JP2015062567A - Epidemic prevention method and device for use in livestock barn - Google Patents

Epidemic prevention method and device for use in livestock barn Download PDF

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JP2015062567A
JP2015062567A JP2013198641A JP2013198641A JP2015062567A JP 2015062567 A JP2015062567 A JP 2015062567A JP 2013198641 A JP2013198641 A JP 2013198641A JP 2013198641 A JP2013198641 A JP 2013198641A JP 2015062567 A JP2015062567 A JP 2015062567A
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hypochlorous acid
aqueous solution
livestock
barn
air
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JP5996503B2 (en
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浩史 立川
Hiroshi Tachikawa
浩史 立川
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ES TECHNOLOGY KK
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Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an epidemic prevention method and device for use in a livestock barn, capable of preventing the influenza epidemic in livestock in winter, and preventing the harmful effect on livestock due to temperature lowering.SOLUTION: The device includes: a dilution vessel 4 in which hypochlorous acid water is diluted to obtain a diluted aqueous solution; a plumbing 24 extending from the dilution vessel 4 to inside of a poultry house 20 in which chickens are fed; sterilizing and cleaning means 40 connected to the plumbing 24, which sterilizes and cleans the inside of the poultry house with the diluted aqueous solution; a transpiration vessel 5 into which the hypochlorous acid water flows to be transpired for generation of an air including hypochlorous acid; and a duct 27 for filling the inside of the poultry house 20 with the air including hypochlorous acid generated in the transpiration vessel 5.

Description

本発明は、鶏、牛や豚などの家畜を飼育する畜舎の防疫方法およびその装置に関する。   The present invention relates to a quarantine prevention method for a livestock barn for raising livestock such as chickens, cows and pigs, and an apparatus therefor.

従来、例えば特許文献1に記載の方法により生成された次亜塩素酸水溶液を希釈し、図5に示すように鶏舎の各種殺菌洗浄に用いている。図5に示すように、薬液タンクに入れられた次亜塩素酸水溶液1は希釈器4に導入され、水道水2により希釈されて希釈水溶液とされ、鶏舎内を出入りする作業者の靴底殺菌洗浄6、作業着殺菌洗浄7、鶏舎棚殺菌洗浄8、餌箱の殺菌洗浄9、鶏の飲水の殺菌10、鶏舎場内を出入りする車両のタイヤの殺菌洗浄11や鶏舎内のノズル噴霧による殺菌50等に用いられている。   Conventionally, for example, a hypochlorous acid aqueous solution generated by the method described in Patent Document 1 is diluted and used for various sterilization washings of poultry houses as shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 5, the hypochlorous acid aqueous solution 1 placed in the chemical tank is introduced into a diluter 4, diluted with tap water 2 to form a dilute aqueous solution, and sterilizes the soles of workers who enter and exit the poultry house. Cleaning 6, Work clothes sterilization cleaning 7, Poultry shelf sterilization cleaning 8, Feed box sterilization cleaning 9, Chicken drinking water sterilization 10, Vehicle tires entering and exiting the poultry house 11 Sterilization cleaning 11 Etc. are used.

また、近年、高病原性鳥インフルエンザが新型インフルエンザ(ヒト−ヒト感染型)に変異し、全世界的な感染拡大を起こす危険性が指摘されており、その感染経路の遮断することが望まれている。特に、高病原性鳥インフルエンザが直接感染する可能性がある鶏舎の防疫は、感染拡大を抑止するのに最も効果的である。   In recent years, it has been pointed out that highly pathogenic avian influenza may be transformed into a new type of influenza (human-to-human infection) and spread worldwide, and it is desirable to block the infection route. Yes. In particular, prevention of poultry houses that can be directly infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza is most effective in preventing the spread of infection.

特許第4588104号公報Japanese Patent No. 4588104

ところが、高病原性鳥インフルエンザが流行する冬季に、図5に示すように鶏舎内を殺菌消毒するために、鶏舎上部より次亜塩素酸水溶液をノズルより噴霧すると、鶏舎内の温度が低下して、飼育されている鶏が凍死する恐れがある。牛や豚などのその他の家畜を飼育する牛舎や豚舎などの畜舎においても、温度低下により飼育に悪影響を及ぼす恐れがある。   However, in the winter season when highly pathogenic avian influenza is prevalent, spraying a hypochlorous acid aqueous solution from the nozzle from the top of the poultry house to disinfect the poultry house as shown in FIG. There is a risk of the chickens being bred frozen. Even in barns such as cows and pigs where other livestock such as cattle and pigs are raised, there is a risk of adverse effects on the breeding due to a decrease in temperature.

そこで、本発明においては、冬季における家畜のインフルエンザの流行を防止するとともに、温度低下による家畜への悪影響を防止することが可能な畜舎の防疫方法およびその装置を提供することを目的とする。   Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a livestock prevention method and apparatus for preventing livestock influenza in winter and preventing adverse effects on livestock caused by a temperature drop.

本発明の畜舎の防疫方法は、次亜塩素酸水溶液を希釈して希釈水溶液を得ること、家畜を飼育する蓄舎内を希釈水溶液により殺菌洗浄すること、次亜塩素酸水溶液を蒸散器に流入させ、蒸散器で蒸散された次亜塩素酸を含む空気を蓄舎内に充満させることを含むことを特徴とする。   The barn prevention method of the present invention includes diluting a hypochlorous acid aqueous solution to obtain a dilute aqueous solution, sterilizing and washing the inside of a storage building for raising livestock with the dilute aqueous solution, and flowing the hypochlorous acid aqueous solution into the evaporator. And filling the storage building with air containing hypochlorous acid evaporated by the evaporator.

また、本発明の畜舎の防疫装置は、次亜塩素酸水溶液を希釈して希釈水溶液を得る希釈器と、希釈器から家畜を飼育する畜舎内まで配設された配管と、配管に接続され、畜舎内を希釈水溶液により殺菌洗浄する殺菌洗浄手段と、次亜塩素酸水溶液を流入させて蒸散させ、次亜塩素酸を含む空気を生成する蒸散器と、蒸散器によって生成された次亜塩素酸を含む空気を畜舎内に充満させるダクトとを含むものである。   In addition, the quarantine prevention apparatus of the barn of the present invention is connected to a diluter that dilutes a hypochlorous acid aqueous solution to obtain a dilute aqueous solution, a pipe that is arranged from the diluter to the barn that raises livestock, and a pipe. Sterilization and cleaning means for sterilizing and washing the inside of the barn with a dilute aqueous solution, a transpiration device that generates an air containing hypochlorous acid by allowing a hypochlorous acid aqueous solution to flow in, and hypochlorous acid generated by the transpiration device And a duct that fills the barn with air.

これらの発明によれば、蒸散器によって生成された次亜塩素酸を含む空気を畜舎内に充満させることによって、畜舎内の温度低下を防止しつつ、冬季における家畜のインフルエンザの流行を防止することができるほか、畜舎内の臭気をも抑えることができる。   According to these inventions, it is possible to prevent the epidemic of livestock influenza in the winter season while preventing the temperature drop in the barn by filling the barn with air containing hypochlorous acid generated by the evaporator. In addition, the odor in the barn can be suppressed.

ここで、次亜塩素酸水溶液の濃度は、500〜5000ppmであることが望ましい。これにより、経済性良く畜舎の防疫を行うことが可能となる。なお、500ppm未満の薄い濃度の状態では、あまり希釈倍率が取れないので、原液としての次亜塩素酸水溶液を多く使うことになり、コスト高となる。一方、5000ppm超では、大気にさらすと次亜塩素酸濃度が著しく低下するので、製造コストが高い割には稀釈倍率がそれほど多く取れず、経済性が悪くなる。   Here, the concentration of the hypochlorous acid aqueous solution is preferably 500 to 5000 ppm. As a result, it is possible to prevent the livestock barn with good economic efficiency. In addition, in the state of a low concentration of less than 500 ppm, the dilution rate cannot be obtained so much, and a large amount of hypochlorous acid aqueous solution as a stock solution is used, resulting in an increase in cost. On the other hand, if it exceeds 5000 ppm, the concentration of hypochlorous acid significantly decreases when exposed to the atmosphere, so that the dilution factor cannot be increased so much for the high production cost, and the economical efficiency deteriorates.

また、希釈水溶液は、次亜塩素酸水溶液を20〜100倍に希釈したものであることが望ましい。これにより、経済性良く畜舎の防疫を行うことが可能となる。なお、20倍未満では、原液を多く使うことによりコスト高となる。一方、100倍超では、殺菌効果が少なくなる。   Moreover, it is desirable that the diluted aqueous solution is obtained by diluting a hypochlorous acid aqueous solution 20 to 100 times. As a result, it is possible to prevent the livestock barn with good economic efficiency. In addition, if it is less than 20 times, it will become expensive by using many stock solutions. On the other hand, if it exceeds 100 times, the bactericidal effect decreases.

また、畜舎の開口部には、次亜塩素酸を含む空気が畜舎外に放散されないようにエアーカーテンを形成することが望ましい。これにより、塩素系殺菌剤を蒸散させた空気が畜舎の外に漏れるのを防止し、畜舎内に塩素系殺菌剤を蒸散させた空気を充満させることが可能となる。   Moreover, it is desirable to form an air curtain at the opening of the barn so that air containing hypochlorous acid is not diffused outside the barn. Thereby, it is possible to prevent the air transpiration of the chlorine-based disinfectant from leaking outside the barn, and to fill the barn with the air evaporated of the chlorine-based disinfectant.

(1)次亜塩素酸水溶液を希釈して希釈水溶液を得て、家畜を飼育する蓄舎内を希釈水溶液により殺菌洗浄し、次亜塩素酸水溶液を蒸散器に流入させ、蒸散器で蒸散された次亜塩素酸を含む空気を蓄舎内に充満させる構成により、畜舎内の温度低下を防止しつつ、冬季における家畜のインフルエンザの流行を防止することができる。特に、鶏の凍死を防止することができる。また、畜舎内の臭気をも抑えることができる。 (1) A dilute hypochlorous acid aqueous solution is diluted to obtain a dilute aqueous solution, and the inside of the storage house for raising livestock is sterilized and washed with the dilute aqueous solution. In addition, the structure in which the air containing hypochlorous acid is filled in the storage house can prevent the epidemic of livestock influenza in the winter season while preventing the temperature in the animal house from decreasing. In particular, chickens can be prevented from freezing. Moreover, the odor in a barn can also be suppressed.

(2)畜舎の開口部に、次亜塩素酸を含む空気が畜舎外に放散されないようにエアーカーテンを形成することにより、塩素系殺菌剤を蒸散させた空気が畜舎の外に漏れるのを防止して、畜舎内に塩素系殺菌剤を蒸散させた空気を充満させることにより、畜舎内を効率良く防疫することが可能となる。 (2) By forming an air curtain at the opening of the barn so that air containing hypochlorous acid is not released outside the barn, it is possible to prevent the air that has transpiration of the chlorine-based disinfectant from leaking out of the barn. Thus, the inside of the barn can be efficiently quarantined by filling the barn with air in which the chlorine-based disinfectant has been evaporated.

本発明の実施の形態における鶏舎の防疫装置の構成を示すブロック図である。It is a block diagram which shows the structure of the epidemic prevention apparatus of the poultry house in embodiment of this invention. 本発明の実施の形態における鶏舎の概略構成を示す断面図である。It is sectional drawing which shows schematic structure of the poultry house in embodiment of this invention. 本発明の実施の形態における鶏舎の一部詳細断面図である。It is a partial detailed sectional view of the poultry house in the embodiment of the present invention. 図3の平面断面図である。FIG. 4 is a plan sectional view of FIG. 3. 従来の鶏舎の防疫装置の構成を示すブロック図である。It is a block diagram which shows the structure of the conventional epidemic prevention apparatus of a poultry house.

図1は本発明の実施の形態における鶏舎の防疫装置の構成を示すブロック図、図2は本発明の実施の形態における鶏舎の概略構成を示す断面図、図3は本発明の実施の形態における鶏舎の一部詳細断面図、図4は図3の平面断面図である。   FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a structure of a quarry house prevention apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing a schematic structure of a hen house according to an embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 3 is an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 4 is a partial cross-sectional view of the poultry house, and FIG. 4 is a plan cross-sectional view of FIG.

図1に示すように、本発明の実施の形態における家禽としての鶏を飼育する畜舎としての鶏舎20(図2参照。)の防疫装置は、次亜塩素酸水溶液1を水道水2により希釈して希釈水溶液を得る希釈器4と、次亜塩素酸水溶液1に空気3を吹き込んでばっ気させることで、空気中に次亜塩素酸を蒸散させる蒸散器5とを備える。ここで、蒸散とは、空気中に蒸発させて、発散させることであり、蒸散させた次亜塩素酸は完全に気化した状態で空気中に含まれる。   As shown in FIG. 1, a quarantine apparatus for a poultry house 20 (see FIG. 2) as a barn for raising chickens as poultry in the embodiment of the present invention dilutes hypochlorous acid aqueous solution 1 with tap water 2. A diluter 4 for obtaining a dilute aqueous solution, and a transpiration unit 5 for evaporating hypochlorous acid in the air by blowing air 3 into the hypochlorous acid aqueous solution 1 for aeration. Here, transpiration is evaporation in the air and divergence, and the evaporated hypochlorous acid is contained in the air in a completely vaporized state.

次亜塩素酸水溶液1は、次亜塩素酸ナトリウム水溶液と塩酸とから調製されたpHが2.0〜7.5のものであり、図2に示すように、薬液タンク21に収容されている。薬液タンク21内の次亜塩素酸水溶液1の濃度は、500〜5000ppmである。薬液タンク21から希釈器4まで接続された配管22aの途中にはバルブ13が設けられている。また、薬液タンク21から蒸散器5まで接続された配管22bの途中には薬液ポンプ14が設けられている。   The hypochlorous acid aqueous solution 1 has a pH of 2.0 to 7.5 prepared from a sodium hypochlorite aqueous solution and hydrochloric acid, and is contained in a chemical tank 21 as shown in FIG. . The concentration of the hypochlorous acid aqueous solution 1 in the chemical tank 21 is 500 to 5000 ppm. A valve 13 is provided in the middle of the pipe 22 a connected from the chemical tank 21 to the diluter 4. A chemical pump 14 is provided in the middle of the pipe 22 b connected from the chemical tank 21 to the evaporator 5.

希釈器4は、次亜塩素酸水溶液1を水道水2により20〜100倍に希釈して、希釈水溶液を得るものである。なお、次亜塩素酸水溶液1の希釈には、水道水2以外の水を使用することも可能である。また、希釈器4から鶏舎20まで、希釈水溶液を送る配管24が配設されている。また、配管24の先には、鶏舎20内を希釈水溶液により殺菌洗浄する殺菌洗浄手段40が接続されており、この殺菌洗浄手段40により、図1に示すように、靴底殺菌洗浄6、作業着殺菌洗浄7、鶏舎棚殺菌洗浄8、餌箱の殺菌洗浄9、飲水の殺菌10や車両タイヤの殺菌洗浄11等が行われる。   The diluter 4 dilutes the hypochlorous acid aqueous solution 1 20 to 100 times with tap water 2 to obtain a diluted aqueous solution. For diluting the hypochlorous acid aqueous solution 1, water other than the tap water 2 can be used. Further, a pipe 24 for sending the diluted aqueous solution is disposed from the diluter 4 to the poultry house 20. Further, a sterilizing and cleaning means 40 for sterilizing and cleaning the inside of the poultry house 20 with a dilute aqueous solution is connected to the end of the pipe 24. By the sterilizing and cleaning means 40, as shown in FIG. Sterilization cleaning 7, poultry house sterilization cleaning 8, bait box sterilization cleaning 9, drinking water sterilization 10 and vehicle tire sterilization cleaning 11 are performed.

蒸散器5には、図2に示すように、薬液タンク21から薬液ポンプ14により配管22bを通じて次亜塩素酸水溶液1が送り込まれ、この次亜塩素酸水溶液1にコンプレッサー26から空気3が吹き込まれ、ばっ気させることにより、空気3中に次亜塩素酸水溶液1が蒸散し、次亜塩素酸を含む空気が生成される。また、蒸散器5には、ダクト27およびブロワー28が設けられている。ダクト27は、鶏を飼育する飼育ケージ29の上方に設けられており、ブロワー28は飼育ケージ29の下方に設けられている。これにより、鶏舎20内の空気をダクト27およびブロワー28によって蒸散器5内を循環させることで、蒸散器5により生成された次亜塩素酸を含む空気を鶏舎20内に充満させ、次亜塩素酸を含む空気による鶏舎20内の殺菌消臭12(図1参照。)を行う。また、蒸散器5内にコンプレッサー26、ブロワー28を設けることもできる。   As shown in FIG. 2, the hypochlorite aqueous solution 1 is sent from the chemical liquid tank 21 through the pipe 22 b to the evaporator 5 through the pipe 22 b, and air 3 is blown into the hypochlorous acid aqueous solution 1 from the compressor 26. By aeration, the hypochlorous acid aqueous solution 1 is evaporated in the air 3, and air containing hypochlorous acid is generated. Further, the evaporator 5 is provided with a duct 27 and a blower 28. The duct 27 is provided above a breeding cage 29 for raising chickens, and the blower 28 is provided below the breeding cage 29. Thereby, the air containing hypochlorous acid produced | generated by the evaporator 5 is filled in the chicken house 20 by circulating the air in the chicken house 20 in the evaporator 5 by the duct 27 and the blower 28, and hypochlorous acid is filled. Sterilization and deodorization 12 (see FIG. 1) in the poultry house 20 is performed with air containing acid. Further, a compressor 26 and a blower 28 can be provided in the evaporator 5.

また、鶏舎20には、図3および図4に示すように、一部に開口部としての窓30が形成されており、鶏舎20内外で空気が出入り可能となっている。そこで、本実施形態における防疫装置は、各窓30に鶏舎20の内外の空気の出入りを遮断するエアーカーテン31を形成するエアーカーテン装置が備えられている。エアーカーテン装置は、各窓30に設けられ、空気を噴射してエアーカーテン31を形成するエアーパイプ32と、エアーパイプ32に空気を供給するエアー源33と、エアーパイプ32とエアー源33とを接続する配管34とから構成されている。なお、エアー源33としては、蒸散器5やブロワー28を利用することも可能である。   Further, as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, a window 30 as an opening is formed in a part of the chicken house 20 so that air can enter and exit inside and outside the chicken house 20. In view of this, the epidemiological apparatus according to the present embodiment is provided with an air curtain device that forms an air curtain 31 that blocks the entrance and exit of air inside and outside the poultry house 20 at each window 30. The air curtain device includes an air pipe 32 that is provided in each window 30 to inject air to form an air curtain 31, an air source 33 that supplies air to the air pipe 32, and an air pipe 32 and an air source 33. It is comprised from the piping 34 to connect. In addition, as the air source 33, the evaporator 5 and the blower 28 can be used.

この鶏舎20では、鶏舎20の内外の空気が出入りする各窓30の全てに対してエアーパイプ32によりエアーを噴出してエアーカーテン31を形成し、各窓30を遮断することにより、前述の次亜塩素酸を含む空気が鶏舎20の外に漏れるのを防止して、鶏舎20内に次亜塩素酸を含む空気を充満させ、鶏舎20内を効率良く防疫することができる。   In this poultry house 20, air is blown out by the air pipe 32 to all the windows 30 through which the air inside and outside the poultry house 20 enters and exits to form the air curtain 31, and the windows 30 are shut off, whereby the following Air containing chlorous acid is prevented from leaking outside the poultry house 20, the air containing hypochlorous acid is filled in the poultry house 20, and the inside of the poultry house 20 can be efficiently prevented.

なお、本実施形態における防疫装置は、鶏舎20以外にも、牛や豚などの家畜を飼育する牛舎や豚舎などの畜舎であって、一部が窓により開放された畜舎にも同様に適用可能である。   In addition to the poultry house 20, the quarantine apparatus according to the present embodiment is also applicable to a barn such as a cattle barn or a pig barn for raising livestock such as cattle or pigs, and partly open to a barn. It is.

本発明の畜舎の防疫方法およびその装置は、鶏、牛や豚などの家畜を飼育する畜舎であって、一部が窓により開放された畜舎の防疫に有用である。   INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The barn prevention method and apparatus of the present invention is a barn for raising livestock such as chickens, cattle, and pigs, and is useful for the prevention of barnyards that are partially opened by windows.

1 次亜塩素酸水溶液
2 水道水
3 空気
4 希釈器
5 蒸散器
6 靴底殺菌洗浄
7 作業着殺菌洗浄
8 鶏舎棚殺菌洗浄
9 餌箱の殺菌洗浄
10 飲水の殺菌
11 車両タイヤの殺菌洗浄
12 次亜塩素酸を含む空気による鶏舎内の殺菌消臭
13 バルブ
14 薬液ポンプ
20 鶏舎
21 薬液タンク
22a,22b 配管
24 配管
26 コンプレッサー
27 ダクト
28 ブロワー
29 飼育ケージ
30 窓
31 エアーカーテン
32 エアーパイプ
33 エアー源
34 配管
40 殺菌洗浄手段
50 鶏舎内のノズル噴霧による殺菌
1 Hypochlorous acid aqueous solution 2 Tap water 3 Air 4 Diluter 5 Evaporator 6 Shoe sterilization washing 7 Work clothes sterilization washing 8 Poultry shelf sterilization washing 9 Feed box sterilization washing 10 Drinking water sterilization 11 Vehicle tire sterilization washing 12 Next Sterilization and deodorization in poultry house with air containing chlorous acid 13 Valve 14 Chemical liquid pump 20 Chicken house 21 Chemical liquid tank 22a, 22b Piping 24 Piping 26 Compressor 27 Duct 28 Blower 29 Breeding cage 30 Window 31 Air curtain 32 Air pipe 33 Air source 34 Piping 40 Sterilization and cleaning means 50 Sterilization by spraying nozzles in the poultry house

Claims (5)

次亜塩素酸水溶液を希釈して希釈水溶液を得ること、
家畜を飼育する蓄舎内を前記希釈水溶液により殺菌洗浄すること、
前記次亜塩素酸水溶液を蒸散器に流入させ、前記蒸散器で蒸散された次亜塩素酸を含む空気を前記蓄舎内に充満させること
を含む畜舎の防疫方法。
Diluting hypochlorous acid aqueous solution to obtain diluted aqueous solution,
Sterilizing and washing the inside of the storage building for raising livestock with the diluted aqueous solution,
A livestock prevention method comprising causing the hypochlorous acid aqueous solution to flow into a evaporator and filling the storage with air containing hypochlorous acid evaporated by the evaporator.
前記次亜塩素酸水溶液の濃度は、500〜5000ppmである請求項1記載の畜舎の防疫方法。   2. The livestock prevention method according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of the hypochlorous acid aqueous solution is 500 to 5000 ppm. 前記希釈水溶液は、前記次亜塩素酸水溶液を20〜100倍に希釈したものである請求項2記載の畜舎の防疫方法。   The livestock prevention method according to claim 2, wherein the diluted aqueous solution is obtained by diluting the hypochlorous acid aqueous solution 20 to 100 times. 前記畜舎の開口部に、前記次亜塩素酸を含む空気が前記畜舎外に放散されないようにエアーカーテンを形成することを含む請求項1から3のいずれか1項に記載の畜舎の防疫方法。   The quarantine prevention method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, further comprising forming an air curtain at an opening of the barn so that air containing hypochlorous acid is not diffused outside the barn. 次亜塩素酸水溶液を希釈して希釈水溶液を得る希釈器と、
前記希釈器から家畜を飼育する畜舎内まで配設された配管と、
前記配管に接続され、前記畜舎内を前記希釈水溶液により殺菌洗浄する殺菌洗浄手段と、
前記次亜塩素酸水溶液を流入させて蒸散させ、次亜塩素酸を含む空気を生成する蒸散器と、
前記蒸散器によって生成された前記次亜塩素酸を含む空気を前記畜舎内に充満させるダクトと
を含む畜舎の防疫装置。
A diluter that dilutes hypochlorous acid aqueous solution to obtain a diluted aqueous solution;
Pipes arranged from the diluter to the barn where livestock are raised,
Sterilizing and washing means connected to the pipe and sterilizing and washing the inside of the barn with the diluted aqueous solution;
A transpiration unit for generating an air containing hypochlorous acid by allowing the aqueous hypochlorous acid solution to flow and evaporate;
A livestock prevention apparatus including a duct for filling the livestock with air containing the hypochlorous acid generated by the evaporator.
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