JP2013081430A - 薬物代謝機能測定方法 - Google Patents
薬物代謝機能測定方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2013081430A JP2013081430A JP2011224666A JP2011224666A JP2013081430A JP 2013081430 A JP2013081430 A JP 2013081430A JP 2011224666 A JP2011224666 A JP 2011224666A JP 2011224666 A JP2011224666 A JP 2011224666A JP 2013081430 A JP2013081430 A JP 2013081430A
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Abstract
【解決手段】放射性化合物を投与した被検者の試料に含まれる前記放射性化合物の放射性代謝物を分析することを含む薬物代謝機能の測定方法。
【選択図】なし
Description
(1)放射性化合物を投与した被検者の試料に含まれる前記放射性化合物の放射性代謝物を分析することを含む薬物代謝機能の測定方法。
(2)薬物代謝機能がシトクロムP450による薬物代謝機能である前記(1)に記載の方法。
(3)放射性化合物が放射性アミノ酸である前記(1)に記載の方法。
(4)放射性アミノ酸が天然アミノ酸及び/又は非天然アミノ酸の放射性標識体である前記(3)に記載の方法。
(5)薬物の適正投与量を決定するために行う前記(1)〜(4)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(6)被検者の代謝異常を検査するために行う前記(1)〜(4)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(7)被検者の試料が血液、血清又は血漿から得られる試料である前記(1)〜(6)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(8)N−イソプロピル−p−ヨードアンフェタミンもしくはその塩、又はこれらの標識体を含有するシトクロムP450による薬物代謝機能を測定するための検査薬。
(CYP1A2)
amitriptyline, caffeine, clomipramine, clozapine, cyclobenzaprine, estradiol, fluvoxamine, haloperidol, imipramine, mexiletine, naproxen, olanzapine, ondansetron, acetaminophen, propranolol, riluzole, ropivacaine, tacrine, theophylline, tizanidine, verapamil, R-warfarin, zileuton, zolmitriptan
(CYP2B6)
bupropion, cyclophosphamide, efavirenz, ifosphamide, methadone, sorafenib
(CYP2C8)
amodiaquine, cerivastatin, paclitaxel, repaglinide, sorafenib, torsemide
(CYP2C9)
非ステロイド性抗炎症薬:diclofenac, ibuprofen, lornoxicam, meloxicam, S-naproxen, piroxicam, suprofen
経口血糖降下剤:tolbutamide, glipizide
アンジオテンシンII阻害薬:losartan, irbesartan
スルホニル尿素系薬剤:glyburide, glibenclamide, glipizide, glimepiride, tolbutamide
その他:amitriptyline, celecoxib, fluoxetine, fluvastatin, glyburide, nateglinide, phenytoin-4-OH2, rosiglitazone, tamoxifen, torsemide, S-warfarin
(CYP2C19)
プロトンポンプ阻害薬:lansoprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole
抗てんかん剤:diazepam, phenytoin, S-mephenytoin, phenobarbitone
その他:amitriptyline, carisoprodol, citalopram, chloramphenicol, clomipramine, clopidogrel, cyclophosphamide, hexobarbital, imipramine, indomethacin, R-mephobarbital, moclobemide, nelfinavir, nilutamide, primidone, progesterone, proguanil, propranolol, teniposide, R-warfarin
(CYP2D6)
tamoxifen
β遮断薬:carvedilol, S-metoprolol, propafenone, timolol
抗うつ薬:amitriptyline, clomipramine, desipramine, fluoxetine, imipramine, paroxetine
抗精神病薬:haloperidol, perphenazine, risperidone, thioridazine, zuclopenthixol
その他:alprenolol, amphetamine, aripiprazole, atomoxetine, bufuralol, chlorphenimipramine, chlorpromazine, codeine, debrisoquine, dexfenfluramine, dextromethorphan, donepezil, duloxetine, encainide, flecainide, fluvoxamine, lidocaine, metoclopramide, methoxyamphetamine, mexiletine, minaprine, nebivolol, nortriptyline, ondansetron, oxycodone, perhexiline, phenacetin, phenformin, promethazine, propranolol, sparteine, tramadol, venlafaxine
(CYP2E1)
麻酔薬:enflurane, halothane, isoflurane, methoxyflurane, sevoflurane
その他:acetaminophen, aniline, benzene, chlorzoxazone, ethanol, N,N-dimethylformamide, theophylline
(CYP3A4,5,7)
マクロライド系抗生物質:clarithromycin, erythromycin (not 3A5)
抗不整脈薬:quinidine (not 3A5)
ベンゾジアゼピン系薬物:alprazolam, diazepam, midazolam, triazolam
免疫調節剤:cyclosporine, tacrolimus (FK506)
抗HIV薬:indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir
消化管運動改善薬:cisapride
抗ヒスタミン薬:astemizole, chlorpheniramine, terfenadine
カルシウム拮抗薬:amlodipine, diltiazem, felodipine, lercanidipine, nifedipine, nisoldipine, nitrendipine, verapamil
HMG−CoA還元酵素阻害薬:atorvastatin, cerivastatin, lovastatin, simvastatin
ステロイド類:estradiol, hydrocortisone, progesterone, testosterone
その他:alfentanil, aprepitant, aripiprazole, boceprevir, buspirone, caffeine, cilostazol, cocaine, dapsone, dexamethasone, dextromethorphan, docetaxel, domperidone, eplerenone, fentanyl, finasteride, gleevec, haloperidol, imipramine, irinotecan, LAAM, lidocaine, methadone, nateglinide, ondansetron, pimozide, propranolol, quetiapine, quinine, risperidone, salmeterol, sildenafil, sirolimus, sorafenib, sunitinib, tamoxifen, taxol, telaprevir, terfenadine, torisel, trazodone, vincristine, zaleplon, ziprasidone, zolpidem
(目的)
123I−N−イソプロピル−p−ヨードアンフェタミン塩酸塩(123I−IMP)は、臨床において単光子放射断層撮影(SPECT)による脳血流の診断に用いられている。123I−IMPはヒトの体内で代謝を受ける希な診断薬である。代謝の第1段階は123I−p−ヨードアンフェタミンの生成であること、また引き続いて123I−p−ヨード安息香酸、更に123I−p−ヨード馬尿酸へと代謝されることが報告されている。しかしながらこれまでにこれらの代謝反応に関与する薬物代謝酵素についての知見はない。そこで本実験ではIMPの代謝におけるチトクロームP450(CYP)の関与を調べた。
N−イソプロピル−p−ヨードアンフェタミン塩酸塩(IMP)及びp−ヨード安息香酸の非標識体を使用した。ヒト肝ミクロゾームを酵素源とし、IMPからp−ヨード安息香酸への代謝がNADPH依存的に起こるか否かを調べた。このときIMPの消失の有無及びその程度も調べた。組み換えヒトCYP1A1、1A2、1B1、2A6、2B6、2C8、2C9、2C19、2D6、2E1、3A4及び3A5を用いて、IMPの代謝における各CYP分子種の寄与を調べた。
I.試薬
リン酸水素二ナトリウム・12水(和光純薬)
リン酸二水素カリウム(和光純薬)
EDTA・2Na(和光純薬)
Glucose-6-phosphate(和光純薬)
β−NADP+(和光純薬)
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(和光純薬)
MgCl2・6H2O(和光純薬)
過塩素酸(60%)(和光純薬)
p−クロロ安息香酸(和光純薬)
アセトニトリル(和光純薬)
ジブチルアミンフォスフェート溶液(D4試薬)(Waters)
BDウルトラプール150ドナープールドヒト肝ミクロゾーム(日本ベクトン・ディッキンソン)
特級グリセリン(和光純薬)
1.ミクロゾーム
納品時にミクロゾームは250mMスクロースに懸濁され、蛋白濃度は20mg/mLである。一度融解してミクロゾーム500μLに対しグリセリンを125μL添加した(蛋白濃度は16mg/mLとなる)。エッペンに分注して−80℃に保存し、反応時に必要量を融解して使用した。
(1)0.5Mリン酸水素二ナトリウム水溶液(MW:358.14、179.07g/1000mL)に0.5Mリン酸二水素カリウム水溶液(MW136.09、34.02g/500mL)を加え、0.5M NaKリン酸緩衝液(pH7.4)を調製した。
(2)0.5mM EDTA水溶液を調製した(MW372.24、37.22mg/200mL)。
(3)0.5mM EDTA水溶液:0.5M NaKリン酸緩衝液(pH7.4)=1:2の割合で混合し、0.167mM EDTA/0.33M NaKリン酸緩衝液(pH7.4)とした。
(1)1M MgCl2水溶液を調製(MW:203.30、10.17g/50mL)した。
(2)Glucose-6-phosphate 18.2mgを精製水536μLに溶解した。
(3)β−NADP+4.5mgを精製水482.4μLに溶解した。
(4)(2)の溶解したGlucose-6-phosphateと(3)のβ−NADP+を混合し、(1)の1M MgCl2水溶液53.6μL及びGlucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(1000U/1mL)10.72μLを添加しNADPH生成系とした。
1.親化合物(IMP)減少を指標とした方法
反応溶液は0.05mM EDTA、100mM NaKリン酸緩衝液(pH7.4)、0.64mg/mL蛋白相当のグリセリン添加ヒト肝ミクロゾーム、NADPH生成系(0.5mM β−NADP+、5mM Glucose-6-phosphate、1U/mL Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase、5mM MgCl2)及び0.5μM IMPを混合し250μLとなるようにした(i)。対照は、NADPH生成系を精製水に置き換え行ったもの(ii)、ミクロゾーム及びNADPH生成系を精製水に置き換え行ったもの(iii)を実施した。IMP添加で反応を開始し37℃で反応後、50μL過塩素酸水溶液を加え反応を停止させた。反応時間を10、20、60分間とした。反応停止後、内部標準物質の20μM p−クロロ安息香酸水溶液を30μL添加し15000rpm、20℃で5分間遠心した。その上清100μLを液体クロマトグラフィーにて分析した。
1検体あたりの組成及び操作を表1に示す。
カラム:CAPCELL PAK C18 SG120,4.6×250mm(資生堂製)
カラム温度:40℃
移動相Aはアセトニトリル330mL、水670mLを混ぜ、ジブチルアミンフォスフェート溶液(D4試薬)10mLを加えた。
移動相Bはアセトニトリル900mL、水100mLを混ぜ、ジブチルアミンフォスフェート溶液(D4試薬)10mLを加えた。
溶離条件:移動相A:移動相B=100:0→78:22(0min.→16min.)グラディエント、その後移動相A:移動相B=100:0で9分平衡化した。
流量:0.8mL/min.
検出(UV):IMPは232nm、代謝物p−ヨード安息香酸は248nm、内部標準物質p−クロロ安息香酸は235nmで検出した。
*本条件で約6.3分にIMP、約15.6分に代謝物p−ヨード安息香酸、約12.6分に内部標準物質p−クロロ安息香酸が検出された。
反応溶液は0.05mM EDTA、100mM NaKリン酸緩衝液(pH7.4)、0.64mg/mL蛋白相当のグリセリン添加ヒト肝ミクロゾーム、NADPH生成系(0.5mM NADP+、5mM Glucose-6-phosphate、1U/mL Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase、5mM MgCl2)及び1000μM IMPを混合し250μLとなるようにした。対照は、実験方法1.と同様に行った。IMP添加で反応を開始し37℃で反応後、50μL過塩素酸水溶液を加え反応を停止させた。反応時間を10、60、120分間とした。反応停止以降の操作、分析方法は、実験方法1.と同じである。
1検体あたりの組成は、実験方法1.の5μM IMPを10mM IMPとし、他は同様に行った。
IMP(0.5又は1μM)をヒト肝ミクロゾーム及びNADPHの存在下においてインキュベートしたところ、p−ヨード安息香酸の生成は認められなかった。IMPの濃度は、NADPHの存在下において反応時間依存的に減少し(図1)、IMPがヒト肝ミクロゾーム中の酵素によりNADPH依存的に代謝されることを明らかにした。組み換えヒトCYPを用いた実験により、IMPはCYP2C19により独占的に代謝されることを見いだした(図2及び3)。CYP2C19によるIMPの消失反応のKmは8.6μM、Vmaxは9.7nmol/min/nmol CYPであった。CYP2C19を欠損するヒト肝ミクロゾーム(CYP2C19*2/*2)を用いた場合、IMPの消失速度は野生型のCYP2C19を発現するヒト肝ミクロゾームを用いた場合の約50%であり(図4)、IMPの代謝がCYP2C19の遺伝子多型に依存することを明らかにした。IMPがCYP2C19によって代謝された結果、未知ピークがHPLCクロマトグラムで検出された。ピーク面積はIMPピークの減少に比例して反応時間依存的に増加した。
以上、IMPはCYP2C19により代謝されることがわかった。したがって、IMP又はその標識体を用いることにより、シトクロムP450による薬物代謝機能を測定できることがわかった。
N−イソプロピル−p−ヨードアンフェタミン塩酸塩(IMP)の代わりに125I−N−イソプロピル−p−ヨードアンフェタミン塩酸塩(125I−IMP)を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして実験を行った。結果を表2及び図5に示す。
(1)放射性ヨウ素標識チロシンの調製
125I−3−ヨード−D−チロシン(125I−D−MIT)及び125I−3−ヨード−L−チロシン(125I−L−MIT)を以下のようにして調製した。
125I−NaIは、Amersham社より購入した。125I−D−MIT及び125I−L−MITは、D−及びL−チロシンを原料としてchloramine−T法によりそれぞれ作製した。即ち、chloramine−T 2.0×10−8mole(Aldrich社)を溶解した0.05Mリン酸緩衝溶液(pH6.2)10μlを、標識原料のアミノ酸1.0×10−8moleと無担体125I−NaI(7,4〜37MBq)を食む35μlの0.4Mリン酸緩衝溶液(pH6.2)に加えた。反応液を2分間放置し、飽和ピロ亜硫酸ナトリウム水溶液の10倍希釈液を加え、反応を止めた。放射性ヨウ素標識MITの精製は、Sephadex LH−20(Pharmacia社)カラムクロマトグラフィー(10×200mm、溶出液;酢酸エチル:メタノール:2Nアンモニア水=40:10:4)により行なった。溶出した標識アミノ酸画分を集め、減圧下、溶媒を完全に留去した後、生理食塩水に溶解し、以下の実験に用いた。
体重約25gのddY系雄性マウス2匹を屠殺解剖した後、即座に肝臓及び腎臓を摘出し、一定量の組織に水冷したKrebs−Ringerリン酸緩衝溶液(pH7.4)を加えてホモジナイズした。氷冷した各ホモジネート100μlに125I−D−MIT又は125I−L−MITを20μl(1.1×10−13mole、7.4kBq)加えて、37℃あるいは4℃にてインキュベートし、5分後、トリクロロ酢酸を最終濃度が5%になるように加えた。遠心分離した後、その上清をシリカゲル薄層クロマトグラフィー(Merck社Art.5553、展開溶媒;メタノール:酢酸=100:1,メタノール:10%酢酸アンモニア水=10:1)にて分析した。インキュベート5分後の結果を表3に示す。
125I−D−MIT及び125I−L−MITのそれぞれの生理食塩溶液0.1ml(1.6×10−13mole、11.1kBq)を体重約25gのddY系雄性マウス2匹に尾静脈より投与し、一定時間後にエーテル麻酔にて屠殺した。ヘパリン処理注射器を用いて心臓穿刺により採血した後、肝臓、腎臓を摘出した。
5週齢ddY系雄性マウスに標識L−/D−メチオニン(Met)を尾静脈注し、10分後にマウスを屠殺した後、膵臓、肝臓、腎臓を摘出した。摘出臓器に重炭酸緩衝液を加えホモジナイズした。このホモジネートに最終濃度5%となるように100%トリクロロ酢酸(Nacalai tesque)を加え、混和した。この沈殿画分をグラスフィルター(GC−50、Toyo)に捕集し、氷冷5%トリクロロ酢酸で洗浄した後、150℃、1時間加熱処理することによりタンパクを固定し、その放射能を測定したものをタンパク画分への組み込み率として評価した。
Claims (8)
- 放射性化合物を投与した被検者の試料に含まれる前記放射性化合物の放射性代謝物を分析することを含む薬物代謝機能の測定方法。
- 薬物代謝機能がシトクロムP450による薬物代謝機能である請求項1記載の方法。
- 放射性化合物が放射性アミノ酸である請求項1記載の方法。
- 放射性アミノ酸が天然アミノ酸及び/又は非天然アミノ酸の放射性標識体である請求項3記載の方法。
- 薬物の適正投与量を決定するために行う請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 被検者の代謝異常を検査するために行う請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 被検者の試料が血液、血清又は血漿から得られる試料である請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- N−イソプロピル−p−ヨードアンフェタミンもしくはその塩、又はこれらの標識体を含有するシトクロムP450による薬物代謝機能を測定するための検査薬。
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