JP2012024891A - Method and apparatus for inserting workpiece into cylindrical body - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method and an apparatus for inserting a workpiece capable of preventing contact between a cylindrical body and the workpiece, and appropriately inserting the workpiece into the cylindrical body.SOLUTION: The apparatus includes an installation section 3 on which the cylindrical body 2 can be loaded in such a manner that an opening 2a of the cylindrical body 2 is located sideways; an auxiliary insertion carriage 4 moving to the opening 2a of the cylindrical body 2; and an insertion carriage 6 loaded on the auxiliary insertion carriage 4 and moving from the auxiliary insertion carriage 4 to the inside of the cylindrical body 2 while holding the workpiece.

Description

  The present invention relates to a method for inserting a workpiece into a cylinder and an apparatus therefor.

  In general, when a work (member) such as a short cylindrical body or a thin disk body is disposed in a long cylindrical body, the cylindrical body is disposed on the axis and the opening is directed upward. The workpiece is lifted with a crane, the axis of the workpiece and the axis of the long cylinder are aligned, the workpiece is inserted into the cylinder by operation of the crane, and the workpiece is fixed by fixing means such as welding or bolts.

  For example, Patent Document 1 shows a general technical level of a method of inserting a workpiece into a cylinder and the apparatus thereof.

JP-A-1-281298

  However, the method of inserting a workpiece into a cylinder using a crane is difficult to prevent and insert the contact between the cylinder and the workpiece because the workpiece swings from side to side due to the operation of the crane. Further, in a state where the workpiece is suspended, it is difficult to finely adjust the position of the workpiece by operating the crane. Further, when inserting the workpiece, it is necessary to insert the workpiece while confirming the gap between the cylinder and the workpiece, and thus there is a problem that the gap cannot be properly confirmed from the vertical direction.

  Further, since the long cylindrical body is bent or waved due to its own weight or the like, it is difficult to appropriately prevent contact between the cylindrical body and the workpiece only by inserting the workpiece along the axis. Furthermore, when the workpiece is inserted by measuring the gap between the cylinder and the workpiece as appropriate, there is a problem that it takes time and effort.

  In view of such a situation, an object of the present invention is to provide a workpiece insertion method and apparatus for preventing a contact between a cylinder and a workpiece and appropriately inserting the workpiece into the cylinder.

  The method of inserting a workpiece into a cylinder according to the present invention is a method of inserting a workpiece into a cylinder including an auxiliary insertion carriage that moves toward the cylinder and an insertion carriage that is loaded on the auxiliary insertion carriage and can hold a workpiece. The cylinder is placed so that the opening of the cylinder is directed sideways, the auxiliary insertion carriage is moved to the opening of the cylinder, the insertion carriage is moved from the auxiliary insertion carriage to the inside of the cylinder, The work is conveyed to the inside of the cylinder.

  The workpiece insertion device for a cylinder according to the present invention includes an installation portion on which the cylinder can be placed so that the opening of the cylinder faces sideways, an auxiliary insertion carriage that moves to the opening of the cylinder, and the auxiliary insertion carriage And an insertion carriage that holds the workpiece and moves from the auxiliary insertion carriage to the inside of the cylindrical body.

Moreover, in the workpiece insertion device to the cylinder of the present invention, the insertion carriage is
A movable body capable of moving from the loading portion of the auxiliary insertion carriage to the inner surface of the cylindrical body;
A position adjusting unit installed in the moving body;
An inner surface imprinting portion disposed on the position adjusting portion and having an inner peripheral surface contact portion at the tip;
A holding portion that is arranged on the inner surface copying portion and can hold a workpiece,
The position adjustment unit can adjust the inner surface copying portion within a plane perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder when the inner surface copying portion is fixed or unlocked and the inner surface copying portion is fixed. When the inner surface copy portion is released, the inner peripheral surface contact portion of the inner peripheral surface copy portion contacts the inner surface of the cylinder, and the inner peripheral surface contact portion follows the inner surface of the cylinder. It is preferably configured to move in a plane perpendicular to the body axis.

  Further, in the workpiece insertion device for a cylinder according to the present invention, the insertion carriage includes an up-and-down moving mechanism unit that fixes or releases the inner peripheral surface copying portion in the vertical direction perpendicular to the axis of the cylindrical body, and an inner peripheral surface copying portion. It is preferable to include a left and right moving mechanism that fixes or releases the fixing in the left and right direction perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder.

  Further, in the workpiece insertion device to the cylinder of the present invention, the auxiliary insertion carriage includes a traveling body that travels in the axial direction of the tubular body, a loading unit that is disposed on the traveling body and loads the insertion carriage, and the traveling body. On the other hand, it is preferable to provide an adjustment unit that adjusts the height of the stacking unit.

  According to the workpiece insertion method and apparatus therefor according to the present invention, after placing the opening of the cylinder sideways, the auxiliary insertion carriage is moved to the opening of the cylinder, and the insertion carriage holding the workpiece is Since the work is moved from the auxiliary insertion carriage to the inside of the cylinder and the work is conveyed to the inside of the cylinder, the work is prevented from shaking left and right like a crane, the contact between the cylinder and the work is prevented, and the work is moved to the cylinder. Can be inserted properly. Further, since the workpiece is held by the insertion carriage, fine adjustment is possible, and the workpiece can be appropriately inserted into the cylinder. Furthermore, since the insertion carriage is moved to the inside of the cylinder, the gap between the cylinder and the workpiece can be properly confirmed.

  Further, even when the cylindrical body is bent or swelled, the workpiece is transported using an insertion carriage that can move inside the cylindrical body, so that contact between the cylindrical body and the workpiece is easily prevented, and the workpiece is Can be inserted properly inside the. Further, since the work is held and conveyed by the insertion carriage, it is possible to easily measure the gap between the cylindrical body and the work, and to achieve an excellent effect that the labor and time for measurement can be reduced.

It is a conceptual diagram which shows the workpiece | work insertion apparatus to the cylinder of this invention. It is a top view which shows an installation part and an auxiliary | assistant insertion cart. (A) is a side view which shows an insertion trolley | bogie, (B) is an arrow XX view of the XX direction of (A). It is a conceptual diagram which shows the state of a screw jack and a connecting rod in the case where the inner peripheral surface copying portion of the insertion carriage is fixed or released in the vertical direction. It is a conceptual diagram which shows the state which mounts a cylinder in an installation part. It is a conceptual diagram which shows the state which moves an auxiliary | assistant insertion cart toward the opening of a cylinder. It is a conceptual diagram which shows the state which arrange | positions a workpiece | work on an insertion trolley | bogie. It is a conceptual diagram which shows the state which moves an insertion trolley | bogie to the inside of a cylinder.

  Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to FIGS.

  The method of inserting a workpiece into the cylinder and the apparatus thereof according to the embodiment include an installation part 3 that can be placed on the lower surface 1 and on which the cylinder 2 (see FIG. 5) can be placed, and an auxiliary that moves toward the installation part 3 An insertion carriage 4 and an insertion carriage 6 mounted on the auxiliary insertion carriage 4 and capable of holding a workpiece 5 (see FIG. 3A) are provided. Here, the cylindrical body 2 is long in the axial direction, and has an opening 2a having the same diameter as the internal space on the axis. The cylinder 2 may be a single cylinder or a double cylinder, and the specific length, size, structure, and application purpose are not particularly limited. Further, the work 5 is preferably a short cylindrical body or a thin disk body installed in the long cylindrical body 2 such as a support plate or a spacer, but the length and size are the same as the cylindrical body 2. The structure and application purpose are not particularly limited.

  As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the installation unit 3 has a plurality of installation unit bodies 7 arranged at predetermined intervals (two in FIG. 1), and each installation unit body 7 has a rotation shaft 8 in parallel. A plurality of rotating rollers 9 are arranged so as to be arranged (two in FIG. 2), and the outer peripheral surface of the cylindrical body 2 is supported. Here, the plurality of rotating rollers 9 can adjust the arrangement interval and the position in the rotation axis direction.

  The auxiliary insertion carriage 4 includes a traveling body 10 that can travel in the direction of the installation section 3, a loading section 11 that is disposed above the traveling body 10 and loads the insertion carriage 6, and a loading section for the traveling body 10. 11 and an adjusting section 12 such as a jack for adjusting the height of the head 11.

  The traveling body 10 of the auxiliary insertion carriage 4 includes a plurality of wheels 13 that can travel with respect to a lower rail (not shown) that is laid on the lower surface 1 and faces the installation portion 3. The loading unit 11 includes a work table 14 on which a person can perform work, and a plurality of upper surface rails 15 laid in the center and extending in parallel with the lower surface rails. And a tip portion 15a that protrudes outward from the traveling body 10 and the stacking portion 11 and is disposed so as to correspond to the wheel 6a (see FIG. 3). Further, the adjusting unit 12 is located between the traveling body 10 and the stacking unit 11 and enables the height of the stacking unit 11 to be adjusted in the vertical direction. Here, the lower surface 1 may be provided with a retraction rail (not shown) in a direction orthogonal to the lower surface rail, and the traveling body 10 may be provided with a wheel, a jack (not shown) or the like that moves to the retraction rail.

  As shown in FIG. 3, the insertion carriage 6 is arranged in a movable body 16 that can move from the loading section 11 of the auxiliary insertion carriage 4, a position adjustment section 17 that is installed on the upper side of the movable body 16, and a position adjustment section 17. An inner peripheral surface copying portion 18 and a holding portion 19 that is disposed on the inner peripheral surface copying portion 18 and can hold the workpiece 5 are provided. In the insertion cart 6 shown in FIG. 3, a work table on which a person can work and other devices are omitted.

  The moving body 16 of the insertion carriage 6 includes a plurality of wheels 6 a that can travel with respect to the upper rail 15 laid on the loading portion 11 of the auxiliary insertion carriage 4, and the wheels 6 a stably travel even inside the cylinder 2. As can be done, the rotating shaft 6b (see FIG. 3B) is inclined and installed so that the contact surface of the wheel 6a faces outward. Further, the position adjustment unit 17 includes an adjustment unit main body 22 that can move in a direction perpendicular to the moving direction of the moving body 16 with respect to the moving body 16 by a ball screw 20 and a slide guide 21, and a vertical movement mechanism for the adjustment unit main body 22. And a support 24 that can be adjusted in the vertical direction by the portion 23. Further, the inner peripheral surface copying portion 18 is disposed on the support 24 of the position adjusting unit 17 via the left and right moving mechanism portion 25, and the shape of the inner peripheral surface copying portion 18 is the radial direction of the cylindrical body 2 when viewed from the front. A cross shape is provided along the line. Further, an inner peripheral surface contact portion 26 of a roller that can come into contact with the inner peripheral surface of the cylindrical body 2 is provided at the tip of the inner peripheral surface copying portion 18. Furthermore, the holding portion 19 is arranged coaxially with the inner peripheral surface copying portion 18 on the tip side, and can be rotated in the circumferential direction by a bearing or the like (not shown) with respect to the inner peripheral surface copying portion 18. ing. The holding portion 19 has a cross shape smaller than the inner surface copying portion 18 when viewed from the front. Furthermore, a holding unit 27 that can hold the workpiece 5 by fixing with screws or screws, pinching, or a suction cup is provided at a predetermined position of the holding unit 19.

  As shown in FIG. 3, the vertical movement mechanism unit 23 includes a vertical slide guide 28 that allows the support 24 to move in the vertical direction with respect to the adjustment unit main body 22, and a motor 29 and a transmission that are positioned in the adjustment unit main body 22. The screw jack 31 which moves up and down by 30 etc. and the connecting rod 32 of the support body 24 mounted in the upper end part 31a (refer FIG. 4) of the screw jack 31 are provided. Here, as shown in FIGS. 3A and 4A, the connecting rod 32 is supported by the screw jack 31, and the inner peripheral surface contact portion 26 of the inner peripheral surface copying portion 18 is in contact with the inner surface of the cylindrical body 2. If not, the inner peripheral surface copying portion 18 is fixed in the vertical direction by the weight of the inner peripheral surface copying portion 18 and the support body 24, and the vertical direction (a plane perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder) by the vertical movement of the screw jack 31. The position can be adjusted. On the other hand, as shown in FIGS. 3 (A) and 4 (C), the screw jack 31 is moved backward to separate the connecting rod 32 and the screw jack 31, and the inner peripheral surface contact portion 26 of the inner peripheral surface copying portion 18 is a cylinder. When the inner peripheral surface of the body 2 is grounded, the inner peripheral surface copying portion 18 is released from being fixed in the vertical direction, and comes into contact with the inner surface of the cylindrical body 2 in the vertical direction, thereby forming the inner peripheral surface shape of the cylindrical body 2. Follow. 4A shows a state in which the screw jack 31 lifts the support 24 via the connecting rod 32, and FIG. 4B shows a normal state in which the screw jack 31 supports the connecting rod 32. FIG. 4C shows a state in which the screw jack 31 is separated from the connecting rod 32 and the inner peripheral surface copying portion 18 is released from being fixed via the support 24.

  As shown in FIG. 3, the left / right moving mechanism 25 includes a left / right slide guide 33 that allows the inner surface copying portion 18 to move in the left / right direction with respect to the support 24, and an inner surface copying portion 18 with respect to the support 24. And a fixing portion 34 such as a wedge, a screw, or a rod. Here, when the fixing portion 34 is applied, the inner peripheral surface copying portion 18 is fixed in the left-right direction, and the left-right direction (perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder) by the ball screw 20 and the slide guide 21 via the adjustment portion main body 22. The position can be adjusted to the plane. On the other hand, when the fixing portion 34 is released, the inner peripheral surface copying portion 18 is released from fixing in the left-right direction, contacts the inner surface in the left-right direction of the cylindrical body 2, and follows the inner peripheral surface shape of the cylindrical body 2. .

  Further, instead of the vertical movement mechanism and the horizontal movement mechanism, a plane movement mechanism unit that combines a rotary movement mechanism and a uniaxial movement mechanism may be used.

  The operation of the embodiment of the present invention will be described below.

  When the workpiece 5 is transported into the cylinder 2, the cylinder 2 is first placed sideways on the installation portion 3 so that the opening 2 a of the cylinder 2 is directed sideways by a crane (not shown) as shown in FIG. 5. Place. Then, the cylindrical body 2 is rotated by the rotating roller 9 or the like of the installation unit 3 to adjust the circumferential phase. Next, as shown in FIG. 6, the auxiliary insertion carriage 4 is moved to the opening 2 a of the cylindrical body 2, and the upper rail 15 of the stacking section 11 is made to coincide with the inner peripheral surface of the cylindrical body 2 by the adjusting section 12 of the auxiliary insertion carriage 4. The upper rail 15 and the inner peripheral surface of the cylinder 2 are connected to each other. Here, even when there is unevenness or taper extending outward from the opening 2a at the edge of the cylindrical body 2, the protruding end portion 15a of the upper surface rail 15 does not interfere with the unevenness or taper, so that the upper surface rail 15 and the inner peripheral surface of the cylinder 2 can be connected.

  Next, as shown in FIG. 7, the workpiece 5 is attached to the holding portion 19 of the insertion carriage 6 to hold the workpiece 5. Here, when the workpiece 5 is held, the radial direction of the workpiece 5 is set to the vertical direction. Prior to holding the workpiece 5, an attachment member for the workpiece 5 may be disposed on the holding portion 19, and before and after holding the workpiece 5, a monitoring sensor or other sensor for monitoring the position of the workpiece 5 is provided. You may prepare.

  Subsequently, as shown in FIG. 8, the insertion carriage 6 is moved from the loading portion 11 of the auxiliary insertion carriage 4 to the inside of the cylindrical body 2, and the workpiece 5 is carried into the cylindrical body 2. Here, when the insertion carriage 6 is moved to the inside of the cylindrical body 2, the inner surface copy portion 18 is fixed by the vertical movement mechanism portion 23 and the left / right movement mechanism portion 25, and the workpiece 5 is moved by the position adjustment portion 17. The position is adjusted in the vertical and horizontal directions perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder 2 so that the workpiece 5 does not contact the inner surface of the cylinder 2. When the workpiece 5 is positioned inside the cylindrical body 2, the inner peripheral surface copying portion 18 is released from being fixed by the vertical movement mechanism portion 23 and the left / right movement mechanism portion 25, and The peripheral surface contact portion 26 is brought into contact with the inner surface of the cylindrical body 2, and the inner peripheral surface contact portion 26 is moved in the vertical and horizontal directions perpendicular to the axis of the cylindrical body 2 along the inner surface of the cylindrical body 2. Thereby, the workpiece 5 is inserted into the cylindrical body 2 without contacting the inner surface of the cylindrical body 2 regardless of bending or undulation of the inner surface of the cylindrical body 2. Further, the position adjustment of the position adjustment unit 17 and the copying of the inner peripheral surface copying unit 18 may be used at a predetermined position or may be combined as appropriate. Further, the position adjustment and movement of the workpiece 5 may be monitored by a sensor or the like, or may be monitored by a person. Further, before the work 5 is conveyed, unnecessary members are removed from the cylindrical body 2.

  Thereafter, after the workpiece 5 is conveyed to a predetermined position inside the cylinder 2, the workpiece 5 is fixed to the cylinder 2 by welding, bolt fixing, or the like. And the workpiece | work 5 is removed from the holding | maintenance part 19 of the insertion trolley | bogie 6, the insertion trolley | bogie 6 is returned to the loading part 11 of the auxiliary insertion trolley 4 from the inside of the cylinder 2, and the conveyance of the workpiece | work 5 is complete | finished. When there are a plurality of workpieces 5, the insertion carriage 6 is reciprocated between the loading portion 11 of the auxiliary insertion carriage 4 and the inside of the cylindrical body 2 to carry in the workpiece 5.

  Thus, according to the embodiment as described above, after placing the opening 2 a of the cylindrical body 2 facing sideways, the auxiliary insertion carriage 4 is moved to the opening 2 a of the cylindrical body 2 to hold the workpiece 5. Since the inserted carriage 6 is moved from the auxiliary insertion carriage 4 to the inside of the cylinder 2 and the work 5 is conveyed to the inside of the cylinder 2, the work 5 is prevented from shaking left and right like a crane. 5 can be prevented and the work 5 can be inserted into the cylinder 2 appropriately. Moreover, since the workpiece | work 5 is hold | maintained by the insertion trolley | bogie 6, fine adjustment is possible and the workpiece | work 5 can be inserted in the cylinder 2 appropriately. Further, since the insertion carriage 6 is moved to the inside of the cylinder 2, the gap between the cylinder 2 and the work 5 can be properly confirmed.

  Even when the long cylindrical body 2 is bent or swelled, the workpiece 5 is transported using the insertion carriage 6 that can move inside the cylindrical body 2, so that the cylindrical body 2 and the workpiece 5 are brought into contact with each other. It can prevent easily and can insert the workpiece | work 5 in the cylinder 2 appropriately. Furthermore, since the workpiece 5 is held and conveyed by the insertion carriage 6, the gap between the cylinder 2 and the workpiece 5 can be easily measured, and the labor and time for measurement can be reduced.

  In the embodiment, the insertion carriage 6 includes a movable body 16 that can move from the loading section 11 of the auxiliary insertion carriage 4 to the inner surface of the cylindrical body 2, a position adjustment section 17 that is installed on the movable body 16, and a position adjustment section. 17 is provided with an inner surface copying portion 18 having an inner peripheral surface contact portion 26 disposed at the tip and a holding portion 19 which is disposed on the inner peripheral surface copying portion 18 and can hold the workpiece 5. When the inner surface copying portion 18 is fixed or released and the inner surface copying portion 18 is fixed, the inner surface copying portion 18 is adjusted in the vertical and horizontal directions perpendicular to the axis of the cylindrical body 2. When the inner peripheral surface copying portion 18 is released from being fixed, the inner peripheral surface contact portion 26 of the inner peripheral surface copying portion 18 comes into contact with the inner surface of the cylindrical body 2, and the inner peripheral surface contact portion 26 is connected to the cylindrical body 2. Is configured to move in the vertical and horizontal directions perpendicular to the axis of the cylindrical body 2, so that the workpiece 5 is machined. Even when the inner surface of the cylindrical body 2 is bent or wavy, the inner peripheral surface copying portion 18 is moved so as to follow the inner surface of the cylindrical body 2 so that the cylindrical body 2 and the workpiece 5 Contact can be prevented and the workpiece 5 can be appropriately inserted into the cylinder 2.

  In the embodiment, the insertion carriage 6 includes an up-and-down moving mechanism portion 23 that fixes or releases the inner peripheral surface copying portion 18 in the vertical direction perpendicular to the axis of the cylindrical body 2, and the inner peripheral surface copying portion 18 as a cylinder. If the left and right moving mechanism 25 is fixed in the right and left direction perpendicular to the axis of the body 2 and is released, the mechanical adjustment in the vertical and horizontal directions and the copying in the vertical and horizontal directions are further facilitated. And the workpiece 5 can be prevented from being brought into contact with each other and the workpiece 5 can be suitably inserted into the cylindrical body 2.

  In the embodiment, the auxiliary insertion carriage 4 is provided with respect to the traveling body 10 that travels in the axial direction of the cylindrical body 2, the loading unit 11 that is disposed on the traveling body 10 and loads the insertion carriage 6, and the traveling body 10. When the adjustment unit 12 that adjusts the height of the loading unit 11 is provided, the insertion carriage 6 is appropriately moved from the auxiliary insertion carriage 4 to the inside of the cylindrical body 2 to facilitate the loading of the workpiece 5. The contact of the workpiece 5 can be prevented and the workpiece 5 can be suitably inserted into the cylindrical body 2.

  Note that the method of inserting a workpiece into the cylindrical body and the apparatus thereof according to the present invention are not limited to the illustrated examples described above, and various modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. .

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 2 Cylindrical body 2a Opening 3 Installation part 4 Auxiliary insertion trolley 5 Work 6 Insertion trolley 10 Traveling body 11 Loading part 12 Adjustment part 16 Moving body 17 Position adjustment part 18 Inner peripheral surface tracing part 19 Holding part 23 Vertical movement mechanism part 25 Left-right movement Mechanism part 26 Inner peripheral surface contact part

Claims (5)

  A work insertion method for a cylinder comprising an auxiliary insertion carriage moving toward a cylinder and an insertion carriage loaded on the auxiliary insertion carriage and capable of holding a workpiece, the opening of the cylinder being directed sideways The cylinder is placed in the manner described above, the auxiliary insertion carriage is moved to the opening of the cylinder, the insertion carriage is moved from the auxiliary insertion carriage to the inside of the cylinder, and the workpiece is conveyed to the inside of the cylinder. Workpiece insertion method to the cylinder.   An installation portion on which the cylindrical body can be placed so that the opening of the cylindrical body is directed sideways; an auxiliary insertion carriage that moves to the opening of the cylindrical body; and an auxiliary insertion carriage that is loaded on the auxiliary insertion carriage and holds a workpiece An apparatus for inserting a workpiece into a cylinder, comprising: an insertion carriage that moves from the inside to the inside of the cylinder. The insertion carriage is
A movable body capable of moving from the loading portion of the auxiliary insertion carriage to the inner surface of the cylindrical body;
A position adjusting unit installed in the moving body;
An inner surface imprinting portion disposed on the position adjusting portion and having an inner peripheral surface contact portion at the tip;
A holding portion that is arranged on the inner surface copying portion and can hold a workpiece,
The position adjustment unit can adjust the inner surface copying portion within a plane perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder when the inner surface copying portion is fixed or unlocked and the inner surface copying portion is fixed. When the inner surface copy portion is released, the inner peripheral surface contact portion of the inner peripheral surface copy portion contacts the inner surface of the cylinder, and the inner peripheral surface contact portion follows the inner surface of the cylinder. The workpiece insertion device for a cylinder according to claim 2, wherein the workpiece insertion device is configured to move in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the body.   The insertion carriage has an up-and-down moving mechanism that fixes or releases the inner peripheral surface copying portion in the vertical direction perpendicular to the cylinder axis, and an inner peripheral surface copying portion that is fixed in the left-right direction perpendicular to the cylinder axis. Alternatively, the apparatus for inserting a workpiece into the cylindrical body according to claim 3, further comprising a left-right moving mechanism portion for releasing the fixation.   The auxiliary insertion carriage includes a traveling body that travels in the axial direction of the cylindrical body, a loading section that is disposed on the traveling body and loads the insertion carriage, and an adjustment section that adjusts the height of the loading section with respect to the traveling body. The apparatus for inserting a workpiece into the cylinder according to any one of claims 2 to 4, further comprising:

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