the electrodes E34 and E24 are set to be the same, in the no-load state shown in FIG. The capacitance values of the capacitive elements C11 to C22 are equal. Therefore, in the connection state at the timing 1 shown in FIG. 5, the voltage value output to the output terminals T1 and T2 of the detection circuit shown in FIG.

  On the other hand, as shown in the example of FIG. 23, when a torque around the Z-axis is applied, the capacitance values of the capacitive elements C11 and C12 increase, and the capacitance values of the capacitive elements C21 and C22 decrease. Therefore, the voltage value output to the output terminal T1 of the detection circuit shown in FIG. 4 is a positive value, and the absolute value increases as the torque increases. On the contrary, when the torque around the negative Z-axis is applied, the capacitance values of the capacitive elements C11 and C12 decrease and the capacitance values of the capacitive elements C21 and C22 increase, so that the output of the detection circuit shown in FIG. The voltage value output to the terminal T1 is a negative value, and the absolute value increases as the torque increases. Thus, the detected torque value including the sign is obtained at the output terminal T1.

  On the other hand, when evaluating whether or not the torque sensor is functioning normally, as described in §0, the torque and timing 2 measured from the capacitive elements C11 to C22 in the connection state of timing 1 in FIG. And the torque measured from the capacitive elements C11 to C22 in the connected state, and it is sufficient to evaluate whether or not the difference is within a predetermined range. The specific evaluation method and failure determination method are as described in §0.

  In the embodiment shown here, the fixed electrodes E21 to E24 are fixed to the right support 20, but the fixed electrodes may be fixed to the left support 10. For example, in the case of the example shown in FIG. 21, the fixed electrode E <b> 21 is configured by a conductive plate protruding from the left side surface of the right support 20 to the left side, but the conductive plate protruding from the right side surface of the left support 10 to the right side. The fixed electrode E21 may be configured by the above. In short, the fixed electrode E21 only needs to be provided at a fixed position facing the displacement electrode E31 so as to be maintained regardless of the deformation of the annular deformable body 30.

  Further, in the embodiment shown here, the displacement electrodes E31 to E34 are fixed to the inner peripheral surface of the annular deformable body 30, but the displacement electrode may be fixed to the outer peripheral surface of the annular deformable body 30. As is apparent from FIG. 23, the displacement occurs when the annular deformable body 30 is deformed into an ellipse, not only on the inner peripheral surface of the annular deformable body 30 but also on the outer peripheral surface. Therefore, the displacement electrode may be formed on the outer peripheral surface of the annular deformation body 30. In this case, the fixed electrode facing the displacement electrode may be disposed further outside the displacement electrode. However, if the structure in which each electrode is arranged outside the annular deformable body 30 is adopted, the overall size of the sensor is increased and each electrode portion is easily damaged. As in the embodiment, it is preferable to provide a displacement electrode on the inner peripheral surface of the annular deformation body 30. However, in the modified examples shown in FIGS. 43 and 44 described later, the size is the same even if the displacement electrode is arranged outside.

  After all, the torque sensor according to the present invention is fixed to the inner peripheral surface or the outer peripheral surface of the annular deformable body 30 to the basic structure (left support 10, right support 20, annular deformable body 30) described in §1. A displacement electrode that causes displacement due to elastic deformation of the annular deformable body 30, a fixed electrode that is disposed at a position facing the displacement electrode and is fixed to the left support 10 or the right support 20, the displacement electrode and the fixed Detection that outputs an electric signal indicating a torque around the rotation axis acting on the left support 10 in a state where a load is applied to the right support 20 based on a variation amount of the capacitance value of the capacitive element constituted by the electrodes. This is a sensor configured by adding a circuit.

  According to the torque sensor of the present embodiment as described above, the torque T1 based on the electric signal corresponding to the variation amount of the capacitance values of the first to fourth capacitive elements C11 to C22, and the first and third capacitors Torques T2 to T3 based on electrical signals corresponding to any one of the fluctuation amount of the capacitance values of the elements C11 and C21 and the fluctuation amount of the capacitance values of the second and fourth capacitance elements C21 and C22; Therefore, whether or not the torque sensor is functioning normally can be determined by the torque sensor itself. Therefore, it is possible to provide a torque sensor capable of determining a failure (determining whether it is functioning normally) without using a plurality of torque sensors, that is, while minimizing cost and installation space.

  Specifically, the detection circuit determines whether or not the difference between the torque T1 and the torques T2 to T3 is within a predetermined range, and whether the difference between the torque T2 and the torque T3 is within a predetermined range. By determining whether or not the torque sensor is functioning normally. For this reason, it can be determined easily and reliably whether the torque sensor is functioning normally. In order to detect the torque, it is desirable to use the torque T1 based on the difference between (C11 + C12) and (C21 + C22). This is because the S / N is superior to the case where the torque T2 based on the difference between C11 and C21 or the torque T3 based on the difference between C21 and C22 is used.

<<< §4. Modification using eight sets of capacitive elements >>
In §3, the V-axis and the W-axis are respectively defined in the minor axis direction and the major axis direction of the ellipse using the basic structure part that deforms the annular annular deformable body 30 into an ellipse by the action of torque. An example of a method for detecting torque by arranging two sets of capacitive elements at the positions of the W axis and determining whether the torque sensor is functioning normally has been described. Here, a modified example in which detection accuracy is further improved by using a total of eight capacitive elements will be described.

  The torque sensor described in §4 also uses the basic structure shown in FIG. 11 as in the embodiment described in §3. The difference from the embodiment described in §3 is that a total of 8 capacitive elements are used, the detection circuit detects torque based on the capacitance values of the 8 capacitive elements, and the torque sensor is operated normally. The point is to determine whether or not it is functioning.

  FIG. 24 is a cross-sectional view on the XY plane of a torque sensor according to a modification using these eight sets of capacitive elements. Compared with the basic embodiment shown in FIG. 22, it can be seen that four displacement electrodes E35 to E38 and four fixed electrodes E25 to E28 are newly added. That is, the first and second displacement electrodes E31, E32 and the first and second fixed electrodes E21, E22 are arranged in the vicinity of the positive V axis, and the third and fourth displacements are in the vicinity of the positive W axis. Electrodes E33, E34 and third and fourth fixed electrodes E23, E24 are arranged, and in the vicinity of the negative V-axis, fifth and sixth displacement electrodes E35, E36, fifth and sixth fixed electrodes E25, E26, In the vicinity of the negative W axis, seventh and eighth displacement electrodes E37, E38 and seventh and eighth fixed electrodes E27, E28 are arranged.

  Of course, each of the displacement electrodes E31 to E38 is fixed to the inner peripheral surface of the annular deformable body 30, and each of the fixed electrodes E21 to E28 is positioned so as to face the displacement electrodes E31 to E38, respectively. The part is fixed to the right support 20 (the left support 10 may be used).

  After all, in the XY coordinate system, the first quadrant I is constituted by the first capacitive element C11 constituted by the first displacement electrode E31 and the first fixed electrode E21, the second displacement electrode E32 and the second fixed electrode E22. The second capacitive element C12 is arranged, and in the second quadrant II, the third capacitive element C21, the fourth displacement electrode E34, and the fourth fixed electrode constituted by the third displacement electrode E33 and the third fixed electrode E23 are arranged. A fourth capacitive element C22 constituted by E24 is arranged, and in the third quadrant III, a fifth capacitive element C31 constituted by a fifth displacement electrode E35 and a fifth fixed electrode E25, and a sixth displacement electrode E36, A sixth capacitive element C32 configured by the sixth fixed electrode E26 is disposed, and a seventh capacitor configured by the seventh displacement electrode E37 and the seventh fixed electrode E27 is disposed in the fourth quadrant IV. Eighth capacitance element C42 is arranged constituted by elements C41 and eighth displacement electrode E38 and the eighth fixed electrode E28.

  Here, regarding the torque detection described above, the behavior of the fifth and sixth capacitive elements C31 and C32 is the same as the behavior of the first and second capacitive elements C11 and C12, respectively, and the seventh and eighth capacitive elements C41, The behavior of C42 is the same as the behavior of the third and fourth capacitive elements C21, C22. For example, when a torque around the Z-axis is applied to the sensor in the no-load state shown in FIG. 24, a transition is made to the deformed state shown in FIG. 25, and the electrode intervals of the capacitive elements C11, C12, C31, C32 are narrowed. Therefore, the capacitance value increases, and the capacitance between the capacitance elements C21, C22, C41, C42 increases, and the capacitance value decreases. When torque around the negative Z-axis acts, the opposite phenomenon occurs.

  Therefore, in the case of this modification, if a detection circuit as shown in the circuit diagram of FIG. 26 is used, the torque around the Z axis is detected, and it is determined whether the torque sensor is functioning normally. be able to. E21 to E38 shown in this circuit diagram are the electrodes shown in FIGS. 24 and 25, and C11 to C42 are capacitive elements constituted by these electrodes. The C / V converters 40a to 40h are circuits that convert the capacitance values of the capacitive elements C11 to C42 into voltage values V1 to V8, respectively. The converted voltage values V1 to V8 are respectively capacitance values. A value corresponding to. The first difference calculator 41a of FIG. 26 performs a calculation “V1−V3” and outputs the calculation result V9 to the first and second addition calculators 42a and 42b. The second difference calculator 41b performs a calculation “V2−V4” and outputs the calculation result V10 to the third addition calculator 42c. The third difference calculator 41c performs a calculation “V5-V7” and outputs the calculation result V11 to the first and second addition calculators 42a and 42b. The fourth difference calculator 41d performs a calculation “V6−V8” and outputs the calculation result V12 to the third addition calculator 42c.

  Then, the first addition calculator 42a performs a calculation “V9 + V11”, and outputs the calculation result V13 to the output terminal T1 and the comparison unit 44 via the first signal processing unit 43a. The second addition calculator 42b performs a calculation of “V9 + V11” similarly to the first addition calculator 42a, and outputs the calculation result V13 to the output terminal T2 and the comparison unit 44 via the second signal processing unit 43b. . The third addition calculator 42c performs a calculation “V10 + V12” and outputs the calculation result V14 to the output terminal T3 and the comparison unit 44 via the third signal processing unit 43c.

  As shown in FIG. 26, this circuit diagram is provided with twelve switches SW1 to SW12, and the connection state of these switches is switched based on the chart shown in FIG. That is, at timing 1, the outputs V1 to V14 are expressed by the following equations.

[Equation 7]
V1 = C11 + C12
V2 = 0
V3 = C21 + C22
V4 = 0
V5 = C31 + C32
V6 = 0
V7 = C41 + C42
V8 = 0
V9 = V1-V3 = (C11 + C12)-(C21 + C22)
V10 = V2-V4 = 0
V11 = V5-V7 = (C31 + C32)-(C41 + C42)
V12 = V6-V8 = 0
V13 = V9 + V11 = (C11 + C12)-(C21 + C22) + (C31 + C32)-(C41 + C42)
V14 = V10 + V12 = 0
As a result, the detection circuit shown in FIG. 26 determines that the “capacitance value of the first capacitance element C11, the capacitance value of the second capacitance element C12, and the capacitance value of the fifth capacitance element C31” , “The sum of the capacitance values of the sixth capacitance element C32”, “the capacitance value of the third capacitance element C21, the capacitance value of the fourth capacitance element C22, and the capacitance of the seventh capacitance element C41”. The electric signal corresponding to the difference between the value and the sum of the capacitance value of the eighth capacitive element C42 is output as an electric signal indicating the applied torque T1.

  Furthermore, it is possible to determine whether or not the torque sensor is functioning normally based on the connection state at timing 2 and timing 3 in FIG. In the connection state at timing 2, the outputs V1 to V14 are expressed by the following equations.

[Equation 8]
V1 = C11
V2 = 0
V3 = C21
V4 = 0
V5 = C31
V6 = 0
V7 = C41
V8 = 0
V9 = V1-V3 = C11-C21
V10 = V2-V4 = 0
V11 = V5-V7 = C31-C41
V12 = V6-V8 = 0
V13 = V9 + V11 = (C11-C21) + (C31-C41)
V14 = V10 + V12 = 0
As a result, the detection circuit shown in FIG. 26 detects, at timing 2, “the difference between the capacitance value of the first capacitance element C11 and the capacitance value of the third capacitance element C21” and “the fifth capacitance element C31. The electric signal corresponding to the sum of the difference between the capacitance value of the second capacitance element C41 and the capacitance value of the seventh capacitance element C41 is output as an electric signal indicating the applied torque T2.

  Further, at timing 3, the outputs V1 to V14 are expressed by the following equations.

[Equation 10]
V1 = 0
V2 = C12
V3 = 0
V4 = C22
V5 = 0
V6 = C32
V7 = 0
V8 = C42
V9 = V1-V3 = 0
V10 = V2-V4 = C12-C22
V11 = V5-V7 = 0
V12 = V6-V8 = C32-C42
V13 = V9 + V11 = 0
V14 = V10 + V12 = (C12-C22) + (C32-C42)
As a result, the detection circuit shown in FIG. 26 detects, at timing 3, “the difference between the capacitance value of the second capacitance element C12 and the capacitance value of the fourth capacitance element C22” and “the sixth capacitance element C32”. The electric signal corresponding to the sum of the difference between the capacitance value of the second capacitance element and the capacitance value of the eighth capacitive element C42 is output as an electrical signal indicating the applied torque T3.

  26 compares, for example, whether (a) “T1-T2” is within a predetermined range, and (b) whether “T2-T3” is within a predetermined range. , Evaluate. When at least one of the conditions (a) and (b) is not satisfied, it is determined that the torque sensor is not functioning normally (failed). In this case, a failure diagnosis signal indicating that a failure has been determined is transmitted from the output terminal S of FIG.

  Of course, the comparison unit 44 evaluates (c) whether “T1-T3” is within a predetermined range and (b) whether “T2-T3” is within the predetermined range. Thus, when at least one of the conditions (c) and (b) is not satisfied, it may be determined that the torque sensor is not functioning normally (failed), or (a) “T1- It is evaluated whether or not “T2” is within a predetermined range, and (c) whether or not “T1-T3” is within the predetermined range, and at least one of the conditions of (a) and (c) If one is not within the predetermined range, it may be determined that the torque sensor is not functioning normally (failed).

  In this way, if a total of eight sets of capacitive elements C11 to C42 are provided on both the positive and negative sides of the V-axis and the W-axis, four sets of capacitive elements that increase the capacitance value and the capacitance value decreases. Thus, the difference detection using the four capacitive elements can be performed, and the detection accuracy is further improved.

  In FIG. 26, the first signal processing unit 43a and the second signal processing unit 43b have exactly the same configuration. In order to easily understand that T1 is output at timing 1 in FIG. 27, T2 is output at timing 2, and T3 is output at timing 3, a first signal processing unit 43a and a second signal processing unit 43b are provided. However, in other embodiments, the second signal processing unit 43b may be omitted, and the output of the first signal processing unit 43a at timing 1 may be regarded as T2.

  In the example of the circuit diagram shown in FIG. 26, the first and second capacitive elements C11 and C12 are connected in parallel, the third and fourth capacitive elements C21 and C22 are connected in parallel, and the fifth and sixth capacitive elements are connected. The detection circuit is configured based on the feature that two capacitance elements can be added by connecting C31 and C32 in parallel and connecting the seventh and eighth capacitance elements C41 and C42 in parallel. However, in other examples, the first to 48th quantity elements C11 to C42 may be independently C / V converted. An example of a circuit diagram of such a detection circuit is shown in FIG. FIG. 29 is a chart showing ON / OFF connection states of switches provided in the detection circuit of FIG.

  In order to detect the torque T acting on the torque sensor by the detection circuit in FIG. 28, the connection state of the switches SW1 to SW16 may be controlled as described in the column of timing 1 in FIG. That is, the switches SW1 to SW8 are turned on (connected), and the remaining switches SW9 to SW16 are turned off (disconnected). Accordingly, the output signal corresponding to “C11 + C12”, the output signal corresponding to “C21 + C22”, the output signal corresponding to “C31 + C32”, and “C41 + C42” to the first microcomputer 47a and the second microcomputer 47b of FIG. And an output signal corresponding to. The first and second microcomputers 47a and 47b calculate a voltage value corresponding to V13 at the above timing 1, that is, “(C11 + C12) − (C21 + C22) + (C31 + C32) − (C41 + C42)” based on each output signal. The torque T1 is evaluated.

  And in order to determine whether the torque sensor is functioning normally, the connection state of each switch SW1-SW16 should just be controlled as described in the column of the timing 2 of FIG. That is, the switches SW1 to SW8 are turned off (disconnected), and the remaining switches SW9 to SW16 are turned on (connected). Thereby, “C11”, “C12”, “C21”, and “C11” are sent to the first and second microcomputers 47a and 47b of FIG. 28 via the first to eighth C / V converters and the A / D converters 45a to 45h. Output signals corresponding to “C22”, “C31”, “C32”, “C41”, and “C42”, respectively, are provided. Based on each output signal, the first and second microcomputers 47a and 47b have a voltage value corresponding to V13 at the above-mentioned timing 2, that is, “(C11−C21) + (C31−C41)” and the above-described timing 3 A voltage value corresponding to V14, that is, “(C12−C22) + (C32−C42)” is calculated, and torques T2 and T3 based on each calculation result are evaluated.

  The first and second microcomputers 47a and 47b, for example, (a) whether “T1-T2” is within a predetermined range, and (b) “T2-T3” is within the predetermined range. Evaluate whether or not. When both of the conditions (a) and (b) are satisfied, it is determined that the torque sensor is functioning normally. On the other hand, when at least one of the conditions (a) and (b) is not satisfied, it is determined that the torque sensor is not functioning normally (failed). In this case, a failure diagnosis signal indicating that a failure has been determined is output from the output terminals S1 and S2 of FIG.

  Of course, also in this case, the comparison unit 44 determines whether (c) “T1-T3” is within the predetermined range, and (b) whether “T2-T3” is within the predetermined range. , And it may be determined that the torque sensor is not functioning normally (fails) when at least one of the conditions (c) and (b) is not satisfied, or (a ) Evaluate whether "T1-T2" is within a predetermined range, and (c) whether "T1-T3" is within a predetermined range, and these (a) and (c) When at least one of the conditions is not within the predetermined range, it may be determined that the torque sensor is not functioning normally (failed).

  In the circuit diagram shown in FIG. 28, two microcomputers 47a and 47b are used. This is because even if one microcomputer breaks down, the other microcomputer has a torque T acting on the torque sensor and a failure. This is because a diagnostic signal can be output. When the two microcomputers 47a and 47b are functioning normally, the torques T1, T2 and T3 output from the first microcomputer 47a and the failure diagnosis signal, and the torque T1 output from the second microcomputer 47b, Since both T2, T3 and the failure diagnosis signal can be compared, the reliability of the output signal of the detection circuit of FIG. 28 can be confirmed. Of course, only one of the first microcomputer 47a and the second microcomputer 47b may be provided.

  As is clear from the above description, the torque T acting on the torque sensor and the failure diagnosis signal can be output only by T1 and T2. FIG. 30 is a circuit diagram showing still another example of a detection circuit for detecting a force acting on the torque sensor, and FIG. 31 is an ON / OFF connection of a switch provided in the detection circuit of FIG. It is a chart which shows a state.

  The detection circuit shown in FIG. 30 includes a first C / V converter and an A / D converter 45b that are selectively connected to the second capacitive element C12 via the switches SW9 and SW10 from the detection circuit shown in FIG. A fourth C / V converter and A / D converter 45d selectively connected to the fourth capacitor element C22 via switches SW11 and SW12, and a sixth capacitor element C32 selectively selected via switches SW13 and SW14. The sixth C / V converter and A / D converter 45f connected, and the fourth C / V converter and A / D converter 45h selectively connected to the eighth capacitive element C42 via the switches SW15 and SW16. Are omitted circuits.

  In order to detect the torque T acting on the torque sensor by the detection circuit shown in FIG. 30, the connection state of the switches SW1 to SW8 may be controlled as described in the column of timing 1 in FIG. That is, all the switches SW1 to SW8 are turned on (connected). This causes the microcomputer 47a of FIG. 30 to output a signal corresponding to “C11 + C12”, an output signal corresponding to “C21 + C22”, an output signal corresponding to “C31 + C32”, and an output signal corresponding to “C41 + C42”. Is provided. On the basis of each output signal, the microcomputer 47a corresponds to the voltage value corresponding to V13 at timing 1 in FIG. 27 in the circuit diagram of FIG. 26, that is, “(C11 + C12) − (C21 + C22) + (C31 + C32) − (C41 + C42)”. Torque T1 is evaluated by generating a voltage value corresponding to.

  Next, in order to determine whether or not the torque sensor is functioning normally, the connection state of the switches SW1 to SW8 may be controlled as described in the column of timing 2 in FIG. That is, all the switches SW1 to SW8 are turned off (disconnected). Accordingly, output signals corresponding to “C11”, “C21”, “C31”, and “C41” are provided to the microcomputer 47a of FIG. The microcomputer 47a calculates “C11-C21” and “C31-C41” based on each output signal, and evaluates the torque force T2.

  Then, the microcomputer 47a evaluates whether “T1-T2” is within a predetermined range. When “T1-T2” is within the predetermined range, it is determined that the torque sensor is functioning normally. On the other hand, when “T1-T2” is not within the predetermined range, it is determined that the torque sensor is not functioning normally (failed), and is determined to be faulty from the output terminal S1 of FIG. A fault diagnosis signal indicating that is output.

  According to the torque sensor of the present embodiment as described above, the torque T1 based on the “electrical signal corresponding to the variation amount of the capacitance value of the first to eighth capacitive elements C11 to C42”, and “first, The variation amount of the capacitance value of the third, fifth and seventh capacitive elements C11, C21, C31 and C41, and the static of the second, fourth, sixth and eighth capacitive elements C21, C22, C32 and C42. In order to compare the torques T2 to T3 based on the “electrical signal corresponding to any one of the fluctuation amount of the capacitance value”, the torque sensor itself determines whether or not the torque sensor is functioning normally. Can do. Therefore, it is possible to provide a torque sensor capable of determining a failure (determining whether it is functioning normally) without using a plurality of torque sensors, that is, while minimizing cost and installation space.

  Specifically, the detection circuit determines whether or not the difference between the torque T1 and the torques T2 to T3 is within a predetermined range, and whether the difference between the torque T2 and the torque T3 is within a predetermined range. By determining whether or not the torque sensor is functioning normally. For this reason, it can be determined easily and reliably whether the torque sensor is functioning normally.

  In the measurement of the torque applied to the torque sensor, the larger the detected capacitance (area), the larger the capacitance change and the more advantageous from the point of S / N. It is better to measure with. Further, as described in §0, the measurement times of T1, T2, and T3 may be changed. That is, the time for measuring T1 may be lengthened and the time for failure diagnosis may be relatively shortened.

  In the above description, the example in which the displacement electrode and the fixed electrode constituting each capacitor element are arranged for each capacitor element is adopted, but any one of the electrodes can be configured as a common electrode. It is. That is, for example, the first and second displacement electrodes E31 and E32 are integrally configured as a common electrode, and the third and fourth displacement electrodes E33 and E34 are integrally configured as a common electrode, and the fifth and sixth The displacement electrodes E35 and E36 may be integrally configured as a common electrode, and the seventh and eighth displacement electrodes E37 and E38 may be integrally configured as a common electrode. Alternatively, the annular deformable body 30 can be made of a conductive material (for example, a metal material such as stainless steel, aluminum, or titanium), and the annular deformable body 30 itself can function as a common displacement electrode. Of course, these ideas are also applicable to the torque sensor described in §3.

<<< §5. Modified example in which the effective area of the capacitive element is kept constant >>>
Here, when torque is applied, if the displacement electrode slightly shifts in the rotational direction, that is, if the relative position of the displacement electrode with respect to the fixed electrode changes, the effective area of the capacitive element changes. Describe how to avoid it.

  FIG. 32 is a diagram illustrating the principle of maintaining the effective area of the capacitive element constant even when the relative position of the displacement electrode with respect to the fixed electrode changes. Consider a case where a pair of electrodes EL and ES are arranged so as to face each other as shown in FIG. Both electrodes EL and ES are arranged so as to be parallel to each other at a predetermined interval, and constitute a capacitive element. However, the electrode EL has a larger area than the electrode ES, and when the contour of the electrode ES is projected onto the surface of the electrode EL to form an orthogonal projection image, the projection image of the electrode ES is the surface of the electrode EL. Is completely contained within. In this case, the effective area as the capacitive element is the area of the electrode ES.

  FIG. 32B is a side view of the pair of electrodes ES and EL shown in FIG. The hatched area in the figure is a portion that functions as a substantial capacitive element, and the effective area as the capacitive element is the area of the hatched electrode (that is, the area of the electrode ES). Become.

  Now, consider a vertical plane U as indicated by the alternate long and short dash line in the figure. The electrodes ES and EL are both arranged parallel to the vertical plane U. Here, if the electrode ES is moved vertically upward along the vertical plane U, the facing portion on the electrode EL side moves upward, but the area of the facing portion remains unchanged. Even if the electrode ES is moved downward or moved in the back direction or the front side of the drawing, the area of the facing portion on the electrode EL side does not change.

  In short, if the orthogonal projection image of the electrode ES formed on the surface of the electrode EL is completely included in the surface of the electrode EL (that is, even if it does not protrude even partially), the capacitive element. The effective area is always equal to the area of the electrode ES. That is, the effective area of the capacitive element is kept constant regardless of the movement of the electrode ES. This is the same when the electrode EL side is moved.

  Therefore, even when the relative position of the displacement electrode with respect to the fixed electrode changes as a result of the torque in the predetermined rotation direction, the fixed electrode and the displacement electrode are prevented from changing the effective opposing area of the pair of electrodes constituting the capacitive element. If one area is set larger than the other area, the effective area of the capacitive element is kept constant even when torque is applied. More precisely, when the contour of the electrode ES having the smaller area is projected onto the surface of the electrode EL having the larger area to form an orthogonal projection image, the projection image of the electrode ES is the surface of the electrode EL. As long as the state of being completely contained is maintained, the effective area of the capacitive element constituted by both electrodes is equal to the area of the electrode ES and is always constant.

  33 is a cross-sectional view on the XY plane showing a modification in which the principle shown in FIG. 32 is applied to the torque sensor shown in FIG. The difference from the sensor shown in FIG. 24 is that the eight displacement electrodes E31 to E38 are replaced with displacement electrodes E31L to E38L having a larger area, and the eight fixed electrodes E21 to E28 are replaced with a fixed electrode E21S having a smaller area. It is only the point replaced by ~ E28S. As apparent from FIG. 33, when the widths of the electrodes in the circumferential direction are compared in the cross-sectional view along the XY plane, the widths of the displacement electrodes E31L to E38L are always larger than the widths of the fixed electrodes E21S to E28S. Is also getting wider.

  34 is a side sectional view of the torque sensor shown in FIG. 33 taken along the VZ plane. The upper part of FIG. 34 is not the Y-axis direction but the V-axis direction shown in FIG. In the vicinity of the origin O in the figure, the positional relationship between the displacement electrodes E37L and E38L and the fixed electrodes E27S and E28S is clearly shown. In this example, the fixed electrodes E27S and E28S are fixed to the right support 20 via an insulating plate D24. The portions that function as the electrodes constituting the capacitive elements C41 and C42 are only the portions of the fixed electrodes E27S and E28S arranged in the vicinity of the origin O, and the insulating plate D24 is a simple base for supporting the fixed electrodes E27S and E28S. It only serves as a role.

  Similarly, the positional relationship between the displacement electrode E31L and the fixed electrode E21S is clearly shown in the upper part of FIG. Again, the insulating plate D21 serves as a pedestal for supporting the fixed electrode E21S. Further, in the lower part of FIG. 34, the positional relationship between the displacement electrode E36L and the fixed electrode E26S is clearly shown. Again, the insulating plate D23 serves as a pedestal for supporting the fixed electrode E26S.

  After all, in this embodiment, even if the displacement electrodes E31L to E38L are displaced in the circumferential direction in FIG. 33 or in the Z-axis direction in FIG. 34, the displacement amount does not exceed a predetermined allowable range. That is, as long as the projection image of the fixed electrode does not protrude from the surface of the displacement electrode, the effective areas of the capacitive elements C11 to C42 are kept constant. Therefore, the change in the capacitance value of each of the capacitive elements C11 to C42 is caused exclusively by the factor of the change in the distance between the electrodes, and the capacitance value caused by the factor of the change in the effective facing area. There is no change. In FIG. 34, the displacement electrodes E31L to E38L are arranged on the annular deformable body 30, but the present invention is not limited to such a configuration, and for example, the displacement electrodes E31L to E38L may be arranged via an insulator.

  In the embodiment shown in FIG. 33, even when an extra force component other than the torque to be detected (hereinafter referred to as a disturbance component) is applied, accurate torque detection that is not affected by the disturbance component is possible. It has the additional feature of becoming and is extremely useful in practice. This additional feature will be described in detail below.

  In general, the force acting on the XYZ three-dimensional coordinate system includes a force component acting in each coordinate axis direction such as a force Fx in the X axis direction, a force Fy in the Y axis direction, and a force Fz in the Z axis direction, and a moment Mx around the X axis. , Moment My around the Y axis, and moment Mz around the Z axis, which are moment components acting around the coordinate axes, are divided into six components in total. And it is preferable that the sensor which detects the specific component of these 6 components is equipped with the function which detects only the said specific component independently without being influenced by the other component.

  Therefore, what kind of detection result is obtained when the above six components act on the torque sensor shown in FIG. 33 will be examined. Here, for convenience, a case where individual force components are applied to the annular deformation body 30 in a state where the right support body 20 is loaded (a state where the right support body 20 is fixed) will be considered separately.

  First, FIG. 35 is a cross-sectional view on the XY plane showing a state when a moment Mz around the Z-axis is acting on the torque sensor shown in FIG. The moment Mz about the Z-axis positive direction is nothing but the torque to be detected in this torque sensor. When a moment Mz (detection target torque) around the Z-axis is applied to the sensor in the no-load state shown in FIG. 33, a transition is made to the deformation state shown in FIG. 35, and the capacitance elements C11, C12, C31, C32 Since the electrode interval is narrowed, the capacitance value is increased, and since the electrode intervals of the capacitive elements C21, C22, C41, C42 are increased, the capacitance value is decreased. Therefore, as described above, if a detection circuit as shown in FIGS. 26, 28, and 30 is used, a detection value of the moment Mz (detection target torque) can be obtained at the output terminal T2.

  On the other hand, FIG. 36 is a cross-sectional view on the XY plane showing a state when the force Fx in the X-axis direction is applied to the torque sensor shown in FIG. In this case, as shown by the white arrow in the upper arc portion constituting the annular deformable body 30 and the lower arc portion, a force to move leftward in the figure is applied. The deformable body 30 is deformed into the illustrated state. As a result, the capacitance value increases because the electrode interval of the capacitive elements C21 to C32 decreases, and the capacitance value decreases because the electrode interval of the capacitive elements C11, C12, C41, and C42 increases. However, in the detection circuits shown in FIGS. 26, 28, and 30, the fluctuations in the capacitance values of the capacitive elements C21 to C32 cancel each other, and the capacitance values of the capacitive elements C11, C12, C41, and C42 are reduced. Since the fluctuations are also canceled each other, the detection value output to the output terminal T2 becomes zero. Eventually, even if the force Fx in the X-axis direction is applied, the value is not detected.

  The same applies when the force Fy in the Y-axis direction is applied. In this case, since the electrode interval of the capacitive elements C11 to C22 is widened, the capacitance value is decreased, and the electrode interval of the capacitive elements C31 to C42 is narrowed, so that the capacitance value is increased. However, in the detection circuits shown in FIGS. 26, 28, and 30, the fluctuations in the capacitance values of the capacitive elements C11 to C22 cancel each other, and the fluctuations in the capacitance values of the capacitive elements C31 to C42 are also mutual. Therefore, the detected value output to the output terminal T2 becomes zero. Eventually, even if the force Fy in the Y-axis direction is applied, the value is not detected.

  Further, when the force Fz in the Z-axis direction is applied, the annular deformable body 30 in FIG. 34 translates to the right in the figure, but the electrode spacing of each capacitive element does not change and remains constant. The effective area of each capacitive element remains constant as long as the fluctuation amount is within the above-described predetermined allowable range. Therefore, the capacitance value does not fluctuate in each capacitive element, and the value is not detected even when the force Fz in the Z-axis direction is applied.

  On the other hand, FIG. 37 is a sectional view on the ZV plane showing a state when a moment Mx about the X-axis positive direction acts on the torque sensor shown in FIG. As shown in the drawing, the annular deformable body 30 is rotationally displaced clockwise in the drawing, so that the positional relationship between each displacement electrode and each fixed electrode changes. However, the capacitance value of each capacitive element does not change. For example, the displacement electrodes E37L and E38L and the fixed electrodes E27S and E28S drawn in the vicinity of the origin O change in the mutual direction, but do not change the electrode interval and the effective area, so that the capacitance elements C41 and C42 are static. The capacitance value does not change. The same applies to the capacitive elements C21 and C22.

  Further, regarding the displacement electrodes E31L, 32L and the fixed electrodes E21S, E22S drawn in the upper part of the drawing, the displacement electrodes E31L, 32L are inclined, so the mutual positional relationship changes, but the effective area does not change. Moreover, the electrode spacing is narrower in the right half but wider in the left half, so the total is equivalent to the case where the electrode spacing is constant. Therefore, the capacitance values do not vary with respect to the capacitive elements C11, C12, C31, and C32.

  Eventually, even if the moment Mx around the X axis acts, the value is not detected. The same applies to the moment My around the Y axis.

  FIG. 38 shows the torque sensor shown in FIG. 33 in which a force in the direction of each coordinate axis and a moment around each coordinate axis are applied from the left support 10 to the annular deformable body 30 in a state where a load is applied to the right support 20. It is a table | surface which shows the change aspect of the electrostatic capacitance value of eight sets of capacitive elements C11-C41 at the time. In the figure, the “+” column indicates that the capacitance value increases, the “−” column indicates that the capacitance value decreases, and the “0” column indicates that the capacitance value does not change. It is shown that. The reason why such a result is obtained is as already described with reference to FIGS. Considering the operation of the detection circuit shown in FIGS. 26, 28, and 30 with reference to the table of FIG. 38, only when the moment Mz (the torque to be detected) around the Z axis is applied, the output terminal It will be understood that a detection value is obtained at T2, and no detection value is obtained at the output terminal T2 even if the other five disturbance components Fx, Fy, Fz, Mx, My act. After all, in the torque sensor according to the embodiment shown in FIG. 33, even when an extra force component (disturbance component) other than the torque to be detected acts, accurate torque detection that is not affected by these disturbance components is possible. become.

In the torque sensor according to the embodiment shown in FIG. 33, the force Fx in the X-axis direction and the force Fy in the Y-axis direction are
Fx = (C21 + C22 + C31 + C32) − (C11 + C12 + C41 + C42)
Fy = (C31 + C32 + C41 + C42) − (C11 + C12 + C21 + C22)
It is also possible to obtain by this calculation. Here, C11 to C42 are capacitance values of the capacitive elements C11 to C42, respectively. The reason why the forces Fx and Fy can be obtained by such calculation can be easily understood based on the results shown in the table of FIG.

In practice, in the detection circuit of FIG. 28, the electrostatic capacitance values C11 to C42 are converted into voltage values V1 to V8 by the C / V converters 51 to 58 at the timing 2 of FIG. 29, and these voltage values are converted. Will be used for computation. In that case,
Fx = (V3 + V4 + V5 + V6) − (V1 + V2 + V7 + V8)
Fy = (V5 + V6 + V7 + V8) − (V1 + V2 + V3 + V4)
An arithmetic unit that performs the following calculation may be provided.

  As described above, the sensor according to the embodiment shown in FIG. 33 functions as a torque sensor that detects the torque around the Z axis, and also detects the force Fx in the X axis direction and the force Fy in the Y axis direction. Can serve as

  According to the torque sensor as described above, since the effective facing area of each pair of electrodes constituting the first to eighth capacitive elements C11 to C42 does not change even when torque in a predetermined rotational direction acts, torque detection accuracy And the accuracy of determining whether or not the torque sensor is functioning normally can be improved.

  Of course, the principle shown in FIG. 32 can also be applied to a torque sensor having the four capacitive elements C11 to C22 shown in FIG. Even in this case, even if torque in a predetermined rotational direction acts, the effective opposing area of each pair of electrodes constituting the first to fourth capacitive elements C11 to C22 does not change, so that the torque detection accuracy and the torque sensor are normal. It is possible to improve the accuracy of determining whether or not it is functioning properly.

<<< §6. Modified example of detection circuit using PWM conversion circuit >>>
In the torque sensor described so far, predetermined capacitance elements are selectively connected in parallel by switching ON / OFF of the switches SW1 to SW8 at a predetermined timing, and an addition operation of the capacitance value is performed. As the switches SW1 to SW8, switches having mechanical contacts can be adopted, but an analog switch is preferably adopted from the viewpoint of downsizing the circuit board of the detection circuit.

  However, the analog switch has a parasitic capacitance at an input / output terminal, and this parasitic capacitance may be larger than the capacitance value of each capacitive element. In this case, the capacitance value cannot be accurately evaluated, and the accuracy of the torque detected by the torque sensor is reduced. Therefore, it is desirable to perform addition calculation of the capacitance value of a predetermined capacitive element using an electronic circuit instead of an analog switch. In order to convert the capacitance value of each capacitance element into an electric signal, a circuit that converts the capacitance value into a voltage (C / V converter) and a circuit that converts it into a frequency (C / f conversion) And a circuit (PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) circuit) for converting to a pulse width. Here, as an example, a method of converting a capacitance value into a pulse wave using a PWM circuit and measuring the width of the pulse wave with a counter of a microcomputer will be described with reference to FIGS. 39 to 42.

  FIG. 39 is a circuit diagram in which a PWM circuit is provided in the capacitive element, and FIG. 40 is a schematic diagram illustrating waveforms of signals output from each component of the PWM circuit of FIG.

  As shown in FIGS. 39 and 40, the PWM circuit in this circuit diagram includes a drive unit 51 that provides a rectangular drive pulse wave W1 to the capacitive element C, and a low-pass filter 52 that is connected in parallel to the capacitive element C. And an exclusive OR of the comparator 53 that converts the waveform of the wave W2 that has passed through the low-pass filter 52 into a rectangular wave W3, and the driving pulse wave W1 provided by the driving unit 51 and the rectangular wave W3 converted by the comparator 53 And a counter 55 that measures the pulse width of the pulse wave W4 after the calculation by the calculation unit 54.

  In this PWM circuit, as shown in FIG. 40, the drive pulse wave W1 that has passed through the low-pass filter 52 is dull in the waveform due to the transmission delay of the drive pulse wave W1 by the capacitive element C. This dullness has a characteristic that it increases as the capacitance value of the capacitive element C increases. For this reason, when the wave W2 that has passed through the low-pass filter 52 is converted into a rectangular wave W3 by the comparator 53, the rectangular wave W3 is compared with the driving pulse wave W1 provided by the driving unit 51 in terms of the static electricity of the capacitive element C. The wave is delayed by an amount corresponding to the capacitance value. Therefore, the capacitance value of the capacitive element C can be evaluated by measuring the pulse width of the pulse wave W4 obtained by exclusive OR of the drive pulse wave W1 and the rectangular wave W3.

  In order to employ the PWM circuit as described above in the torque sensor according to the present invention, for example, a circuit diagram shown in FIG. 41 may be configured. 41 is a circuit diagram showing an example of a PWM circuit that can be employed in the torque sensor of the present invention, and FIG. 42 is a schematic diagram showing waveforms of signals output from each component of the PWM circuit of FIG. .

  The PWM circuit shown in FIG. 41 has a configuration in which two PMW circuits shown in FIG. 39 are arranged in parallel. Therefore, common components are denoted by the same reference numerals as those in FIG. 39, and detailed description thereof is omitted. To do. On the other hand, in the PWM circuit shown in FIG. 41, unlike the PWM circuit shown in FIG. 39, the waves W2a and W2b that have passed through the low-pass filters 52a and 52b are supplied to the difference calculator 56 in addition to the comparators 53a and 53b. Entered. Then, the wave W5 output from the difference calculator 56 is shaped into a rectangular wave W6 by the comparator 53c, and the rectangular wave W6 is calculated together with the driving pulse wave W1a provided by the driving unit 51a to calculate an exclusive OR. Input to the unit 54c. The wave W7 calculated by the calculation unit 54c is input to the counter 55c, and the pulse width of the wave W7 is measured.

  In the illustrated circuit diagram, the two drive pulse waves W1a and W1b are in opposite phases. For this reason, the difference calculator 56 performs an operation “W2a−W2b”, but actually, an addition operation “W2a + W2b” is performed. That is, for example, when this PWM circuit is applied to two capacitive elements C1 and C2, a signal based on the capacitive element C1 is output from the counter 55a, and a signal based on the capacitive element C2 is output from the counter 55b. Further, the counter 55c outputs a signal of the sum (C1 + C2) of the capacitances of the two capacitive elements C1 and C2.

  In order to employ the above PWM circuit in a torque sensor of the type having the four capacitive elements C11 to C22 described in §3, for example, the four capacitive elements C11 to C22 are replaced with two capacitive elements C11 and C12 and C21, respectively. What is necessary is just to divide into two groups with C22 and to apply the said PWM circuit for every group. According to such a circuit configuration, the capacitance values “C11” and “C12” of the capacitance elements C11 and C12 and the sum “C11 + C12” of the capacitance values are obtained from the circuit including the capacitance elements C11 and C12. Can be evaluated. Similarly, the capacitance values “C21” and “C22” of the capacitance elements C21 and C22 and the sum “C21 + C22” of the capacitance values can be evaluated from the circuit including the capacitance elements C21 and C22. Using these evaluation results, the torque “T” acting on the torque sensor can be evaluated by performing the operation “(C11 + C12) − (C21 + C22)” corresponding to the above [Equation 1]. By performing the calculations “C21-C11” and “C22-C12” corresponding to the above [Equation 2], as described in detail in §0, it is evaluated whether the torque sensor is functioning normally. You can also.

  Alternatively, in order to employ the above PWM circuit for the torque sensor of the type having the eight capacitive elements C11 to C42 described in §4 and §5, the eight capacitive elements C11 to C42 are each set of two capacitive elements. The PWM circuit may be applied to each of the four groups C11 and C12, C21 and C22, C31 and C32, and C41 and C42. According to such a circuit configuration, from the circuit including the capacitive elements C11 and C12, the capacitance values “C11” and “C12” of the capacitive elements C11 and C12 and the sum “C11 + C12” of the capacitance values. Can be evaluated. Similarly, from the circuit including the capacitance elements C21 and C22, the capacitance values “C21” and “C22” of the capacitance elements C21 and C22 and the sum “C21 + C22” of the capacitance values are converted into the capacitance elements C31 and C22. From the circuit including C32, the capacitance values “C31” and “C32” of the capacitance elements C31 and C32 and the sum of capacitance values “C31 + C32” are obtained from the circuit including the capacitance elements C41 and C42. The capacitance values “C41” and “C42” of the capacitance elements C41 and C42 and the sum “C41 + C42” of the capacitance values can be evaluated.

  Using these evaluation results, the torque “acting on the torque sensor” is calculated by performing the calculation “(C11 + C12) − (C21 + C22) + (C31 + C32) − (C41 + C42)” corresponding to V13 in [Expression 7]. T can be evaluated, and the operation “(C11−C21) + (C31−C41)” corresponding to V13 in the above [Equation 8] and the operation “(C12 By performing “−C22) + (C32−C42)”, it is also possible to evaluate whether or not the torque sensor is functioning normally, as described in detail in §4.

  According to the PWM circuit described here, even if in-phase noise (indicated by broken lines in the waves W2a and W2b in FIG. 42) is mixed in the waves W2a and W2b after passing through the low-pass filters 52a and 52b, the waves As shown in the waveform of W5, the difference calculator 56 can cancel the noise, and the capacitance value can be measured with high accuracy. In FIG. 41, three counters 55a, 55b, and 55c are provided, and “C1”, “C2”, and “C1 + C1” are measured independently at the same time, but these counters 55a, 55b, and 55c are used instead. It is also possible to adopt a single microcomputer. In this case, “C1”, “C2”, and “C1 + C1” cannot be measured simultaneously, but the circuit configuration can be simplified.

<<< §7. Modified example of basic structure of torque sensor >>>
The torque sensor described so far has the basic structure in which the annular deformable body 30 is disposed between the left side support body 10 and the right side support body 20, but is not limited to such a form.

  FIG. 43 is a schematic front view showing a modification of the basic structure that can be employed in the torque sensor of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 43, the basic structure of the present modification includes an annular deformable body 30, an annular inner support 310 disposed inside the through opening H30 of the annular deformable body 30, and an annular deformable body 30. And an annular outer support 320 arranged so as to surround the outer peripheral surface. As shown, the annular deformable body 30, the inner support 310 and the outer support 320 are concentric with each other.

  43, the first and second inner connecting members 331 and 332 are provided symmetrically with respect to the origin O between the inner support 310 and the annular deformable body 30, and these first And the outer peripheral surface of the inner side support body 310 and the inner peripheral surface of the annular deformation body 30 are connected by the second inner connection members 331 and 332. Further, on the Y axis, first and second outer connecting members 341 and 342 are provided symmetrically with respect to the origin O between the annular deformable body 30 and the outer support 320, and these first and second outer members are provided. The outer peripheral surface of the annular deformable body 30 and the inner peripheral surface of the outer support 320 are connected by connecting members 341 and 342. Therefore, in the torque sensor employing the basic structure of this modification, the annular deformation body 30, the inner support body 310, and the outer support body 320 are all arranged on the XY plane. It has a thinner structure than the sensor.

  The arrangement of the fixed electrode and the displacement electrode with respect to such a basic structure will be described with reference to FIG. FIG. 44 is a diagram showing the arrangement of fixed electrodes and displacement electrodes when the capacitive element is configured between the annular deformable body 30 and the inner support 310.

  In FIG. 44, eight capacitive elements (first to eighth capacitive elements) are provided in the basic structure portion. Specifically, for convenience of explanation, if the V axis and the W axis that pass through the origin O and form 45 ° with respect to the X axis and the Y axis are defined on the XY plane, The first and second displacement electrodes E31 and E32 are arranged symmetrically with respect to the V axis in the vicinity of the positive V axis, and the third and fourth displacement electrodes E33 and E34 are related to the W axis in the vicinity of the positive W axis. The fifth and sixth displacement electrodes E35 and E36 are arranged symmetrically in the vicinity of the negative V axis, and are arranged symmetrically with respect to the V axis, and the seventh and eighth displacement electrodes are arranged in the vicinity of the negative W axis. E37 and E38 are arranged symmetrically with respect to the W axis.

  On the outer peripheral surface of the inner support 310, the first fixed electrode E21 is disposed at a position facing the first displacement electrode E31, and the second fixed electrode E22 is disposed at a position facing the second displacement electrode E32. The third fixed electrode E23 is arranged at a position facing the third displacement electrode E33, the fourth fixed electrode E24 is arranged at a position facing the fourth displacement electrode E34, and the fifth displacement electrode The fifth fixed electrode E25 is disposed at a position facing the E35, the sixth fixed electrode E26 is disposed at a position facing the sixth displacement electrode E36, and the seventh fixed electrode E37 is disposed at a position facing the seventh displacement electrode E37. The fixed electrode E27 is disposed, and the eighth fixed electrode E28 is disposed at a position facing the eighth displacement electrode E38. In other words, the first and second fixed electrodes E21 and E22 are arranged symmetrically with respect to the V axis near the positive V axis on the outer peripheral surface of the inner support 310, and the first and second fixed electrodes E21 and E22 are arranged near the positive W axis. The third and fourth fixed electrodes E23 and E24 are arranged symmetrically with respect to the W axis, and the fifth and sixth fixed electrodes E25 and E26 are arranged symmetrically with respect to the V axis in the vicinity of the negative V axis. In the vicinity of the negative W axis, the seventh and eighth fixed electrodes E27 and E28 are arranged symmetrically with respect to the W axis.

  Since the torque sensor having such a configuration provides the same function as the torque sensor already described with reference to FIGS. 24 to 31, detailed description thereof is omitted. Of course, although not shown, each capacitive element may be configured between the annular deformation body 30 and the outer support 320. That is, the first to eighth displacement electrodes E31 to E38 may be disposed on the outer peripheral surface of the annular deformable body 30, and the first to eighth fixed electrodes E21 to E22 may be disposed on the inner peripheral surface of the outer support 320. . In this case, each electrode is preferably arranged symmetrically with respect to the V-axis or the W-axis as in the above-described modification.

  Only the first to fourth capacitive elements may be arranged, and the operation of such a torque sensor is the same as that of the torque sensor shown in FIGS. Also in this case, each capacitive element may be provided between the annular deformable body 30 and the inner support 310, or may be provided between the annular deformable body 30 and the outer support 320.

  Here, the case where both the inner support 310 and the outer support 320 are annular is illustrated, but the present invention is not limited to such a form, and torque is transmitted to the annular deformable body 30. However, other forms such as a rod shape or a semicircular shape may be used.

  Alternatively, as another modification, the structure shown in FIG. 10 and the structure shown in FIG. 44 can be combined. That is, although not shown, as an example of such a structure, the outer support 320 and the annular deformable body 30 shown in FIG. 44 are connected via the first and second outer connecting members 341 and 342, and A structure in which the annular deformable body 30 is connected to the right support 20 in FIG. Of course, the inner support 310 can be used instead of the outer support 320, and the left support 10 can be used instead of the right support 20.

<<< §8. Modified example of arrangement of fixed electrode and displacement electrode >>
In the torque sensor according to the embodiment and the modification as described above, each pair of capacitive elements is symmetrical with respect to the V axis or the W axis in the circumferential direction of the annular deformation body 30, the inner support body 310, or the outer support body 320. Are arranged adjacent to each other. On the other hand, the pair of capacitive elements may be arranged adjacently along the Z-axis direction so that the orthogonal projection images projected onto the XY plane overlap on the V-axis or the W-axis.

  FIG. 45 is a diagram showing a state in which a pair of fixed electrodes E21 and E22 are arranged adjacent to each other along the Z-axis direction. Of course, the arrangement shown in FIG. 45 is not limited to the pair of fixed electrodes E21 and E22, but can also be adopted for the pair of fixed electrodes E23 and E24, the pair of fixed electrodes E25 and E26, and the pair of fixed electrodes E27 and E28. The pair of displacement electrodes E31 and E32, the pair of displacement electrodes E33 and E34, the pair of displacement electrodes E35 and E36, and the pair of displacement electrodes E37 and E38 can also be employed. Such an arrangement of electrodes also provides the same function as the torque sensor already described with reference to FIGS. Of course, this electrode arrangement can be employed in a torque sensor (see FIGS. 22 and 23) having only four capacitive elements, and can also be employed in the modification of the basic structure described in §7.

Claims (28)

A torque sensor for detecting torque about the Z axis in an XYZ three-dimensional coordinate system,
An annular deformed body made of a material that is elastically deformed by the action of torque to be detected, and having a through opening through which the Z axis is inserted;
A first support body connected to the annular deformation body at two first portions where the annular deformation body intersects the XZ plane;
The second deformable body is connected to the annular deformable body at two second portions including the Z axis and intersecting a plane different from the XZ plane, and is rotatable about the Z axis with respect to the first support body. When,
A displacement electrode disposed on an inner peripheral surface or an outer peripheral surface of the annular deformable body and causing displacement due to elastic deformation of the annular deformable body;
A fixed electrode disposed at a position facing the displacement electrode in the first support;
Based on the amount of change in the capacitance value of the capacitive element constituted by the displacement electrode and the fixed electrode, it acted on the other in a state where one of the first support and the second support was loaded. A detection circuit that outputs an electrical signal indicating torque about the Z axis;
With
The capacitive element includes a first capacitive element and a second capacitive element arranged in a first portion where a separation distance between the annular deformable body and the first support body decreases when a torque around the Z-axis is applied. A third capacitive element and a fourth capacitive element disposed in a second portion in which a separation distance between the annular deformable body and the first support body increases,
The detection circuit includes:
“The sum of the capacitance value of the first capacitance element and the capacitance value of the second capacitance element”, “the capacitance value of the third capacitance element, and the static value of the fourth capacitance element” The first electric signal corresponding to the difference between the “capacitance value” and the “difference between the capacitance value of the first capacitance element and the capacitance value of the third capacitance element”. A corresponding second electrical signal and at least one of a third electrical signal corresponding to "the difference between the capacitance value of the second capacitance element and the capacitance value of the fourth capacitance element"; Is output as an electric signal indicating the applied torque,
A torque sensor that determines whether or not the torque sensor is functioning normally based on the first electric signal and the second electric signal or the third electric signal. The displacement electrode is disposed at a position corresponding to the first displacement electrode and the second displacement electrode disposed at a position corresponding to the first portion, and a position corresponding to the second portion, among the portions of the annular deformable body. A third displacement electrode and a fourth displacement electrode;
The fixed electrode is opposed to the first fixed electrode disposed at a position facing the first displacement electrode, the second fixed electrode disposed at a position opposed to the second displacement electrode, and the third displacement electrode. And a third fixed electrode disposed at a position facing the fourth displacement electrode, and a fourth fixed electrode disposed at a position facing the fourth displacement electrode.
The first capacitive element is configured by the first displacement electrode and the first fixed electrode,
The second capacitive element is constituted by the second displacement electrode and the second fixed electrode,
The third capacitive element is constituted by the third displacement electrode and the third fixed electrode,
2. The torque sensor according to claim 1, wherein the fourth capacitive element includes the fourth displacement electrode and the fourth fixed electrode. At least two of the first to fourth displacement electrodes are configured by a common electrode, or at least two of the first to fourth fixed electrodes are configured by a common electrode. The torque sensor according to claim 2. The first support is disposed on one side of the Z-axis of the annular deformation body,
The second support is disposed on the other side of the Z-axis of the annular deformation body,
The two first portions of the annular deformation body are connected to the first support through a first connection member,
4. The torque sensor according to claim 1, wherein the two second portions of the annular deformable body are connected to the second support body via a second connection member. 5. The first support is disposed inside the inner peripheral surface of the annular deformation body,
The second support is disposed outside the outer peripheral surface of the annular deformation body,
The two first portions of the annular deformation body are connected to the first support through a first connection member,
4. The torque sensor according to claim 1, wherein the two second portions of the annular deformable body are connected to the second support body via a second connection member. 5. The first support is disposed on the inner side or the outer side of the inner peripheral surface of the annular deformation body,
The second support is disposed on one side of the Z-axis of the annular deformation body,
The two first portions of the annular deformation body are connected to the first support through a first connection member,
4. The torque sensor according to claim 1, wherein the two second portions of the annular deformable body are connected to the second support body via a second connection member. 5. The first support is disposed on one side of the Z-axis of the annular deformation body,
The second support is arranged on the inner side of the annular deformable body or on the outer side of the outer peripheral surface,
The two first portions of the annular deformation body are connected to the first support through a first connection member,
4. The torque sensor according to claim 1, wherein the two second portions of the annular deformable body are connected to the second support body via a second connection member. 5. The torque sensor according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the applied torque is measured based on the first electric signal. The detection circuit determines whether the difference between the torque based on the first electrical signal and the torque based on the second electrical signal or the third electrical signal is within a predetermined range. 9. The torque sensor according to claim 1, wherein it is determined whether or not the torque sensor is functioning normally. The detection circuit includes:
Outputting both the second electric signal and the third electric signal as electric signals indicating the applied torque;
“At least one of the difference between the torque based on the first electrical signal and the torque based on the second electrical signal, and the difference between the torque based on the first electrical signal and the torque based on the third electrical signal”, In addition, by determining whether the “difference between the torque based on the second electrical signal and the torque based on the third electrical signal” is within a predetermined range, the torque sensor functions normally. The torque sensor according to claim 1, wherein it is determined whether or not the torque sensor is present. As a result of the torque around the Z-axis, even when the relative position of the displacement electrode changes with respect to the fixed electrode, the effective facing area of each pair of electrodes constituting the first to fourth capacitive elements does not change. The area of one of the first fixed electrode and the first displacement electrode is set larger than the area of the other, and the area of one of the second fixed electrode and the second displacement electrode is set to the other area. And the area of one of the third fixed electrode and the third displacement electrode is set larger than the other area, and the area of one of the fourth fixed electrode and the fourth displacement electrode The torque sensor according to claim 2 or 3, wherein is set larger than the other area. The torque sensor according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the second support body is connected to the annular deformation body in two regions where the annular deformation body intersects with the YZ plane. When the V axis and the W axis that pass through the origin O and form 45 ° with respect to the X axis and the Y axis are defined on the XY plane, when viewed from the Z axis direction, the first capacitor element and the second capacitor element Is arranged symmetrically with respect to the V-axis in the vicinity of the V-axis, and the third capacitive element and the fourth capacitive element are symmetrically arranged with respect to the W-axis in the vicinity of the W-axis. The torque sensor according to claim 12. On the XY plane, when the V axis and the W axis that pass through the origin O and form 45 ° with respect to the X axis and the Y axis are defined, the first capacitive element and the second capacitive element The orthogonal projection images on the XY plane overlap each other along the axial direction, and the third capacitive element and the fourth capacitive element are juxtaposed along the Z-axis direction in the vicinity of the W axis, and the XY plane The torque sensor according to claim 12, wherein an orthogonal projection projection image on the W overlaps with the W axis. A torque sensor for detecting torque about the Z axis in an XYZ three-dimensional coordinate system,
An annular deformed body made of a material that is elastically deformed by the action of torque to be detected, and having a through opening through which the Z axis is inserted;
A first support body connected to the annular deformation body at two first portions where the annular deformation body intersects the XZ plane;
The second deformable body is connected to the annular deformable body at two second portions including the Z axis and intersecting a plane different from the XZ plane, and is rotatable about the Z axis with respect to the first support body. When,
A displacement electrode disposed on an inner peripheral surface or an outer peripheral surface of the annular deformable body and causing displacement due to elastic deformation of the annular deformable body;
A fixed electrode disposed at a position facing the displacement electrode in the first support;
Based on the amount of change in the capacitance value of the capacitive element constituted by the displacement electrode and the fixed electrode, it acted on the other in a state where one of the first support and the second support was loaded. A detection circuit that outputs an electrical signal indicating torque about the Z axis;
With
The capacitive element includes a first capacitive element and a second capacitive element arranged in a first portion where a separation distance between the annular deformable body and the first support body decreases when a torque around the Z-axis is applied. The third capacitive element and the fourth capacitive element disposed in the second portion where the separation distance between the annular deformation body and the first support body decreases, and the separation distance between the annular deformation body and the first support body. A fifth capacitive element and a sixth capacitive element arranged in the third portion where the increase in the distance, and a seventh capacitive element arranged in the fourth portion where the separation distance between the annular deformation body and the first support body increases, and An eighth capacitive element,
The detection circuit includes:
“The capacitance value of the first capacitance element, the capacitance value of the second capacitance element, the capacitance value of the fifth capacitance element, and the capacitance value of the sixth capacitance element. , “Capacitance value of the third capacitance element, capacitance value of the fourth capacitance element, capacitance value of the seventh capacitance element, and capacitance of the eighth capacitance element” A first electric signal corresponding to a difference between the first and second capacitance values, a sum of a capacitance value of the first capacitance element and a capacitance value of the fifth capacitance element, and A second electric signal corresponding to a difference between a capacitance value of the third capacitance element and a capacitance value of the seventh capacitance element; "The sum of the capacitance value and the capacitance value of the sixth capacitance element", and "the sum of the capacitance value of the fourth capacitance element and the capacitance value of the eighth capacitance element". The number corresponding to the difference between And it outputs an electric signal indicating the electrical signal, at least one, the torque acting,
A torque sensor that determines whether or not the torque sensor is functioning normally based on the first electric signal and the second electric signal or the third electric signal. The displacement electrode is disposed at a position corresponding to the first displacement electrode and the second displacement electrode disposed at a position corresponding to the first portion, and a position corresponding to the second portion, among the portions of the annular deformable body. A third displacement electrode and a fourth displacement electrode; a fifth displacement electrode and a sixth displacement electrode disposed at a position corresponding to the third portion; and a seventh displacement electrode disposed at a position corresponding to the fourth portion. And an eighth displacement electrode,
The fixed electrode is opposed to the first fixed electrode disposed at a position facing the first displacement electrode, the second fixed electrode disposed at a position opposed to the second displacement electrode, and the third displacement electrode. A third fixed electrode disposed at a position facing the fourth displacement electrode, a fourth fixed electrode disposed at a position facing the fourth displacement electrode, a fifth fixed electrode disposed at a position facing the fifth displacement electrode, A sixth fixed electrode disposed at a position facing the sixth displacement electrode; a seventh fixed electrode disposed at a position facing the seventh displacement electrode; and a position opposed to the eighth displacement electrode. And an eighth fixed electrode,
The first capacitive element is configured by the first displacement electrode and the first fixed electrode,
The second capacitive element is constituted by the second displacement electrode and the second fixed electrode,
The third capacitive element is constituted by the third displacement electrode and the third fixed electrode,
The fourth capacitive element is configured by the fourth displacement electrode and the fourth fixed electrode,
The fifth capacitive element is configured by the fifth displacement electrode and the fifth fixed electrode,
The sixth capacitive element is constituted by the sixth displacement electrode and the sixth fixed electrode,
The seventh capacitive element is configured by the seventh displacement electrode and the seventh fixed electrode,
16. The torque sensor according to claim 15, wherein the eighth capacitive element is configured by the eighth displacement electrode and the eighth fixed electrode. At least two of the first to eighth displacement electrodes are configured by a common electrode, or at least two of the first to eighth fixed electrodes are configured by a common electrode. The torque sensor according to claim 16. The first support is disposed on one side of the Z-axis of the annular deformation body,
The second support is disposed on the other side of the Z-axis of the annular deformation body,
The two first portions of the annular deformation body are connected to the first support through a first connection member,
The torque sensor according to any one of claims 15 to 17, wherein the two second portions of the annular deformable body are connected to the second support body via a second connection member. The first support is disposed inside the inner peripheral surface of the annular deformation body,
The second support is disposed outside the outer peripheral surface of the annular deformation body,
The two first portions of the annular deformation body are connected to the first support through a first connection member,
The torque sensor according to any one of claims 15 to 17, wherein the two second portions of the annular deformable body are connected to the second support body via a second connection member. The first support is disposed on the inner side or the outer side of the inner peripheral surface of the annular deformation body,
The second support is disposed on one side of the Z-axis of the annular deformation body,
The two first portions of the annular deformation body are connected to the first support through a first connection member,
The torque sensor according to any one of claims 15 to 17, wherein the two second portions of the annular deformable body are connected to the second support body via a second connection member. The first support is disposed on one side of the Z-axis of the annular deformation body,
The second support is arranged on the inner side of the annular deformable body or on the outer side of the outer peripheral surface,
The two first portions of the annular deformation body are connected to the first support through a first connection member,
The torque sensor according to any one of claims 15 to 17, wherein the two second portions of the annular deformable body are connected to the second support body via a second connection member. The torque sensor according to any one of claims 15 to 21, wherein the applied torque is measured based on the first electric signal. The detection circuit determines whether the difference between the torque based on the first electrical signal and the torque based on the second electrical signal or the third electrical signal is within a predetermined range. The torque sensor according to any one of claims 15 to 22, wherein it is determined whether or not the torque sensor is functioning normally. The detection circuit includes:
Outputting both the second electric signal and the third electric signal as electric signals indicating the applied torque;
“At least one of the difference between the torque based on the first electrical signal and the torque based on the second electrical signal, and the difference between the torque based on the first electrical signal and the torque based on the third electrical signal”, Further, by determining whether or not “the difference between the torque based on the second electrical signal and the torque based on the third electrical signal” is within a predetermined range, the torque sensor functions normally. The torque sensor according to any one of claims 15 to 22, wherein it is determined whether or not it is present. Even when the relative position of the displacement electrode with respect to the fixed electrode changes as a result of the torque around the Z axis acting, the effective facing area of each pair of electrodes constituting the first to eighth capacitive elements does not change. The area of one of the first fixed electrode and the first displacement electrode is set larger than the area of the other, and the area of one of the second fixed electrode and the second displacement electrode is set to the other area. And the area of one of the third fixed electrode and the third displacement electrode is set larger than the other area, and the area of one of the fourth fixed electrode and the fourth displacement electrode Is set larger than the other area, one area of the fifth fixed electrode and the fifth displacement electrode is set larger than the other area, and the area of the sixth fixed electrode and the sixth displacement electrode is set. One area of the other A larger area than one of the seventh fixed electrode and the seventh displacement electrode, and an area of one of the seventh fixed electrode and the seventh displacement electrode is set larger than the other area. The torque sensor according to claim 16 or 17, wherein the area is set larger than the other area. The torque sensor according to any one of claims 15 to 25, wherein the second support body is connected to the annular deformation body in two regions where the annular deformation body intersects the YZ plane. When the V-axis and the W-axis having a direction passing through the origin O and forming an angle of 45 ° with respect to the X-axis and the Y-axis are defined on the XY plane, when viewed from the Z-axis direction, The second capacitive element is disposed symmetrically with respect to the V-axis in the vicinity of the positive V-axis, and the third capacitive element and the fourth capacitive element are disposed symmetrically with respect to the W-axis in the vicinity of the positive W-axis, The fifth capacitive element and the sixth capacitive element are arranged symmetrically with respect to the V axis in the vicinity of the negative V axis, and the seventh capacitive element and the eighth capacitive element are symmetrical with respect to the W axis in the vicinity of the negative W axis. 27. The torque sensor according to claim 26, wherein the torque sensor is arranged in a mechanical manner. When the V-axis and the W-axis are defined on the XY plane that pass through the origin O and have a direction of 45 ° with respect to the X-axis and the Y-axis, the first capacitor element and the second capacitor element are positive Near the V-axis, along the Z-axis direction, the orthogonal projection image onto the XY plane overlaps with the positive V-axis, and the third capacitor element and the fourth capacitor element are in the vicinity of the positive W-axis. And the orthogonal projection projection image on the XY plane overlaps the positive W axis, and the fifth capacitive element and the sixth capacitive element are in the Z axis direction near the negative V axis. , The orthographic projection image on the XY plane overlaps the negative V axis, and the seventh capacitive element and the eighth capacitive element are juxtaposed along the Z axis direction in the vicinity of the negative W axis. 27. The torque sensor according to claim 26, wherein the orthogonal projection projection image onto the XY plane overlaps the negative W axis. .

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