JP2015514933A - Sliding bearing manufacturing method - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for producing a plain bearing (1) having a support layer (2) and a slide bearing layer (3), wherein the support layer (2) is combined with the slide bearing layer (3) by a rolling clad, and rolled. A surface structure (4) is formed on the surface of the support layer (2) before the cladding, and then the plain bearing layer (3) is rolled on the surface structure (4).

Description

  The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a sliding bearing having a supporting layer and a sliding bearing layer, wherein the supporting layer is coupled to the sliding bearing layer by a rolling clad, and a sliding having a supporting layer and a sliding bearing layer coupled to the supporting layer. Related to bearings.

  The use of white metal alloys for sliding bearing layers, for example bearing metal layers or sliding layers, has already been extensively documented in the prior art. For this, reference is made to, for example, Austrian Patent No. 505664 or Austrian Patent No. 506450.

  The white metal alloy is usually deposited on the steel substrate by pouring the white metal alloy on the steel substrate. This is because the rolling clad made of steel and white metal is difficult because the forming ability of both bonding materials is very different.

  Usually, when there is a large difference in strength between the base material and the sliding bearing material combined therewith, an intermediate layer is inserted to reduce the difference in strength. One example is a composite of an aluminum alloy and steel with a high tin content, and an intermediate layer made of pure aluminum is inserted to enable this material composite to be roll clad.

  In principle, the cladding of steel white metal composites has already been mentioned in the prior art. For example, when AT506450B1 cited above ensures that the bearing metal layer is heated above the melting point in the region of the coupling surface, the cladding is suitable for coupling the bearing metal layer made of white metal and the support shell. It is known. The reason is that according to this specification, the bond strength is improved by the fine grain structure of the white metal alloy. For this reason, fine graining is achieved by very rapid cooling. However, nothing can be read about the cladding itself from this specification. Rather, all examples described in this specification also illustrate the use of tin or zinc based adhesion mediating layers, or the use of solder layers.

  An object of the present invention is to improve the bond strength of a roll-clad plain bearing composite material.

  The above problem is solved on the one hand by the method described at the beginning and on the other hand by the plain bearing described at the beginning, whereby a surface structure is formed on the surface of the support layer before the rolling cladding, and then on the surface structure. The sliding bearing layer is rolled, and in the sliding bearing, the support layer has a surface structure, and the sliding bearing layer is coupled to the support layer in shape engagement in addition to the coupling by material joining. Yes.

  Advantageously, the surface structure can enlarge the surface available for the production of the composite, thereby improving the adhesion of the upper and lower layers. In addition, the surface structure prevents the softer plain bearing layer from sliding sideways than the support layer, which should be or should be stiff because the structural strength of the plain bearing is obtained through the support layer. Such a strong hindrance to lateral sliding creates a high hydrostatic stress state in the sliding bearing layer in the cladding. As a result, the degree of forming in both materials, i.e., the support layer and the sliding bearing layer, is increased, and a new surface is formed, which leads to low-temperature welding of both layers and thus promotes the bonding of the two layers. In addition, the surface structure achieves a shape-engaging bond between the two layers, which also acts to promote the bond strength between the two layers.

  The surface structure is preferably formed as a groove structure, and the surface preferably has a row of grooves. The advantage of the groove structure is that by using a corresponding forming roll or embossing roll, this structure is easily provided in an industrial production process. Providing the groove structure can be performed more favorably by the rolling clad method. In addition, the stress structure in the sliding bearing layer is expanded by the groove structure, and as a result, the above-described effects can be further improved, and the coupling strength of the sliding bearing layer on the support layer can be additionally increased.

  An undercut portion may be formed in the groove structure in the rolling clad. When the sliding bearing layer is “hooked” by the groove by the undercut portion, the shape engagement is improved and the coupling strength is further increased.

  Bond strength of the composite or. In order to further improve the bond strength, according to another embodiment, a bond layer may be applied at least in part to the surface of the support layer or a bond particle may be applied before rolling clad.

  The binding particles are preferably selected from the group comprising Cu, Sb, Al, Zn, Bi, Sn, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Ti, V and mixtures thereof. This has the advantage that the specific surface area can be increased compared to the groove structure and thus the bond strength can be improved.

It is further advantageous if the binding particles are applied with an area density of at least 100 particles / cm ² . This allows at least some of the particles to be placed inside the surface structure, so that the bond strength enhanced by the binding particles is obtained not only in the unstructured area of the surface but also inside the structure. This further helps to prevent the sliding bearing layer from sliding in the rolling cladding by the nail effect, so that the bonded particles are not only after the bond has been made, but also before the bond has already been formed. It also works.

  The groove structure can be formed or present in place of the surface of the support layer or on the surface of the bonding layer in addition to the surface of the support layer. As a result, in the heat treatment subsequent to the cladding, the bonding layer forms a mixed crystal based on diffusion, and thus not only functions to increase the bonding strength by forming the mixed crystal, but also mechanically increases the bonding strength based on the shape engagement. Also do. Furthermore, it makes it easier to provide a surface structure and the tie layer is usually softer than the substrate layer. When the base layer additionally has a surface structure, it can be formed with a reduced depth of the surface structure. Thereby, the force required to form the surface structure can be reduced as long as it is mechanically provided, and in particular the life of the tool for forming the surface structure can be increased.

  According to the embodiment of the sliding bearing, the groove row has grooves with a groove width selected from a range with a lower limit of 0.1 mm and an upper limit of 0.9 mm, and / or the groove has a lower limit of 0.1 mm and an upper limit of 0.9 mm. It may have a more selected groove depth. It has been confirmed that when the groove width and / or groove depth exceeds 0.9 mm, the aforementioned effect of creating a stress state in the sliding bearing layer is only insufficiently achieved. This is because the groove is insufficiently filled by the material of the sliding bearing layer, i.e. only partially incomplete. Even when the groove depth and / or the groove width is less than 0.1 mm, the above-mentioned effects can still be achieved, but only to a lesser extent, and the improvement of the bonding strength can also be achieved to a lesser extent. Observed.

  The sliding bearing layer is preferably made of white metal or an aluminum base alloy. This is because such alloys employed in sliding bearings have a very high flexibility as is known. Thereby, the shape engagement between the base layer and the sliding bearing layer can also be realized better.

  The sliding bearing layer has a soft metal selected from the group comprising Sn, In, Bi, Pb, Ag, and mixtures thereof, and the proportion of the soft metal in the sliding bearing layer is at least 20% by weight and a maximum of 95%. Advantageously, it is by weight. Because, on the one hand, along with the improved sliding properties of these alloys based on the proportion of soft metal, the conformity to the surface structure and thus the mold filling factor can be improved and the press fit into the surface structure is improved. On the other hand, the sliding bearing layer has sufficient intrinsic strength by limiting the maximum ratio.

  Hereinafter, in order to deepen the understanding of the present invention, it will be described in detail based on the drawings.

  Each drawing is expressed in a simplified manner.

It is a side view of a slide bearing. It is a figure which shows a part of sliding bearing comprised as a composite_body | complex. FIG. 3 shows a portion of a sliding bearing according to one embodiment of a shape engaging composite. FIG. 6 shows a portion of a sliding bearing according to another embodiment of a shape engaging composite.

  First, it is confirmed that the same reference numerals or the same reference numerals are given to the same members in the embodiments having different descriptions, and the disclosed contents included in the entire description are the same reference numerals or the same members. It can be applied mutatis mutandis to the same members with symbols. Also, the indication of the position selected in the description, for example, up, down, side, etc., is directly related to the drawing shown and shown, and shall apply mutatis mutandis to the new position when the position changes. .

  FIG. 1 shows a sliding bearing 1 in a side view. The slide bearing 1 has a support layer 2 and a slide bearing layer 3, or includes a support layer 2 and a slide bearing layer 3.

  The non-closed plain bearing 1 can also have a different overlap angle range, for example at least approximately 120 ° or at least approximately 90 °, alongside a half-shell configuration having an overlap angle range of at least approximately 180 °. Therefore, the plain bearing element 1 can be formed as a third shell or a quarter shell and can be combined in separate bearing shells and bearing holders. The sliding bearing 1 according to the invention is preferably incorporated in a higher load area of the bearing holder.

  Other embodiments of the sliding bearing 1, for example, a configuration as a bearing bush, are also possible.

  The support layer 2 is usually made of a hard material. Bronze, brass or the like can be used as the material of the support 2 which is also called a support shell. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the support layer 2 is made of steel.

  In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the sliding bearing layer 3 is formed as a sliding layer in direct contact with a member to be supported, for example a shaft.

  However, there is also a possibility that the plain bearing 1 is constituted by two or more layers along with the two-layer configuration within the frame of the present invention. In this case, the sliding bearing layer 3 is a bearing metal layer on which the sliding layer is still attached. In doing so, at least one intermediate layer, for example a diffusion barrier layer and / or a coupling layer, may be arranged between the bearing metal layer and the sliding layer.

  The design configuration of such a multi-layer plain bearing is in principle known from the prior art, and in this regard the relevant prior art reference is sought.

  The sliding bearing layer 3 is made of a softer material based on the material of the support layer 2. In particular, the sliding bearing layer 3 is made of white metal. White metal is, for example, SnSb7Cu3,5Cdl, PbSbl4Sn9CuNiCdAs, PbSnl5SnlOAs, SnSb7Cu3,5, SnSb8Cu3, SnSb8Cu3,5NiCd, SnSblOCu4NiCdAsCr or SnSblOCu4NiCdAsCr or SnSbl2Cu5.

  Along with the white metal alloy, other alloys such as an aluminum base alloy, particularly an aluminum base alloy with a high proportion of soft metals, or lead bronze can also be used.

  The soft metal referred to in the present invention is understood as a metal selected from the group comprising Sn, In, Bi, Pb and Ag, and a mixture of at least two elements of this group is also possible.

  A high proportion of soft metal in a non-white metal alloy, such as an aluminum base alloy, is understood in the sense of the present invention to be at least 20% by weight of soft metal. In particular, the proportion of soft metal is 20% to 40% by weight.

  On the other hand, the proportion of the soft phase in the white metal alloy may be up to 95% by weight, for example 40% to 85% by weight.

  The proportion of soft metal in lead bronze may be up to 20% by weight.

  It should be considered here that the proportion of soft metal depends on the application of these alloys, i.e. depending on the bearing metal layer or the sliding layer, which is preferably a soft phase component compared to the bearing metal alloy. It is preferable that the ratio of is higher.

  However, it is possible in principle to reverse the structure, that is, the proportion of the soft phase component in the bearing metal alloy can be higher than that of the sliding layer, but these structures are limited to special applications.

  Examples of such aluminum base alloys are AlSn40Cu, AlSn40, AlSn25Cu, AlSn25, AlSn25CuMn, AlSn20Cu, AlSn20CuMn, and other aluminum base alloys known in the prior art can be used.

  Another usable alloy is, for example, PbSn9Sbl5.

  The plain bearing layer 3 is coupled to the support layer 2 by rolling cladding. For this purpose, the support layer 2 and the sliding bearing layer 3 are superposed and brought into close contact with each other as is known, and then this unfixed composite is fed to a rolling table having two or more rolling rolls. The layers are bonded together by passing between these mill rolls.

  Subsequently, the resulting composite material, ie the previous product of each plain bearing element, is further pressed into a final (semi) shell. If necessary, strips corresponding at least approximately to the dimensions of the plain bearing element to be manufactured can be cut from a larger plate before that. Even after molding, post-processing can be performed by precision drilling, for example.

  This principle process has already been well documented in the prior art, so for further details the relevant prior art reference is sought.

  FIG. 2 shows a first embodiment of the present invention.

  The previous product of the sliding bearing 1 shown only partially in side view also has the support layer 2 and the sliding bearing layer 3, or consists of the supporting layer 2 and the sliding bearing layer 3.

  The support layer 2 has a surface structure 4. This surface structure has a ridge 5 and a recess 6 arranged between the ridge 5. The recessed portion 6 may be formed so that the entire surface is surrounded by the raised portion 5. In this case, the recess 6 has, for example, a circular, elliptical, square, rectangular, hexagonal or generally polygonal cross section in plan view. In this case, the interval between the two adjacent recesses 6 can be 0.05 mm to 0.5 mm.

  However, the surface structure 4 is preferably formed as a groove row. This groove row is formed by a few adjacent grooves, that is, groove-like recesses 6, which are separated from each other by land portions that form the raised portions 5. In this case, the longitudinal extension of the groove-like recess 6 can extend obliquely with respect to the circumferential direction and / or the radial direction and / or the diagonal direction of the sliding bearing 1, that is, the radial direction. However, it is preferable that the groove-like recess 6 extends in the circumferential direction or the rolling direction of the slide bearing 1 produced thereby. This is because a better filling degree can be achieved for a better deformation behavior due to the hydrostatic stress states that are otherwise formed in the roll gap.

  The groove-like recess 6 preferably has a groove width 7 with a groove width 7 selected from a range with a lower limit of 0.1 mm and an upper limit of 0.9 mm, in particular with a lower limit of 0.3 mm and an upper limit of 0.7 mm. Here, the groove width is a distance between the centers of the side surfaces of the raised portion 6 that defines the recessed portion 6.

  The groove depth 8 is preferably selected from a range of a lower limit of 0.1 mm and an upper limit of 0.9 mm, particularly a lower limit of 0.4 mm and an upper limit of 0.8 mm. The groove depth 8 is measured from the deepest point of the bottom surface 9 of the recess 6 and corresponds to the maximum height of the raised portion 5 following each recess 6.

  The bottom surface 9 may be formed to be at least substantially flat within a manufacturing tolerance. However, the bottom surface 9 may be rounded so that the bottom surface 9 extends in a convex shape in the direction of the recess 6.

  Furthermore, the side surface of the raised portion 5 may extend linearly when viewed in cross section. However, this side surface can also extend curvedly towards the recess 6.

  Here, there is also a possibility that the bottom surface 9 and / or these side surfaces are composed of a plane portion or a combination of a straight portion and a curved portion.

  Of course, these configurations can also be applied to the enclosed recess 6 or the surrounding ridge 5 described above.

  In principle, other configurations are possible.

  Furthermore, it is possible that a part of the recess 6 is formed at a different depth and / or a part of the raised part 5 is formed at a different height.

  In the simplest and preferred case, the surface structure is produced by at least one forming roll, ie a profile roll or an embossing roll, which has a corresponding surface profile and is pressed against the surface to be profiled. It is also possible to produce the surface structure 4 in a plurality of steps using a plurality of molding rolls. However, to obtain the surface structure 4, other mechanical methods, for example by sandblasting, or also chemical methods, for example by corrosion, are possible. However, these are not preferred methods. This is because the exact structure of the surface cannot be determined in advance or can only be inaccurate.

  The surface structure can also be provided by a laser or an electron beam.

  After the surface structure 4 is formed on the support layer 2, the support layer 2 is overlapped with the sliding bearing layer 3 and both layers are rolled together. During rolling, the material of the sliding bearing layer 3 is partly pushed into the recess 6 and subsequently a shape engagement is formed after low temperature welding of both materials precedes. If necessary, at least one of the two materials to be bonded, particularly the material of the sliding bearing layer 3, is heated before the cladding. At this time, the temperature is set to a maximum of 70%, particularly a maximum of 50% of the melting point of the material.

  Clad, that is, rolling is preferably performed at a rolling reduction of 5% to 60%. Accordingly, a reduction in the thickness of both layers to be combined must be considered. Since the sliding bearing layer 3 has a smaller hardness, the layer thickness decreases more than the layer thickness of the support layer 2 during rolling. The degree of layer thickness reduction can be determined in advance by selecting the reduction ratio. For example, the layer thickness of the sliding bearing layer 3 is reduced by a value of 20% to 70% of the initial layer thickness. If necessary, the layer thickness of the support layer 2 is also reduced, for example, by a value of 5% to 30% of the initial layer thickness.

  Rolling cladding can be performed in one or more steps. In this case, the layer thickness reduction per rolling process may be 1% to 10% of the initial layer thickness.

  Rolling cladding may be carried out at higher rolling reductions, especially 30% to 50%. The result of this embodiment is shown in FIG.

  FIG. 3 also shows the support layer 2 and the plain bearing layer 3 joined to the support layer 2 after the rolling cladding, as in FIG. However, in this embodiment, the degree of forming in the rolling cladding is not only that the material of the sliding bearing layer 3 is partly pushed into the recesses 6, but in addition, the raised portions 5 of the surface structure 4, in this case between the grooves The land portion was also at least partially deformed, and the land portion was selected to be formed with the undercut portion 10 in a mushroom shape when viewed in a cross-sectional view. In that case, it was also observed that the upper end surface 11 of the raised portion 5 was curved to form at least a substantially concave contour. This deformation or molding is facilitated by the stress state generated in the sliding bearing layer 3 during the rolling cladding as described above. As a result, the raised portion 5 is deformed more greatly in the head region 12 than in the leg region 13.

  The undercut portion 10 promotes geometrical engagement, that is, shape engagement between the two layers, thereby improving the bond strength of the composite material.

  FIG. 3 shows another embodiment of the sliding bearing 1 in broken lines. In this embodiment, a bonding layer 14 bonded to the support layer 2 is disposed between the support layer 2 and the sliding bearing layer 3. The tie layer 14 is applied on the support layer 2 before rolling cladding or deposited on the support layer 2 by, for example, electroplating or a corresponding dipping method.

  The material of the bonding layer 14 may be selected from the group comprising or consisting of copper, tin, aluminum, copper, nickel, antimony, zinc, bismuth, iron, magnesium, manganese, titanium, vanadium, and alloys thereof. .

  In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the layer thickness of the bonding layer 14 is selected such that the surface structure 4 is completely formed in the bonding layer 14. On the other hand, the surface 2 of the support layer has at least little or no such surface structure 4.

  Since the bonding layer 14 is in principle softer than the support layer 2, this provides the advantage that the surface structure 4 can be provided with less pressure. In addition, the bonding layer 14 further allows mixed crystals to form from the components of the bonding layer 14 and the material of the sliding bearing layer 3 in the heat treatment of the composite material following the rolling cladding, which also improves the bonding strength of the layer. Contribute to. For example, a mixed crystal with copper can be formed.

  As an alternative to the bonding layer 14, bonding particles may be spread on the already structured surface of the support layer 2 in order to improve the bonding strength.

  In the meaning of the present invention, a binding particle is understood as a particle that acts to improve the adhesion of the sliding bearing layer 3 on the support layer 2 compared to a configuration without such particles.

  The binding particles may be selected from the group comprising Cu, Sb, Al, Zn, Bi, Sn, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Ti, V, and mixtures thereof.

It is particularly advantageous if the binding particles are applied with an area density of 100 particles / cm ² or more, in particular with an area density of 500 particles / cm ^{2 to} 120,000 particles / cm ² , preferably 500 particles / cm ^{2 to} 5000 particles / cm ^2. is there.

  As a result of further tests, it was found that the maximum diameter of the binding particles is 30 μm to 300 μm, which is advantageous for the binding strength.

  Here, the maximum diameter is the maximum diameter of one particle.

  The binding particles preferably have an appearance of at least approximately circular, or at least approximately tuber or at least approximately cubic, so that they do not act as indentations. However, it is also possible in principle to use bound particles which differ from them, for example having a longitudinal appearance.

  FIG. 4 shows another embodiment of the previous product for the sliding bearing 1 (FIG. 1). In this embodiment, a surface structure is formed on the surface of the support layer 2. Following this already profiled surface, a tie layer 14 is applied in part and deposited in particular in the recess 6. Subsequently, the sliding bearing layer 3 is rolled on the material composite as described above. In this embodiment, the advantages of mixed crystal formation are obtained as described above to improve the bond strength.

  Alternatively, the surface structure 4 may be formed at least partly on the support layer 2 and also at least partly on the bonding layer 14.

  It should be noted that although normal method steps, such as degreasing the surface 2 of the support layer, have not been described in detail, it should be understood that these should be performed if required or necessary.

  The examples illustrate or show possible embodiments of a single plain bearing 1 or a specific method of manufacturing a plain bearing 1, but it is also possible to combine the individual embodiments in various ways, this variant being the invention. Belongs to the scope of skill of those skilled in the art based on the teachings on technical actions by.

  In order to make it easier to understand the structure of the sliding bearing 1 or its constituent members, it is shown not partially to scale and / or enlarged and / or reduced.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Sliding bearing 2 Support layer 3 Sliding bearing layer 4 Surface structure 5 Raised part 6 Recessed part 7 Groove width 8 Groove depth 9 Bottom face 10 Undercut part 11 End face 12 Head area 13 Leg part area 14 Coupling layer

Claims (18)

A method for producing a sliding bearing (1) having a support layer (2) and a sliding bearing layer (3),
In the method of manufacturing a sliding bearing (1), the support layer (2) is coupled to the sliding bearing layer (3) by a rolling cladding.
A sliding bearing characterized in that a surface structure (4) is formed on the surface of the support layer (2) before rolling cladding, and then the sliding bearing layer (3) is rolled on the surface structure (4). The manufacturing method of (1).   2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the surface structure (4) is formed as a groove structure.   3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that an undercut (10) is formed in the surface structure (4), in particular in the groove structure, in the rolling cladding.   The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that a bonding layer (14) or bonding particles are applied at least in part to the surface of the support layer (2) before rolling cladding. .   The method of claim 4, wherein the binding particles are selected from the group comprising Cu, Sb, Al, Zn, Bi, Sn, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Ti, V, and mixtures thereof. Said bonded particles A method according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that the coating deposited by the area density of at least 100 particles / cm ^2.   The groove structure is formed on the surface of the bonding layer (14) instead of or in addition to the surface of the support layer (2). The method described in 1. In a sliding bearing (1) having a support layer (2) and a sliding bearing layer (3) coupled to the support layer (2),
The support layer (2) has a surface structure (4) provided with a raised portion (5) and a recess (6), and the sliding bearing layer (3) is formed with the support layer (2). A plain bearing (1), characterized in that it is connected in a form-engagement manner in addition to a connection by material joining.   9. The bonding layer (14) is disposed in at least a partial region between the sliding bearing layer (3) and the support layer (2), or bonding particles are applied thereto. The described plain bearing (1).   The plain bearing (1) according to claim 9, wherein the binding particles are selected from the group comprising Cu, Sb, Al, Zn, Bi, Sn, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Ti, V, and mixtures thereof. ). The coupling particles are sliding bearing according to claim 9 or 10, characterized in that it is coated wear area density of at least 100 particles / cm ² (1).   The surface structure (4) is formed in the surface of the bonding layer (14) instead of the surface of the support layer (2) or in addition to the surface of the support layer (2). The sliding bearing (1) according to claim 9.   13. A plain bearing (1) according to any one of claims 8 to 12, characterized in that the surface structure (4) is formed by a row of grooves.   14. A plain bearing (1) according to claim 13, characterized in that the groove has an undercut (10).   15. A recess according to claim 13 or 14, characterized in that the recesses (6), in particular the grooves of the row of grooves, have a width selected from a range with a lower limit of 0.1 mm and an upper limit of 0.9 mm, ie the groove width (7). The described plain bearing (1).   16. Slip according to claim 15, characterized in that the recess (6), in particular the groove, has a depth selected from the range of a lower limit of 0.1 mm and an upper limit of 0.9 mm, i.e. a groove depth (8). Bearing (1).   17. A plain bearing (1) according to any one of claims 8 to 16, characterized in that the plain bearing layer (3) is made of white metal or an aluminum base alloy.   The sliding bearing layer (3) has a soft metal selected from the group comprising Sn, In, Bi, Pb, Ag, and mixtures thereof, and the proportion of the soft metal in the sliding bearing layer is: 18. A plain bearing (1) according to any one of claims 8 to 17, characterized in that it is at least 20% by weight and a maximum of 95% by weight.

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