JP2016192917A - Ruminant feed - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide feed high in nutritive value and feed efficiency, which does not cause rumen acidosis by using inexpensive lumber as raw material.SOLUTION: Ruminant feed is given including chemical pulp manufactured from wood chips with bark.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

  The present invention relates to ruminant feed.

  In general, in the pastoral field, concentrated feed with high nutritional value is often used together with roughage such as pasture for the purpose of increasing the milk yield and weight gain of livestock.

  Concentrated feed contains a lot of easily digestible carbohydrates such as corn (starch, etc.), while rough feed is hay that has dried grass (hay, straw), fermented grass that has been green-cut (silaged), etc. Mainly.

  Ruminants can ingest and digest roughage because they have lumens (ruminals). Rumen occupies the largest volume of the rumen's multiple stomachs and contains abundant microorganisms (lumen microorganisms) that can degrade (rumen fermentation) indigestible polysaccharides such as cellulose and hemicellulose in roughage. It is.

  However, cellulose and hemicellulose in roughage often bind to lignins and exist as lignin-cellulose complexes and lignin-hemicellulose complexes, respectively. Such a complex may not be sufficiently decomposed in rumen fermentation, and the rough feed has a problem that feed efficiency tends to be insufficient. Moreover, since an increase in the amount of undigested materials causes an increase in the amount of feces, it has been considered undesirable from an environmental point of view.

  In addition, pastures may contain large amounts of nitrate nitrogen, and ruminants that ingest them may become nitrite poisoning. Nitrite poisoning occurs because nitrous acid produced in the body from nitrate nitrogen of ingested grass combines with hemoglobin in the blood carrying oxygen, and hemoglobin does not accept oxygen. Nitrite poisoning can lead to suffocation in severe cases and ruminant animals to die suddenly, and in the case of dairy cattle, can cause symptoms such as reduced milk yield.

  Furthermore, roughage is easily affected by the yield and pattern of pasture and its supply is unstable. Especially in Japan, because most of the roughage is imported, price fluctuations are generally large, and it may be difficult to import due to various circumstances in the exporting country, which may put pressure on ranch management.

  Therefore, there is a demand for ruminant feed that can replace grass and has excellent feed efficiency, does not cause diseases such as nitrite poisoning, and is inexpensive and stably available.

  Here, in order to increase the nutrient concentration in the feed, it is generally performed to mix a concentrated feed containing a large amount of easily digestible carbohydrates (starch) into the rough feed. In order to maintain the milk yield of dairy livestock or to maintain the increase in meat livestock, it is necessary to increase the feed intake, but the energy demands associated with the increase in milk yield and physique increase. This is because the rate of increase exceeds the rate of increase in the amount of ingested feed. However, carbohydrates such as starch in concentrated feeds can drastically lower the rumen pH, resulting in the occurrence of rumen acidosis. Rumen acidosis is a ruminant disease caused by the rapid consumption of carbohydrate-rich grains, concentrates, fruits, and the like. In rumen acidosis, gram-positive lactic acid producing bacteria, particularly Streptococcus bovis and Lactobacillus genus microorganisms increase in the lumen, resulting in abnormal accumulation of lactic acid or volatile fatty acid (VFA), and the pH in the lumen ( 5 or less). The result is a decrease or disappearance of protozoa and certain bacteria in the lumen. In particular, acute acidosis is extremely dangerous because it causes rumen congestion and dehydration (a large amount of body fluid moves into the stomach as the gastric osmotic pressure increases), and coma and death.

  To prevent rumen acidosis, it is weight to avoid sudden changes in feed composition, stabilize rumen fermentation and reduce pH fluctuations. In addition, since saliva contains sodium bicarbonate and contributes to pH adjustment, it is also important to supply a feed that can secrete saliva with sufficient rumination. However, there is also a concern that rumen acidosis is feared, and if the nutritional value of the feed is lowered, energy is insufficient and milk production is reduced.

  As a feed for preventing rumen acidosis, Patent Document 1 discloses a granular molasses feed made of a mixture containing 5 to 60 molasses of molasses per 100 parts by weight of beet pulp. Patent Document 2 discloses ruminant feed containing 80% by weight or more of cellulose and / or hemicellulose as a dry solid, and Patent Document 3 pulverized the raw material with high impact by pulverizing it. A livestock feed is disclosed (Patent Document 3 discloses a livestock feed obtained by pulverizing and pulverizing a woody raw material with high impact force.

  Furthermore, Patent Document 4 discloses a method for producing livestock roughage by cooking and crushing wood chips in order to reduce furfural which is produced when producing feed from wood and is harmful to livestock. Patent Document 5 discloses a method for producing animal feed by steaming and exploding lignocellulosic material.

JP 2006-174796 A JP 2011-082381 A JP 2012-105570 A JP 2004-121118 A Special table 2013-539959 gazette

  However, the granular molasses feed consisting of the mixture of beet pulp and waste molasses of the above-mentioned cited document 1 has not been sufficient in feed efficiency including digestibility. Moreover, all of the feeds of the cited documents 2 to 5 contain a large amount of lignin, and the digestibility in ruminants is not good.

  Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a ruminant feed excellent in nutritional value and feed efficiency. In particular, the present invention is a highly physical feed that does not cause rumen acidosis and promotes rumination, and has no possibility of adverse effects such as nitrous acid poisoning, and can be stably supplied at low cost. It is an object to provide an economically advantageous feed. Another object of the present invention is to develop a feed excellent in ruminant palatability.

  The inventors of the present invention have intensively studied the above problems, and found that the above problems can be surprisingly solved by using pulp chemically produced from wood chips containing bark as feed for ruminants, The present invention has been completed.

Although not limited to this, this invention includes the following invention.
(1) Ruminant feed containing chemical pulp produced from wood chips containing bark.
(2) The ruminant feed according to (1), wherein the wood chip containing bark contains 1% by mass or more of bark.
(3) The ruminant feed according to (1) or (2), wherein the pulp is a pulp obtained by an alkali cooking method.
(4) The ruminant feed according to (3), wherein the alkali cooking method is a kraft cooking method.
(5) The ruminant feed according to any one of (1) to (4), wherein the wood chip and the bark are derived from a broadleaf tree.
(6) The ruminant feed according to any one of (1) to (4), wherein the wood chip and bark are derived from conifers.

  ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, the feed which has the high palatability of ruminant animals, is excellent also in digestibility, and has the effect | action (physical property) which stimulates the rumen of ruminant livestock and promotes rumination. In particular, the feed according to the present invention can reduce the amount of conventional concentrated feed and pasture used, thereby preventing rumen acidosis and nitrite poisoning. Moreover, since the sample for ruminants of the present invention can be manufactured from a wood raw material, it can be supplied stably and inexpensively.

  The ruminant feed of the present invention is applied to ruminants. Examples of ruminants include cows such as dairy cows and fattening cows, sheep, and goats. There are no particular restrictions on the timing of feeding the ruminant to the ruminant, that is, the age, physique, health status, etc. of the ruminant to which it is applied. Only after the feeding period when milk is fed.

  The ruminant feed of the present invention is a chemical pulp produced by chemically treating wood chips containing bark as a raw material. In general, the bark contains more lignin and the cellulose content is lower than the woody part. Therefore, removal of lignin is insufficient and digestibility is low only by physically pulverizing or steaming / explosion treatment. In the present invention, the wood chip is chemically treated to obtain a pulp from which lignin has been sufficiently removed, so that it is possible to obtain a pulp preferable as a ruminant feed using a wood chip containing bark as a raw material.

  In the present invention, the content of the bark in the raw wood chip is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1% by mass or more, more preferably 3% by mass or more, and still more preferably 5% by mass or more. In addition, since digestibility will fall when the content rate of a bark exceeds 40%, it is unpreferable.

  In the present invention, the pulp produced by chemical treatment includes kraft pulp (KP), dissolved kraft pulp (DKP), sulfite pulp (SP), dissolved sulfite pulp (DSP) and the like. In particular, kraft pulp and dissolved kraft pulp having a high lignin removal effect are preferred. Either bleached pulp or unbleached pulp can be used.

  In the ruminant feed of the present invention, the pulp produced by chemical treatment may consist of one kind or may be a mixture of a plurality of pulps. For example, two or more kinds of pulps (hardwood kraft pulp, softwood kraft pulp, dissolved hardwood kraft pulp, dissolved softwood kraft pulp) having different raw materials and production methods may be used in combination.

  As the raw material wood, for example, hardwood, conifer, miscellaneous tree, bamboo, kenaf, bagasse, empty bunch after palm oil extraction can be used. Specifically, the broad-leaved trees include beech, china, birch, poplar, eucalyptus, acacia, oak, itaya maple, senoki, elm, giraffe, honoki, willow, sen, basamushi, konara, knugi, tochinoki, zelkova, mizume, mizuzuki Aodamo etc. are exemplified. As conifers, cedar, spruce, larch, black pine, todomatsu, himekomatsu, yew, neko, spruce, iramimi, fir, sawara, togasawara, asunaro, hiba, tsuga, kotsutsuga, hinoki, yew, yellowtail, spruce (Beihiba), Lawson Hinoki (Beihi), Douglas Fir (Beimatsu), Sitka Spruce (Beisuhi), Radiata Pine, Eastern Spruce, Eastern White Pine, Western Larch, Western Fir, Western Hemlock, Tamarack and the like.

Kraft pulp The pulp in the present invention includes kraft pulp in a preferred embodiment, and particularly preferably includes wood-derived kraft pulp.

  When manufacturing kraft pulp from wood chips, the wood pulp is put into a digester together with the cooking liquor and used for kraft cooking. Moreover, you may use for cooking of correction craft methods, such as MCC, EMCC, ITC, and Lo-solid. Also, there are no particular limitations on cooking types such as 1 vessel liquid phase type, 1 vessel gas phase / liquid phase type, 2 vessel liquid phase / gas phase type, and 2 vessel liquid phase type. That is, the step of impregnating and holding the alkaline aqueous solution of the present application may be installed separately from the conventional apparatus or part for the permeation treatment of the cooking liquid. Preferably, the unbleached pulp that has been cooked is washed with a washing device such as a diffusion washer after extracting the cooking liquor.

  The kraft cooking process can be performed by putting the pre-hydrolyzed wood chips together with the kraft cooking liquid in a pressure resistant container, but the shape and size of the container are not particularly limited. The liquid ratio between the wood chip and the chemical solution can be, for example, 1.0 to 5.0 L / kg, preferably 1.5 to 4.5 L / kg, and more preferably 2.0 to 4.0 L / kg. .

  Moreover, in this invention, the alkaline cooking liquid containing 0.01-1.5 mass% quinone compound per absolutely dry chip | tip is added to a digester. If the addition amount of the quinone compound is less than 0.01% by mass, the addition amount is too small to reduce the kappa number of the pulp after cooking, and the relationship between the kappa number and the pulp yield is not improved. Furthermore, the reduction of wrinkles and the suppression of the decrease in viscosity are insufficient. Moreover, even if the addition amount of a quinone compound exceeds 1.5 mass%, the further reduction of the kappa number of the pulp after cooking and the improvement of the relationship between a kappa number and a pulp yield are not recognized.

  The quinone compound used is a quinone compound, hydroquinone compound or precursor thereof as a so-called known cooking aid, and at least one compound selected from these can be used. Examples of these compounds include anthraquinone, dihydroanthraquinone (for example, 1,4-dihydroanthraquinone), tetrahydroanthraquinone (for example, 1,4,4a, 9a-tetrahydroanthraquinone, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroanthraquinone). Methyl anthraquinone (eg 1-methyl anthraquinone, 2-methyl anthraquinone), methyl dihydroanthraquinone (eg 2-methyl-1,4-dihydroanthraquinone), methyl tetrahydroanthraquinone (eg 1-methyl-1,4,4a) , 9a-tetrahydroanthraquinone, 2-methyl-1,4,4a, 9a-tetrahydroanthraquinone) and the like, anthrahydroquinone (generally 9,10-dihydroxyanthracene), Tyranthrahydroquinone (for example, 2-methylanthrahydroquinone), dihydroanthrahydroanthraquinone (for example, 1,4-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxyanthracene) or an alkali metal salt thereof (for example, disodium salt of anthrahydroquinone, 1 , 4-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxyanthracene disodium salt), and precursors such as anthrone, anthranol, methylanthrone, and methylanthranol. These precursors have the potential to convert to quinone compounds or hydroquinone compounds under cooking conditions.

When the wood chip is a conifer, the cooking solution preferably has an active alkali addition rate (AA) per weight of the dry wood chip of 16 to 22% by mass. When the active alkali addition rate is less than 16% by mass, the removal of lignin becomes insufficient, and when it exceeds 22% by mass, the yield decreases. Here, the active alkali addition rate is obtained by converting the total addition rate of NaOH and Na ₂ S as the addition rate of Na ₂ O, and multiplying NaOH by 0.775 and Na ₂ S by 0.795. Therefore, it can be converted into the addition rate of Na ₂ O. The degree of sulfidation is preferably in the range of 20 to 35%. In the region where the sulfidity is less than 20%, the delignification property is lowered.

  Kraft cooking is preferably performed in a temperature range of 120 to 180 ° C, more preferably 140 to 160 ° C. If the temperature is too low, delignification (decrease in the kappa number) is insufficient, while if the temperature is too high, the degree of polymerization (viscosity) of cellulose decreases. The cooking time in the present invention is the time from when the cooking temperature reaches the maximum temperature until the temperature starts to decrease, and the cooking time is preferably 60 minutes or more and 600 minutes or less, and 120 minutes or more and 360 minutes or less. Is more preferable. If the cooking time is less than 60 minutes, pulping does not proceed, and if it exceeds 600 minutes, the pulp production efficiency deteriorates, which is not preferable.

  Moreover, the kraft cooking in this invention can set process temperature and process time by setting H factor (Hf) as a parameter | index. The H factor is a standard representing the total amount of heat given to the reaction system during the cooking process, and is represented by the following equation. The H factor is calculated by time integration from the time when chips and water are mixed until the end of cooking.

Hf = ∫exp (43.20-16113 / T) dt
[Wherein T represents an absolute temperature at a certain point]
In the present invention, the unbleached (unbleached) pulp obtained after cooking can be subjected to various treatments as necessary. For example, bleaching can be performed on unbleached pulp obtained after kraft cooking.

  The pulp obtained by kraft cooking can be subjected to oxygen delignification treatment. As the oxygen delignification used in the present invention, a known medium concentration method or high concentration method can be applied as it is. In the case of the medium concentration method, the pulp concentration is preferably 8 to 15% by mass, and in the case of the high concentration method, it is preferably performed at 20 to 35% by mass. As the alkali in oxygen delignification, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide can be used. As oxygen gas, oxygen from a cryogenic separation method, oxygen from PSA (Pressure Swing Adsorption), VSA (Vacuum Swing Adsorption) Oxygen etc. from) can be used.

The reaction conditions for the oxygen delignification treatment are not particularly limited, but the oxygen pressure is 3 to 9 kg / cm ² , more preferably 4 to 7 kg / cm ² , the alkali addition rate is 0.5 to 4% by mass, and the temperature is 80%. ~ 140 ° C, treatment time is 20 to 180 minutes, and other conditions can be applied. In the present invention, the oxygen delignification treatment may be performed a plurality of times.

  When further reducing the kappa number and improving the whiteness, the pulp subjected to the oxygen delignification treatment, for example, is then sent to the washing step, and after washing, it is sent to the multi-stage bleaching step to perform the multi-stage bleaching treatment. it can. The multi-stage bleaching treatment of the present invention is not particularly limited, but acid (A), chlorine dioxide (D), alkali (E), oxygen (O), hydrogen peroxide (P), ozone (Z), It is preferable to combine a known bleaching agent such as peracid and a bleaching aid. For example, the first stage of the multistage bleaching process uses a chlorine dioxide bleaching stage (D) or an ozone bleaching stage (Z), the second stage is an alkali extraction stage (E), the hydrogen peroxide stage (P), the third stage or later. A bleaching sequence using chlorine dioxide or hydrogen peroxide is preferably used. The number of stages after the third stage is not particularly limited, but considering energy efficiency, productivity, etc., it is preferable to finish in three or four stages in total. Further, a chelating agent treatment stage with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) or the like may be inserted during the multistage bleaching treatment.

  The ruminant feed containing the pulp of the present invention may be in the form of pulp, powder, or fluff, but may be compressed into a cube or pellet, or cut into a cut sheet. This is preferable because it can be easily mixed with other feeds such as grass and grass, and can be easily transported and handled.

  When compression-molding into a cube shape, it is preferable to use a cube having a length of 5 to 50 mm, a width of 5 to 50 mm, and a height of 5 to 50 mm. When compression-molding into a pellet shape, it is preferable to use a cylindrical shape having a diameter of 5 to 50 mm and a length of 5 to 80 mm. An apparatus for performing compression molding is not particularly limited, but a briquetter (made by Kitagawa Iron Works), a ring die type pelletizer (made by CPM), a flat die type pelletizer (made by Dalton), and the like are desirable.

If a sheet-like form, basis weight in 300~2000g / cm ^3, it is preferable that the sheet pieces of 5 to 50 mm × 5 to 50 mm.

  The ruminant animal feed of the present invention may be composed of 100% pulp (including koji), but may contain other feed ingredients to enhance nutrition and palatability. At that time, the pulp content relative to the solid content of all samples is preferably 80% by weight or more, and more preferably 90% by weight or more. Other feed ingredients include roughage (eg pasture), concentrated feed (eg corn, wheat and other grains, soybeans and other beans), bran, rice bran, okara, protein, lipid, vitamins, minerals and other additives (preservation) , Coloring agents, fragrances, etc.). These other feed ingredients may be mixed with the pulp when compression molding.

  The ruminant feed of the present invention preferably has a moisture content of 15% or less. By making the moisture content 15% or less, the transportability is improved and the decay by microorganisms can be reduced.

  Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to specific examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto. In the present specification, “%” is based on mass unless otherwise specified, and numerical ranges are described as including the end points.

Experiment 1: Manufacture of pulp First, chips (thickness of about 3 mm) manufactured from a birch material were fractionated using a screening tester to obtain birch chips having a diameter (Φ) of 25.4 mm to 9.5 mm. Next, the birch bark was chipped into 3 cm square, and this was used as birch bark. In Experiment 1-1, a birch bark mixed chip mixed so that the weight ratio of birch chip: birch bark was 9: 1 was used. This mixed chip (equivalent to 300 g of absolutely dry) was placed in a pressure kettle, and kraft cooking was performed under the conditions of an active alkali addition rate of 13.0%, a sulfidity of 25%, and an H factor of 830 to obtain a birch unbleached kraft pulp.

  Moreover, the kraft pulp was manufactured from the cedar material like Experiment 1-1 (Experiment 1-2). Specifically, chips (thickness of about 3 mm) manufactured from cedar materials were fractionated using a screening tester to obtain cedar chips having a diameter (Φ) of 25.4 mm to 9.5 mm. Next, the bark of cedar wood was chipped into 3 cm square, and this was used as a cedar bark. In Experiment 1-2, a cedar bark mixed chip mixed so that the weight ratio of cedar chip: cedar bark was 9: 1 was used. This mixed chip (equivalent to 200 g of absolutely dry) was placed in a pressure vessel and kraft cooking was performed under the conditions of an active alkali addition rate of 20.0%, a sulfidity of 25%, and an H factor of 1800 to obtain cedar unbleached kraft pulp.

  Furthermore, a feed sample was prepared by steaming and coarsely pulverizing the birch bark mixed chip (equivalent to absolutely dry 300 g) and the cedar bark mixed chip (equivalent to absolutely dry 200 g). That is, the mixed chips were placed in a steaming pot (diameter 25 cm, length 40 cm), steamed at 2 MPa for 20 minutes, and then roughly ground with a hammer to produce a wood feed sample (Experiment 1-3, Experiment 1). 4). Furthermore, wood feed samples were produced from only birch wood chips (equivalent to absolutely dry 300 g) and cedar wood chips only (equivalent to absolutely dry 200 g) by steaming and coarse pulverization (Experiment 1-5, Experiment 1-6).

  The obtained wood feed was adjusted to a moisture content of 70 ± 3% by centrifugal dehydration, placed in a square bat (external dimensions: 255 mm × 320 mm × 63 mm), and dried until reaching a constant weight.

Experiment 2: Measurement of resistance to holocellulose saccharification The saccharification rate by cellulase was measured for the six types of pulp obtained in Experiment 1. Pulp (air dry weight 400 mg) was accurately weighed into a resin sample bottle (50 ml capacity). 45 ml of a suspension added with pH 4.8, cellulase enzyme (trade name: 102321 Cellulase Onozuka R-10, Merck) 0.1% was added to the container, and saccharification was performed at 45 ° C. for 48 hours.

  Samples were taken after 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours, and the proportion of saccharified pulp (cellulase saccharification rate) was measured. Specifically, after filtering on a filter paper whose constant weight was obtained in advance and washing with water four times, it was dried in a ventilation dryer at 135 ° C. for 2 hours, and the dry matter weight of the residue was measured.

  The cellulase saccharification rate is highly correlated with the digestibility in ruminants, and the higher the saccharification rate, the easier it is to digest in ruminants.

  Table 1 shows the reaction time and saccharification rate of the sample with cellulase. As shown in Table 1, the saccharification rate after 48 hours was high in the pulp of Experiment 1-3 and then in the pulp of Experiment 1-4. In addition, the pulp obtained by the steaming treatment regardless of the presence or absence of bark contamination tended to have a lower saccharification rate than the kraft pulp obtained by kraft cooking. From the above, it was possible to produce a ruminant livestock feed having a high saccharification rate despite mixing bark by kraft cooking.

Experiment 3: Evaluation of digestibility in situ The digestibility in the lumen was measured by the in situ method (Nocek 1988).

  A polyester bag (# R1020, polyester, 10 cm × 20 cm, average pore diameter of 50 ± 15 μm, ANKOM Technology Corp., Fairport, NY, USA) weighing 5 g (air dry weight) of sample in the lumen of the test animal (cow) I put it in. The polyester bag was taken out from the lumen at the time of 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours after charging, washed with water, and the dry matter constant weight was determined at 60 ° C. Moreover, the polyester bag containing the feed which was not put into the lumen but was simply washed with water was used as a sample having a decomposition time of 0 hour. Each sample was measured in triplicate with different implementation dates. In addition, it tested similarly about commercial Bermuda grass hay (commercial item).

  The test results are shown in Table 2. As shown in the table, wood kraft pulp (Experiment 1-1, Experiment 1-2) has a high digestibility even compared to commercially available hay, and has a high nutritional value forage even though it contains bark. It is thought that it becomes.

  Moreover, the digestibility of the pulp obtained by the steaming treatment was reduced by mixing the bark. On the other hand, the kraft pulp obtained by kraft cooking had a high digestibility compared with the feed obtained by the steaming treatment.

  From the above results, it was found that chemical pulp containing bark is a feed for ruminants with high digestibility.

Claims (6)

  Ruminant feed containing chemical pulp made from wood chips containing bark.   The ruminant feed according to claim 1, wherein the wood chip containing bark contains 1% by mass or more of bark.   The ruminant feed according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the pulp is a pulp obtained by an alkali cooking method.   The ruminant feed according to claim 3, wherein the alkali cooking method is a kraft cooking method.   The ruminant feed according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the wood chip and bark are derived from hardwood.   The ruminant feed according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the wood chip and bark are derived from conifers.