JP2012504967A - 燃料用セルロース系原料の微生物処理方法 - Google Patents
燃料用セルロース系原料の微生物処理方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
【選択図】なし
Description
一実施形態では、未加工原料は、微生物蒸解に利用可能なその炭素含量を作り出し、かつ、脂質および/または芳香族化合物の産生の目的のために導入される好適な種と競合する場合があるだろう、任意の自然に存在する微生物を死滅させるために前処理される。前処理は3つのステップを含む場合がある:(1)機械的前処理、(2)熱化学的前処理および滅菌あるいは紫外線(「UV」)照射または殺菌、および(3)濾過/分離。機械的前処理のステップでは、刻み器、細断器、粉砕器、または、体積に対する表面積の比率を増加させる他の機械的処理器に、未加工原料を運搬することができる。
接種および発酵の段階では、処理された原料の固体部分および液体部分は、別個の蒸解釜に好ましく入れられる。蒸解釜は、原料物質と、原料を脂質または芳香族化合物にそれぞれ分解する微生物と、溶媒(例えば、水)と、非炭素栄養素(例えば、硝酸塩類、リン酸塩類、微量金属類、および同様のもの)とを包含する容器である。
生成物を蒸解釜から抽出する工程は、当該生成物がセルロース分解からのTAGであるか、あるいは木質素分解からの芳香族炭化水素類であるかに依存する。それぞれが同様に考慮される。しかしながら、両方の場合において、採取する適切な時間を選ぶことが収率を最大にすることになる。pH、溶存酸素、二酸化炭素産生量、残存する炭素栄養素の濃度、および同様のもの等の測定結果を用いて、最適な採取時間を決定することができる。
蒸解釜内の液体培地はTAGを産生する微生物に栄養を与え、当該微生物が繁茂し生殖することを可能にする。こうした微生物はTAGを細胞内構造中に保存する。第1のステップは、それ故に、細胞バイオマスを液体培地から採取または回収することである。いくつかの細胞は、大きさにして数百マイクロメートルの多細胞凝塊を形成する傾向があり、その場合、選り分け、ふるい分け、遠心分離、または濾過により採取を行うことができる。このステップの結果は、典型的に過剰な水を含む細胞物、例えば、湿潤した発酵生成物の塊である。細胞が分かれたままである傾向がある場合、採取することは、凝集剤を加えることおよび他の細胞分離ステップを含む場合がある。
a.(メタノール、エタノール、イソプロパノール、または同様のもの等の)細胞構造を撹乱するアルコール系溶媒、および
b.(クロロホルム、塩化メチレン、アセトン、または同様のもの等の)TAGを抽出する極性有機溶媒。
上述のように、生成物を蒸解釜から抽出することは独特であり、生成物がセルロース分解からのTAGであるか、または木質素分解からの芳香族炭化水素類であるかに依存する。前処理された原料の固体で木質素が豊富な部分を受容する蒸解釜は、水、栄養素、および、木質素を様々な芳香族化合物に分解するために加えられる適切な接種物を含む。発酵または蒸解の循環の終わりでは、固体塊は微生物および未蒸解の固形原料の組み合わせである。
(1)セルロース系原料を受容および前処理すること、
(2)随意に、TAGのエステル交換の副産物として得られたグリセロールを加えること、
(3)前処理された原料を液相および固相に分離すること、
(4)炭素を脂質に変換する能力がある微生物を液相に接種し、その後微生物にそうすることを可能にすること、
(5)結果として生じる微生物を液体から採取すること、
(6)燃料への後続の変換のために脂質を抽出すること、
(7)固相の前処理された原料を水および栄養素と混合し、その後、木質素を攻撃し、芳香族化合物に変換する能力がある微生物を接種すること、
(8)結果として生じる芳香族化合物を、蒸解釜の産出物の液相および気相から分離すること、
(9)副産物として、または、気化および熱と電気への変換のための供給物として、残存する固相の物質を再循環させること、
(10)原料および発酵の次回分のための培養液として、液相物を再循環させること。
Claims (30)
- 脂質を産生する方法であって、
生物学的物質を含む原料を受容することと、
前記原料を脂質に変換する能力がある微生物に前記原料を曝すことと、
産生された脂質を抽出することと、
を含む、方法。 - 機械的前処理、熱化学的前処理、滅菌、紫外線照射、殺菌、濾過、および分離のうち少なくとも1つで前記原料を前処理すること、
をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記産生された脂質がトリアシルグリセリド類を含み、
前記トリアシルグリセリド類をグリセロール類および脂肪酸メチルエステル類に分離すること、
をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記グリセロール類を前記原料に加えることにより前記グリセロール類を再循環させること、
をさらに含む、請求項3に記載の方法。 - 前記原料を液相および固相に分離すること、
をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記原料を微生物に曝すことが、
前記液相に微生物を接種し、前記微生物が前記原料を脂質に変換するのに適した条件を与えること、
を含む、請求項5に記載の方法。 - 脂質の抽出の後に、前記再循環された液相の物質を前記原料に加えることにより任意の残存する液相の物質を再循環させること、
をさらに含む、請求項6に記載の方法。 - 水および栄養素を前記固相に加えることと、
前記固相を芳香族化合物に変換する能力がある微生物を前記固体に接種することと、
前記微生物が前記固相を芳香族化合物に変換するのに適した条件を与えることと、
をさらに含む、請求項5に記載の方法。 - 産生された芳香族化合物を抽出すること、
をさらに含む、請求項8に記載の方法。 - 芳香族化合物の抽出の後に、気化のために前記固相の物質を原料として利用することにより任意の残存する固相の物質を再循環させること、
をさらに含む、請求項9に記載の方法。 - 前記固相が木質素を含む、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記産生された脂質を燃料に変換すること、
をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。 - 燃料を産生する方法であって、
セルロースを含む原料を受容することと、
微生物を用いて、前記原料の少なくとも一部を脂質に変換することと、
前記産生された脂質を前記微生物から抽出することと、
前記産生された脂質を燃料に変換することと、
を含む、方法。 - 前記セルロースが、おがくず、木片、藻類、都市固形ゴミ、および他の生物学的物質のうち少なくとも1つを含むセルロース系廃棄物に由来する、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記原料が、遊離糖類、ヘミセルロース、および他の植物をさらに含む、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記産生された脂質が、遊離脂肪酸類、トリアシルグリセリド類、蝋エステル類、直鎖炭化水素類、および分鎖炭化水素類を含む、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記原料がグリセロールで強化される、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記微生物が、トリコデルマ・リーセイ、アシネトバクター種、および、アクチノミセス属とストレプトミセス属の一員から成る群から選択される、細菌種または真菌種のうち少なくとも1つを含む、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記微生物が、前記原料を芳香族化合物に変換する能力がさらにある、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記微生物が前記脂質を細胞内構造中に保存し、前記方法が、
前記脂質を抽出することより前に前記微生物を少なくとも部分的に乾燥させること、
をさらに含む、請求項13に記載の方法。 - 前記脂質を抽出することが、アルコール系溶媒および極性有機溶媒に前記微生物を曝すことを含む、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記アルコール系溶媒が、メタノール、エタノール、イソプロパノール、およびそれらの組み合わせから成る群から選択される、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記極性有機溶媒が、クロロホルム、塩化メチレン、アセトン、およびそれらの組み合わせから成る群から選択される、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記溶媒が、およそ10体積%のメタノールおよびおよそ90体積%のクロロホルムの混合物を含む、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記脂質がトリアシルグリセリド類を含み、前記産生された脂質を燃料に変換することが、
前記トリアシルグリセリド類を脂肪酸類およびグリセロール類に解離することと、
飽和炭化水素類を産生するように前記脂肪酸類を水素化処理することと、
を含む、請求項13に記載の方法。 - 前記産生された燃料が、バイオディーゼル燃料、ディーゼル燃料、ガソリン燃料、およびジェット燃料のうち少なくとも1つを含む、請求項13に記載の方法。
- トリアシルグリセリド類を産生するためのシステムであって、
発酵器と、
前記発酵器と連通し、前記発酵器に動作指示を与える、制御装置と、
を備え、
前記発酵器が前記トリアシルグリセリド類を生じる、システム。 - 前記発酵器に連結され、前記トリアシルグリセリド類を回収する、抽出器、
をさらに備える、請求項27に記載のシステム。 - 前記制御装置がネットワークを介して前記発酵器と連通する、請求項27に記載のシステム。
- 使用者がユーザインターフェースにて前記発酵器に対する動作指示を変更することができるように、前記制御装置が前記ユーザインターフェースと連通する、請求項27に記載のシステム。
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2009
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- 2009-10-09 JP JP2011531208A patent/JP2012504967A/ja active Pending
- 2009-10-09 WO PCT/US2009/060169 patent/WO2010042819A2/en active Application Filing
- 2009-10-09 EP EP09819946A patent/EP2344657A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-10-09 CN CN200980139855XA patent/CN102177245A/zh active Pending
- 2009-10-09 BR BRPI0919782A patent/BRPI0919782A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
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2011
- 2011-05-09 ZA ZA2011/03354A patent/ZA201103354B/en unknown
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2015
- 2015-03-17 US US14/660,669 patent/US20160010125A1/en not_active Abandoned
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CN102177245A (zh) | 2011-09-07 |
ZA201103354B (en) | 2012-01-25 |
EP2344657A4 (en) | 2012-06-13 |
US20100093047A1 (en) | 2010-04-15 |
WO2010042819A2 (en) | 2010-04-15 |
EP2344657A2 (en) | 2011-07-20 |
WO2010042819A3 (en) | 2010-07-22 |
US20160010125A1 (en) | 2016-01-14 |
BRPI0919782A2 (pt) | 2018-01-23 |
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