JP2013226827A - Polystyrene resin laminate foamed sheet, method for manufacturing resin molding, and container - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To form a resin molding in which the occurrence of deformation or breakage due to heat is suppressed.SOLUTION: A polystyrene resin laminate foamed sheet is configured such that the maximum shrinkage load under a temperature of 100°C in the extrusion direction is ≤3.0 N/5 cm width while the maximum shrinkage load under a temperature of 100°C in the width direction orthogonal to the extrusion direction is ≤12.0 N/5 cm width. A polystyrene resin sheet is configured to have the basis weight of ≥70 g/mand ≤220 g/m.

Description

  The present invention relates to a polystyrene-based resin laminated foam sheet and a method for producing a resin molded product using the same. Furthermore, it is related with the container formed using the polystyrene-type resin laminated foam sheet.

  A polystyrene-based resin obtained by laminating a polystyrene-based resin foam sheet (hereinafter also simply referred to as “foamed sheet”) and a polystyrene-based resin sheet (hereinafter also simply referred to as “resin sheet”) based on a polystyrene-based resin. A laminated foam sheet (hereinafter also simply referred to as “laminated sheet”) is used as a raw material for molding a resin molded product.

  In general, the foam sheet is manufactured to have a long band shape by continuous extrusion foaming of a polystyrene-based resin composition. On the other hand, the resin sheet is generally manufactured to have a long band shape by continuous extrusion molding of a polystyrene-based resin composition. And a lamination sheet is formed by laminating a foam sheet and a resin sheet along an extrusion direction (longitudinal direction).

  Examples of the resin molded product formed using the laminated sheet as described above include a container for containing food. Such a container may contain hot food inside or hot water poured into it. In this case, the laminated sheet constituting the container is heated and various chemical substances are eluted from the laminated sheet and may be mixed into food. In particular, there is a possibility that styrene dimer and styrene trimer are eluted from the foam sheet, and in order to suppress these elution, a laminated sheet in which the content of styrene dimer and styrene trimer is suppressed has been proposed (Patent Document 1). reference).

JP 2003-251762 A

  Moreover, as described above, when the laminated sheet constituting the resin molded product is heated, the resin molded product may be deformed. Such deformation of the resin molded product causes damage to the resin molded product. In particular, when a container is formed from a laminated sheet, the container may be deformed or damaged by the heat of the contents, and the contents may be leaked from the container.

  Therefore, the present invention provides a polystyrene resin laminated foam sheet capable of forming a resin molded product in which the occurrence of deformation and breakage due to heat is suppressed, and also provides a method for producing a resin molded product using the same. This is the issue. Furthermore, it is an object to provide a container formed using the polystyrene-based resin laminated foam sheet.

  As a result of intensive studies, the present inventor has found that the shrinkage force generated when heat is applied to the polystyrene-based resin laminated foam sheet affects the subsequent deformation of the resin molded product, and has led to the completion of the present invention. It was.

That is, the polystyrene-based resin laminated foam sheet according to the present invention is formed by laminating a polystyrene-based resin foam sheet obtained by extruding a polystyrene-based resin composition and a polystyrene-based resin sheet obtained by extruding a polystyrene-based resin composition. A polystyrene-based resin laminated foamed sheet having a maximum shrinkage load at 100 ° C. in the extrusion direction of 3.0 N / 5 cm or less and a maximum at 100 ° C. in the width direction orthogonal to the extrusion direction. The shrinkage load is 12.0 N / 5 cm width or less, and the polystyrene-based resin sheet has a basis weight of 70 g / m ² or more and 220 g / m ² or less.

  According to such a configuration, a resin molded product formed using a polystyrene-based resin laminated foam sheet (hereinafter also simply referred to as “laminated sheet”) can be prevented from being deformed or damaged by heat. . For example, when a container is formed using a laminated sheet, the laminated sheet forming the container is prevented from shrinking due to heat from the contents even if the heated contents (food or hot water) are contained in the container. Is done. For this reason, it can suppress that distortion arises in the container of the state which accommodated the content, and it can suppress that a container deform | transforms or breaks.

The polystyrene resin laminated foam sheet preferably has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 4.0 mm. Moreover, sufficient intensity | strength can be acquired because it is 0.5 mm or more, and it can apply to various molded articles. By being 4.0 mm or less, it is possible to easily balance the thickness of the wall portion and the bottom portion of the deep-drawn molded product. Further, the basis weight is preferably 200 g / m ² or more and 800 g / m ² or less. When the basis weight is in such a range, the strength of the container molded using the laminated sheet is satisfied, and the cost can be reduced.

  According to such a structure, the mechanical strength of the resin molded product (for example, container) formed using the lamination sheet can be improved. Moreover, while being able to obtain the resin molded product excellent in the external appearance property, the printing on the surface of a resin molded product can be performed favorably.

  The polystyrene resin foam sheet preferably has a total content of styrene dimer and styrene trimer of 2000 ppm or less.

  According to such a configuration, elution of styrene dimer and styrene trimer from a resin molded product formed using the laminated sheet can be suppressed.

  The method for producing a resin molded product according to the present invention is characterized by using the above polystyrene-based resin laminated foam sheet. The container according to the present invention is characterized in that the polystyrene-based resin laminated foam sheet described above is thermoformed.

  According to the present invention, it is possible to form a resin molded product in which the occurrence of deformation and breakage due to heat is suppressed.

(A) is sectional drawing of the container produced by the Example and the comparative example, (b) is the top view which looked at the same container from the opening part side.

  The preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described below.

The polystyrene-based resin laminated foam sheet (hereinafter, also simply referred to as “laminated sheet”) according to the present embodiment is used as a raw material when molding a resin molded product. The laminated sheet is obtained by laminating a polystyrene resin foam sheet obtained by extrusion foaming a polystyrene resin composition and a polystyrene resin sheet obtained by extrusion molding a polystyrene resin composition. The thickness of the laminated sheet is preferably 0.5 mm or greater and 4.0 mm or less. The basis weight is preferably 200 g / m ² or more and 800 g / m ² or less.

  In addition, a laminate sheet having a maximum shrinkage load at 100 ° C. in the extrusion direction of 3.0 N / 5 cm width or less, preferably 2.0 N / 5 cm width or less is used. In addition, the laminated sheet has a maximum shrinkage load at 100 ° C. in the width direction orthogonal to the extrusion direction of 12.0 N / 5 cm width or less, preferably 10.0 N / 5 cm width or less. The use of such a laminated sheet is an important requirement for suppressing deformation and breakage of the resin molded product due to heating.

  In addition, when using a laminated sheet showing a large value exceeding the above-mentioned maximum shrinkage load, when heat is applied to the formed resin molded product, the laminated sheet constituting the resin molded product is excessively shrunk. Become. For this reason, distortion occurs in the resin molded product, and deformation or damage may occur in the resin molded product due to the stress caused by such distortion. For this reason, it is important that the laminated sheet exhibits the maximum shrinkage load as described above. The heat shrinkability of the laminated sheet can be controlled by adjusting the grade of the resin used as the raw material of the foam sheet, the control of the foamed state at the time of production, the way of stretching, and the like.

  The polystyrene-based resin foam sheet (hereinafter also simply referred to as “foam sheet”) according to the present invention is formed into a long band shape by extrusion foaming or a long band shape (extruded). It is possible to use a sheet formed by cutting in a width direction orthogonal to (direction).

Although it does not specifically limit as thickness of a foam sheet, It is preferable that it is 0.5 mm or more, and it is more preferable that it is 1.0 mm or more. Moreover, it is preferable that it is 4.0 mm or less, and it is more preferable that it is 3.0 mm or less. The basis weight of the foam sheet is not particularly limited, but is preferably 180 g / m ² or more, and more preferably 200 g / m ² or more.

  In the foamed sheet, a certain degree of molecular orientation is usually generated by stretching applied in extrusion foaming. For this reason, heat is applied in secondary foaming, etc., and when the restrictions on the movement of molecules are relaxed, heat shrinkage occurs in the foam sheet, and this heat shrinkage affects the dimensional accuracy of the resin molded product. is there.

  As the polystyrene-based resin composition for forming the foamed sheet, the same one as in the case of forming a general foamed sheet can be employed. Specifically, as the polystyrene-based resin composition, those containing a polystyrene-based resin that becomes a base polymer, a foaming agent, a bubble adjusting agent, and the like can be employed.

  Examples of the polystyrene resin include styrene, methyl styrene, ethyl styrene, isopropyl styrene, dimethyl styrene, paramethyl styrene, throat styrene, bromostyrene, vinyl toluene, vinyl xylene homopolymer or copolymer. Etc. Also, copolymers of these styrene monomers and other vinyl monomers can be used.

  Examples of other pinyl monomers include acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylic ester, methacrylic ester, maleic anhydride, and acrylamide.

  In addition, as a polystyrene resin, in order to improve the impact resistance of the foam sheet, for example, diene rubber such as polybutadiene, styrene-butadiene copolymer, ethylene-propylene-nonconjugated diene terpolymer A rubber-modified styrene resin to which a polymer is added, so-called high impact polystyrene may be used.

ここで、Ｒ１及びＲ２は、炭素数１〜４のアルキル基又はハロゲン原子を示し、ｎは重合度を表す正の整数である。斯かるポリフェニレンエーテル系樹脂を例示すれば、ポリ（２，６−ジメチルフェニレン−１，４−エーテル）、ポリ（２，６−ジエチルフェニレン−１，４−エーテル）、ポリ（２，６−ジクロルフェニレン−１，４−エーテル）等が本実施形態において用いられ得る。
また、重合度ｎは、通常１０〜５０００の範囲内である。 The polystyrene resin composition may contain a resin component other than the polystyrene resin, for example, a polyphenylene ether resin. As the polyphenylene ether-based resin, those represented by the following general formula can be usually adopted.

Here, R1 and R2 show a C1-C4 alkyl group or a halogen atom, and n is a positive integer showing a polymerization degree. Examples of such polyphenylene ether resins include poly (2,6-dimethylphenylene-1,4-ether), poly (2,6-diethylphenylene-1,4-ether), and poly (2,6-di). Chlorophenylene-1,4-ether) and the like can be used in this embodiment.
The degree of polymerization n is usually in the range of 10 to 5000.

  Examples of the foaming agent include a decomposable foaming agent, a gas or a volatile foaming agent.

  Among these, decomposable foaming agents include, for example, inorganic degradable foaming agents such as ammonium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium nitrite, calcium azide, sodium azide, sodium borohydride, azodicarbonamide, azobissulfur Azo compounds such as formamide, azobisisobutyronitrile and diazoaminobenzene; N'-dinitrosopentanemethyleneteloramine and N.I. N'-dimethyl-N. Examples thereof include nitroso compounds such as N'-dinitrosotephthalamide, benzenesulfonyl hydrazide and the like. These foaming agents may be used alone or in combination. In addition, in order to adjust the decomposition temperature, the amount of generated gas, and the decomposition rate of the decomposable foaming agent, it may be used in combination with a known foaming aid.

  Examples of gaseous blowing agents include nitrogen, carbon dioxide, propane, n-butane, i-butane, methyl ether and the like. In addition, gas means here that it is gas at normal temperature (25 degreeC) and a normal pressure (1 atmosphere).

  Examples of the volatile blowing agent include ether, petroleum ether, acetone, pentane, isopentane, hexane, isohexane, heptane, isoheptane, benzene, toluene and the like, and water can also be used. Moreover, these can also be mixed and used. Among the foaming agents, butanes such as n-butane, i-butane, or a mixture of both (mixed butane) are preferable. A mixed foaming agent obtained by adding propane to mixed butane is also preferable. This mixed foaming agent has an advantage that the foamed sheet can be made finer and the aging period of the foamed sheet can be shortened.

  In addition, when it is desired to make the bubble size about 40 μm or less, it is preferable to use nitrogen cord, carbon dioxide gas, or water alone or two or more types as the foaming agent. Nitrogen and the like have the advantage of being inexpensive because they can be separated directly from the air.

  In extrusion foaming, other additives may be added together with the foaming agent. Examples of other additives include a bubble regulator. Examples of the air conditioner include inorganic powders such as talc and mica, acidic salts such as polyvalent carboxylic acids, and reaction mixtures of polyvalent carboxylic acids with sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate. When the amount of these bubble regulators is increased, the cell membrane becomes weak against heat, and the cell membrane may be broken when the film is extrusion laminated as will be described later, resulting in a high open cell ratio. In order to prevent such a bubble film from being broken, it is preferable to use nitrogen or carbon dioxide as a foaming agent.

  Furthermore, you may add a ultraviolet absorber, antioxidant, a coloring agent, a lubricant, a flame retardant, an antistatic agent etc. as needed.

  The foam sheet according to the present invention is generally obtained by extrusion foaming the above polystyrene-based resin composition. For example, a polystyrene-based resin composition is melt-kneaded in a cylinder of an extruder, and the melt-kneaded product is discharged from a flat die or a circular die attached to the tip of the extruder, and is obtained in a sheet form.

Regarding the maximum shrinkage load of the foam sheet, Tensilon universal testing machine UCT-10T (manufactured by Orientec Co., Ltd.), Tensilon-attached high and low temperature thermostat (manufactured by TSE) and universal testing machine data processing software UTPS- Measurement is performed using STD (manufactured by Softbrain). Specifically, a strip-shaped test piece of width 50 (mm) × length 150 (mm) is cut out from the foamed sheet. Three test pieces each having a foam sheet extrusion direction as a longitudinal direction and three test pieces each having a foam sheet extrusion direction as a short side direction are prepared. Each test piece is conditioned for 16 hours or more in an environment of temperature 23 ± 2 ° C. and humidity 50 ± 5%, and then used for measurement. Further, the interval between the holding jigs (for tensile test) in the thermostat is set to 100 (mm).
Then, in the state where the inside of the thermostatic chamber is heated to 100 ° C. ± 2 ° C. in advance and data acquisition is started, both ends of the strip-shaped test piece in the longitudinal direction are gripped with a jig (the gripping width is the sample width in the air chuck type). )) And close the thermostatic chamber door. It takes less than 10 seconds from the start of data acquisition until the thermostatic chamber door is closed.
The data processing of the universal testing machine is “time characteristic mode tensile setting / heat shrinkage stress”, and the heat shrinkage load is measured for 200 seconds at intervals of 1 second from the start of data acquisition. The heat shrinkage load is a load generated by heat shrinkage of the test piece during measurement.
And let the maximum value of the heat contraction load after a measurement start be a maximum contraction load.

  The polystyrene-based resin sheet (hereinafter also referred to simply as “resin sheet”) according to the present invention is a non-foamed sheet, and is formed into a long band shape by the extrusion molding, or formed into the long band shape. What cut | disconnected the thing to the width direction orthogonal to a longitudinal direction (extrusion direction), and formed in the sheet-like body shape can be used.

The basis weight of the resin sheet is 70 g / m ² or more and 220 g / m ² or less. When the basis weight is 70 g / m ² or more, the resin layer has a sufficient thickness, and the mechanical strength, appearance, and printability of the molded body can be improved. From this viewpoint, the basis weight is preferably 90 g / m ² or more. On the other hand, when the basis weight is 220 g / m ² or less, excessive rigidity can be suppressed and cost can be suppressed. From this viewpoint, the basis weight is preferably 200 g / m ² or less.

  The polystyrene resin in the polystyrene resin composition forming the resin sheet is not particularly limited. For example, an impact resistant polystyrene resin having a rubber component in the molecule, a polystyrene resin, and an impact resistant polystyrene And styrene-butadiene block copolymer dispersed in a sea-island in impact-resistant polystyrene.

  The resin sheet according to the present invention is generally obtained by extruding a polystyrene-based resin composition as described above. For example, a polystyrene-based resin composition is melt-kneaded in a cylinder of an extruder, and the melt-kneaded product is discharged from a flat die or a circular die attached to the tip of the extruder, and is obtained in a sheet form.

  The method for laminating the foam sheet and the resin sheet is not particularly limited, and for example, the following method can be employed. Specifically, it is possible to employ a method in which the resin sheet extruded from the extruder is directly laminated and integrated on a separately produced foam sheet before cooling. Alternatively, a foam sheet and a resin sheet are prepared in advance, and separately from these, a molten thermoplastic resin extruded from an extruder is applied onto the foam sheet, and the resin sheet is obtained using such a thermoplastic resin as a binder. It is possible to adopt a method of laminating and integrating them on a foam sheet. Alternatively, it is possible to employ a method in which a foam sheet and a resin sheet are prepared in advance, and the resin sheet is heated and integrated on the foam sheet while heating.

  The laminated sheet configured as described above is thermoformed to form a resin molded product. Regarding thermoforming, general thermoforming such as press molding, vacuum forming, pressure forming, vacuum / pressure forming, etc. can be employed. Laminated sheets with product shape formed by thermoforming are cut with heating wire along the outer periphery of the product shape forming part (Nichrome cut), or the product shape forming part is punched with a Thomson blade mold to form a resin molded product. can do.

  The resin molded product produced in the method for producing a resin molded product of the present invention is not limited in shape or the like, and examples thereof include a general container (tray shape or deep-drawn shape) that contains food or the like. It is done. In particular, it can be suitably used when forming a container (for example, a cup noodle container) that contains high-temperature contents.

  Although not described in detail here, conventionally known matters other than the above-described examples regarding the manufacturing method and container of the polystyrene-based resin foam sheet and resin molded product to be used can be adopted within the range where the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired. is there.

  As described above, according to the polystyrene-based resin foam sheet according to the present invention and the method for producing a resin molded product using the same, a resin molded product in which the occurrence of deformation and breakage due to heat is suppressed can be formed. In addition, the container according to the present invention is suppressed from occurrence of deformation and breakage due to heat.

  That is, when the laminated sheet has the maximum shrinkage load as described above and the resin sheet has the basis weight as described above, for example, when a container is formed using the laminated sheet, the content heated in the container Even if an object (food or hot water) is accommodated, the laminated sheet forming the container is suppressed from shrinking due to heat from the contents. For this reason, it can suppress that distortion arises in the container of the state which accommodated the content, and it can suppress that a container deform | transforms or breaks.

  Moreover, the mechanical strength of the resin molded product (for example, container) formed using the lamination sheet can be improved because the lamination sheet has the thickness as described above and has the basis weight as described above. it can. Furthermore, it is possible to obtain a resin molded product having excellent appearance properties and to perform printing on the resin molded product satisfactorily.

  In addition, the content of styrene dimer and styrene trimer in the foamed sheet has the above values, thereby suppressing the elution of styrene dimer and styrene trimer from the resin molded product formed using the laminated sheet. it can.

  Hereinafter, the present invention will be described with reference to examples.

1. Production of Foamed Sheet After extruding and foaming polystyrene-based resin, six long foamed sheets were produced after a certain aging period. Each foam sheet had a thickness of 2.1 mm and a basis weight of 240 g / m ² . The total content of styrene dimer and styrene trimer in each foam sheet is as shown in Table 1 below.

2. Production of Styrenic Resin Foamed Laminate Sheet Polystyrene resin was supplied to an extruder and extruded from a T-die connected to the extruder into a film. And the hot film immediately after extrusion molding was laminated | stacked directly and continuously on the single side | surface of each foamed sheet, and it heat-bonded and obtained the elongate belt-shaped laminated sheets 1-7. The basis weight of the resin sheet in the obtained laminated sheets 1 to 7 was 120 g / m ² . Further, the maximum shrinkage load in the extrusion direction and the maximum shrinkage load in the width direction are as shown in Table 1 below.

3. Manufacture of container The container A which has a cross-sectional shape as shown in FIG. 1 was produced using the laminated sheets 1-7, and it was set as Examples 1-9 and Comparative Examples 1-6. In addition, the container A was produced so that a foam sheet might become the inner side of the container A. The laminated sheet used in each container A, the inner diameter L1 of the opening of the container A, the inner diameter L2 of the bottom, the depth L3, the drawing ratio, and the molding temperature are as shown in Table 2 below.

  The production of the container A will be described in more detail. A press molding apparatus having a cavity (concave shape) having 6 × 6 = 36 concave portions corresponding to the outer shape of the container A and a plug (convex shape) having the same number of convex portions corresponding to the inner shape of the container A The container A was produced while continuously supplying each laminated sheet. As molding conditions, a molding cycle of one shot (= 36) was set to 5.0 seconds, the set temperature of the heater on the cavity side was set to 350 ° C., and the set temperature of the heater on the plug side was set to 260 ° C. The molding timing was set so that the cavity and the plug contact the laminated body almost simultaneously to start molding.

4). Evaluation of Container Appearance Each of 36 containers A in the first shot immediately after the start of the operation of the press molding apparatus and 36 containers A in 30 shots in which the mold seems to have been sufficiently warmed by repeating molding The appearance was observed. And the abnormality of the external appearance, such as whether wrinkles etc. were seen in the base end part A2 of the collar part A1 of the container A in each Example and each comparative example, was observed. The case where no abnormality was found was evaluated as “◯”, and the case where there was an abnormality was evaluated as “×”. The evaluation results are as shown in Table 2 below.

5. Hot Water Deformation Test of Container The diameter at the opening side of the container A was measured along the direction corresponding to the extrusion direction and the width direction of the laminated sheet. Next, hot water of 90 ° C. was poured into each container A, and the lid was covered with an acrylic plate so that the steam did not escape. The amount of hot water was 70% of the capacity of the container A.
After 3 minutes, the hot water was cut off, and the diameter of the part measured before pouring hot water was measured again. The ratio (%) of the measurement result after hot water supply to the measurement result before hot water supply of the diameter D1 along the extrusion direction and the diameter D2 along the width direction is shown in Table 2 below.

6). Summary When comparing each example and each comparative example, in Comparative Examples 1 to 3 where the maximum shrinkage load in the extrusion direction is outside the scope of the present invention, the hot water supply deformation rate in the extrusion direction is higher than each example. It is recognized that Moreover, in Comparative Examples 4 and 5 in which the maximum shrinkage load in the width direction is outside the scope of the present invention, it is recognized that the hot water supply deformation rate in the width direction is higher than in each example. That is, by using a laminated sheet in which the maximum shrinkage load in the extrusion direction and the width direction is within the range of the present invention, it is possible to form a container with little deformation due to heat.

  Moreover, when Example 5 and Comparative Example 6 were compared, the moldability of the container was good, whereas in Comparative Example 6, when the container was molded, cracks occurred and the container could be molded. There wasn't. In other words, a laminate sheet having a maximum shrinkage load in the width direction within the range of the present invention makes it possible to obtain good moldability even when a container having a high drawing ratio is molded.

  Moreover, when Example 3 and Example 5 are compared (or when Example 4 and Example 6 are compared), it is recognized that the hot water supply deformation ratio is higher when the drawing ratio is higher. That is, it is recognized that a container with a lower squeezing ratio is a container with less deformation due to heat.

  Moreover, when Example 3 and Example 7 are compared (or when Example 4 and Example 8 are compared), it is recognized that the one with a lower molding temperature has a higher hot water supply deformation rate. In other words, it is recognized that the container is less deformed by heat when the container is molded at a higher molding temperature.

  A ... container, A1 ... buttocks, A2 ... proximal end

Claims (5)

A polystyrene resin laminated foam sheet obtained by laminating a polystyrene resin foam sheet obtained by extruding a polystyrene resin composition and a polystyrene resin sheet obtained by extruding a polystyrene resin composition,
The maximum shrinkage load at 100 ° C. in the extrusion direction is 3.0 N / 5 cm width or less, and the maximum shrinkage load at 100 ° C. in the width direction orthogonal to the extrusion direction is 12.0 N / 5 cm width or less, The polystyrene-based resin laminated foam sheet, wherein the polystyrene-based resin sheet has a basis weight of 70 g / m ² or more and 220 g / m ² or less. The polystyrene-based resin laminated foam sheet according to claim 1, wherein the thickness is 0.5 mm or more and 4.0 mm or less, and the basis weight is 200 g / m ² or more and 800 g / m ² or less.   The polystyrene resin laminated foam sheet according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the polystyrene resin foam sheet has a total content of styrene dimer and styrene trimer of 2000 ppm or less. A polystyrene resin laminated foam sheet is formed by laminating a polystyrene resin foam sheet obtained by extrusion foaming a polystyrene resin composition and a polystyrene resin sheet obtained by extrusion molding a polystyrene resin composition. A method for producing a resin molded product, comprising:
A method for producing a resin molded product, comprising using the polystyrene resin laminated foam sheet according to any one of claims 1 to 3 as the polystyrene resin laminated foam sheet.   A container formed by thermoforming the polystyrene-based resin laminated foam sheet according to any one of claims 1 to 3.

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