JP2013528893A - LED lamp using remote phosphor and diffuser configuration - Google Patents

Abstract

  An LED lamp 320 or light bulb comprising a light source 324, a heat sink structure 325, and an optical cavity 322 is disclosed. The optical cavity comprises a phosphor carrier 328 that has a conversion material and is arranged over the opening to the cavity. The phosphor carrier comprises a thermally conductive transparent material and is thermally coupled to the heat sink structure. The LED-based light source is mounted in an optical cavity that is remote from the phosphor carrier, and light from the light source passes through the phosphor carrier. A diffuser dome 330 is provided mounted over the optical cavity, and light from the optical cavity passes through the diffuser dome. The diffuser dome can disperse light passing through it into a desired radiation pattern, such as an omnidirectional pattern. In one example, the light source can be a blue light emitting LED, the phosphor carrier can include a yellow phosphor, and the LED lamp or bulb is a white that combines LED light and phosphor light. Emits light.

Description

  This application is based on US Provisional Patent Application No. 61 / 339,516 filed on March 3, 2010, US Provisional Patent Application No. 61 / 339,515 filed on March 3, 2010, September 2010. US Provisional Patent Application No. 61 / 386,437 filed on the 24th, US Provisional Application No. 61 / 424,665 filed on the 19th December 2010, US Provisional Application No. 61 / 424,665 filed on the 19th December 2010 61 / 424,670, US provisional patent application 61 / 434,355 filed January 19, 2011, US provisional patent application 61 / 435,326 filed January 23, 2011, 2011 Claims the benefit of US Provisional Patent Application No. 61 / 435,759, filed January 24, 2000. This application also includes US patent application Ser. No. 12 / 848,825, filed Aug. 2, 2010, U.S. Patent Application No. 12 / 889,719, filed Sep. 24, 2010, and 2010-12. This is a continuation-in-part application from US patent application Ser. No. 12 / 975,820 filed on Jan. 22, claiming their benefits.

  The present invention relates to solid state lamps and light bulbs, in particular, efficient and reliable light emitting diode (LED) based lamps capable of generating omnidirectional radiation patterns and It relates to light bulbs.

  Incandescent or filament-based lamps or bulbs are commonly used as light sources for residential and commercial facilities. However, such a lamp is a very inefficient light source, and about 95% of the input energy is lost mainly in the form of heat or infrared energy. One common alternative to incandescent lamps is the so-called bulb-type fluorescent lamp (CFL), which makes it more effective to convert power into light, but with various compounds not only for chronic poisoning but also for acute poisoning. It is necessary to use toxic substances that can cause environmental pollution. One solution to improve the efficiency of a lamp or bulb is to use a solid state device such as a light emitting diode (one or more LEDs) rather than a metal filament to generate light.

  Light emitting diodes generally comprise one or more active layers of solid material sandwiched between oppositely doped layers. When a bias is applied to the doped layer, holes and electrons are injected into the active layer where they recombine to generate light. Light is emitted from the active layer of the LED and from various surfaces.

  In order to use LED chips in circuits or other similar arrangements, it is known to encapsulate LED chips in packages for environmental and / or mechanical protection, color selection, light collection, and the like. It has been. The LED package also includes leads, contacts, or traces for electrically connecting the LED package to an external circuit. In the exemplary LED package 10 illustrated in FIG. 1, a single LED chip 12 is mounted on the reflective cup 13 using soldering or conductive epoxy. One or more wire bonds 11 connect the ohmic contacts of the LED chip 12 to leads 15A and / or 15B, which can be attached to or integrated with the reflective cup 13. The reflective cup can be filled with an encapsulant 16 that can include a wavelength converting material such as a phosphor. The light emitted by the first wavelength LED can be absorbed by a phosphor that can emit a second wavelength light in response. Next, the entire assembly can be encapsulated in a transparent protective resin 14, which can be molded into a lens shape so that the light emitted from the LED chip 12 is parallel. The reflection cup 13 can direct the light upward, but optical loss may occur when the light is reflected (that is, the reflectance of the practical reflector surface is less than 100%. Some can be absorbed by the reflective cup). In addition, depressive heat can be a problem for packages such as the package 10 shown in FIG. 1a because it is difficult to extract heat through the leads 15A, 15B. Because there is.

  The conventional LED package 20 illustrated in FIG. 2 may be more suitable for high power operation that may generate more heat. In the LED package 20, one or more LED chips 22 are mounted on a carrier such as a printed circuit board (PCB) carrier, substrate, or submount 23. A metal reflector 24 mounted on the submount 23 surrounds the LED chip (s) 22 and reflects light emitted by the LED chip 22 from the package 20. The reflector 24 can also provide mechanical protection to the LED chip 22. One or more wire bond connections 27 are formed between the ohmic contacts on the LED chip 22 and the electrical traces 25A, 25B on the submount 23. Subsequently, when the mounted LED chip 22 is covered with a sealing material 26, the sealing material 26 can provide a chip environment and mechanical protection while also functioning as a lens. Metal reflector 24 is typically attached to the carrier using soldering or epoxy bonding.

  The LED chip as found in the LED package 20 of FIG. 2 can be coated with a conversion material that includes one or more phosphors, where the phosphor absorbs at least a portion of the LED light. The LED chip can emit light of different wavelengths to emit a combination of light from the LED and phosphor. The LED chip (s) can be coated with the phosphor using a number of different methods, one suitable method being described in US patent application Ser. No. 11 / 656,759 to Chitnis et al. 11 / 899,790, both of which are the same, “Wafer Level Phosphorating Coating Methods and Devices Fabricated Uritizing Methods”. Alternatively, other methods such as electrophoretic coating (EPD) can be used to coat the LED, and this preferred EPD method is described in Tarsa et al. US patent application Ser. No. 11 / 473,089, entitled “Close Loop Electrophoretic”. “Deposition of Semiconductor Devices”.

  LED chips that have conversion materials in close proximity or as a direct coating are used in a variety of different packages, but there are some limitations based on the structure of the device. When the phosphor is on the LED epitaxial layer or very close to the LED epitaxial layer (and possibly with a conformal coat on the LED), the phosphor is Chips that can raise the temperature of the material can be directly exposed to the heat generated. Furthermore, in such cases, the phosphor can be exposed to a very dense collection or luminous flux of incident light from the LED. Since the conversion process is generally not 100% efficient, excess heat proportional to the incident light flux is generated in the phosphor layer. In a compact phosphor layer that is close to the LED chip, this can cause a substantial temperature increase in the phosphor layer when a large amount of heat is generated in a small area. This increase in temperature can be exacerbated when the phosphor particles are embedded in a low thermal conductivity material such as silicone that does not form an effective dissipation path for the heat generated within the phosphor particles. is there. When the operating temperature rises in this way, not only the phosphor and surrounding materials deteriorate with the passage of time, but also the phosphor conversion efficiency decreases, and the conversion color may shift.

  Lamps have also been developed that utilize solid state light sources, such as LEDs, in combination with conversion materials that are separated from the LEDs or remote from the LEDs. Such an arrangement is disclosed in US Pat. No. 6,350,041, Tarsa et al., Entitled “High Output Radial Dispersing Lamp Using a Solid State Light Source”. The lamp described in this patent can include a solid state light source that passes light through a separator to a disperser having a phosphor. Dispersers can disperse light in a desired pattern and / or change its color by converting at least a portion of the light through a phosphor or other conversion material to a different wavelength. In some embodiments, the separator provides a sufficient spacing between the light source and the disperser so that heat from the light source is not transferred to the disperser when a large current is required at the light source for room lighting. Additional remote phosphor technology is described in Negley et al., US Pat. No. 7,614,759, entitled “Lighting Device”.

  One potential disadvantage of lamps incorporating remote phosphors is that visual or aesthetic properties can be undesirable. If the lamp is not producing light, it may have a surface color that is different from the typical white or transparent appearance of a standard Edison bulb. In some cases, the lamp may have a yellow or orange appearance, which is primarily derived from the phosphor conversion material. This appearance is considered undesirable for many applications and can cause aesthetic problems in the surrounding building elements when not illuminated. This can have an overall negative impact on consumer acceptance of these types of lamps.

  Furthermore, remote phosphors when compared to conformal or adjacent phosphor arrangements in which heat generated in the phosphor layer in the conversion process can be conducted or dissipated through nearby chips or substrate surfaces The arrangement can be exposed to an inadequate heat dissipation path for heat conduction. Without an effective heat dissipation path, insulated remote phosphors can be exposed to high operating temperatures, which may be even higher than the temperatures in the corresponding conformal coating layer. There is. This can offset some or the front of the benefits gained by placing the phosphor remotely with respect to the chip. In other words, the remote phosphor arrangement for the LED chip may reduce or eliminate direct heating of the phosphor layer due to heat generated in the LED chip during operation, but the resulting The temperature drop of the phosphor is partially or totally offset by the heat generated in the phosphor layer itself in the light conversion process, and lacks a suitable heat path to dissipate this generated heat. There is also.

  Another problem affecting the implementation and acceptance of lamps using solid state light sources relates to the nature of the light emitted by the light source itself. In order to produce efficient lamps or bulbs based on LED light sources (and associated conversion layers), it is typically desirable to have the LED chip or package coplanar. This makes it possible to use conventional production equipment and processes, which facilitates manufacturing and reduces manufacturing costs. However, coplanar arrangements of LED chips typically generate a forward-oriented light intensity profile (eg, a Lambertian profile). Such a beam profile is generally undesirable in applications where a solid lamp or bulb is intended to replace a conventional lamp, such as a conventional incandescent bulb with a fairly high omnidirectional beam pattern. Although it is possible to mount the LED light source or package in a three-dimensional arrangement, such an arrangement is generally difficult to process and expensive to process.

US patent application Ser. No. 11 / 656,759 US patent application Ser. No. 11 / 899,790 US patent application Ser. No. 11 / 473,089 US Pat. No. 6,350,041 US Patent No. 7,614,759 US Patent Application No. 2010/0155763 US patent application Ser. No. 12 / 566,195 US patent application Ser. No. 12 / 704,730

  The present invention generally includes a lamp with one light source, one or more wavelength converting materials, separate or remotely positioned regions or layers with respect to the light source, and different combinations and arrangements of separated diffusion layers. And realize the light bulb. This arrangement is efficient, reliable, and cost-effective, making it possible to produce lamps and bulbs that can provide an essentially omnidirectional radiation pattern, even in the case of a light source with a coplanar arrangement of LEDs. to enable. In addition, this arrangement allows the appearance of the conversion region or layer to be masked or concealed for aesthetics when no light is illuminated from the lamp. Using various embodiments of the present invention eliminates many of the difficulties associated with using efficient solid state light sources such as LEDs in the manufacture of lamps or bulbs suitable for direct replacement of conventional incandescent bulbs. can do. Embodiments of the present invention are adapted to fit recognized standard size profiles as attributed to commonly used lamps such as incandescent bulbs, and thus a direct replacement for such bulbs is provided. You will be able to do it smoothly. Embodiments of the present invention can also take various arrangements with conversion material located remotely from the lamp light source, with a diffuser provided over the conversion material and the light source, where the diffuser is from the light source and / or conversion material of the lamp. The emitted light can be dispersed in a desired pattern such as substantially uniform color and / or intensity over a range of viewing angles.

  By having the conversion material and diffuser remote from the light source, a high electrical signal can be applied to the light source, resulting in increased light output, but it is also possible to operate the light source at higher temperatures. If there is a distance between the light source and the conversion material (s), the amount of heat generated in the light source is transferred to the phosphor or conversion layer (s). This maintains a high conversion efficiency and reliability while enabling a reduction in the number of chip components that leads to a reduction in manufacturing costs. Some embodiments may also include features that allow efficient transfer of heat associated with the conversion away from the remote conversion material. The diffuser and conversion material can have different shapes, and in some embodiments, the geometry of the two can work together to provide the desired lamp radiation pattern or uniformity.

  One embodiment of a lighting device according to the present invention comprises a solid state light source and a diffuser arranged spaced from the solid state light source. A phosphor is disposed between the solid light source and the diffuser and is spaced apart from the solid light source and the diffuser, and the phosphor is positioned to receive light emitted from the solid light source.

  Another embodiment of a lighting device according to the present invention comprises a solid state light source and a phosphor layer. The phosphor layer may be disposed separately from the solid light source and may have a substantially frustum shape.

  Yet another embodiment of a lighting device according to the present invention comprises a remote phosphor, a solid state light source, and a remote diffuser. Light emitted from the diffuser may have reduced spatial radiant intensity profile variations over a specified angular range compared to light emitted from a remote phosphor.

  One embodiment of the solid state lamp according to the invention comprises at least one solid state light emitter that defines a plane substantially perpendicular to the radial axis of the lamp. An optical system is provided that distributes at least 5% of the light emitted by the lamp in a direction below the plane defined by the at least one solid state light emitter.

  Another embodiment of a solid state lamp according to the present invention comprises a light emitting diode (LED) based light source and a remote phosphor disposed remotely from the LED light source. A diffuser remote from the remote phosphor is provided, the diffuser having a shape and light scattering properties that disperse the light from the LED light source and the remote phosphor into a substantially non-directional radiation pattern.

  Yet another embodiment of a solid state lamp according to the present invention comprises an LED-based light source and a remote phosphor disposed remotely from the LED light source. A diffuser remote from the remote phosphor is provided, and the diffuser masks or at least partially conceals the appearance of the remote phosphor when the solid state lamp is not operating.

  These and other aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings that illustrate, by way of example, the features of the present invention.

It is sectional drawing of one Example of a prior art LED lamp. FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a prior art LED lamp. It is a figure which shows the size designation | designated with respect to an A19 alternative light bulb. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention. 1 is a side view of an embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention. FIG. 6 is a side view of another embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention. FIG. 6 is a side view of yet another embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention. It is a graph which shows the radiation characteristic of one Example of the lamp | ramp by this invention. 1 is a side view of a diffuser according to the present invention. FIG. 6 is a side view of another diffuser according to the present invention. FIG. 6 is a side view of another embodiment of a diffuser according to the present invention. FIG. 6 is a side view of yet another diffuser according to the present invention. FIG. 31 is a graph showing the radiation characteristics of a lamp comprising the diffuser shown in FIG. 9 and the planar remote phosphor disk schematically shown in FIG. FIG. 31 is a graph showing the radiation characteristics of a lamp comprising the diffuser shown in FIG. 9 and the planar remote phosphor disk schematically shown in FIG. FIG. 31 is a graph showing the radiation characteristics of a lamp comprising the diffuser shown in FIG. 9 and the planar remote phosphor disk schematically shown in FIG. FIG. 31 is a graph showing the radiation characteristics of a lamp comprising the diffuser shown in FIG. 9 and the planar remote phosphor disk schematically shown in FIG. FIG. 31 is a graph showing the radiation characteristics of a lamp comprising the diffuser shown in FIG. 10 and the planar remote phosphor disk schematically shown in FIG. FIG. 31 is a graph showing the radiation characteristics of a lamp comprising the diffuser shown in FIG. 10 and the planar remote phosphor disk schematically shown in FIG. FIG. 31 is a graph showing the radiation characteristics of a lamp comprising the diffuser shown in FIG. 10 and the planar remote phosphor disk schematically shown in FIG. FIG. 31 is a graph showing the radiation characteristics of a lamp comprising the diffuser shown in FIG. 10 and the planar remote phosphor disk schematically shown in FIG. FIG. 31 is a graph showing the radiation characteristics of a lamp comprising the diffuser shown in FIG. 11 and the planar remote phosphor disk schematically shown in FIG. FIG. 31 is a graph showing the radiation characteristics of a lamp comprising the diffuser shown in FIG. 11 and the planar remote phosphor disk schematically shown in FIG. FIG. 31 is a graph showing the radiation characteristics of a lamp comprising the diffuser shown in FIG. 11 and the planar remote phosphor disk schematically shown in FIG. FIG. 31 is a graph showing the radiation characteristics of a lamp comprising the diffuser shown in FIG. 11 and the planar remote phosphor disk schematically shown in FIG. FIG. 31 is a graph showing the emission characteristics of a lamp comprising the diffuser shown in FIG. 12 and the planar remote phosphor disk schematically shown in FIG. FIG. 31 is a graph showing the emission characteristics of a lamp comprising the diffuser shown in FIG. 12 and the planar remote phosphor disk schematically shown in FIG. FIG. 31 is a graph showing the emission characteristics of a lamp comprising the diffuser shown in FIG. 12 and the planar remote phosphor disk schematically shown in FIG. FIG. 31 is a graph showing the emission characteristics of a lamp comprising the diffuser shown in FIG. 12 and the planar remote phosphor disk schematically shown in FIG. FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention having a diffuser dome. FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention. FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention having a diffuser dome. FIG. 6 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention having a different shape diffuser dome. FIG. 33 is a cross-sectional view of the lamp shown in FIG. 32. FIG. 33 is an exploded view of the lamp shown in FIG. 32. FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a three-dimensional phosphor carrier according to the present invention. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a three-dimensional phosphor carrier according to the present invention. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a three-dimensional phosphor carrier according to the present invention. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a three-dimensional phosphor carrier according to the present invention. FIG. 6 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention comprising a three-dimensional phosphor carrier. FIG. 40 is a cross-sectional view of the lamp shown in FIG. 39. FIG. 40 is an exploded view of the lamp shown in FIG. 39. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention comprising a heat sink and a light source. FIG. FIG. 43 is a perspective view of the lamp shown in FIG. 42 with a dome-shaped phosphor carrier. 1 is a side view of an embodiment of a dome shaped diffuser according to the present invention. FIG. FIG. 45 is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of the dome shaped diffuser shown in FIG. 44 with dimensions. FIG. 44 is a graph showing the radiation characteristics of a lamp comprising the spherical phosphor carrier of FIG. 43 and the dome-shaped diffuser shown in FIGS. 44 and 45. FIG. 44 is a graph showing the radiation characteristics of a lamp comprising the spherical phosphor carrier of FIG. 43 and the dome-shaped diffuser shown in FIGS. 44 and 45. FIG. 44 is a graph showing the radiation characteristics of a lamp comprising the spherical phosphor carrier of FIG. 43 and the dome-shaped diffuser shown in FIGS. 44 and 45. FIG. 44 is a graph showing the radiation characteristics of a lamp comprising the spherical phosphor carrier of FIG. 43 and the dome-shaped diffuser shown in FIGS. 44 and 45. 44 is a graph showing the radiation characteristics of a lamp comprising the diffuser shown in FIG. 10 and the spherical phosphor shown in FIG. 44 is a graph showing the radiation characteristics of a lamp comprising the diffuser shown in FIG. 10 and the spherical phosphor shown in FIG. 44 is a graph showing the radiation characteristics of a lamp comprising the diffuser shown in FIG. 10 and the spherical phosphor shown in FIG. 44 is a graph showing the radiation characteristics of a lamp comprising the diffuser shown in FIG. 10 and the spherical phosphor shown in FIG. 44 is a graph showing the radiation characteristics of a lamp comprising the diffuser shown in FIG. 11 and the spherical phosphor shown in FIG. 44 is a graph showing the radiation characteristics of a lamp comprising the diffuser shown in FIG. 11 and the spherical phosphor shown in FIG. 44 is a graph showing the radiation characteristics of a lamp comprising the diffuser shown in FIG. 11 and the spherical phosphor shown in FIG. 44 is a graph showing the radiation characteristics of a lamp comprising the diffuser shown in FIG. 11 and the spherical phosphor shown in FIG. FIG. 44 is a graph showing the radiation characteristics of a lamp comprising the diffuser shown in FIG. 12 and the spherical phosphor shown in FIG. FIG. 44 is a graph showing the radiation characteristics of a lamp comprising the diffuser shown in FIG. 12 and the spherical phosphor shown in FIG. FIG. 44 is a graph showing the radiation characteristics of a lamp comprising the diffuser shown in FIG. 12 and the spherical phosphor shown in FIG. FIG. 44 is a graph showing the radiation characteristics of a lamp comprising the diffuser shown in FIG. 12 and the spherical phosphor shown in FIG. FIG. 4 is a CIE chromaticity diagram showing a color distribution for viewing angle characteristics for a lamp according to the present invention. FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of yet another embodiment of a diffuser according to the present invention. FIG. 6 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention comprising a three-dimensional phosphor carrier. FIG. 65 is a cross-sectional view of the lamp shown in FIG. 64. FIG. 65 is an exploded view of the lamp shown in FIG. 64. FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a color cavity according to the present invention. FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing the footprint of different features of one embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention. FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention. FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention. FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention. FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of yet another embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention. FIG. 6 is a top view of another embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention. It is sectional drawing of the Example of the floodlight type of the lamp | ramp by this invention. It is sectional drawing of another Example of the floodlight type | mold lamp by this invention. It is sectional drawing of another Example of the floodlight type | mold lamp by this invention. FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a two-dimensional panel of a lamp according to the present invention. FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of another two-dimensional panel embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention. FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of another two-dimensional panel embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a tube shape of a lamp according to the present invention. FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of another tube-shaped embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention. FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of another tube-shaped embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention. It is sectional drawing of the Example of the light emission panel of the lamp | ramp by this invention. FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of another example of floodlight illumination of a lamp according to the present invention. FIG. 6 is a side view of yet another embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention. It is a graph which shows the radiation characteristic of the lamp | ramp of FIG. FIG. 6 is a side view of yet another embodiment of a lamp according to the present invention. It is a graph which shows the radiation characteristic of the lamp | ramp of FIG.

  The present invention is efficient, reliable, and cost effective, and in some embodiments a lamp or bulb that can construct an essentially omnidirectional radiation pattern from a directional light source, such as a forward radiating light source. Examples with different structures are targeted. The present invention is also directed to a lamp structure that uses a solid state light emitter with a remote conversion material (or phosphor) and a remote diffusing element or diffuser. In some embodiments, the diffuser is not only used to mask the phosphor so that it is not visible to the user of the lamp, but also the light emitted from the remote phosphor and / or the light source of the lamp is desired. It is also possible to distribute or redistribute the radiation pattern. In some embodiments, the diffuser dome may be arranged to distribute the forward-directed radiation pattern into a more omni-directional pattern that can be used for general lighting applications. The diffuser can convert the forward-directed radiation from the LED light source into a beam profile comparable to a standard incandescent bulb in embodiments with a three-dimensional shaped remote conversion material as well as a two-dimensional shape. Can be used with a combination of features.

  The present invention is described herein with reference to conversion materials, wavelength conversion materials, remote phosphors, phosphors, phosphor layers, and related terms. The use of these terms should not be construed as limiting. The use of the terms remote phosphor, phosphor, or phosphor layer is understood to mean that all wavelength converting materials are encompassed and equally applicable.

  Some embodiments of the lamps are above the light source and are spaced apart from the light source and are arranged in a dome-shaped (or frustum-shaped) three-dimensional conversion material, as well as spaced from the conversion material, and There can be an overlying dome shaped diffuser, the lamp showing a double dome structure. The space between the various structures can be equipped with a light mixing chamber that can promote the dispersion of light emission of the lamp and the color uniformity. The space between the light source and the conversion material, as well as the space between the conversion material, can be used as a light mixing chamber. Other embodiments can include additional conversion materials or diffusers that can form additional mixing chambers. The order of the dome conversion material and the dome shaped diffuser can be different in some embodiments so that the diffuser enters the interior of the conversion material and the space between them forms a light mixing chamber. These are just a few of the many different conversion materials and diffuser arrangements according to the present invention.

  Some lamp embodiments according to the present invention may comprise a light source having a coplanar arrangement of one or more LED chips or packages, with the radiator mounted on a flat or planar surface. . In other embodiments, the LED chips may not be coplanar, such as on a table or other three-dimensional structure. A light source on the same plane can reduce the complexity of the radiator arrangement, facilitate manufacturing, and reduce manufacturing costs. However, light sources on the same plane tend to emit mainly in the forward direction, such as a Lambertian radiation pattern. In different embodiments, it may be desirable to emit a light pattern that mimics the light pattern of a conventional incandescent bulb that can result in substantially uniform radiation intensity and color uniformity at different radiation angles. Different embodiments of the invention can include features that can convert a radiation pattern from a non-uniform pattern to a substantially uniform pattern within a range of viewing angles.

  In some embodiments, the phosphor may include a thermally conductive material that at least partially transmits light from the light source, and at least one phosphor material that each absorbs light from the light source and emits light of a different wavelength. There are conversion layers or regions that can be provided with photoconductor carriers. The diffuser can include associated carriers such as scattering films / particles and glass enclosures, which scatter or reorient at least a portion of the light emitted by the light source and / or the phosphor carrier to provide a desired beam profile. Can be used to construct In some embodiments, a lamp according to the present invention can emit light with a beam profile compatible with standard incandescent bulbs.

  A heat sink structure may be provided that is in thermal contact with the light source and may be in thermal contact with the phosphor carrier to dissipate heat generated in the light source and phosphor layer to the surroundings. Electronic circuits for supplying power to the light source and other functions such as dimming can also be provided, and these circuits can include means for applying power to the lamp, such as Edison sockets. .

  Different embodiments of the lamp can have many different shapes and sizes, and in some embodiments dimensions that fit into a standard size envelope, such as the A19 size envelope 30 as shown in FIG. Have This makes the lamp particularly useful as an alternative to conventional incandescent and fluorescent lamps or bulbs, and the lamp according to the present invention achieves reduced energy consumption and longer life from solid state light sources. The lamp according to the invention can also accommodate other types of standard size profiles including but not limited to A21 and A23.

  In some examples, the light source may include a solid state light source, such as different types of LEDs, LED chips, or LED packages. In some embodiments, a single LED chip or package can be used, but other LED chips or packages can be used in different types of array arrangements. By insulating the phosphor from the LED chip and providing sufficient heat dissipation, the LED chip can be driven by higher current levels without adversely affecting the conversion efficiency of the phosphor and its long-term reliability. it can. Accordingly, it is possible to reduce the number of LEDs necessary for generating a desired light flux by providing flexibility to overdrive the LED chip. This in turn can achieve a cost reduction with respect to lamp complexity. These LED packages can comprise encapsulated LEDs with materials that can withstand high luminous flux, or can comprise non-encapsulated LEDs.

  In some examples, the light source can comprise one or more blue light emitting LEDs, the phosphor layer in the phosphor carrier absorbs a portion of the blue light, and the lamp is a blue LED and One or more materials that emit one or more different wavelengths of light may be included to emit a combination of white light from the conversion material. The conversion material absorbs blue LED light and can emit light of different colors including but not limited to yellow and green. The light source can also comprise different LEDs and conversion materials that emit light of different colors so that the lamp emits light having desired properties such as color temperature and color rendering.

  Conventional lamps incorporating both red and blue LED chips can be exposed to color instability due to different operating temperatures and dimming. This may be due to the different behavior of red and blue LEDs at different temperatures and operating power (current / voltage), as well as different operating characteristics over time. This effect can be mitigated somewhat through the implementation of an active control system that can add cost and complexity to the overall lamp. In different embodiments according to the present invention, a remote phosphor carrier that may comprise multiple layers of phosphor that remain relatively cool through the heat dissipating arrangement disclosed herein, and a radiator of the same type This problem can be addressed by combining light sources provided. In some embodiments, the remote phosphor carrier can absorb light from the emitter and regenerate different colors of light while still maintaining the efficiency and reliability of the reduced operating temperature for the phosphor. Can radiate.

  Separating the phosphor element from the LED can further provide the advantage that color binning is easier and more consistent. This can be accomplished in a number of ways. LEDs from different bins (eg, blue LEDs from different bins) can be assembled into one to provide a substantially uniform wavelength excitation source that can be used with different lamps. These can then be combined with a phosphor carrier having substantially the same conversion characteristics that constitutes a lamp that emits light in the desired bin. In addition, a large number of phosphor carriers can be manufactured according to different conversion characteristics and binned in advance. Different phosphor carriers can be combined with a light source that emits light of different characteristics to form a lamp that emits light within a target color bin.

  Some lamps according to the invention can also have improved radiation efficiency by surrounding the light source by a reflective surface. This enhances photon recycling by reflecting most of the light that is re-emitted from the conversion material back toward the light source. To further increase efficiency and obtain a desired radiation profile, the surface of the phosphor layer, carrier layer, or diffuser may be smooth or scattering. In some embodiments, the carrier layer and the inner surface of the diffuser are optically enhanced to promote total internal reflection behavior that reduces the amount of light (downconverted or scattered light) traveling backward from the phosphor layer. It may be smooth. This reduces the amount of back-emitted light that can be absorbed by the LED chip of the lamp, the associated substrate, or other non-ideal reflective surfaces inside the lamp.

  Although the present invention has been described herein with reference to several embodiments, the present invention can be embodied in many different forms and can be embodied in the embodiments described herein. It is understood that this should not be construed as limiting. In particular, the present invention is described below with respect to several lamps having one or more LEDs or LED chips or LED packages with different configurations, although the present invention is numerous other lamps having many different configurations. It is understood that can be used. Illustrative examples of different lamps arranged differently according to the present invention are described below and are incorporated herein by reference, Le et al., US Provisional Patent Application No. 61, filed Jan. 24, 2011. No. 435,759, and the name “Solid State Lamp”.

  The following examples are described with reference to one or more LEDs, but it is understood that this is intended to encompass LED chips and LED packages. These components may have different shapes and larger sizes than those shown, and may include different numbers of LEDs. It will be understood that the embodiments described below use light sources that are coplanar, but it is understood that light sources that are not coplanar can also be used. It will also be appreciated that the LED light source of the lamp consists of one or more LEDs, and in some embodiments with multiple LEDs, the LEDs may have different emission wavelengths. Similarly, some LEDs may have phosphor layers or regions that are adjacent or in contact, while other LEDs have adjacent phosphor layers of different composition, or There may be no phosphor layer at all.

  The present invention is described herein with reference to conversion materials, phosphor layers, and phosphor carriers and diffusers that are remote from each other. Remote in this context refers to being separated from direct thermal contact and / or not being in direct thermal contact on or in the surface.

  When an element such as a layer, region, or substrate is said to be “on” another element, it is understood that the element may be directly on the other element or there may be intervening elements. Furthermore, relative terms such as “inner”, “outer”, “upper”, “higher”, “lower”, “below”, and “lower”, as well as similar terms, Can be used to describe the relationship of one layer or another. It is understood that these words are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in addition to the orientation shown in the figure.

  Although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers, and / or sections, these elements, components, regions, Layers and / or sections should not be limited by the word. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from the other region, layer or section. As such, a first element, component, region, layer, or section described below can be referred to as a second element, component, region, layer, or section without departing from the teachings of the present invention.

  Embodiments of the present invention are described herein with reference to cross-section illustrations that are schematic illustrations of embodiments of the present invention. As such, the actual thickness of the layers may be different, for example, due to manufacturing techniques and / or tolerances, and expected to differ from the shape of the figure. Embodiments of the invention should not be construed as limited to the particular shapes of regions illustrated herein, but are to include deviations in shapes that result from manufacture, for example. is there. Regions illustrated or described as squares or rectangles typically have features that are rounded or curved due to normal manufacturing tolerances. As such, the regions illustrated in the figures are schematic in nature and their shapes are not intended to represent the exact shape of the region of the device and limit the scope of the invention It is not intended.

  FIG. 4 shows one embodiment of a lamp 50 according to the present invention comprising a heat sink structure having an optical cavity 54 with a platform 56 for holding a light source 58. Although this embodiment and some of the following embodiments are described with reference to an optical cavity, it is understood that many other embodiments can be configured without an optical cavity. These can include, but are not limited to, a light source on the planar surface of the lamp structure or on a table. The light source 58 can comprise a number of different emitters with embodiments illustrated to comprise LEDs. Without limitation, Cree, Inc. of Durham, North Carolina. Many different commercially available LED chips or LED packages can be used, including those commercially available from the company. It is understood that the lamp embodiments may be configured with LEDs implemented differently in these other embodiments without a light cavity. For example, the light source can be mounted on a planar surface in the lamp, or a pedestal can be provided to hold the LEDs.

  The light source 58 can be mounted on the platform 56 using many different known mounting methods and materials, and light from the light source 58 is emitted out of the top opening of the cavity 54. In some embodiments, the light source 58 can be mounted directly on the platform 56, but in other embodiments, the light source can be provided on a submount or printed circuit board (PCB) that is subsequently mounted on the platform 56. it can. Platform 56 and heat sink structure 52 may include conductive paths for applying electrical signals to light source 58, some of the conductive paths being conductive traces or wires. A portion of platform 56 can be made of a thermally conductive material, and in some embodiments, heat generated during operation can be diffused to the platform and then to the heat sink structure.

  The heat sink structure 52 may at least partially include a thermally conductive material, and many different thermally conductive materials may be used, including different metals such as copper or aluminum, or metal alloys. Copper can have a thermal conductivity of up to 400 W / m-k or higher. In some examples, the heat sink can include high purity aluminum that can have a thermal conductivity of about 210 W / m-k at room temperature. In other examples, the heat sink structure can include die-cast aluminum having a thermal conductivity of about 200 W / m-k. The heat sink structure 52 may also include other heat dissipation features such as heat fins 60 that increase the surface area of the heat sink to facilitate efficient dissipation to the surroundings. In some embodiments, the heat fins 60 can be made of a material that has a higher thermal conductivity than the rest of the heat sink. In the illustrated embodiment, the fins 60 are shown in a generally horizontal orientation, although it is understood that in other embodiments, the fins can be oriented vertically or at an angle. . In yet another embodiment, the heat sink can include an active cooling element such as a fan, which can reduce the thermal resistance in the lamp. In some embodiments, heat dissipation from the phosphor carrier is achieved through a combination of convective heat dissipation and conduction through the heat sink structure 52. Different heat dissipating arrangements and structures are described in Ton et al., US Patent Application No. 61 / 339,516, entitled “LED Lamp Incorporating Remote Phosphor with Heat Dissipation Features and Diffuser Elements”, and Cre. And is incorporated herein by reference.

  The reflective layer 53 can also be provided on the heat sink structure 52, such as on the surface of the optical cavity 54. In embodiments that do not have an optical cavity, a reflective layer can be provided around the light source. In some embodiments, the surface can be coated with a material having a reflectivity of about 75% or greater for lamp visible light (“lamp light”) emitted by the light source 58 and / or wavelength converting material. In other embodiments, the material can have a reflectivity of about 85% or greater for lamp light. In yet other embodiments, the material can have a reflectivity for lamp light of about 95% or greater.

  The heat sink structure 52 may also include features for connecting to a power source, such as connecting to different electrical receptacles and the like. In some embodiments, the heat sink structure can include features of the type that fit into a conventional electrical receptacle. For example, it can include features for mounting on a standard Edison socket, which can include a threaded portion that can be screwed into the Edison socket. In other embodiments, this can comprise a standard plug, and the electrical receptacle can be a standard outlet, or can comprise a GU24-based unit, or it can be a clip. The electrical receptacle may be a receptacle that receives and holds a clip (eg, as used in many fluorescent lamps). These are just a few of the options for the heat sink structure and receptacle, and other arrangements for safely supplying power from the receptacle to the lamp 50 can be used. The lamp according to the present invention can include a power source or a power conversion unit that can be provided with a driver that turns on a light bulb from an AC line voltage / current and has a dimming function for the light source. In some embodiments, the power supply can comprise an off-line constant current LED driver that uses a non-isolated quasi-resonant flyback topology. The LED driver fits within the lamp and, in some embodiments, can have a volume of less than 25 cubic centimeters, while in other embodiments, it can have a volume of about 20 cubic centimeters. In some embodiments, the power source may be non-dimming but at a low cost. It will be appreciated that the power source used may have different topologies or geometric shapes and may be dimmable.

  A phosphor carrier 62 is provided on the top opening of the cavity 54, and a dome-shaped diffuser 76 is provided on the phosphor carrier 62. In the illustrated embodiment, the phosphor carrier covers the entire opening, the cavity opening is shown as a circle, and the phosphor carrier 62 is a disc. It will be appreciated that the cavity opening and the phosphor carrier may be of many different shapes and sizes. It is also understood that the phosphor carrier 62 can cover a smaller portion of the cavity opening rather than the entire cavity opening. As described further below, the diffuser 76 is arranged to disperse the light from the phosphor carrier and / or the LED into the desired lamp radiation pattern, depending on the light received from the desired lamp radiation pattern. Many different shapes and sizes can be provided.

  Embodiments of the phosphor carrier according to the present invention may be characterized as comprising a conversion material and a thermally conductive light transmission material, but it will be understood that a phosphor carrier that is not thermally conductive can also be provided. The light transmission material may be transparent to the light emitted from the light source 54, and the conversion material is of a type that absorbs light of a wavelength from the light source and re-emits light of a different wavelength. Should be. In the illustrated embodiment, the thermally conductive light transmission material comprises a carrier layer 64 and the conversion material comprises a phosphor layer 66 on the phosphor carrier. As will be described further below, different embodiments may comprise many different arrangements of thermally conductive light transmission materials and conversion materials.

  When light from the light source 58 is absorbed by the phosphor in the phosphor layer 66, it is re-emitted isotropically, about 50% of the light is emitted forward, and 50% exits back to the cavity 54. Get inside. In conventional LEDs with a conformal phosphor layer, a significant portion of the light emitted back can be directed back into the LED, and the potential for leakage is the extraction efficiency of the LED structure Limited by. For some LEDs, the extraction efficiency can be about 70%, so a certain percentage of the light that enters the LED backwards from the conversion material can be lost. In a lamp according to the present invention having a remote phosphor configuration with an LED on the platform 56 at the bottom of the cavity 54, a higher percentage of the backward-facing phosphor light strikes the surface of the cavity instead of the LED. Coating these surfaces with a reflective layer 53 increases the proportion of light that is reflected back into the phosphor layer 66, where light can be emitted from the lamp. These reflective layers 53 make it possible to effectively recycle photons in the optical cavity and increase the radiation efficiency of the lamp. It will be appreciated that the reflective layer can comprise many different materials and structures, including but not limited to reflective metals such as distributed Bragg reflectors or multilayer reflective structures. A reflective layer can also be provided around the LEDs in these embodiments that do not have a light cavity.

  The carrier layer 64 is made of quartz, silicon carbide (SiC) (thermal conductivity of about 120 W / m-k), glass (thermal conductivity of 1.0 to 1.4 W / m-k), or sapphire (thermal conductivity of about 40 W). / M-k) and can be made of many different materials having a thermal conductivity of 0.5 W / m-k or higher. In other embodiments, the carrier layer 64 can have a thermal conductivity greater than 1.0 W / m-k, and in other embodiments, the carrier layer 64 can have a thermal conductivity greater than 5.0 W / m-k. Can do. In still other embodiments, this can have a thermal conductivity greater than 10 W / m-k. In some embodiments, the carrier layer can have a thermal conductivity in the range of 1.4 to 10 W / m-k. The phosphor carrier can have a different thickness depending on the material used, and a preferred range of thickness is from 0.1 mm to 10 mm or more. It will be appreciated that other thicknesses may be used depending on the material properties for the carrier layer. The material should have a sufficient thickness to provide sufficient lateral heat diffusion for specific operating conditions. In general, the higher the thermal conductivity of the material, the thinner the material can be while maintaining the required heat dissipation. Various factors can affect which carrier layer material is used, including but not limited to the cost and transmission of light from the light source. Some materials may also be more suitable for larger diameters, such as glass or quartz. They can reduce manufacturing costs by forming a phosphor layer on a larger diameter carrier layer and then cutting the individual pieces into smaller carrier layers.

Although many different phosphors can be used in the phosphor layer 66, the present invention is particularly adapted to lamps that emit white light. As described above, in some embodiments, light source 58 is LED-based and can emit light in the blue wavelength spectrum. The phosphor layer can absorb part of the blue light and re-emit yellow light. Thereby, the lamp can emit white light obtained by combining blue light and yellow light. In some embodiments, blue LED light can be converted by a yellow conversion material using a commercially available YAG: Ce phosphor, but (Gd, Y, such as Y ₃ Al ₅ O ₁₂ : Ce (YAG) _{) 3 (Al, Ga) 5} O 12: it can be any kind of broad yellow spectral emission using conversion particles made of phosphors based on _Ce-based. Other yellow phosphors that can be used to produce white light when used with blue light emitting LED-based emitters include, but are not limited to:
_{Tb 3-x RE x O 12} : Ce (TAG); RE = Y, Gd, La, Lu; or _{Sr 2-x-y Ba x} Ca y SiO 4: Eu
including.

The phosphor layer may also be arranged and configured using a plurality of phosphors mixed together with the phosphor layer 66 or as a second phosphor layer on the carrier layer 64. In some embodiments, each of the two phosphors can absorb LED light and re-emit light of a different color. In these examples, combining the colors from the two phosphor layers can form a higher CRI white with a different white tone (warm white). This can include light from the yellow phosphor described above that can be combined with light from the red phosphor.
Sr _x Ca _1-x S: Eu, Y; Y = halide,
CaSiAlN ₃ : Eu, or Sr _2-y Ca _y SiO ₄ : Eu;
Different red phosphors containing can be used.

Other phosphors can be used to emit light by changing substantially all light to a particular color. For example, the phosphor SrGa ₂ S ₄ : Eu;
_{Sr 2-y Ba y SiO 4} : Eu; or SrSi ₂ O ₂ N _2: Eu
Can be used to generate green light.

The following is a list of some additional suitable phosphors used as the conversion particle phosphor layer 66, but others can be used. Each exhibits excitation of the blue and / or UV emission spectrum, yields the desired peak emission, provides efficient light conversion, and has an acceptable Stokes shift.
Yellow / green (Sr, Ca, Ba) (Al, Ga) ₂ S ₄ : Eu ²⁺
Ba ₂ (Mg, Zn) Si ₂ O ₇ : Eu ²⁺
Gd _0.46 Sr _0.31 Al _1.23 O _x F _1.38 : Eu ²⁺ _0.06
(Ba _1-xy Sr _x Ca _y ) SiO ₄ : Eu
Ba ₂ SiO ₄ : Eu ²⁺
Red Lu ₂ O ₃ : Eu ³⁺
_{(Sr 2-x La x)} (Ce 1-x Eu x) O 4
Sr ₂ Ce _1-x Eu _x O ₄
Sr _2-x Eu _x CeO ₄
SrTiO ₃ : Pr ³⁺ , Ga ³⁺
CaAlSiN ₃ : Eu ²⁺
Sr ₂ Si ₅ N ₈ : Eu ²⁺

  Different sizes of phosphor particles can be used, including but not limited to particles in the range of 10 nanometers (nm) to 30 micrometers (μm) or more. Smaller sized particles typically scatter and produce better color mixing and more uniform light generation than larger sized particles. Larger particles typically have a higher light conversion efficiency than smaller particles, but are less likely to emit uniform light. In some embodiments, the phosphor is formed of a phosphor layer 66 in a binder, and the phosphor can have different concentrations or loadings of phosphor in the binder. A typical concentration is in the range of 30-70% by weight. In one example, the phosphor concentration is about 65% by weight, but is preferably uniformly distributed throughout the remote phosphor. The phosphor layer 66 can also have different regions with different conversion materials and different concentrations of conversion material.

  Different materials can be used for the binder, and the material is preferably robust after curing and is substantially transparent in the visible wavelength spectrum. Suitable materials include silicones, epoxies, glasses, inorganic glasses, dielectrics, BCB, polyimides, polymers, and hybrids thereof. Preferred materials are silicones because of their high transmission and reliability in high power LEDs. is there. Suitable phenyl and methyl-based silicones are commercially available from Dow (R) Chemical. The binder can be cured using many different curing methods depending on different factors such as the type of binder used. Different curing methods include, but are not limited to, curing with heat, ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR), or air.

  The phosphor layer 66 can be applied using different processes including, but not limited to, spin coating, sputtering, printing, powder coating, electrophoretic coating (EPD), electrostatic coating, and the like. As mentioned above, the phosphor layer 66 can be applied with a binder material, but it is understood that no binder is required. In yet other embodiments, the phosphor layer 66 can be processed separately and then mounted on the carrier layer 64.

  In one example, the phosphor-binder mixture can be sprayed or dispersed on the carrier layer 64 and then the binder can be cured to form the phosphor layer 66. In some of these embodiments, when the phosphor-binder mixture is in contact with the carrier layer 64, the heat from the carrier layer 64 diffuses into the binder to cure the binder. Can be sprayed, poured, or dispersed on or over the heated carrier layer 64. These processes can also include a solvent in the phosphor-binder that can liquefy the mixture, reduce its viscosity, and have an affinity for spraying. Many different solvents can be used including but not limited to OS-20 commercially available from Toluene, Benzene, Seylen, or Dow Corning®, and different concentrations of solvents can be used. it can. When the solvent-phosphor-binder mixture is sprayed or dispersed on the heated carrier layer 64, the heat from the carrier layer 64 evaporates the solvent, and the temperature of the carrier layer affects the rate at which the solvent evaporates. Effect. Heat from the carrier layer 64 can also cure the binder in the mixture, leaving a phosphor layer fixed on the carrier layer. The carrier layer 64 can be heated to many different temperatures depending on the materials used and the desired solvent evaporation and binder cure rates. The preferred temperature range is in the range of 90 to 150 ° C., but it will be understood that other temperatures can be used. Various painting methods and systems are described in Donofrio et al., US Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0155763, entitled “Systems and Methods for Application of Optical Materials to Optical Elements”, also in C. Has been transferred to the company.

  The phosphor layer 66 can have many different thicknesses depending at least in part on the concentration of the phosphor material and the desired amount of light converted by the phosphor layer 66. The phosphor layer according to the invention can be applied at a concentration level (phosphor loading) higher than 30%. In other embodiments, it can have a concentration level higher than 50%, but in still other embodiments it can be higher than 60%. In some embodiments, the phosphor layer can have a thickness in the range of 10 to 100 microns, while in other embodiments, the phosphor layer has a thickness in the range of 40 to 50 microns. be able to.

  The method described above can be used to apply multiple layers of the same of different phosphor materials, using different phosphor materials in different regions of the carrier layer using known masking processes. Can be applied. The above-described method provides some thickness control for the phosphor layer 66, but for greater thickness control, the phosphor layer is polished using known methods and the phosphor is The thickness of layer 66 can be reduced, or the thickness can be leveled throughout the layer. This polishing feature has the added advantage of producing a lamp that emits light within a single bin on the CIE chromaticity graph. Binning is generally known in the art and is intended to ensure that the LED or lamp provided to the end customer emits light in an acceptable color range. . An LED or lamp can be tested and sorted by color or brightness into several different bins, which is commonly referred to in the art as binning. Each bin typically includes LEDs or lamps from a certain color and brightness group, and is typically identified by a bin code. White light emitting LEDs or lamps can be sorted by chromaticity (color) and luminous flux (luminance). Controlling the thickness of the phosphor layer provides more precise control of the production of lamps that emit light within the target bin by controlling the amount of source light converted by the phosphor layer. A plurality of phosphors 62 having the same thickness of the phosphor layer 66 can be formed. By using a light source 58 with substantially the same emission characteristics, a lamp with approximately the same emission characteristics that can fit within a single bin in some cases can be produced. In some embodiments, the lamp radiation is within the standard deviation from a point on the CIE diagram, and in some embodiments, the standard deviation includes a MacAdam ellipse with less than 10 steps. In some embodiments, the lamp radiation falls within a 4-step MacAdam ellipse centered at CIExy (0.313, 0.323).

  The phosphor carrier 62 can be mounted over the opening of the cavity 54 and bonded using different known methods or materials such as thermally conductive binders or thermal grease. Conventional thermally conductive greases may include ceramic materials such as beryllium oxide and aluminum nitride or metal particles such as colloidal silver. In other embodiments, the phosphor carrier is mounted over the opening using a thermally conductive device such as a clamp mechanism, screw, or thermal adhesive, and the phosphor carrier 62 is fastened to the heat sink structure. The thermal conductivity can be maximized. In one embodiment, a thermal grease layer having a thickness of about 100 μm and a thermal conductivity of k = 0.2 W / m−k is used. This arrangement provides an efficient heat conduction path for dissipating heat from the phosphor layer 66. As mentioned above, different lamp embodiments can be configured without a cavity, and the phosphor carrier can be mounted in many different ways beyond mounting over the opening of the cavity.

  During operation of the lamp 50, phosphor conversion heating is concentrated in the phosphor layer 66, such as the center of the phosphor layer 66 where most of the LED light strikes and passes through the phosphor carrier 62. Due to the thermal conductivity of the carrier layer 64, this heat diffuses laterally toward the edge of the phosphor carrier 62 as shown in the first heat flow 70. There, as indicated by the second heat flow 72, heat passes through the thermal grease layer and into the heat sink structure 52 where it can be efficiently dissipated to the surroundings.

  As described above, in the lamp 50, the platform 56 and the heat sink structure 52 can be thermally connected or coupled. This combined arrangement results in a phosphor carrier 62 and the light source 58 will at least partially share a heat conduction path for heat dissipation. The heat passing from the light source 58 through the platform 56 as indicated by the third heat flow 74 can also diffuse into the heat sink structure 52. Heat from the phosphor carrier 62 that flows into the heat sink structure 52 may also flow into the platform 56. As will be further described below, in other embodiments, the phosphor carrier 62 and the light source 54 may have separate heat conduction paths for heat dissipation, which are “decoupled”. It is called.

  It will be appreciated that the phosphor carrier may be arranged in many different ways beyond the embodiment shown in FIG. The phosphor layer may be on the surface of the carrier layer or mixed with the carrier layer. The phosphor carrier may also comprise a scattering layer that may be included on or mixed with the phosphor layer or carrier layer. The phosphor and scattering layer can cover a portion of the surface of the carrier layer rather than the entire surface, and in some embodiments, the conversion layer and the scattering layer may have different concentrations in different regions. Is also understood. It is also understood that the phosphor carrier can have a different roughened or shaped surface to enhance radiation through the phosphor carrier.

  As mentioned above, the diffuser is arranged to disperse the light from the phosphor carrier and the LED into the desired lamp radiation pattern and can have many different shapes and sizes. In some embodiments, the diffuser can also be configured on the phosphor carrier to mask the phosphor carrier when the lamp is not emitting light. The diffuser can have a material that appears substantially white so that the bulb appears white when the lamp is not emitting light.

  There are at least four diffuser attributes or characteristics that can be used to control the output beam characteristics of the lamp 50. The first is the diffuser geometry independent of the phosphor layer geometry. The second is the diffuser geometry related to the phosphor layer geometry. The third is the diffuser scattering properties including the nature of the scattering layer and the smoothness / roughness of the diffuser surface. The fourth is the diffuser distribution across the surface, such as intentional non-uniformity of scattering. These attributes can control the ratio of axial radiation, for example, for “lateral” radiation (about 90 °) and for “high angles” (> about 130 °). These attributes can also be applied differently depending on the geometry and pattern of the light emitted by the phosphor carrier and the light source.

  For a two-dimensional phosphor carrier and / or light source as shown in FIG. 4, the emitted light is generally directed forward (eg, Lambert). For these examples, the attributes listed above allow the forward directed radiation pattern to be distributed over a wide beam intensity profile. Modifications of the second and fourth attributes appear to be particularly applicable for achieving wide beam omnidirectional radiation from a forward-directed radiation profile.

  For a three-dimensional phosphor carrier (discussed in more detail below) and a three-dimensional light source, the emitted light already exceeds 90 ° if the radiation is not blocked by another lamp surface such as a heat sink. It can have significant radiant intensity at angles. As a result, the diffuser attributes listed above can be used to make further adjustments or fine-tuning to the beam profile from the phosphor carrier and light source to achieve the desired output beam intensity, color uniformity, color point, etc. Can be matched more accurately. In some embodiments, the beam profile can be adjusted to substantially match the output from a conventional incandescent bulb.

  As in the case of the first attribute above for the diffuser geometry independent of the phosphor geometry, in an embodiment in which light is emitted uniformly from the diffuser surface, it is oriented sideways (approximately 90 °). The amount of light directed "forward" (axial or about 0 °) with respect to, and the amount of light directed "forward" (axial or about 0 °) with respect to "high angle" (> about 130 °) Can be highly dependent on the cross-sectional area of the diffuser when viewed from that angle. FIG. 5 shows one embodiment of a tall and narrow diffuser 80 according to the present invention having a small two-dimensional phosphor carrier 81. Characterized by having a circular area when viewed axially along the first viewing angle 82 and a larger area when viewed from the side along the second viewing angle 84. Correspondingly, such a diffuser will provide low axial light radiation for “lateral” radiation. If a heat sink or other light blocking feature is present at the bottom of the diffuser, increasing the diffuser height can increase the amount of backward or high angle radiation.

  FIG. 6 shows another embodiment of a diffuser 90 according to the present invention that is particularly applicable to uniform omnidirectional radiation depending on the radiation pattern of the light source and / or phosphor carrier 91 on the same plane. . The diffuser 90 has a substantially uniform spherical geometry with a substantially constant cross-sectional area when viewed from all angles. This enhances uniform or nearly omnidirectional radiation intensity.

  As in the case of the second attribute, the diffuser geometry with respect to the phosphor carrier geometry, FIG. 7 illustrates a two-dimensional phosphor typically leading to a forward-oriented or Lambertian radiation pattern. Fig. 5 shows another embodiment of a diffuser 100 that is arranged and configured to be particularly applicable to a light carrier and a coplanar LED light source. The diffuser 100 is elliptical and has a narrow neck 102. By placing the light source and / or phosphor carrier at the bottom of the diffuser 100, light that is otherwise directed from the light source to the front angle is “intercepted” due to the diffuseness of the diffuser surface, at higher angles or sideways (About 90 °). This effect can occur in the case of a three-dimensional light source and a phosphor carrier, but may not be as effective. In some of these three-dimensional embodiments, the diffuser may not require a neck shape, but rather may take the shape of a sphere.

  FIG. 8 is a graph 110 illustrating an example of a forward-directed or Lambertian radiation pattern 112 from a two-dimensional phosphor carrier and a coplanar LED light source. Radiation pattern 114 shows the lamp radiation pattern after the radiation pattern represented by straight line 112 has passed through the diffuser as shown in FIG. The pattern 114 shows low radiation intensity in the axial direction (about 0 °) and significantly higher radiation in the lateral direction (about 90 °). This reflects a more uniform radiation pattern compared to the radiation pattern 112 directed forward,

  Similar to the third attribute listed above, diffuser scattering properties, different embodiments of the diffuser are made of different materials, such as glass or plastic, and one or more scattering films, layers, or regions. Can be equipped with a carrier. The scattering layer can be deposited using the methods described above for painting the phosphor layer and can include a close packing of particles. The scattering particles may be included in a binder material that may be the same as described above with reference to the binder used with the phosphor layer. The scattering particle layer can have different concentrations of scattering particles depending on the application and material used. The preferred range for the scattering particle concentration is from 0.01% to 0.2%, but it is understood that the concentration can be adjusted. In some embodiments, the concentration may be as low as 0.001%. It is also understood that the scattering particle layer can have different concentrations of scattering particles in different regions. For some scattering particles, the loss may increase due to absorption for higher concentrations. Therefore, the concentration of the scattering particles can be selected to maintain an allowable loss value, and at the same time, the light can be dispersed and a desired radiation pattern can be obtained.

The scattering particles can be composed of many different materials including, but not limited to:
silica;
Kaolin;
Zinc oxide (ZnO);
Yttrium oxide (Y ₂ O ₃ );
Titanium dioxide (TiO ₂ );
Barium sulfate (BaSO ₄ );
Alumina (Al ₂ O ₃ );
Fused silica (SiO ₂ ),
Fumed silica (SiO ₂ );
Aluminum nitride;
Glass beads ;
Zirconium dioxide (ZrO ₂ );
Silicon carbide (SiC);
Tantalum oxide (TaO ₅ );
Silicon nitride (Si ₃ N ₄ );
Niobium oxide (Nb ₂ O ₅ );
Boron nitride (BN); or phosphor particles (eg, YAG: Ce, BOSE)
Multiple scattering materials in various combinations of materials or combinations of different forms of the same material can be used to provide a particular scattering effect.

  The scattering layer can be disposed on the inner surface of the diffuser, disposed on the outer surface, or mixed with the carrier. The surface of the carrier of the scattering layer can be optically smooth or rough. The scattering layer may consist of a film or particles such as silica or kaolin particles attached to the surface of the carrier with the air between the particles. The scattering layer can also include particles in a binder matrix layer such as silica, aluminum, particles in silicone. This layer can be spray coated on the inner or outer surface of the carrier, or the carrier itself can contain scattering particles. An example of a scattering film that can be formed into the shape of a diffuser is given by FusionOptix, Inc. The file is commercially available from the company.

  In general, a scattering material or particle can be characterized by the degree to which light incident on the particle has been redirected from its original course. In the case of individual particles, larger particles have a tendency to Mie scatter, so the change in the direction of light is relatively small. Smaller particles have a tendency to Rayleigh scattering, so the direction change is large and the distribution of light after interaction with the particles is essentially uniform or isotropic. A film of particles may behave similarly. Various surface features and / or scattering particles can be used, the effectiveness of which is the absorption (the lower the better) and the difference in refractive index from the surrounding matrix / periphery (the higher the difference, the more effective Scattering occurs).

  The smoothness of the diffuser surface can be used to affect the amount of light that is returned towards the light source of the phosphor carrier by the total internal reflection (TIR) effect. The smooth inner surface causes TIR and changes the direction of light that would otherwise be directed to the light source. In contrast, the roughened inner surface does not show such an effect. Light that is redirected back toward the light source on the other internal lamp surface is absorbed, which can reduce lamp efficiency. Light scattered back towards the phosphor layer increases the amount of downconversion, which causes a shift in the color temperature or color point of the lamp by the diffuser. However, the high degree of backscattering improves the uniformity by creating a “light box” effect where light is internally reflected within the diffuser, increasing the uniformity of the distribution on the diffuser surface and increasing the lamp radiation. The uniformity of the color point and intensity distribution of the beam profile can be improved.

  For the fourth attribute, the diffuser scatter distribution on the surface, the uniformity of the scattering properties on the diffuser surface is used to determine the amount of light emitted from the surface in a particular region and thus the resulting beam profile. Can be controlled. This can be particularly useful when combined with other attributes, such as the second attribute as shown in FIG. 7, which has a neck shape in the disperser. By using an elliptical diffuser with a narrow neck area and a rough high scattering (Rayleigh or isotropic) internal rough surface film in the lamp showing the emission of a two-dimensional phosphor carrier and a coplanar LED light source A significant portion of the light can be directed sideways as shown in FIG. This effect can be magnified by increasing the amount of light transmitted through the scattering film in the diffuser neck region. If a significant portion of the light emitted by the phosphor carrier and the light source interacts with the scattering layer, the light can bounce around within the diffuser body, enhancing the uniform emission. By forming areas where the scattering film is more transparent, such as by making the scattering film thinner or smoother within such areas, it is possible to increase the relative intensity emanating from the surface. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 7, the amount of light exiting the neck region and entering the transverse beam direction can be increased by making the scattering layer thinner or smoother in that region.

  These are just some of the ways to combine these attributes in different ways to construct the desired radiation pattern. This combination results in many different shapes that can constitute many different lamp radiation patterns that are more than omnidirectional. FIGS. 9-12 illustrate the shape and size of several additional diffusers that may be used with a two-dimensional carrier phosphor (and a three-dimensional phosphor as described below) in a lamp according to the present invention. FIG. 9 shows a diffuser 130 that is similar to the embodiment shown in FIG. 7 and is a typical sphere shaped with a shorter and narrower neck portion. The dimensions of one embodiment of the diffuser 130 are shown in FIG. 9, and the dimensions of the diffuser of FIGS. 10-12 are also shown. FIG. 10 shows another embodiment of a diffuser 140 that retains the majority of the sphere shape with a shorter neck. FIG. 11 illustrates another embodiment of a diffuser 150 that does not have a neck region but retains most of the sphere shape. FIG. 12 shows yet another embodiment of the diffuser 160, which is rather hemispherical. These shapes constitute radiators having different patterns and different efficiency levels, as described below and shown in the accompanying drawings. These are the myriad other shapes that a diffuser can take, and some additional shapes include mushrooms, bullets, cylinders, eggs, and oval. In other embodiments, the diffuser may take a shape that is wide at the bottom and narrows along at least one portion away from the bottom. These embodiments may take a shape that is wider at the bottom than at the top.

  FIGS. 13-16 show the radiation characteristics for a lamp according to the invention having a two-dimensional phosphor carrier in which a diffuser 130 is arranged on the phosphor so that light from the phosphor carrier passes through the diffuser. It is a graph to show. 13 and 14 show the radiation characteristics of the lamp when compared to a standard General Electric 60W Extra Soft Light Bulb when compared to a lamp without a diffuser. 15 and 16 show the variation of the radiation intensity in the range from 0 to 180 ° viewing angle.

  FIGS. 17-20 are similar to the graphs of FIGS. 13-16 and show the radiation characteristics for a lamp according to the invention in which the diffuser 140 also has a two-dimensional phosphor carrier arranged on the phosphor carrier. ing. FIGS. 21-24 are also similar to the graphs of FIGS. 13-16, with the radiation characteristics for another lamp according to the invention having a two-dimensional phosphor carrier in which the diffuser 150 is arranged on the phosphor carrier. Is shown. Similarly, FIGS. 25-28 are similar to the graphs of FIGS. 13-16, with another lamp according to the invention also having a two-dimensional phosphor carrier in which the diffuser 160 is arranged on the phosphor carrier. The radiation characteristics for are shown.

  The lamp according to the invention can have many different features beyond those described above. Referring again to FIG. 4, it can be seen that these lamp embodiments having cavities 54 can be filled with a transparent thermally conductive material to further enhance the heat dissipation of the lamp. The cavity conductive material can provide a secondary path for dissipating heat from the light source 58. The heat from the light source is conducted through the platform 56 as is, but can also pass through the cavity material to the heat sink structure 52. Thereby, although the operating temperature of the light source 58 can be lowered, there is a risk that the operating temperature of the phosphor carrier 62 increases. This arrangement can be used in many different embodiments, but is particularly applicable to lamps where the operating temperature of the light source is higher than that of the phosphor carrier. With this arrangement, heat can be more efficiently diffused from a light source that can withstand the rise in heat of the phosphor carrier layer.

  As explained above, different lamp embodiments according to the present invention can be arranged using many different types of light sources. FIG. 29 shows another embodiment of a lamp 210 that is described above and is similar to the lamp 50 shown in FIG. The lamp 210 includes a heat sink structure 212 having a cavity 214 that is arranged so that the platform holds the light source 218. A phosphor carrier 220 may be provided over and at least partially covering the opening to the cavity 214. In this example, the light source 218 may be arranged in individual LED packages or may comprise a plurality of LEDs arranged in an array within a single multiple LED package. For embodiments with separate LED packages, each of the LEDs can have its own primary optics or lens 222. In embodiments with a single multiple LED package, a single primary optics or lens 224 can cover all LEDs. It is also understood that an LED or LED array can have a secondary optical system, or can comprise a combination of primary and secondary optical systems. It will be appreciated that the LEDs can be provided with no lens, and that in the example array, each of the LEDs can have its own lens. Similar to lamp 50, the heat sink structure and platform may be arranged to send an electrical signal to light source 218 with the necessary electrical traces or conductors. In each embodiment, the radiators can be combined in different series and parallel arrangements. In one embodiment, eight LEDs connected in series to the circuit board with two conductors can be used. The conducting wire can then be connected to the power supply unit described above. In other embodiments, more or less than eight LEDs can be used, and as described above, eight XLamp® XP-E LEDs or four XLamp® XP-G Cree, Inc. including LEDs. LEDs commercially available from the company can be used. Different single row LED circuits are incorporated herein by reference, US patent application Ser. No. 12 / 566,195 to van de Ven et al., Entitled “Color Control of Single String Emitting Devices Having Single String Color” And van de Ven et al., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12 / 704,730, entitled “Solid State Lighting Apparatus Compensation Bypass Circuits and Methods of Operation Theof”.

  In the lamps 50 and 210 described above, the light source and the phosphor carrier share a thermal path for heat dissipation, i.e., are thermally coupled. In some embodiments, the heat dissipation of the phosphor carrier can be enhanced when the thermal path to the phosphor carrier and the light source is not thermally connected, ie, thermally decoupled.

  FIG. 30 illustrates yet another embodiment of a lamp 300 according to the present invention that includes an optical cavity 302 within a heat sink structure 305. Similar to the above embodiment, the lamp 300 may not have a lamp cavity, and the LEDs are mounted on the surface of the heat sink or on a three-dimensional or trapezoidal structure having a different shape. A planar LED-based light source 304 is mounted on the platform 306, a phosphor carrier 308 is mounted in the top opening of the cavity 302, and the phosphor carrier 308 has any of the features described above. In the illustrated embodiment, the phosphor carrier 308 can be flat disk-shaped and comprises a thermally conductive transparent material and a phosphor layer. This can be mounted in the cavity with a thermally conductive material or device as described above. The cavity 302 can have a reflective surface to increase radiation efficiency as described above.

  The light from the light source 304 passes through the phosphor carrier 308, where part of it is converted to light of a different wavelength by the phosphor in the phosphor carrier 308. In one example, the light source 304 can comprise a blue light emitting LED, and the phosphor carrier 308 can be a yellow phosphor that absorbs a portion of the blue light and re-emits yellow light, as described above. Can be provided. The lamp 300 emits white light obtained by combining LED light and yellow phosphor light. Similar to the above, the light source 304 can also include many different LEDs that emit light of different colors, and the phosphor carrier can include other phosphors that emit upon desired color temperature and rendering. it can.

  The lamp 300 also comprises a shaped diffuser dome 310 mounted on a cavity 302 containing diffusing or scattering particles as listed above. The scattering particles can be provided in a curable binder formed into a general dome shape. In the illustrated embodiment, the dome 310 is mounted on the heat sink structure 305 and has an enlarged portion at the end opposite the heat sink structure 305. Different binder materials such as silicone, epoxy, glass, inorganic glass, dielectric, BCB, polyimide, polymer, and hybrids thereof can be used as described above. In some embodiments, white scattering particles can be used with a dome having a white color that masks the color of the phosphor in the phosphor carrier 308 in the optical cavity. This makes the entire lamp 300 appear white and is generally visually acceptable or appealing to consumers compared to the phosphor color. In one embodiment, the diffuser may include white titanium dioxide particles, which can cause diffuser dome 310 to appear generally white.

  The diffuser dome 310 may further provide the advantage of distributing light emitted from the optical cavity in a more uniform pattern. As mentioned above, the light from the light source in the optical cavity can be emitted in a general Lambertian pattern, and the shape of the dome 310 along with the scattering properties of the scattering particles makes the light dome in a more omnidirectional radiation pattern. Radiated from. Designed domes can have different concentrations of scattering particles in different regions, or can be shaped to a particular radiation pattern. In some embodiments, the radiation pattern from the lamp can be designed to meet the omnidirectional distribution criteria set forth by the US Department of Energy (DOE) Energy Star. One of the requirements of this standard that the lamp 300 meets is that the radiation uniformity must be within 20% of the average viewing angle in the range of 0 to 135 °, and 5% of the total luminous flux from the lamp The super is to be radiated in the radiation region of 135-180 °, and the measurements were made at azimuth angles of 0, 45, 90 °. As noted above, the different lamp embodiments described herein can also include a Type A retrofit LED bulb that complies with the DOE Energy Star standard. The present invention provides an efficient, reliable and cost-effective lamp. In some embodiments, the entire lamp can comprise five components that are quickly and easily assembled.

  Similar to the above embodiment, the lamp 300 can include a mounting mechanism of the type that fits into a conventional electrical receptacle. In the illustrated embodiment, the lamp 300 includes a threaded portion 312 for mounting in a standard Edison socket. Similar to the above example, the lamp 300 can be equipped with a standard plug and the electrical receptacle can be a standard outlet or a GU24 based unit, or It may be a clip and the electrical receptacle can be a receptacle that receives and holds the clip (eg, as used in many fluorescent lamps).

  As described above, the space between some of the features of lamp 300 can be considered a mixing chamber, and the space between light source 306 and phosphor carrier 308 comprises a first light mixing chamber. The space between the phosphor carrier 308 and the diffuser 310 can include a second light mixing chamber that facilitates uniform color and intensity emission to the lamp. The same is true for the following examples with differently shaped phosphor carriers and diffusers. In other embodiments, additional diffusers and / or phosphor carriers can be provided that form additional mixing chambers, and the diffusers and / or phosphor carriers can be arranged in a different order.

  Different lamp embodiments according to the present invention can have many different shapes and sizes. FIG. 31 is another implementation of a lamp 320 according to the present invention that is similar to the lamp 300 and similarly includes an optical cavity 322 in the heat sink structure 325 and the light source 324 is mounted on a platform 326 in the optical cavity 322. An example is shown. As mentioned above, the heat sink structure need not have an optical cavity, and the light source can be provided on other structures beyond the heat sink structure. These can comprise a planar surface or platform with a light source. The phosphor carrier 328 is mounted over a cavity opening having a thermal connection. The lamp 320 also includes a diffuser dome 330 mounted on a heat sink structure 325 above the optical cavity. The diffuser dome can be made of the same material as the diffuser dome 310 described above and shown in FIG. 15, but in this embodiment the dome 300 is a phosphor within the phosphor carrier 328. Are oval or oval to provide different lamp radiation patterns while masking the colors as they are. It should also be noted that the heat sink structure 325 and the platform 326 are thermally decoupled. That is, there is a space between the platform 326 and the heat sink structure so that the heat path is not shared to dissipate heat. As mentioned above, this can improve heat dissipation from the phosphor carrier compared to a lamp that does not have a decoupled heat path. The lamp 300 also includes a threaded portion 332 for mounting to an Edison socket.

  FIGS. 32-34 show another embodiment of a lamp 340 according to the present invention that is similar to the lamp 320 shown in FIG. This comprises a heat sink structure 345 having an optical cavity in which a light source 344 is placed on a platform 346 and a phosphor carrier 348 that rests on the optical cavity. This further comprises a threaded portion 352. It also includes a diffuser dome 350, but in this embodiment, the diffuser dome is flat at the top, producing the desired radiation pattern while masking the phosphor color intact.

  The lamp 340 also includes an interface layer 354 between the light source 344 and the heat sink structure 345 from the light source 344. In some examples, the interfacial layer can comprise an insulating material and the light source 344 can have features that facilitate heat dissipation from the radiator to the edge of the substrate of the light source. This can facilitate heat dissipation to the outer edge of the heat sink structure 345 and heat can be dissipated through the heat fins. In other embodiments, the interface layer 354 may have electrical insulation to electrically insulate the heat sink structure 345 from the light source 344. An electrical connection can then be formed on the top surface of the light source.

  In the above example, the phosphor carrier is two-dimensional (or flat / planar) with the LEDs in the light source on the same plane. However, it is understood that in other lamp embodiments, the phosphor carrier can take many different shapes, including different three-dimensional shapes. The term three-dimensional is intended to mean a shape other than a plane as shown in the above examples. 35-38 show different embodiments of the three-dimensional phosphor carrier according to the present invention, it will be understood that they can take many other shapes. As mentioned above, when the phosphor absorbs light and re-emits light, the light is re-emitted isotropically, thus the three-dimensional phosphor carrier converts the light from the light source, Also disperse. Similar to the diffuser described above, different shapes of the three-dimensional carrier layer can emit light with radiation patterns having different characteristics that depend in part on the radiation pattern of the light source. The diffuser and phosphor carrier radiation can then be matched so that the desired lamp radiation pattern is obtained.

  FIG. 35 shows a hemispherical phosphor carrier 354 comprising a hemispherical carrier 355 and a phosphor layer 356. The hemispherical carrier 355 can be made of the same material as the carrier layer described above, the phosphor layer can be made of the same material as the phosphor layer described above, and the scattering particles can be It can be included in the carrier and phosphor layers.

  In this example, the phosphor layer 356 is shown as being on the outer surface of the carrier 355, but is the phosphor layer on the inner layer of the carrier or mixed with the carrier? Or any combination of these three is understood. In some embodiments, radiation loss can be minimized by having a phosphor layer on the outer surface. When the emitter light is absorbed by the phosphor layer 356, the light is emitted in all directions and a portion of the light is emitted backward and can be absorbed by a lamp element such as an LED. The phosphor layer 356 can also have a different refractive index than the hemispherical carrier 355 so that light emitted forward from the phosphor layer is reflected back from the inner surface of the carrier 355. This light may be lost due to absorption by the lamp element. Since the phosphor layer 356 is on the outer surface of the carrier 355, the light emitted forward does not need to pass through the carrier 355 and is not lost to reflection. The light emitted backward strikes the top of the carrier where at least a portion of the light is reflected back. As a result of this arrangement, light from the phosphor layer 356 radiated back into the carrier where light can be absorbed is reduced.

  The phosphor layer 356 can be painted using many of the same methods as described above. In some cases, the three-dimensional shape of the carrier 355 may require additional steps or other processes to achieve the required coating. In embodiments where the solvent-phosphor-binder mixture can be sprayed and the carrier heated as described above, a plurality of spray nozzles can be used to achieve the desired coating on the carrier, such as an approximately uniform coating. It may be necessary. In other embodiments, the spray nozzle can be reduced by using the spray nozzle while rotating the carrier to achieve the desired coating. As described above, heat from the carrier 355 can evaporate the solvent and help cure the binder.

  In yet another embodiment, the phosphor layer can be formed through a dipping process, whereby the phosphor layer can be formed on the inner or outer surface of the carrier 355, but formed on the inner surface. It is particularly applicable to. The carrier 355 may be at least partially filled with a phosphor mixture that adheres to the surface of the carrier, or may be in contact with the phosphor mixture that adheres to the surface of the carrier in some other manner. This mixture can then be discharged from the carrier, leaving a layer of phosphor mixture on the surface that can then be cured. In one example, the mixture may include polyethylene oxide (PEO) and phosphor. The carrier can be filled and then discharged, leaving behind a layer of PEO-phosphor mixture that can be heat cured. The PEO evaporates or is expelled by heat, leaving a phosphor layer. In some embodiments, a binder can be applied to further fix the phosphor layer, but in other embodiments, the phosphor can be left without the binder.

  Similar to the processes used to coat planar carrier layers, these processes can be used in a three-dimensional carrier to apply multiple phosphor layers that can have the same or different phosphor materials. it can. This phosphor layer can also be applied both inside and outside the carrier and can have different types with different thicknesses in different regions of the carrier. In still other embodiments, different processes can be used, such as coating the carrier with a sheet of phosphor material that can be thermoformed onto the carrier.

  In lamps that use the carrier 355, the radiator can be arranged at the base of the carrier so that light from the radiator is emitted upward and passes through the carrier 355. In some embodiments, these radiators can emit light in a general Lambertian pattern, and carriers can help distribute the light in a more uniform pattern.

  FIG. 36 shows another embodiment of a three-dimensional phosphor carrier 357 according to the present invention comprising a bullet carrier 358 and a phosphor layer 359 on the outer surface of the carrier. Carrier 358 and phosphor layer 359 can be formed of the same material using the methods described above. Different shaped phosphor carriers can be used with different emitters to obtain the overall desired lamp radiation pattern. FIG. 37 shows yet another embodiment of a three-dimensional phosphor carrier 360 according to the present invention comprising a spherical carrier 361 and a phosphor layer 362 on the outer surface of the carrier. The carrier 361 and the phosphor layer 362 can be formed of the same material using the methods described above.

  FIG. 38 illustrates yet another embodiment of a phosphor carrier 363 according to the present invention having a generally spherical carrier 364 with a narrow neck portion 365. Similar to the above example, the phosphor carrier 363 is made of the same material as described above and has a phosphor layer 366 on the outer surface of the carrier 364 formed using the same method. Prepare. In some embodiments, a phosphor carrier having a shape similar to the carrier 364 is more efficient in converting the emitter light and the Lambertian pattern re-emitted light from the light source into a more uniform emission pattern. Can be executed.

  Embodiments having a three-dimensional structure holding an LED, such as a pedestal, can result in a more dispersed light pattern from a three-dimensional phosphor carrier. In these examples, the LEDs can be placed in the phosphor carrier at different angles to provide a light emitting pattern that is less Lambertian compared to a planar LED light source. This is then further dispersed by the three-dimensional phosphor carrier so that the disperser can fine tune the radiation pattern of the lamp.

  FIGS. 39-41 illustrate another embodiment of a lamp 370 according to the present invention having a heat sink structure 372, an optical cavity 374, a light source 376, a diffuser dome 378, and a threaded portion 380. FIG. This embodiment also includes a three-dimensional phosphor carrier 382 that includes a thermally conductive transparent material and a phosphor layer. This is also implemented in the heat sink structure 372 by thermal connection. However, in this embodiment, the phosphor carrier 382 is hemispherical and the radiator is arranged and configured such that light from the light source passes through the phosphor carrier 382 where at least a portion of the light is converted. The

  The three-dimensional shape of the phosphor carrier 382 provides a natural separation between it and the light source 376. Thus, the light source 376 is not mounted in a recess in the heat sink that forms the optical cavity. Instead, the light source 376 is mounted on the top surface of the heat sink structure 372 and an optical cavity 374 is formed by the space between the phosphor carrier 382 and the top of the heat sink structure 372. This arrangement can reduce the Lambertian nature of the radiation from the optical cavity 374 because there is no side of the optical cavity to intercept and re-orient sideways radiation.

  In an embodiment of a lamp 370 that uses a blue light emitting LD for the light source 376 and a yellow phosphor, the phosphor carrier 382 may appear yellow and the diffuser dome 378 disperses the lamp light into the desired radiation pattern. Mask this color while letting it go. In the lamp 370, the conduction paths to the platform and heat sink structure are coupled, but it is understood that in other embodiments they can be decoupled.

  FIG. 42 illustrates one embodiment of a lamp 390 according to the present invention comprising eight LED light sources 392 mounted on a heat sink structure 394 as described above. The radiators can be combined in many different ways, but in the illustrated embodiment they are connected in series. However, it is understood that the radiators can be combined in a combination of many different series and parallel interconnection schemes. Note that in this example, the radiator is not mounted in the optical cavity, but instead is mounted on the top planar surface of the heat sink 394. FIG. 43 shows the lamp 390 shown in FIG. 42 with a dome-shaped phosphor carrier 396 mounted on the light source 392. The lamp 390 shown in FIG. 43 can be combined with a diffuser 398 as shown in FIGS. 44 and 45 to form lamp-dispersed light radiation.

  46-49 show a lamp 390 according to the invention having a dome-shaped three-dimensional phosphor carrier in which a diffuser 398 is arranged on the phosphor such that light from the phosphor carrier passes through the diffuser. It is a graph which shows a radiation characteristic. 46 and 47 show the radiation characteristics of the lamp when compared to a standard General Electric 60W Extra Soft Light Bulb when compared to a lamp without a diffuser. 48 and 49 show the variation of the radiation intensity in the range of viewing angles from 0 to 180 °.

  FIGS. 50-53 are similar to the graphs of FIGS. 46-49 and include a dome-shaped three-dimensional phosphor carrier in which a diffuser 140 as shown in FIG. 10 is disposed over the phosphor carrier. The radiation characteristics for a lamp according to the invention also having FIGS. 54-57 are similar to the graphs of FIGS. 46-49, with a dome-shaped three-dimensional phosphor carrier in which a diffuser 150 as shown in FIG. 11 is disposed on the phosphor carrier. Fig. 5 shows the radiation characteristics for another lamp according to the invention also comprising: Similarly, FIGS. 58-61 are similar to the graphs of FIGS. 46-49, with a dome-shaped three-dimensional phosphor in which a diffuser 160 as shown in FIG. 12 is disposed on the phosphor carrier. Fig. 4 shows the emission characteristics for another lamp according to the invention which also has a photocarrier.

  FIG. 62 primarily includes a CIE diagram that illustrates the change in color over viewing angles for the different lamp embodiments described above and shown in FIGS. As mentioned above, the diffuser can take many different shapes and sizes depending on the desired radiation pattern and depending on the arrangement of other lamp components. As an illustration, FIG. 63 shows another embodiment of a diffuser 400 that may be used in embodiments where light leakage of the phosphor carrier occurs, such as through a heat sink edge. The base 402 of the diffuser 400 can diffuse light that passes through these edges.

  FIGS. 64-66 show yet another embodiment of a lamp 410 according to the present invention. This comprises many of the same features as the lamp 370 shown in FIGS. 39-41 above. However, in this embodiment, the phosphor carrier 412 is bullet shaped and has largely the same function as the other embodiments of the phosphor carrier described above. It is understood that these are just some of the different shapes that the phosphor carrier can take in different embodiments of the invention.

  FIG. 67 illustrates another embodiment of a lamp 420 according to the present invention that also includes a heat sink 422 along with an optical cavity 424 having a light source 426 and a phosphor carrier 428. The lamp 420 also includes a diffuser dome 430 and a threaded portion 432. However, in this example, the optical cavity 424 may comprise a separate collar structure 434 as shown in FIG. 68 that is removable from the heat sink 422. This provides a separate component that is easier to coat with reflective material than the overall heat sink. The collar structure 434 can be screwed to mate with threads in the heat sink structure 422. The collar structure 434 can further provide the advantage of mechanically clamping the PCB to the heat sink. In other embodiments, the collar structure 434 can include a mechanical snap device instead of a thread to facilitate manufacturing.

  As described above, the shape and geometry of the three-dimensional phosphor carrier can assist in converting the radiation pattern of the radiator to another more desirable radiation pattern. In one example, this can help to change the Lambertian radiation pattern to a more uniform radiation pattern at different angles. The disperser can then further convert the light from the phosphor carrier into the final desired radiation pattern, while simultaneously masking the yellow appearance of the phosphor when the light is turned off Can do. Other factors can also contribute to the ability of the emitter, phosphor carrier, and disperser combination to produce the desired radiation pattern. FIG. 69 illustrates one embodiment of a radiator footprint 440, a phosphor carrier footprint 442, and a disperser footprint 444 for one lamp embodiment according to the present invention. The phosphor carrier footprint 442 and the disperser footprint 444 show the lower edges of both of these features around the radiator 440. Beyond the actual shape of these features, the distances D1 and D2 between the edges of these features can also affect the ability of the phosphor carrier and disperser to provide the desired radiation pattern. The shape of these features, along with the distance between the edges, can be optimized based on the radiation pattern of the radiator so that the desired lamp radiation pattern is obtained.

  It will be appreciated that in other embodiments, different portions of the lamp, such as the entire light cavity, can be removed. Using these features that make the collar structure 414 removable makes it easier to coat the optical cavity with a reflective layer, and allows the optical cavity to be removed and replaced in case of failure. .

The lamp according to the invention can have a light source comprising a number of different LEDs, in some embodiments less than 30 and in other embodiments less than 20. In still other embodiments, there can be fewer than 10 LEDs, and the cost and complexity of the lamp light source is lower with fewer LED chips. The area covered by the multi-chip light source in some embodiments is less than 30 mm ² and in other embodiments is less than 20 mm ² . In still other embodiments, it can be less than 10 mm ² . In some embodiments of lamps according to the present invention, steady state lumen output exceeding 400 lumens is possible, and in other embodiments exceeding 600 lumens. In yet other embodiments, the lamp can provide a steady state lumen output in excess of 800 lumens. In some lamp embodiments, this lumen output can be provided by a lamp thermal management function that can remain relatively cool when the lamp is touched. In one embodiment, the lamp remains below 60 ° C. when touched, and in another embodiment, it remains below 50 ° C. when touched. In yet another embodiment, the lamp remains below 40 ° C. when touched.

Some embodiments of the lamp according to the present invention can also operate with an efficiency in excess of 40 lumens / watt, and in other embodiments, it can operate with an efficiency in excess of 50 lumens / watt. In yet another embodiment, the lamp is capable of operating above 55 lumens / watt. Some embodiments of lamps according to the present invention can generate light with a color rendering index (CRI) greater than 70, and in other embodiments, light can be generated with a CRI greater than 80. In yet other embodiments, the lamp can be operated with a CRI greater than 90. One embodiment of a lamp according to the invention is a phosphorescent lamp emitting at a CRI of greater than 80 and a lumen equivalent of radiation (LER) of greater than 320 lumens / optical watt @ 3000K correlated color temperature (CCT). Can have a body.

  The lamp according to the invention can also emit a distribution of light that is within 40% of the average value at a viewing angle of 0 to 135 °, and in other embodiments this distribution is 30% of the average value at the same viewing angle. % May be within. Still other embodiments may have a 20% distribution of the average value at the same viewing angle according to the Energy Star standard. These embodiments can also emit more than 5% of the total luminous flux at a viewing angle of 135-180 °.

  It will be appreciated that the lamp or bulb according to the present invention may be arranged in many different ways beyond the embodiments described above. Although the above example has been described with reference to a remote phosphor, it is understood that alternative embodiments can comprise at least some LEDs with a conformal phosphor layer. This may be particularly applicable to lamps having light sources that emit light of different colors from different types of radiators. These embodiments may have some or all of the features described above in some other manner.

  Figures 70-85 show examples of additional lamps or bulbs arranged according to the present invention. FIG. 70 illustrates one embodiment of a lamp 450 comprising a planar submount or heat sink 452 having a coplanar array of LEDs 454 on the top surface of the heat sink 452. A three-dimensional or non-planar phosphor carrier 456 is mounted in a heat sink 452 above the LED 454 and a space is provided between the LED 454 and the phosphor carrier 456. The diffuser 458 is provided on the phosphor carrier 456 with a space between the two. The elements of the lamp 450 and the embodiments described below in FIGS. 71-85 can have the same characteristics and are manufactured in the same way as the corresponding elements in the lamp described in the above embodiments. Can do. In this embodiment, phosphor carrier 456 and diffuser 458 are essentially spherical, and diffuser 458 masks phosphor carrier 456.

  FIG. 71 shows a submount or heat sink 462 in which co-planar LEDs 464 are mounted on heat sink 462 and phosphor carrier 466 is mounted on LED 464 in spaced-apart fashion. 3 is another embodiment of a lamp 460 according to the invention having The diffuser 468 is mounted on the phosphor carrier 466 in spaced-apart fashion, both again essentially spherical. In this embodiment, the heat sink 462 has a greater depth, and in one embodiment may take the shape of a cube. Diffuser 468 is mounted on the side of heat sink 462 and phosphor carrier 466 is mounted on the top surface of heat sink 462. 72 illustrates another embodiment of a lamp 470 according to the present invention having a similar heat sink 472, such as that shown in lamp 460 of FIG. 71, coplanar LEDs 474, and diffuser 478. FIG. . A phosphor carrier 476 mounted on the side of the heat sink 472 is also provided.

  FIG. 73 shows another embodiment of a lamp 480 according to the present invention that is similar to the lamp 450 of FIG. 71, includes a submount or heat sink 482, and includes a phosphor carrier 486 and a diffuser 488. This also comprises an LED 484 mounted on a pedestal 489 having an angled surface so that in this embodiment the LED 484 is not coplanar and can emit light in different directions. FIG. 74 shows another embodiment of a lamp 490 according to the present invention having a cubic shaped submount or heat sink 492, a phosphor carrier 496, and a diffuser 498. LEDs 494 are also included, but in this embodiment they are on the side of the heat sink 492 so that the LEDs 494 emit in different directions. It will be appreciated that the LED 494 may be on other surfaces of the heat sink 492, and that the phosphor 496 and diffuser 498 may be many other shapes, such as a spherical shape or a tube shape. .

  75-77 show different embodiments of lamps that can be arranged as floodlights. FIG. 75 shows a lamp 500 having coplanar LEDs 502 mounted on the base of a housing 504 having a side 505 that may be opaque to the lamp light and may be reflective. 1 shows an embodiment. The phosphor carrier 506 is mounted in the housing 504 on the LED 502 in a spaced manner. The diffuser 508 is mounted on the phosphor carrier 506 in a housing that is spaced apart. FIG. 76 shows another embodiment of a lamp 510 according to the present invention that is similar to lamp 500, but in this embodiment the LEDs 512 are mounted on a table 514 such that they are not coplanar. . FIG. 77 shows another embodiment of a lamp 520 according to the present invention that is similar to the lamp 510 but has a spherical phosphor carrier 522 mounted on top of the LED 524.

  Different embodiments may have many different arrangements and shapes, and FIG. 78 shows another embodiment of a lamp 530 comprising a two-dimensional lamp panel. The LED 532 is mounted in a housing 534 that has an opaque / reflective side 535. The phosphor converter 536 and the diffuser 538 are mounted on the housing 534 so as to be spaced apart from each other on the LED 532. FIG. 79 shows another embodiment of a lamp 540 comprising a two-dimensional double-sided light emitting panel / box. In this example, the LEDs 542 can be mounted on opposite sides of the box that emits light toward each other. The phosphor carrier 544 extends along the length of the box at the edge of the LED 542, and the diffuser 546 extends along the length of the box outside the portion that is spaced from the phosphor carrier 544. Exists. FIG. 80 shows yet another embodiment of a lamp 550 according to the present invention that is similar to lamp 540, but in this embodiment it is a two-dimensional single-sided light emitting panel / box with a back reflector 552. FIG.

  FIG. 81 shows another embodiment of a lamp 560 according to the present invention that is similar to the lamp 540 shown in FIG. However, in this example, the phosphor carrier 562 and diffuser 564 are tube shaped and can include waveguides or air at least partially along the length of the phosphor carrier between the LEDs 566. FIG. 82 shows another embodiment of a lamp 570 according to the present invention that is similar to lamp 560, which has a tube-shaped phosphor carrier 572 and a diffuser 574. In this example, the lamp 570 further comprises a stepped extraction element waveguide 576 that extends at least partially along the length of the phosphor carrier 572 between the LEDs 578. FIG. 83 shows another embodiment of a lamp 580 according to the present invention that is also similar to lamp 560, but in this embodiment, a portion of the tube-shaped diffuser can include a reflector 582.

  FIG. 84 shows yet another embodiment of a lamp 590 according to the present invention comprising a two-dimensional uniform light emitting panel. An array of co-planar LEDs 592 is mounted on the edge of the cavity or substrate 594. The phosphor carrier 596 is mounted on the LED 592 in a spaced apart manner, and a plurality of diffuser layers 598 are mounted on the phosphor carrier in a spaced apart manner. The bottom surface of the substrate 594 can include a reflective surface, and in this arrangement, at least a portion includes a panel light source that emits light in a direction perpendicular to the substrate 594.

  FIG. 85 shows yet another embodiment of a lamp 600 that can be arranged as a floodlight similar to the embodiment of FIGS. The lamp 600 includes a housing 602 having an opaque or reflective side, and the LED 604 is mounted on the base of the housing 602. The diffuser 606 is also mounted on the LED 602 and is spaced apart from the LED 604. A three-dimensional waveguide 608 is provided in the housing 602 between the LED 604 and the diffuser, and the LED 604 emits light into the waveguide 608. At least a part of the surface of the waveguide 608 is covered with a phosphor or phosphor carrier 610, and the LED light that has passed through the waveguide interacts with the phosphor 608 and is converted.

  As mentioned above, the diffuser according to the present invention can have different regions that scatter and transmit different amounts of light from the lamp light source to obtain the desired lamp radiation pattern. Referring again to the diffuser shape shown in FIGS. 7 and 9, it can be seen that different regions of the diffuser can have regions with different scattering and transmission characteristics to provide omnidirectional radiation. FIG. 86 shows one embodiment of a lamp 620 according to the present invention comprising a diffuser 621, where the lower portion of the diffuser base may have different scattering (reflection) and transmission characteristics than the upper portion 624. In this example, the lower portion 622 reflects about 20% of the light passing therethrough and transmits about 80%. Upper portion 624 reflects 80% of the light passing therethrough and transmits about 20%. FIG. 87 is a graph 640 showing improved lamp radiation characteristics that can be achieved by a lamp with a diffuser 621 with a coplanar light source and a planar or two-dimensional phosphor carrier. The transparency of the neck geometry can increase the amount of light directed sideways (about 90 °) with respect to the light emitted in the axial direction (about 0 °).

  88 shows another embodiment of a lamp 650 according to the present invention having a diffuser 652 having a shape similar to the diffuser 90 shown in FIG. The lower portion 654 of the diffuser base may have different scattering (reflection) and transmission characteristics than the upper portion 656. In this example, the lower portion 654 reflects about 20% of the light passing therethrough and transmits about 80%. Upper portion 656 reflects 80% of the light passing therethrough and transmits about 20%. FIG. 89 is a graph 660 showing improved radiation characteristics that can be achieved by a lamp with a diffuser 652 with a coplanar light source and a planar or two-dimensional phosphor carrier. By increasing the amount of light that passes through the lower portion of the diffuser 652, it is possible to achieve an intensity distribution that is similar to an incandescent lamp when combined with a substantially spherical diffuser. For example, the thickness, scattering particle density, particle size, or property may be such that the thickness of the scattering layer applied to the lower portion 654 is less than the thickness of the scattering layer applied to the upper portion 656. It can also be generated by modification.

  Although the present invention has been described in detail with respect to some preferred configurations thereof, other forms are possible. Therefore, the spirit and scope of the present invention should not be limited to the forms described above.

Claims (57)

A lighting device,
A light source;
A diffuser disposed separately from the solid state light source;
Illumination comprising: a wavelength converting material disposed between the solid light source and the diffuser, spaced apart from the solid light source and the diffuser, and positioned to receive light emitted from the solid light source device.   The lighting device according to claim 1, wherein the light source is a solid light source.   The lighting device according to claim 1, wherein the wavelength converting material includes a phosphor carrier having a thermally conductive material.   The lighting device according to claim 1, wherein the wavelength conversion material absorbs at least part of light from the solid-state light source.   The lighting device according to claim 1, wherein the diffuser disperses light from the light source and / or the wavelength converting material.   The lighting device according to claim 1, further comprising a heat dissipating element for conducting conversion heat away from the wavelength conversion material.   The lighting device according to claim 1, wherein the wavelength conversion material is three-dimensional.   The lighting device according to claim 1, wherein the wavelength conversion material is planar.   The lighting device of claim 1, wherein the light source comprises a plurality of co-planar light emitting diodes (LEDs).   The lighting device of claim 1, wherein the light source comprises a plurality of non-coplanar light emitting diodes (LEDs).   The lighting device according to claim 1, wherein the wavelength conversion material is substantially a truncated cone.   The lighting device according to claim 1, wherein the diffuser is substantially a truncated cone.   The lighting device according to claim 1, wherein the wavelength converting material and the diffuser are substantially spherical frustums such that the wavelength converting material phosphor and the diffuser constitute a double dome structure.   The lighting device according to claim 1, wherein the space between the light source and the wavelength conversion material and the space between the diffuser and the phosphor include a light mixing chamber.   The lighting device of claim 1, wherein the diffuser at least partially conceals the appearance of the wavelength converting material when the lighting device is not in operation.   The lighting device of claim 15, wherein the diffuser exhibits a white appearance when the lighting device is not in operation.   The lighting device of claim 1, providing a steady state lumen output of at least 800 lumens.   The lighting device of claim 1 having a radiation efficiency greater than 50 lumens / watt.   The lighting device according to claim 1, wherein the light source includes 10 or less light emitting diodes. The lighting device according to claim 1, wherein the light source has a light emitting chip area of 10 mm ² or less.   The lighting device of claim 1, which emits light with a color rendering index (CRI) greater than 80.   The lighting device according to claim 1, which emits light in an energy star-compliant radiation pattern.   The lighting device of claim 1, wherein the lighting device is sized to fit an A19 size profile. A lighting device,
A solid light source;
And a wavelength conversion material disposed away from the solid-state light source, wherein the phosphor has a substantially frustum shape. A lighting device,
A remote wavelength converting material;
A light source;
Illumination comprising a remote diffuser, wherein the light emitted from the diffuser reduces variations in spatial radiant intensity profile over a range of angles compared to light emitted from the remote phosphor device.   The lighting device according to claim 25, wherein the light source includes a solid-state light source.   26. The lighting device of claim 25, wherein the light emitted from the diffuser has a spatial uniformity that is within 40% of an average value over a range of viewing angles.   28. A lighting device according to claim 27, wherein the viewing angle of the range is from 0 to 135 [deg.].   26. The lighting device of claim 25, wherein the light emitted from the diffuser has a spatial uniformity that is within 20% of an average value over a range of viewing angles.   30. A lighting device according to claim 29, wherein the viewing angle of the range is from 0 to 135 [deg.].   26. The lighting device of claim 25, wherein the light emitted from the diffuser has color uniformity that is within a standard deviation on a CIE diagram that is within a range of viewing angles.   32. The lighting device of claim 31, wherein the standard deviation is a 4-step MacAdam ellipse.   The lighting device according to claim 32, wherein the range of the viewing angle is from 0 to 135 °.   26. A lighting device as recited in claim 25, wherein said remote wavelength converting material comprises a phosphor carrier having a thermally conductive material.   35. A lighting device according to claim 34, wherein the thermally conductive material has a thermal conductivity of at least 0.5 W / m-k.   26. The lighting device of claim 25, further comprising a heat dissipation element for conducting conversion heat away from the remote wavelength converting material.   The lighting device according to claim 25, wherein the wavelength converting material is three-dimensional.   The lighting device according to claim 25, wherein the wavelength converting material is two-dimensional.   26. The lighting device of claim 25, wherein the light source comprises a plurality of coplanar light emitting diodes (LEDs).   The lighting device of claim 25, wherein the light source comprises a plurality of non-coplanar light emitting diodes (LEDs).   26. The lighting device of claim 25, wherein the remote wavelength converting material and the diffuser and the remote diffuser are dome shaped so that the phosphor and diffuser constitute a double dome structure.   The illumination according to claim 25, further comprising a first space between the light source and the wavelength converting material and a second space between the diffuser and the wavelength converting material, wherein the space includes a light mixing chamber. device.   26. A lighting device according to claim 25, wherein the diffuser at least partially conceals the wavelength converting material when the lighting device is not in operation. A solid lamp,
At least one solid state light emitter defining a plane that is substantially perpendicular to a radial axis of the lamp;
A solid state lamp comprising an optical system that distributes at least 5% of the light emitted by the lamp in a direction below the plane defined by the at least one solid state light emitter.   45. The solid state lamp of claim 44, wherein the at least 5% of the light is emitted at a viewing angle that is in the range of 135 to 180 degrees.   26. The solid state lamp of claim 25, which emits light in an energy star compliant radiation pattern.   26. The solid lamp of claim 25, wherein the lamp is sized to fit an A19 profile. A solid lamp,
A light emitting diode (LED) based light source;
A remote wavelength converting material disposed away from the LED light source;
A diffuser remote from the remote wavelength converting material, the diffuser having a shape and light scattering properties that disperse the light from the LED light source and wavelength converting material into a substantially non-directional radiation pattern; A solid lamp comprising a diffuser. A solid lamp,
A light emitting diode (LED) based light source;
A remote phosphor disposed away from the LED light source;
A diffuser at a location remote from the remote phosphor, the diffuser comprising a diffuser that masks the remote phosphor when the solid lamp is not in operation.   50. The solid state lamp of claim 49, wherein the diffuser appears white when the lamp is not operating.   50. The solid state lamp of claim 49, which emits light in an energy star compliant radiation pattern.   50. The solid lamp of claim 49, wherein the lamp is sized to conform to an A19 profile. A solid lamp,
A light emitting diode (LED) based light source;
A three-dimensional remote phosphor disposed at a distance from the LED light source;
A three-dimensional diffuser remote from the remote phosphor, wherein the light emitted from the diffuser varies in spatial radiant intensity profile over a range of angles compared to the light emitted from the remote phosphor A solid lamp equipped with a three-dimensional diffuser. A solid lamp,
A light emitting diode (LED) based light source;
A dome-shaped remote phosphor disposed away from the LED light source;
A solid-state lamp comprising a dome shaped diffuser remote from the remote phosphor, wherein the remote phosphor and diffuser form a double dome structure.   55. The solid state lamp of claim 54, wherein the light emitted from the diffuser reduces variations in the spatial radiant intensity profile over a range of angles compared to the light emitted from the remote phosphor.   55. The solid state lamp of claim 54, which emits light in an energy star compliant radiation pattern. 55. The solid lamp of claim 54, wherein the lamp is sized to fit an A19 profile.

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