JP2016523076A - 癌の将来の発生についての早期マーカーならびに癌の治療および予防のための標的としてのTTV miRNA配列 - Google Patents
癌の将来の発生についての早期マーカーならびに癌の治療および予防のための標的としてのTTV miRNA配列 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
材料および方法
(A)細胞培養およびトランスフェクション
HEK293TT細胞を10%のFBS、1%のGlutamaxおよび1%のNGAAが補給されたダルベッコの改変イーグル培地(DMEM、Sigma社)中で培養した[76]。細胞は、播種24時間後に、50%のコンフルエントになった時点でトランスフェクトした(T−75フラスコについては7,000,000個および6ウエルプレートについては800,000個/ウエル)。トランスフェクションは、Lipofectamine and Plus試薬(Life Technologies社、製品番号11514および18324)を製造業者の取扱説明書にしたがって実施した。
TTV−HD14a NCRは、プライマーTT−ON9およびTT−ON10(表4)を使用し、鋳型としてpCDNA3.1(+)−TTV−HD14a(線形化しXbaI部位にクローニングした全長TTV−HD14aを含有するプラスミド)を使用してPCR増幅させた。PCR産物は1%アガロースゲル上でランし、DNAは臭化エチジウムを使用して染色した。予測されたサイズ(約1,200bp)に対応するバンドを切断し、引き続いてQIAEXIIゲル抽出キット(QIAGEN社)を使用してアガロースから抽出した。4μgのpCDNA3.1(+)(Life technologies社)はKpnIを使用して切断し、FastAP(Thermo scientific社)を使用して脱リン酸化した。PCR産物は同一手順を使用して切断したが、脱リン酸化はしなかった。切断プラスミド及びPCR産物はQIAEXIIゲル抽出キットを使用することにより精製した。
細胞は、トランスフェクションの48〜72時間後に採取した。細胞はQiaShreder(Qiagen社)を製造業者の取扱説明書にしたがって使用してホモジナイズした。次に溶解物は、製造業者の取扱説明書にしたがって、RNAの目的(miRNAノーザンブロットもしくはRT−qPCRのため)に応じてmiRNAeasyミニキットもしくはRNAeasyミニキット(Qiagen社)を使用してRNA抽出に供した。
特注DNAオリゴをSigma社に注文した(表4)。プローブは3’ビオチン標識した。10pmoleの各プローブは、4Uの末端デオキシヌクレオチド転換酵素(TdT)および2.5ナノモルのビオチン−11−dUTP(Thermo Scientific社)と1×TdTバッファー中でインキュベートした。プローブをイソアミルアルコール−クロロホルム抽出に供し、全量をその後のハイブリダイゼーションのために使用した。
1サンプル当たり30〜50μgの全RNAは、MiniProtean細胞(Bio−Rad社)を使用して、7M尿素中に流し込み、1×TBEを用いて緩衝した15%ポリアクリルアミド(29:1)ゲルを使用する電気泳動法により分離した。電気泳動バッファーは、0.5×TBEであった。ゲルはEtBrを用いて染色した。
1μgのRNAを使用してsuperscript IIIおよびRnaseOUT(Life technologies社)を製造業者の取扱説明書にしたがって使用してcDNAを作成した。cDNAは1:10で希釈した。qPCRはTaqman高速マスターミックスおよびTaqman発現アッセイをqPCR machine StepOne plus(Applied Biosystems社)中で用いて実施した。
V−mirを配列タイプが環状に変化するデフォルト構成に設定した。CID−miRNAは、ホモサピエンスについてのデフォルトラン構成を使用してウェブベースツール上でランした。Mature Bayesをウェブベースツール上でランした。
DIANA microT 3.0は、ウェブベースツール上でランした(このプログラムについての選択肢は与えられない)。RNAハイブリッドは、miRNAのヌクレオチド2〜8のコンストレインツヌクレオチドコンフィギュレーション(constraint nucleotide configuration)を使用してランした。G:U対が許容された。
miRNAの予測
TTVの非コーディング領域(NCR)がプロモーター活性を超える可能性のある機能についての問題を解決するために、本発明者らは、それが、例えばmiRNAなどの非コーディングRNAもまた生成するという考えを抱いた。このため、本発明者らは、利用可能なmiRNA予測アルゴリズムを使用し、それを用いて一部のTTVのNCR内において幾つかの候補pre−miRNAを同定した。本発明者らは、そのようなアルゴリズムの内の二つ、CID−miRNA[34]およびVmir[35−36]を使用するのに選択した。第一のものは高特異性であるために選択し、第二のものはより高い感受性を備えるために選択した。pre−miRNA構造を一つの候補として見なすために、本発明者らは、V−mirプログラムについては125を超えるカットオフ値を備える両方のプログラムによって予測しなければならない、およびウイルスのNCR内に所在しなければならないという基準を使用した。フィルタリング後、センス方向にある二つおよびアンチセンス方向にある二つの計四つのpre−miRNA候補(表1および図1B)だけを推定pre−miRNAであると見なし、詳細に評価した。
TTV−HD14aは、そのNCR内でコードされた四つの前駆体miRNAを転写させられる
予測pre−miRNAsがプロセシング(process)されるかどうかという問題を解決するために、TTV−HD14aのNCRをCMVプロモーターの下流にセンスもしくはアンチセンス方向にスカフォールドとしてプラスミドpCDNA3.1(+)−zeoを使用してクローニングした(図2A)。本発明者らは次に、HEK293TT細胞をこれらのプラスミドでトランスフェクトし、各推定pre−miRNAの3’もしくは5’アームに対して特異的プローブを用いてノーザンブロットハイブリダイゼーションを実施した(表4)(図2B−E)。本発明者らは、TTV−HD14a−mir−2およびTTV−HD14a−ASmir−2の3’および5’アームに対して向けられたプローブを用いてpre−miRNAについての予測サイズにマッチするバンドを明白に検出することができた。さらに、本発明者らは、TTV−HD14a−mir−2の5’アーム内の成熟miRNAについての予測サイズにマッチする転写産物を検出することができた。他方、本発明者らは、TTV−HD14a−mir−lおよびTTV−HD14a−ASmir−1の3’アーム単独に対して向けられたプローブを用いて予測サイズにマッチする転写産物を検出することができた。
標的の予測
miRNAの主要な特徴は転写後性に遺伝子発現をダウンレギュレートすることであるのは周知である。さらに、この作用はmiRNAの成熟形によって誘発されるがそれらの前駆体によっては誘発されないことも公知である。本発明者らは、pre−miRNAの三つについては成熟miRNAを全く見ることができなかったが、本発明者らはこれの理由はそれらの非存在よりむしろこれらのmiRNAの低い発現レベルである可能性があると考えている。どんな場合でも、正確な予測を実施するために成熟miRNAの配列を同定することが必要であるが、これはmiRNA−seqとは異なる実験方法によって決定するのが困難である。この問題を克服するために、本発明者らは、コンピューター上で成熟miRNA予測因子Mature Bayesを使用することを決定した[37]。このプログラムは、pre−miRNA配列から成熟miRNAを予測する。全部の予測miRNA前駆体を用いてそれを実施した(表2)後、本発明者らは、DIANA−microT−3.0[38−39]を使用して可能性のある標的を予測した。本発明者らは、それらの配列における変動性にも関わらず、推定TTV成熟miRNAが共通して一部の標的を有しているはずであると理由付けした。そこで、予測を実施した後、本発明者らは、様々なTTV株間で結果を比較し、TTV−HD14aに属する一部のmiRNA、および少なくとも二つ以上のTTV株について予測された標的を優れた候補であると見なした。候補標的は、表3に列挙した。
APCはpCDNA3.1(+)−TTVHD14a−NCR−センスでのトランスフェクション後にダウンレギュレートされる
TTV−HD14a miRNAにより媒介される可能性のあるAPCダウンレギュレーションをチェックするために、本発明者らはmiRNAをコードする構築物、全長TTV−HD14aウイルスを用いてHEK293TT細胞を一過性でトランスフェクトし、またはそれらを偽トランスフェクトし、その後にRT−qPCRを実施した(図3のE+F)。miRNA自体による、ならびに全長ゲノム(miRNAをコードする)によるAPCダウンレギュレーションは、偽トランスフェクションに比較して有意である。
TTV miRNAによるGAPDHのアップレギュレーション
四つの成熟miRNA(TTV−HD14a−mir−1−5p、TTV−HD14a−mir−1−3p、TTV−HD14a−mir−2−5pおよびTTV−HD14a−mir−2−3p)を生成することが意図されるpCDNA3.1(+)−TTV−HD14a−NCZ−センスでのトランスフェクション後、本発明者らは、GAPDH転写産物の統計的有意な増加を観察することができる。
マイクロアレイ分析は、TTV−HD14a miRNA誘導性変化の状況を解明する
二つの異なる構築物での細胞のトランスフェクション72時間後、全長TTV HD14aゲノムもしくはエンプティプラスミドRNAを単離し、マイクロアレイ分析を実施した。表5は、構築物および全長ウイルスでのトランスフェクション間で一貫して脱調節された全遺伝子を含んでいる。
癌に関連するTTV miRNAについてのTCGAのスクリーニング
TCGA(癌ゲノムアトラス:The Cancer Genome Atlas)はNIH主導の事業体である。この収蔵場所内に保管されたデータは、患者から抽出された癌および正常組織からのシークエンシングデータセットからなる。この関連で、この分析により抽出されたデータは、患者の腫瘍に直接的に由来するので、「インビボ」と見なすことができる。TTV miRNAと癌との関係を確立する努力において、TCGA事業体からの結腸腺癌、肺腺癌、乳癌および肝細胞癌についてのスモールRNAシークエンシングデータを、NCBIデータベース+本発明者らの研究所からの数個の新規に同定されたTTVを含む全ての全長TTVゲノムに対してマッピングした。アーチファクトを除外するために、考慮に入れたmiRNAは下記に適合していた。TTVゲノムへ2以下のミスマッチを備えるマッピングおよびpre−miRNAの特徴的なヘアピン構造を獲得するためにRNAが予測される領域内のマッピング(表7)。
TTV miRNAによるWnt活性化
APCは、古典的(canonical)Wnt経路をダウンレギュレートすることによって腫瘍抑制活性を発揮するが、このタンパク質についての他の推定上の役割が示唆されてきた。この作用は、「分解複合体(destruction complex)」への関与によって媒介される。分解複合体は、特にAPC、AXINおよびGSK3−βによって形成される。この複合体はβ−カテニンをリン酸化し、プロテアソームによるユビキチン化および分解を可能にする。分解複合体のタンパク質の何れかの非存在下では、その機能は損なわれる。最終成果は、その後に転写因子TCF4もしくはLEF1とともにその標的遺伝子の転写を活性化する場所である核内に転座させることのできるβ−カテニンの細胞質の蓄積である。この経路が数種の悪性腫瘍ならびに他の疾患においてアップレギュレートされることは明確に証明されている。結果として、本発明者らは、APCのダウンレギュレーションはWnt経路の活性化をもたらすことができると考えた。これを調査するために、遺伝子レポーターアプローチを使用した。HEK293TT細胞はTTV−HD14a miRNAをコードするプラスミド、TTV−HD14a完全ゲノムでトランスフェクトし、または、偽トランスフェクトし、このとき、最小プロモーターおよびTCF4/β−カテニン複合体についての七つの結合部位の制御下でホタル(Firefly)ルシフェラーゼをコードするプラスミド(TOPFLASHプラスミド)と一緒にトランスフェクトした。さらに、CMVプロモーターの制御下でのウミシイタケ(Renilla)ルシフェラーゼを正規化目的に使用した。wnt経路のアップレギュレーションは偽トランスフェクト細胞に比較してセンス−miRNAをコードするプラスミドまたはTTV−HD14aウイルスを備える細胞を生じさせた(図5)。
上記の結果は、TTV感染についての診断方法としての実験的所見の重要性を強調しており、TTV miRNAを癌の予防、治療もしくは再発についての前途有望な標的であると同定している。
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Claims (10)
- (a)表1、2Aもしくは2Bに図示したヌクレオチド配列、
(b)(a)のヌクレオチド配列と少なくとも60%の同一性を有し、各々ヌクレオチド配列CATCCYY(YはCもしくはTである)またはCAUCCYY(YはCもしくはUである)を含有するヌクレオチド配列、
(c)(a)もしくは(b)のヌクレオチド配列フラグメントであって、各々ヌクレオチド配列CATCCYY(YはCもしくはTである)またはCAUCCYY(YはCもしくはUである)を含有するフラグメント、または、
(d)ヌクレオチド配列(a)、(b)もしくは(c)に相補的であるヌクレオチド配列を含むTTVポリ核酸。 - 請求項1に記載のTTVポリ核酸の一部を含み、各々ヌクレオチド配列CATCCYY(YはCもしくはTである)またはCAUCCYY(YはCもしくはUである)を含有するオリゴヌクレオチドプライマーであって、請求項1に記載のヌクレオチド配列を含有する所定のTTV単離体の核酸を特異的にシークエンシングする、または特異的に増幅させるためのプライマーとして作用できるオリゴヌクレオチドプライマー。
- 請求項1に記載のTTVポリ核酸を含むオリゴヌクレオチドプローブであって、請求項1に記載のヌクレオチド配列を含有する所定のTTV単離体の核酸を特異的に検出するためのハイブリダイゼーションプローブとして作用できるオリゴヌクレオチドプローブ。
- 表4に記載のヌクレオチド配列を有する請求項2または3に記載のオリゴヌクレオチドプライマーまたはオリゴヌクレオチドプローブ。
- 請求項1に記載のTTVポリ核酸、請求項2もしくは4に記載のオリゴヌクレオチドプライマー、または、請求項3もしくは4に記載のオリゴヌクレオチドプローブを含有するベクター。
- 請求項5に記載のベクターでトランスフェクトされた宿主細胞。
- 請求項1に記載のTTVポリ核酸、請求項2もしくは3に記載のオリゴヌクレオチドプライマー、または、請求項3もしくは4に記載のオリゴヌクレオチドプローブを含有する診断キット。
- 請求項1に記載のTTVポリ核酸、請求項2もしくは3に記載のオリゴヌクレオチドプライマー、または、請求項3もしくは4に記載のオリゴヌクレオチドプローブの癌の将来の発生についての早期マーカーとしての使用。
- 癌は、結腸直腸癌である請求項8に記載の使用。
- 癌を予防または治療するための医薬品を開発するための主要成分としての、請求項1に記載のTTVポリ核酸の使用。
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